Koya University Faculty of Engineering Chemical Engineering Dep

Koya University
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Dep.
PetroleumGas Proprites
By:
Aree Salah
Exp. NO : Six
Name of Exp.: Fire Point
Date of Exp.: 28.1.2014
Date of submission: 4.2.2014
Table of Content:
Aim of the experiment
. 3
Theory
.. 4
Importance of Flash Point
.. 5
Methods
. 6
Tools and apparatus
.................................................................... 7
Description of apparatus
.... 7
Procedure
.. 8
Discussion
. 9
References
. 11
2
The Aim of this experiment:
To determine fire point of an oil product using closed

cup method (Penesky Martens apparatus).
3
Theory:
Fire point can vary for a sample based on factors including

pressure, the quantity of the chemical, and the location of
the ignition source in relation to the sample. The flash point
for a particular sample is, therefore, somewhat unreliable
and should be used as a general guideline, rather than an
absolute value.
There are two basic ways in which the fire point for a
particular chemical can be determined: open cup or closed
cup experiments.
Both types of experiments are based on the fact that a liquid
that is combustible, such as gasoline and diesel, release
vapors that are potentially ignitable.
As the temperature of the liquid increases, the amount of
these vapors also increases. This means that at a certain
temperature, the vapor concentration is high enough that it
becomes ignitable.
Samples with a fairly low flash point are referred to as
flammable, while chemicals with higher flash points are
usually referred to as combustible.
An open cup experiment involves a quantity of a particular
sample placed in a container that is open.
4
The sample is slowly heated and an ignition source, such as
a small flame (spark), is introduced above the sample at
various intervals.
This process continues until a temperature is reached
at which the vapors from the sample ignite, which
establishes the flash point for that sample.
Once ignition occurs, the ignition source is removed
and the vapors should then stop burning; if they
continue to burn without the source, however, then
the fire point for a sample has been reached.
In a closed cup experiment, the process is similar but the
container for the sample is lidded and the ignition source is
introduced through the lid.
A closed cup experiment allows for the fire point of a
particular sample to be determined when that sample is
under increased pressure due to a closed system.
Importance of flash and fire points:
It indicates fire hazard of petroleum products

and evaporation loses under high temperature.
It gives us the idea about the maximum
temperature below which the oil can be used
(this is very important for storage and
transportation)
Detection of contamination in the given oil
product
It classifies the petroleum (light or heavy)
5
Methods:
There are three standard methods (one open and two
closed) to determine the flash point according
volatile temperature of sample:
1. Closed Abel Test
Closed cup flash point test for products and liquid
petroleum mixtures which have flash point is
between -30C and +70C.
2. Open Cleveland Test
Opened cup flash test point for products (heavy
petroleum) which have flash point is between
ambient and 400C.
3. Closed Penesky-Martens Test
Closed cup flash point test to determine the flash
point for products with flash point above 40 0C to
3600C.
6
Tools and apparatus:
1. Closed Penesky-Martens (as described below)
2. Kerosene sample
3. Goggles
4. Lab coats
5. Heating source
6. Timer
7. Description of apparatus:
1. Cup of sample
2. Cover
3. Shutter (to lock
the fire from the
sample)
4. Stirring device
5. Heating source
6. Ignition source
7. Air bath
8. Thermometer
7
The procedure:
1. Clean and dry all parts of the apparatus with the help of
suitable solvent e.g.) ether, or benzene and dry it to remove
any traces of solvent.
2.Fill the oil cup with kerosene up to the mark.
3.Fix the lids on the top through which are inserted a
thermometer and a stirrer. Ensure that the flame exposure
device is fixed on the top.
4.Light the flame and adjust it to about 4 mm in diameter
and start stirring the sample.
5.Heat apparatus in a rate of 5 0C/min until 30 0C is reached
as stirrer is continuously rotated. (the rate of increasing
temp. can be reached by adjusting the flame source).
6.Now, At every 2 0C rise of temp. Introduce test flame into
the oil vapor. (Stop stirring during this step)
8
7. When test flame causes a distinct flash in the interior of
the test cup, note temp. which represent the flash point.
8.Further heat the sample at lower rate (1 or 2 oC) and
continue applying the test flame as before.
9. The temperature at which the vapors of the oil give a clear
and distinct blue flash for five seconds is recorded as the fire
point of the oil.
1. If this experiment is performed not in ambient

pressure, do we get different results?
- Of course it will be different because the
pressure affects forming of the vapor above
the crude, in lower pressure vapor forms more
quickly and the opposite is true.
2. Can you increase flash point in diesel oil?
- Yes, by increasing its vapour pressure, this can
be done by mixing the diesel oil with a low
density high vapour pressure oil.
9
References:
1. The official website of Debate Central

debate.uvm.edu
2. The official website of art academy

www.tfa.edu
10

Koya University Faculty of Engineering Chemical Engineering Dep

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Koya University Faculty of Engineering Chemical Engineering Dep

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Koya University Faculty of Engineering Chemical Engineering Dep

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Koya University

To determine fire point of an oil product using closed

Fire point can vary for a sample based on factors including

Importance of flash and fire points:

It indicates fire hazard of petroleum products

1. If this experiment is performed not in ambient

1. The official website of Debate Central

2. The official website of art academy

You might also like