CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

Civil engineering is a strategically principal profession for each developed and setting up
countries. With creativity and technical knowledge, civil engineers plan, design construct,
preserve and operate infrastructure facilities essential to modern-day life, ranging from bridges
and highways to water and wastewater medication services and constructions. Civil engineering
is a wide discipline that spans a number of branches together with topics such as Structural
Engineering, Water assets Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Transportation Engineering
and Geotechnical Engineering. As international locations increase, and their populaces broaden,
and as environmental issues mount, civil engineering knowledge will probably be increasingly
wanted throughout the sector. Meeting the challenges of supplying housing and constructions,
infrastructure to control pollution, transportation hyperlinks, ingesting water and vigor wishes,
urban redevelopment and group planning are few examples of the problems civil engineers
resolve. Civil engineering presents huge career selections, starting from design, development,
study, planning, instructing, to administration. The department of structural engineering is
involved with the structural design and evaluation of structures, bridges, and different
constructions. This entails calculating the stresses and forces that act upon or arise within a
structure, and designing the structure to efficiently face up to those forces and stresses.
Resistance to wind and seismic loadings, mainly efficiency close resonant frequencies, which
influence the total balance of a constitution are important design issues. Different explanations
reminiscent of sturdiness and cost are additionally regarded. Moreover to design of latest
constructions, structural engineers could design a seismic retrofit for an present constitution to
mitigate undesirable efficiency in the course of earthquakes. Most civil and structural engineers
today take care of power plants, bridges, roads, railways, buildings, water supply, irrigation, the
natural atmosphere, sewer, flood manage, transportation and visitors. Civil and structural
engineering pursuits to improve and preserve the constructed and typical atmosphere with
excellent use of resources to increase the best of life for gift and future generations. Those
coming into the civil engineering subject are increasingly required to proceed their education
lengthy after bachelors graduation and are required to broaden their talents base to remain
competitive
1.1 Definition of a Flyover

In Civil Engineering it is also called as overpass means an intersection of two roads at which one
is carried over the other with the aid of a bridge (Aeronautics) the USA identify for fly-earlier

An overpass (referred to as a flyover in the United Kingdom and most Commonwealth nations)
is a bridge, road, railway or identical constitution that crosses over another road or railway. An
overpass and underpass together type a grade separation.[1]Stack interchanges are made from
many overpasses.

The flyover-bridge intersection is an intersection that has a designated bridge constructed over an
at-grade intersection to enable for the free float in two instructions on some of the main road to
develop capability of site visitors drift and scale down the traffic congestion in both of those
instructions, however underneath of the bridge, the prevailing traffic signalization continues to
be used to manipulate visitors because the quandary earlier than (Fig. 1). This model is used for
increasing traffic ability at a better intersection in suburb subject, there are 29 flyover
intersections in Thailand (apart from Bangkok and its vicinity) . On this study 5 present flyovers
have been selected covering all regions of Thailand.

According to the recommendations for controlling visitors at an intersection, it used traffic

quantity as standards to pick a style of junction, for traffic volume about 25,000 to 45,000
vehicles/day, two stages of control must be used. The flyover simplest enables site visitors flows
in the directions of the bridge, however the infrastructure are not able to wholly clear up the
entire issues notably on the secondary street. This study grants issues that still exist on the
flyover intersection and recommend upgrades to the problems

Fig. 1.1 The layout of an at-grade intersection converted to a flyover-bridge intersection.

1.2 History

Overpass in Washington, D.C.

The world's first railroad overpass was once developed in 1843 through the London and Croydon
Railway at Norwood Junction railway station to hold its atmospheric railway autos over the
Brighton important Line.

The first overpass in India was once opened on 14 April 1965 at Kemps corner in Mumbai. The
48 ft (15 m) lengthy bridge used to be built in about seven months by Shirish Patel at a cost
US$970,000 in 2015).
CHAPTER2

KATHIPARA FLYOVER

Kathipara Junction is an important road junction in Chennai, India. It is located at Alandur at the
intersection of the Grand Southern Trunk Road, Inner Ring Road, Anna Salai and Poonamallee
High Road. Kathipara flyover is the largest cloverleaf flyover in Asia

CONSTRUCTION

The junction used to be a roundabout with a statue of Jawaharlal Nehru. A cloverleaf grade
separator was constructed as part of the NHDP to ease traffic congestion at the junction. The
structure was built at an estimated project cost of 486 crore (US$72 million) with an initial
deadline of March 2007. It is the first of three grade separators being built on the Inner Ring
Road to improve connectivity between the various National Highways radiating from the city, the
other two being the one on Koyambedu junction (NH 4) near the Chennai Mofussil Bus
Terminus and the one at Padi Junction (NH 205). The main span of the flyover connecting Inner
Ring Road and GST Road was opened to traffic on 9 April 2008 and the entire section was opened
to the public on 26 October 2008. Landscaping work worth 150 lakh (US$220,000) on the
40,000 sq m area will be taken up after Chennai Metro work is completed
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "BRIDGE" AND "FLYOVER"

The difference between Bridge and Flyover is based on the purpose of its usage and the location
where it is built.

Bridges

Bridges are built to connect two points separated by a naturally occuring region like valley, river,
sea or any other water bodies, etc.

They are usually lengthy depending upon the width of the valley or river.

Construction over river is tedious since foundation has to be carried out on the river bed.

Bridges are usually built for trains, buses and cars.

Fig 2.11 Typical Structure of a Bridge

Flyovers
It is a structure which joints two or more points which are separated by an accessible route/s or a
man made structure to cut the traffic for faster mode of travelling.
They are usually made over road junctions, roads, streets, etc.

The name itself suggests that you are flying over a traffic zone.

They are usually built for road vehicles.

Fig 2.12 Typical Structure of a Flyover

Items Disadvantages Advantages

Traffic control
- Traffic signalization still - Reducing time for waiting
makes use of the constant- at the intersection (by
time control plans as the adjusting a new cycle time
previous main issue of at- for flyover situation)
grade intersection, which
does now not totally make
use of the benefits of having
a flyov
Road Safety
- Within the flyover field, the - Cut down visitors clash
hazard zone is unfold to more features at the junction
zones, peculiarly on the - decreasing rear-end
drawing near and exiting collisions
zones of the bridge
Cost and benefit
- For the duration of building, - The flyover is an essential
street accidents and part of the highest type of
 automobile time lengthen highway, the expressway or
incurred extra costs freeway. It has cheaper
- higher maintenance charges construction cost than other
types of grade separations.
- No land needs to be
expropriated.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED DURING CONSTRUCTION

SOFTWARES
_ Autodesk 3Ds Max 2011
_ Autodesk 3Ds Max 2011
_ Autocad LT-2011
_ Autocad 2011
_ Autocad Revit
_ Autocad Civil 3D 2009
_ Autocad Civil 3D 2012
_ MIDAS CIVIL 2011
_ Window 7 STAAD Pro
_ BENTLEY MX RD SUITE
_ BENTLEY MX RAIL
_ Auto Plotter
_ ICDS
_ HDM-4
_ Revit Architecture
_ ESTA
_ MS Window s Vista
_ MS Of f ice
_ MS Window s Vista
_ MS Project Media on MS Project
_ Adobe Photoshop
_ Toshiba Portaege M500-P140
_ Design jet Plotter HP T1100PS 44
_ Design jet Plotter HP T800PS 44
_ Design jet Plotter HP T650PS 44
_ HP Color Laserjet 2600n
_ HP Of f icejet Pro K850
_ Scanjet HP G4010
_ 1020 Laser Jet Printer
_ 1015 Laser Jet Printer
_ 1007 Laser Jet Printer
_ 1320 Laser Jet Printer
_ Toshiba A4 Scan Jet G4010
_ Vidar Scaner (A0)
_ HP 610 Plotter
_ HP Of f ice Jet K7108
_ HP 2600 Colour Laser Jet
_ Konica Minolta(7440)
_ HP 1200 Plotter
_ HP 1100 Plotter
_ Canon LBP2009B
_ HCL-Core2Duo : 45 nos.
_ Compaq-Corei3 : 5 nos.
_ Dell Core2Duo : 13 nos.

HARDWARES & SYSTEMS SURVEY EQUIPMENTS

_ Dual f requency dif ferentialG.P.S (Trimble) RTK systemsub cmaccuracy
_ GPS ,Geo-xt path f inder for GIS system(sub meter accuracy)
_ Total station (SOKKIA) : 1 no.
_ Total station (LEICA) : 12 nos
_ Total station (Topcon): 12 nos
_ Total station (TRIMBLE): 1 no.
_ Theodolites
_ Theo-10b 1" reading, Carl Ziess , Germany
_ Glass arc Theodolite, w ildHeebrugg, Sw itzerland
_ Vernier Theodolite T.Cooke & sons,UK
_ Vernier Theodolite Law rence &mayo and indigenous make
_ Special target set level
_ Automatic level c-14, c32 SOKKIA, Japan
_ Digital level sokkia, Japan, Level indigenous make , Clinometer
_ Plain table set complete w ith sight rule, chain, pt level, compass etc.
_ Steel bands for precision measurements
_ Dual channel survey echo sounder w ith portable Transducer
_ Internal raven Invicta 210 l DGPS beacon receiver
_ VT-TSS hs -50 heave compensator
_ Tidal gauge
_ Pontoon balls
_ Side scanner

MATERIAL TESTING EQUIPMENTS

1. Cement vibrating machine w ith calibration certif icate
2. Auto clave for cement test
3. Digital balance 30 kg ,l c 1gm),(15kg lc 1gm),(12kg lc 2 gm), (10kg l c 2 gm),( 500gm
lc-0.01gm & (220 gm lc 0.001gm).
4. Rotap sieve shaker- w ith timer electric operated
5. Wet sieve shaker
6. Aggregate impact valve test apparatus w ith counter
7. Thickness gauge
8. Length gauge
9. Hot air oven
10. Hot air oven (digital)
11. Electronic compression testing machines with three gauge & electronic panel
capacity : 3000 KN w ith brick testing attachment
12. Slump test apparatus IS : 7320-1974
13. Variable f low type air permeability apparatus
14. Electronic Universal Testing Machine (60 Ton capacity)
15. Los angles abrasion
16. High speed stirrer
17. Vee Bee consist meter
18. Concrete vibrating table
19. Platform w eighing machine (cap. 100kg.-l.c. 10 gm. digital)
20. Aggregate polishing machine.
21. Hardness tester
22. Concrete Beam f lexure Apparatus (10 T CAP)
23. Aggregate crussing value apparatus set.
24. Concrete permeability apparatus
25. Compaction factor apparatus
26. Tile Abrasion Apparatus (Electronic)
27. Tile Flexure Apparatus (Electronic)

SOIL TESTING EQUIPMENTS

1. Cone penetrometer
2. Triaxial testing equipment
3. Proctor mould - 1000 cc & 2250 cc w ith rammer 4.89 kg. 2.6 kg.
4. Core cutter w ith steel dolly & rammer
5. Liquid limit device - motorised w ith revolution counter
6. Standard pentrometer w ith cone
7. CBR testing Apparatus
8. Laboratory vane shear app.
9. Permeability apparatus.
10. Consolidation app.
11. Shrinkage limit set complete w ith mercury
12. Direct shear apparatus
13. Unconf ined compression testing machine
14. Hydrometer
15. Wet sieve shaker
16. Relative density
17. Sw elling pressure apparatus for soil
1. Ductility test
2. Marshall stability app. complete
3. Ball & ring app. (Ring & Ball Apparatus for sof tening point)
4. Standard viscometer
5. Flash & f ire point apparatus.
6. Loss on heating apparatus
7. Bsu tube modif ied f low viscometer
8. Bitumen extractor electrical operated
9. Asphalt institute vacuum viscometer
10. Specif ic gravity bottle
11. Penetro meter
12. Stripping value apparatus
13. Mastic Asphalt hardness Test apparatus

FIELD INVESTIGATION EQUIPMENTS

1. Automatic drilling machine volt 90 complete set for drilling up to 250 mt
2. Automatic drilling machine includes drill bit, mud pump, SPT etc, up to 60 mt. depth.
3. Wash boring equipment- includes derrick / tripod, pump, SPT etc
4. Percussion drilling-
5. Static cone penetration test equipment.
6. Vane shears test equipment
7. Electrical resistivity test equipment
8. Sand pouring cylinder 200 mm, 100 mm dia complete
9. Hydraulic jack
10. Plate load test, K value test apparatus/ Pile load Test
11. Benkelman beam apparatus
12. Joist for loading up to 700 ton capacity
13. Core drilling machine
14. Nuclear gauge
15. Field CBR apparatus
16. Seismic ref raction, ref lection, up-hole, dow n hole and cross hole test apparatus
2.6.6 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENTS

1. Ultrasonic pulse velocity

2. Ultrasonic thickness Gauge
3. Non destruction hammer ( computerised)
4. High sensitive proving ring for calibration of utm & ctm.
5. Humidity & temp. meter
6. Alco meter
7. Digital slide calipers
8. Rougho meter
9. Corrosion meter
10. Profometer
11. Core cutter (Motorised)

MATERIAL TESTING EQUIPMENTS

1. Digital spectrophotometer.
2. Ion meter ( Systonics ) H+(conc) , Hg, F- ,CN -,
3. Nephelometer (turbidity meter) Elico type.
4. Flame Photo meter (Na, K, Ca f ilters), Gas Cylinder.
5. Digital Conductivity Meter
6. PH meter w ith combined glass electrode
7. Turbidity Meter
8. BOD incubator
9. Digital electronics balance (0.001gm)
10. Centrifuge
11. Filtration pump
12. Muf f le furnace
13. Water distillation assembly
14. COD digestion assembly
15. Stack monitoring Kit (12000 C Collection)
16. High volume sampler w ith gas monitoring facility
17. Wind speed & w ind direction recorder
18. Sulphur & Carbon analyser
19. Rain gauge (self )
20. Desiccators (300 mm TARSON)
21. Noise meter
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

As a transport improvement, flyover is an advance tool which involves high technology and lots
of resources. As being a superstructure, it has many prerequisite to function effectively such as
extra land in the intersection, available by-pass roads etc.

REFERENCES

1. "New traffic arrangement comes into effect at Kathipara junction". Chennai. The Hindu.
2008-10-27. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
2. St Thomas Mount". Retrieved 9 January 2016.
3. Ramakrishnan, Deepa H. (22 April 2013). "Koyambedu flyover to geta touch of green".
Chennai: The Hindu. Retrieved 23 Apr 2013.
4. Henry K. Evans (1950). "Read the ebook Traffic engineering handbook by Institute of
Traffic Engineers". ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, Second Edition 1950. New Haven,
Connecticut: Institute of Traffic Engineers. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
5. Turner, J.T. Howard (1977). The London Brighton and South Coast Railway 1. Origins
and formation. London: Batsford. p. 249.ISBN 0-7134-0275-X.
6. Shaikh, Ateeq (9 April 2014). "dna exclusive: Mumbai's golden flyover hits a
milestone". DNA. DNA. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
7. Doctor, Vikram (6 April 2014). "Is it time to stop the endless building of flyovers in
India?". The Economic Times. ET Bureau. Retrieved 7 April 2014
8. Akcelik & Associates Pty Ltd., (2011) Signalized (and unsignalized) Intersection Design
and Research
9. Aid, PO Box 1075G, Greythorn, Vic 3104 AUSTRALIA, Management Systems
Registered to
10. ISO 9001: ABN 79 088 889 687.
11. Bureau of Traffic Safety, (2005). Traffic Accident on National Highways 2004.
Department of
12. Highways, Ministry of Transport, Thailand.