Descriptive Answer Type Questions-HVPE Unit:1-5

UNIT 1
Q. What do you mean by values or human values?
or
What is value education? Why there is a need of value education?
or
How does value education helps in fulfilling one's aspirations?
ANS. Character oriented education that instils basic values and ethnic values in ones psyche is
called Value Based Education. The subject that enables us to understand what is valuable for
human happiness is called value education. Value education is important to help everyone in
improving the value system that he/she holds and puts it to use. Once, one has understood his/ her
values in life he/she can examine and control the various choices he/she makes in his/ her life.
Value education enables us to understand our needs and visualize our goals correctly and also helps
to remove our confusions and contradictions and bring harmony at all levels. It also helps remove
our confusions and contradictions and enables us to rightly utilize the technological innovations.
Values form the basis for all our thoughts, behaviours and actions. Once we know what is valuable
to us, these values becomes the basis, the anchor for our actions. We also need to understand the
universality of various human values, because only then we can have a definite and common
program for value education. Then only we can be assured of a happy and harmonious human
society.
Q. What are the basic guidelines for value education? (UPTU 2011 12)
Ans: The subject that enables us to understand what is valuable for human happiness is called
value education. In order to qualify for any course on value education, the following guidelines for
the content of the course are important:
Universal: It needs to be applicable to all the human beings irrespective of cast, creed,
nationalities, religion, etc., for all times and regions.
Rational: It has to appeal to human reasoning. It has to be amenable to reasoning and not based
on dogmas or blind beliefs.
Natural and verifiable: It has to be naturally acceptable to the human being who goes through
the course and when we live on the basis of such values it leads to our happiness. It needs to be
experientially verifiable, and not based on dogmas, beliefs or assumptions.
All encompassing: Value education is aimed at transforming our consciousness and living.
Hence, it needs to cover all the dimensions (thought, behaviour, work and realization) and levels
(individual, family, society, nature and existence) of human life and profession.
Leading to harmony: The value education ultimately is targeted to promote harmony within the
individual, among human beings and with nature.
Q. What is the need for value education?
or
Write a short note on the need for value education in todays scenario. (MTU 201011)
Ans: The subject that enables us to understand what is valuable for human happiness is called
value education. Need for value education is:
Correct identification of our aspirations. The subject which enables us to understand what is
valuable for human happiness is called value education (VE). Thus, VE enables us to understand
our needs and visualize our goals correctly and also indicate the direction for their fulfilment. It
also helps to remove our confusions and contradictions and bring harmony at all levels.
Understanding universal human values to fulfil our aspirations in continuity. Values form
the basis for all our thoughts, behaviours and actions. Once we know what is valuable to us, these
values becomes the basis, the anchor for our actions. We also need to understand the universality of
various human values, because only then we can have a definite and common program for value
education. Then only we can be assured of a happy and harmonious human society.
Complimentarity of values and skills. To fulfil our aspirations both values and skills are
necessary. When we identify and set the right goals and produced in right direction. This is known
as value domain, the domain of wisdom, and when we learn and practices to actualize this goal to
develop the techniques to make this happen in real life, in various dimensions of human endeavor
(struggle). This is known as domain of skills.
Hence, there is an essential complementarity between values and skills for the success of any
human endeavor. For example, I want to lead a healthy life. Only wishing for good health will not
help me keep my body fit and healthy and without having understood the meaning of health, I will
not be able to choose things correctly to keep my body fit and healthy.
Evaluation of our beliefs. Each one of us believes in certain things and we base our values on
these beliefs, be they false or true which may or may not be true in reality. These believes come to
us from what we read, see, hear, what our parents tells us, our friends talk about, what the
magazines talk of, what we see from TV etc. Value Education helps us to evaluate our beliefs and
assumed values.
Technology and human values. The present education system has become largely skill-based.
The prime emphasis is on science and technology. However, science and technology can only help
to provide the means to achieve what is considered valuable. It is not within the scope of science
and technology to provide the competence of deciding what really is valuable. Value Education is a
crucial missing link in the present education system. Because of this deficiency, most of our efforts
may prove to be counterproductive and serious crises at the individual, societal and environmental
level are manifesting.
Q. Values and skill complement each other. Elaborate.
or
For success in any Human Endeavour both values and skills are required. Explain.
or
What do you mean by values? How do they differ from skills? How are values and skills
complementary?
or
Explain how production skills and human values are complementary. Give two examples.
(UPTU, 2011 12)
Ans: Values means importance or participation and skills means qualities, training, and
capabilities. To fulfil our aspirations both values and skills are necessary. When we identify and set
the right goals and produced in right direction. This is known as value domain, the domain of
wisdom. Basically we must know what really is useful to achieve human happiness, the happiness
to all and for all the time.
And when we learn and practices to actualize this goal to develop the techniques to make this
happen in real life, in various dimensions of human endeavour (struggle). This is known as domain
of skills. Hence, there is an essential complementarity between values and skills for the success of
any human endeavour.
For example, I want to lead a healthy life. Only wishing for good health will not help me keep my
body fit and healthy and without having understood the meaning of health, I will not be able to
choose things correctly to keep my body fit and healthy. So i have to learn the skills to achieve the
goal of good health i.e. food to be consumed, the physical workout to be designed. So without
knowing the meaning of good health, health cannot be achieved and also it is necessary to make
use of the goal to achieve the goal of the goal.
Q. Define self exploration. What is the content of self exploration?
Ans: Self exploration is the process to find out what is valuable to me by investigating within
myself, what is right for me, true for me, has to be judged within myself. Through self exploration
we get the value of ourself. We live with different entirety (family, friends, air, soil, water, trees,
etc.) and we want to understand our relationship with all these. For this we need to start observing
inside. The main focus of self-exploration is myself - the human being. Content of self exploration
is just finding answers to the following fundamental questions of all human beings:
1. The Desire/Goal: What is my (human) Desire/ Goal? What do I really want in life, or what is
the goal of human life?
2. Program: What is my (human) program for fulfilling the desire? How to fulfil it? What is the
program to actualize the above?
In short, the above two questions cover the whole domain of human aspirations and human
endeavor. Thus, they form the content of self- exploration.
Q. Self exploration is a process of dialogue between what you are and what you really want
to be. Explain and illustrate.
Ans: Self exploration is the process to find out what is valuable to me by investigating within
myself, what is right for me, true for me, has to be judged within myself. Through self exploration
we get the value of ourself. It is a process of focusing attention on ourself, our present beliefs and
aspirations vis--vis what we really want to be (that is to say, what is naturally acceptable to us). If
these two are the same, then there is no problem. If on investigation we find that these two are not
the same, then it means we are living with this contradiction (of not being what we really want to
be) and hence, we need to resolve this contradiction this conflict within us. It is a process of
discovering that there is something innate, invariant and universal in all human beings. This
enables us to look at our confusions and contradictions within and resolve them by becoming aware
of our natural acceptance.
Q. How can we verify proposals on the basis of our natural acceptance? Explain with
example.
or
What do you mean by your natural acceptance? Is it innate, invariant and universal? Explain
(UPTU 201112)
or
Natural acceptance is innate, invariant and universal. Explain this statement with an
example. (MTU 201112)
Ans: Natural acceptance implies unconditional and total acceptance of the self, people and
environment. It also refers to the absence of any exception from others. Once we fully and truly
commit ourself on the basis of natural acceptance, we feel a holistic sense of inner harmony,
tranquility and fulfillment. Actually natural acceptance is way to accept the good things naturally.
Learn everything that is good from others, but bring it in, and in our own way absorb it; do not
become others. We can easily verify proposals in the basis of characteristics of natural acceptance
mentioned below:
a) Natural acceptance does not change with time. It remains invariant with time. For example
our natural acceptance for trust and respect does not change with age.
b) It does not depend on the place. Whatever we have accepted, in our life, at any time of our
age, does not change, even if we move from one place to another one.
c) It does not depend on our beliefs or past conditionings. No matter how deep our belief or
past conditioning, as long as we ask ourselves the question sincerely, as long as we refer deep
within ourselves, the answer will always be the same.
d) This natural acceptance is constantly there, something we can refer to. Natural
acceptance is always there. Whatever we do, this natural acceptance is within us, it is telling us
what is right.
e) Natural acceptance is the same for all of us: it is part and parcel of every human being,
it is part of humanness. Though each one of us, may have different likes and dislikes and means
to live and to react etc. but if we go deep in our mind the purpose of our work, behaviour, efforts
etc. are based on common goals like need to be happy, need to be respected, need to get prosperity.
So our basic acceptance remains the same.
Q. What is the meaning of prosperity? How can you say that you are prosperous?
Ans: The feeling of having or making available more than required physical facilities is prosperity.
Almost all of us feel that wealth alone means prosperity and try to explain this phenomenon on this
nonexistent or half fact. We are trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing
accumulation and consumption of physical facilities. It is becoming anti-ecological and anti-
people, and threatening the human survival itself. For prosperity, two things are required-
1. Identification of the required quantity of physical facilities, and
2. Ensuring availability / production of more than required physical facilities.
We can be prosperous only if there is a limit to the need for physical facilities. If there is no limit
what so ever be the availability the feeling of prosperity cannot be assured.
Secondly, just assessing the need is not enough. We need to be able to produce or make available
more than the perceived need.
Q. What is the difference between prosperity and wealth? What is more acceptable to us and
why?
or
What do you understand by prosperity? What is the difference between prosperity and
wealth? How are the two related?
or
What is the meaning of prosperity? How does it differ from possession of wealth? Explain
with examples. (UPTU 2009 - 10)
or
Differentiate between prosperity and wealth with examples. (MTU 2010 11)
Ans: Prosperity is a feeling of having more than required physical facilities; it is not just physical
facilities. Almost all of us feel that wealth alone means prosperity and try to explain this
phenomenon on this nonexistent or half fact. Wealth is a physical thing. It means having money, or
having a lot of physical facilities or both. This is a very important distinction. We mostly fail to
make this distinction today. We keep working for wealth, without realizing that the basic desire is
for the feeling of prosperity, to have a feeling of having enough. Prosperity is more acceptable to us
because wealth is just a part of prosperity. We are trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by
maximizing accumulation and consumption of physical facilities. It is becoming anti-ecological
and anti-people, and threatening the human survival itself. A person has lot of money, but does not
want to share even a bit of it. The person has wealth but feels deprived. If one felt prosperous
he/she would have shared what one has, since there is lot more than enough wealth anyway.
Q. What is your present vision of a happy and prosperous life?
Ans: We are trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing accumulation and
consumption of physical facilities. It is becoming anti-ecological and anti-people, and threatening
the human survival itself.
Some of the consequences of such trend are summarized below:
At the level of individual: rising problems of depression, psychological disorders, suicides,
stress, insecurity, etc.
At the level of family: breaking of joint families, mistrust, and conflict between older and
younger generations, insecurity in relationships, divorce, dowry tortures, etc.
At the level of society: growing incidence of terrorism and naxalism, rising communalism,
spreading casteism, racial and ethnic struggle, wars between nations, etc.
At the level of nature: global warming, water, air, soil, noise etc. pollution, resource depletion
of minerals and mineral oils, etc.
All the problems are a direct outcome of an incorrect understanding, our wrong notion about
happiness and prosperity and their continuity this is an issue for serious exploration.
Q. What do the abbreviations given as SVDD, SSDD and SSSS signify?
Ans: To achieve our basic aspirations we need to work for right understanding as the base on
which we can work for relationship and then physical facilities. Today we are not working
according to this that why we can see that there are two kind of people in the world:
1. Those that do not have physical facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy and deprived. i.e. SVDD:
Sadhan Viheen Dukhi Daridra Materially Deficient, Unhappy and Deprived.
2. Those that have physical facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy and deprived. i.e. SSDD: Sadhan
Sampann Dukhi Daridra Materially Affluent, Unhappy and Deprived. But these are states we
dont want to be in. We want to move from this to third category i.e.
3. Having physical facilities and feeling happy and prosperous i.e. SSSS: Sadhan Sampann
Sukhi Samriddha Materially Adequate, Happy and Prosperous.
Presently, as we look around, we find most of the people in the above two categories called SVD
and SSDD, while the natural acceptance of all human beings is to be in the category of SSSS.
Q. Physical facilities are necessary and complete for animals, while they are necessary but
not complete for humans. Comment.
or
Explain how physical facilities are necessary but not complete for humans while they are
complete for animals.
or
Physical facilities are necessary but not complete for human being. Do you agree with this
statement? Support your answer with reasons and examples. (UPTU 2011 12)
Ans: Physical facilities are necessary and complete for animals, while they are necessary but not
complete for humans. It is easy to verify.

For Animals: Animals need physical things to survive, mainly to take care of their body. For
example; cow will look for food when it is hungry. Once it gets the grass or fodder. It eats it, sits
around to chew at leisure. Hence, we can say that as long as animals have physical things, they are
largely fine. They dont desire other things like knowledge or a peaceful animal society or getting a
good MBA.
For Humans: While physical facilities are necessary for human beings, they are not complete by
themselves to fulfill our needs. Our needs are more than just physical facilities. We all have other
needs, other plans, perhaps we think of going to a movie or reading a book, or go to college, or
watch some TV, or spend time with family and friends.. this list is endless. Thus it is easy to see
that while physical facilities are necessary for us human beings, they are not complete by
themselves to fulfill our needs.
Hence we can say that for animals Physical facilities are necessary and complete.
For humans Physical facilities are necessary but not complete.
Q 23. What are the requirements to fulfil basic human aspirations?
or
What is the program to fulfil the basic human aspirations? Explain (MTU 2011 12)
or
Explain the basic requirements to fulfil human aspirations. Give the correct priority among
them. (UPTU 2009-10)
or
Three things are needed in order to fulfill basic human aspirationsright understanding,
right relationships and physical facilities. Explain meaning of each one of these. (UPTU 2010
11)
Ans: Our basic aspirations are happiness (mutual fulfilment) and prosperity (mutual prosperity).
Happiness is ensured by the relationships with other human beings and prosperity is ensured by
working on physical facilities.
Right Understanding: This refers to higher order human skills the need to learn and utilize our
intelligence most effectively.
Good Relationships: This refers to the interpersonal relationships that a person builds in his or her
life at home, at the workplace and in society.
Physical Facilities: This includes the physiological needs of individuals and indicates the
necessities as well as the comforts of life. It means the feeling of having or being able to have more
physical facilities than is needed.

In order to resolve the issues in human relationships, we need to understand them first, and this
would come from right understanding of relationship. Similarly in order to be prosperous and to
enrich nature, we need to have the right understanding. The right understanding will enable us
to work out our requirements for physical facilities and hence correctly distinguish the difference
between wealth and prosperity. With nature as well, we need to understand the harmony in nature,
and how we can complement this harmony.
Q 24. What do you mean by animal and human consciousness? Explain with the help of a
diagram.
or
Distinguish between human consciousness and animal consciousness. How shiksha and
sanskar are helpful in raising man to human consciousness level. (UPTU 201011)
or
What is the difference between animal consciousness and human consciousness? How does
the transformation take place in a human being? (MTU 201112)

Ans: Giving all priorities to physical facilities only, or to live solely on the basis of physical
facilities, may be termed as Animal Consciousness. Living with all three: Right understanding,
Relationship and Physical facilities is called Human Consciousness.
From the diagram we can say that:
For animal, physical facility is necessary as well as complete whereas for human beings it is
necessary but not complete.
Working only for physical facilities is living with Animal Consciousness.
Working for right understanding as the first priority followed by relationship and physical
facilities implies living with Human Consciousness.
There is a need for transformation from Animal Consciousness to Human Consciousness. It can
be accomplished only by working for right understanding as the first priority.
This transformation from Animal Consciousness to Human Consciousness forms the basis for
human values and values based living.
The content of education is the understanding of harmony at all the four levels of our existence
from myself to the entire existence. Right living or sanskar refers to the ability to live in harmony
at all the four levels of living. This dimension of society works to ensure right understanding and
right feelings in individual. Or all-encompassing solution called samadhan in every individual and
ensures that our succeeding generation have both the content and the environment available to
work towards achieving their goal of continuous happiness and prosperity.
Q. There are many problems manifest today at the level of individual, family, society and the
nature. Identify some of these problems humans suffer from. (UPTU 201011)
Ans: Today we are generally trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing
accumulation and consumption of physical facilities. This effort is giving rise to many problems
manifest today at the level of individual, family, society and the nature. These problems are:
At the level of individual Rising problems of depression, anxiety, suicides, stress, insecurity,
increasing health problems, lack of confidence and conviction etc.
At the level of family Breaking up of joint families, mistrust and disharmony in relationships,
divorce, generation gap, dowry deaths, neglect of older people etc.
 At the level of society Growing incidences of terrorism, violence, communalism, racial and
ethnic struggle, corruption, adulteration, sex-crimes exploitation, wars between nations,
proliferation of lethal weapons etc.
At the level of nature Global warming, weather imbalances, depletion of mineral and energy
resources, deforestation, soil degradation etc.
All the problems are a direct outcome of an incorrect understanding, our wrong notion about
happiness and prosperity and their continuity.
Q. Critically examine the prevailing notions of happiness in the society and their
consequences.
or
What is prosperity? Is it different from happiness?
or
What are the basic human aspirations? Explain. (MTU 2010 11)
or
What is the outcome when we try to identify relationship based on the exchange of physical
facilities?
Ans: Happiness may be defined as being in harmony/synergy in the state/ situation that I live in.
A state or situation in which I live, if there is harmony in it then I like to be in that state / situation.
The state of liking is happiness. Whereas, prosperity is the feeling of having or making available
more than required physical facilities.
In the current scenario, we are generally trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing
accumulation and consumption of physical facilities. This is an attempt to achieve happiness
through pleasant sensory interactions. The physical facilities are not seen in terms of fulfilling
bodily needs but as a means of maximizing happiness.
This has resulted in wrong assessment of wants for physical facilities as being unlimited. But this
pursuit is self-defeating. Neither can we hope to achieve continuous happiness through sensory
interactions nor can we have prosperity, as it amounts to trying to fulfil unlimited wants through
limited resources. This effort is engendering problems at all the levels. It is becoming anti-
ecological and anti-people, and threatening the human survival itself. Some of the consequences of
such a trend are summarized below:
1. At the level of the individual Rising problems of depression, psychological disorders,
suicides, stress, insecurity, psycho-somatic diseases, loneliness etc.
2. At the level of the family Breaking of joint families, mistrust, conflict between older and
younger generations, insecurity in relationships, divorce, dowry tortures, family feuds, wasteful
expenditure in family functions etc.
3. At the level of the Society Growing incidences of terrorism and naxalism, rising
communalism, spreading casteism, racial and ethnic struggle, wars between nations, attempts of
genocide, fear of nuclear and genetic warfare, etc.
4. At the level of nature Global warming, water, air, soil, noise, etc. pollution, resource
depletion of minerals and mineral oils, sizeable deforestations, loss of fertility of soil.
It therefore, calls for an urgent need for human beings to correctly understand happiness and
prosperity as well as the sustainable way to achieve these.
UNIT 2
Q. What do you mean by Sukh and Suvidha?
or
Distinguish between Sukh and Suvidha in detail taking needs of yourself as an example.
(MTU 201112)
Ans: Sukh is a holistic and all encompassing state of the mind that creates inner harmony. Sukh is
also called as happiness. Suvidha implies that it is looking for physical comforts and all the sources
of attaining such comforts. When our body gets used to a certain level of comfort then we will only
feel comfortable at that level e.g. comfort in fan, cooler or air conditioner. Different people have a
different perception of suvidha and will seek a corresponding level of suvidha according to their
perceptions.
By nature man is fond of comfort and happiness so he goes on making desires and ambitions one
after the other to enjoy more in life. To lead a comfortable life he also accumulates many facilities,
so that his life may become full of comfort and happiness. Sukh depends upon our thinking, so
many times we are surrounded by materialistic possessions but we feel unsatisfied. People think
that their happiness depends upon suvidha (facilities) but is it not so; happiness depends upon our
thinking or our mental satisfaction.
Q. The needs of the body are quantitative. Illustrate.
or
When we try to achieve continuity of happiness through sensation by perpetuating contact
with suvidha, the following pattern results: Necessary and tasteful unnecessary but
tasteful unnecessary and tasteless intolerable. Do you agree with this statement?
Support your answer with arguments. (MTU 201112)
Ans: Needs of body are physical facilities. Physical facilities are needed for the body in a limited
quantity. When we try and exceed these limits, it becomes troublesome for us after some time.
Lets take the example of eating. As far as, physical facilities (say rasgulla) go, they are necessary
in the beginning, but if we keep consuming, it becomes intolerable with the passage of time. This
applies to every physical facility. We can only think of having unlimited physical facilities, but if
we try and consume, or have too much of physical facilities, it only ends up becoming a problem
for us. When we try to perpetuate physical facilities, the following pattern results. With time it
successively changes from:
 Necessary and tasteful

Unnecessary but tasty

Unnecessary and tasteless

Intolerable!
Q. Distinguish between the needs of the Self and the needs of the Body.
or
The need for physical facilities is temporary explain the meaning of this statement with
any two examples. (UPTU 2009-10)
or
Differentiate between the needs of self and the needs of body. (UPTU 201112)
Ans: The human being is the co-existence of I and the body, and there is exchange of information
between the two. We can make this distinction between the self and the body in terms of the needs
as shown in the table below:
I Body
Trust, Respect. Food, Clothing
Needs are .
Happiness (sukh) Physical Facilities (suvidha)
In time needs are Continuous Temporary
Needs In quantity, needs Qualitative Quantitative (limited in
are... quantity)
Needs are fulfilled Right understanding and right Food, clothing, etc.
by.. Feelings

1. Needs are .The needs of the body like food for nourishment clothes for protection, and
instruments to ensure right utilization can be categorized as being physical in nature, or also
called physical facilities (suvidha) whereas the need of I is essentially to live in a state of
continuous happiness (sukh). The needs of the body are physical in nature, whereas the needs of the
self (I) are not physical in nature like trust, respect, happiness etc.
2. In time, needs are The needs of I are continuous in time, unlike the need of the body,
which is temporary in time. We want happiness continuously. We also want the feeling of respect
continuously and so also acceptance in relationship. If we talk about food, clothing, shelter, or
instruments, these are needed only for some amount of time, or we can say that the need for
physical facilities of the body is temporary in time- it is not continuous.
3. In quality, needs are.. Physical facilities are needed for the body in a limited quantity.
When we try and exceed these limits, it becomes troublesome for us after some time. Lets take the
example of eating. As far as, physical facilities (say rasgulla) go, they are necessary in the
beginning, but if we keep consuming, it becomes intolerable with the passage of time. This applies
to every physical facility. We can only think of having unlimited physical facilities, but if we try
and consume, or have too much of physical facilities, it only ends up becoming a problem for us.
Whereas the needs of I are qualitative (they are not quantifiable), but we also want them
continuously. Our feelings are qualitative. Either they are or they are not. Ex. Happiness is
qualitative. Either we are feeling happy or we are not. Also if a feeling is not naturally acceptable;
we do not want it even for a single moment. If acceptable, we want it continuously.
4. Needs are fulfilled by.The need of the self (I), for happiness (sukh) is ensured by right
understanding and right feelings, while the need of the body, for physical facilities (suvidha), is
ensured by appropriate physico-chemical things.
Q. Do you think that human beings are sum-total of sentiments and physical aspects the self
and the body? Explain your answer using examples.
or
Human being is more than just the body Explain.

Ans: There is the familiar shape and structure of a human being that is immediately apparent to us
and we imagine someone with similar human body-like features. But in addition to the body, there
is also the aliveness of the person the entity that keeps the body alive and makes it operate in
various ways.
We perceive this aliveness in the activities demonstrated by the person like their seeing, talking,
listening, walking, and eating, etc. This aliveness is called Jivana. Thus, a human being is
coexistence of the body and jivan. This jivan refers to itself as I (self). Thus we say I am so and
so or I feel tired or I am happy and not my body is happy. This I or self is also called
consciousness and is the sentient constitute of the human being.
The human being is the sum total of sentiments and physical aspect, the self (I) and the body, and
there is exchange of information between the two, i.e. I and body exist together and are related.
There is a flow of information from I to the body and from body to the I. We can make this
distinction between the self and the body in three ways in terms of the needs, activities and the
types of these two entities.
All the needs of I, say respect, trust, etc., can be called as Happiness (such), while the needs of
body are physical facilities (suvidha) like food. The two things are qualitatively different. There is
no relevance of quantity for the needs of I as it is qualitative, while the needs of body are
quantitative, and they are limited in quantity.
The activities of I are activities like, desire, thinking, selection, while the activities of body are
activities like eating, breathing etc.
The mode of interaction of I includes knowing, assuming, recognizing and fulfilment. The
fulfilment depends on recognition depends on assumptions and assumptions depends on knowing
or not knowing (beliefs). If assuming is based on knowledge, then recognition will be correct and
fulfilment will be correct. If assuming is not based on knowledge, then things may go wrong. The
mode of interaction of body is only recognizing and fulfilling. Self is a conscious entity and the
body is a material entity, or physicochemical in nature.
To conclude we can say that the human being can be understood in terms of a co-existence of two
entirely distinct entities, namely sentient I and material body. Their needs and activities are quite
different and have to be understood accordingly. But these two constituents of human being are to
act in close synergy with each other.
Q. Human being is co-existence of the Self and the Body elaborate on this statement.
or
Human being is the co-existence of the Self and the Body Explain this statement taking
yourself as an example. (MTU 2010 11)
Ans: The human being is the co-existence of I and the body, and there is exchange of information
between the two, i.e. I and body exist together and are related. There is a flow of information
from I to the body and from body to the I. We can make this distinction between the self and the
body in three ways in terms of the needs, activities and the types of these two entities. All the needs
of I, say respect, trust, etc., can be called as Happiness (such), while the needs of body are physical
facilities (suvidha) like food. The two things are qualitatively different. There is no relevance of
quantity for the needs of I as it is qualitative, while the needs of body are quantitative, and they are
limited in quantity.
The activities of I are activities like, desire, thinking, selection, while the activities of body are
activities like eating, breathing etc. The mode of interaction of I includes knowing, assuming,
recognizing and fulfilment. The fulfilment depends on recognition depends on assumptions and
assumptions depends on knowing or not knowing (beliefs). If assuming is based on knowledge,
then recognition will be correct and fulfilment will be correct. If assuming is not based on
knowledge, then things may go wrong. The mode of interaction of body is only recognizing and
fulfilling. Self is a conscious entity and the body is a material entity, or physic-chemical in nature.
Thus we can say:
To conclude we can say that the human being can be understood in terms of a co-existence of two
entirely distinct entities, namely sentient I and material body. Their needs and activities are quite
different and have to be understood accordingly. But these two constituents of human being are to
act in close synergy with each other.
Q. Explain with examples where activities involves both body and 'I'
or
Differentiate between the activities of knowing, assuming, recognizing and fulfilling with the
help of an example. (UPTU 201011)
or
Explain the activities of knowing, assuming, recognizing and fulfillment with one examples.
(UPTU 201112)
or
Differentiate between the activities of the self and the body on any two grounds. (MTU 2010
11)
or
Can the activities of the self be distinctly understood from the activities of the body? Name
any three activities and elaborate. (MTU 201112)

Ans: If we look at the variety of activities that we are engaged in commonly we see that we can
put them in three categories:
1. Activities that are going on in the self
2. Activities that are going on in the body
3. Activities involving both the self and the body
Knowing, assuming, recognizing and fulfilling are the activities involving both the self and the
body.
1. Activities of recognizing and fulfilling in the body: Apart from the activities of Breathing,
Heartbeat, Digestion etc., the activities of the body can also be understood as recognition and
fulfilment. In fact, the mutual interaction between any two material entities can be understood as
recognition and fulfilment of their relationship. For example when we are thirsty and drink water,
the body absorbs the water to the extent needed and uses for the nourishment of the various organs.
Here, body recognizes its relation with water and fulfils it.
Recognizing Fulfilling
2. Activities of knowing, assuming, recognizing and fulfilling in the self (I): When it comes to
self (jivan or I), which is a conscious entity; in addition to recognizing and fulfilling, there is
also the activity of assuming and that of knowing. In fact, recognizing and fulfilling in case of
human beings will depend upon knowing and/or assuming.
a. We assume We all make assumptions and our response (recognition and fulfilment) is
dependent on the assumption. For ex.: If I see a snake and assumed it to be a rope, I shall respond
differently to it, than if I take it to be a snake itself. We call this activity assuming or mannana.
b. We recognize We all recognize things today, we recognize a variety of things. Like, we
recognize water, our parents, friends, etc. We call this activity recognizing or pahachaanana. The
recognizing in I depends on assuming.
c. We fulfil The response that follows recognition is called the activity of fulfilling or nirvaha
karna. The fulfilment depends on the recognition. For ex.: Once we recognize water, we take it.
Taken together we can write it as (in I):
Assuming Recognizing Fulfilling
There is another activity that exists in us (in I). This activity is called knowing. Knowing means
we have the right understanding the understanding of harmony at all levels of our living. When
we have the right understanding, when we have the knowledge of reality, it is definite, and then
assuming becomes according to the knowing, and hence recognizing and fulfilling becomes
definite, or according to knowing. Until then, it is subject to beliefs and assumptions, and this
keeps changing. When we list these down:

I Body
Desiring, thinking etc. Breathing, heart-beat, etc.
Activities Activities are .. Knowing, assuming, Recognizing, fulfilling
recognizing, fulfilling

Q. What is pre-conditioning? What is their source?