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    Sciencenotes

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    Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, the smallest unit of life, and cells only come from preexisting cells. In the 1600s, early cell biologists like Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek, and Jansen began studying cells using early microscopes. In the 1800s, Brown introduced the term "nucleus" and scientists like Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow established that plants and animals are made of cells. Cells contain organelles that perform specific functions - the nucleus contains DNA, mitochondria generate energy, and the Golgi apparatus packages proteins for transport. Multicellular organisms develop tissues, organs and organ systems through cell specialization and cooperation.

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    Sciencenotes

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    Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, the smallest unit of life, and cells only come from preexisting cells. In the 1600s, early cell biologists like Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek, and Jansen began studying cells using early microscopes. In the 1800s, Brown introduced the term "nucleus" and scientists like Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow established that plants and animals are made of cells. Cells contain organelles that perform specific functions - the nucleus contains DNA, mitochondria generate energy, and the Golgi apparatus packages proteins for transport. Multicellular organisms develop tissues, organs and organ systems through cell specialization and cooperation.

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    Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, the smallest unit of life, and cells only come from preexisting cells. In the 1600s, early cell biologists like Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek, and Jansen began studying cells using early microscopes. In the 1800s, Brown introduced the term "nucleus" and scientists like Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow established that plants and animals are made of cells. Cells contain organelles that perform specific functions - the nucleus contains DNA, mitochondria generate energy, and the Golgi apparatus packages proteins for transport. Multicellular organisms develop tissues, organs and organ systems through cell specialization and cooperation.

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    40 views8 pages

    Sciencenotes

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    api-350881033
    Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, the smallest unit of life, and cells only come from preexisting cells. In the 1600s, early cell biologists like Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek, and Jansen began studying cells using early microscopes. In the 1800s, Brown introduced the term "nucleus" and scientists like Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow established that plants and animals are made of cells. Cells contain organelles that perform specific functions - the nucleus contains DNA, mitochondria generate energy, and the Golgi apparatus packages proteins for transport. Multicellular organisms develop tissues, organs and organ systems through cell specialization and cooperation.

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    Chapter 6 sec 1 +2

    Cell theory = all living things are made of cells. The smallest unit of a living cell. Cells come
    from preexisting cells.

    Cell Biologists
    1600s - Hooke - Used term cell
    Van Leeuwenhoek - animalcules and saw microorganisms/bacteria
    Jansen - compound microscope (2 lenses)

    1800s - Brown - used the term nucleus


    ade of cells
    Schleiden - botanist (studied plants) m
    Schwann - zoologist (studied animals) m ade of cells
    Virchow and Remak - cells come from cells
    Virchow stole idea from remak

    Cytoplasm = the entire contents of the cell except for the nucleus bounded by plasma
    membrane
    Cytosol - jelly-like material surrounding organelles, contains enzymes that catalyze cellular
    reactions
    Cytoskeleton - framework of flexible microtubes and microfilaments provide shape, internal
    organization for movement within cells within cytoplasm

    E.R. = a network of layers of membranes in eukaryotic cells that form tubes throughout the
    cytoplasm . the system connects organelles in the cell so that proteins are transported and
    finishes the protein, modify (smooth and rough)

    Golgi = an organelle made of membranous sacks. It prepares protein by putting it into the
    vesicles that are attached to the golgi body and transports it to its destination

    Vacuole = Storage for the cell - food, water and waste

    Vesicle = a package that is shipped from the golgi that has proteins in it and is shipped to the
    plasma membrane. Temporary storage for the cell, portable

    Mitochondria = the powerhouse of the cell, creates and stores energy. Cell respiration takes
    place here (its plants and animals way of producing energy for themselves, converting food to
    energy)

    Chloroplast = a double membrane within a cell that has absorbing pigments and help convert
    sunlight to energy for plants - photosynthesis
    Cell respiration is in the mitochondria

    Golgi = sends materials to the cytoplasm by using the vesicles

    Nucleus - Protects the genetic material


    DNA/Chromosomes - Information for making proteins
    Ribosomes - Make proteins
    Endoplasmic Reticulum - Transports and finishes proteins
    Lysosomes - Clean up cells
    Mitochondria - Store and create energy
    Golgi Apparatus - Ships protein antibodies to cytoplasm
    Cytoplasm - Space for work to be done
    Vesicles - Cellular package containing products such as a protein
    Vacuole - Store waste, food, and water
    Pores/gates channels - points of entry and exit for materials
    Cell membrane - semi permeable membrane that keeps things in and out of the cell
    Lysosomes - the custodians = clean up the cells
    Golgi - ships proteins to the cytoplasm
    E.R. - Transports and finishes proteins
    Ribosomes - make proteins
    Nucleus - Control room = Contains genetic material
    DNA/Chromosomes - information for creating proteins
    Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell - Creates and stores energy
    Cytoplasm - Space for work to be done
    Vesicles - Cellular package containing products such as protein
    Vacuole - Stores food, water, and waste
    Pores/gated channels - Points of entry and exit for materials
    Cell membrane - semi permeable membrane that keeps things in and out of the cell

    Nucleus
    DNA/Chromosomes
    Ribosomes
    Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Lysosomes
    Mitochondria
    Golgi Apparatus
    Cytoplasm
    Vesicles
    Vacuole
    Pores/gate channels
    Cell Membrane

    Why are cells so small?

    Cubed shaped
    Allows it to maintain surface area to volume ratio
    Surface area = L x W x number of faces (cell membrane)
    Volume = L x W x H (cytoplasm - cell interior)
    SA:V - higher ratio = more efficient

    Cells are small because the exchange of materials requires a large surface area to volume ratio
    = food, oxygen, and water enter waste products leave through the cell membrane.

    The rate of exchange depends on the cells surface area while the rate nutrients are used
    depends on the cell's volume.

    As a cell grows its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area causing the ratio
    to decrease.
    bigger

    Ex. madison has grown but Route 1 hasnt.

    Multicellular Organizations

    Cooperation among cells


    Each cell has individual life and may break away from the cluster at some point
    Some unicellular microorganisms live in groups called colonies
    Those members are usually related
    Some bacteria that attach to solid objects form colonies called biofilms
    They may contain several unrelated types of bacteria that require similar
    environments
    Some individual cells take on roles
    Volvox during the spring and early summer forms a colony shaped like a hollow
    ball and inside the colony may be other developing colonies
    Each cell has a nucleus, two flagella, contractile vacuoles, a light-sensing structure, and
    a cup-shaped chloroplast
    Gelatinlike layer that surrounds each cell, separates it
    Strands of cytoplasm connect the cells
    If a cell is punctured the cells dies but the colony continues to live there
    Organisms must have enough surface area for the living cells within to exchange food,
    wastes, and other substances with their environment

    Division of Labor
    A muscle cell is specialized for movement
    The cells form an organism's outer covering or epidermis
    In multicellular organism, a group of cells with the same specialization usually work
    together
    Each specialized mass or layer of cells is called a tissue
    They form the covering/epidermal
    Most animals and plants have many types of tissues
    Different tissues may be organized into organs (eyes, hearts, and fruits)
    Organs may be incorporated into systems of organs
    Circulatory system includes a heart, blood vessels, and blood
    All made from cells and cell products

    Systems
    In most, cells are small compared with the size of entire organism
    Inner cells cant obtain nutrients directly from the outside environment or pass their
    wastes directly to the outside environment
    In all but smallest animals, circulatory system is needed to transport materials
    Most animals have more than one system involved in transport of materials through the
    body
    Same thing with plants
    Instead they exchange gases with the atmosphere through the stomatal openings in the
    leavers
    Transport system takes water and minerals from where they are absorbed in the roots to
    where they are needed in the leaves
    In general, specialized systems account for most of the complexity of multicellular
    organisms
    Most of the systems are necessary for these three reasons
    A division of labor occurs among cells
    Many individual cells cannot work together without regulation and coordination
    Most cells are not in direct contact with the outside environment

    Common themes
    Colonies
    Volvox
    Specialized cells
    Tissues
    Organs
    Systems
    Divisions of Labor

    Unicellular organisms
    What can unicellular organisms do?
    All life functions on their own
    Reproduce
    Metabolism (take in energy)
    Protists
    A colony is made up of a group of unicellular organisms working together
    Each cell can function alone, but together they thrive in the environment
    Biofilm of bacterial cells & Volvox colony
    11 Body Systems
    Urinary
    Respiratory
    Cardiovascular
    Lymphatic
    Endocrine
    Digestive
    Reproductive
    Integumentary
    Nervous
    Muscular
    Skeletal
    1. Human Organism
    2. Population
    3. Community
    4. Ecosystem
    5. Biosphere

    The Endosymbiotic Theory - H ow prokaryotic organisms came together to form eukaryotic


    cells. Organisms live within each other
    Ancient Bacteria/Chloroplast + Mitochondria
    Reproducing mitochondria and chloroplast is similar to bacteria (binary fission)
    Symbiosis (Algae + Coral)

    Levels of Structure in the Biosphere


    Biosphere - Earth
    Ecosystem - Alaska
    Community - All organisms in Alaska
    Population - All wolves in Alaska
    Organism - Wolf
    Organ System - Digestive System
    Organ - Stomach
    Tissue - Muscular Tissue
    Cell - Muscle Cell
    Organelle - Nucleus
    Macromolecule - DNA or Nucleic Acid
    Molecule - Deoxyribose C5H10O4
    Atom - Carbon
    Subatomic Particle - Proton
    Elementary Particle - Quark
    Study Session Review
    Tissue vs Colony
    Both made of many cells working together
    Can show cell specialization in both
    Tissue - one common purpose ex. Muscle Tissue (Always part of a
    multicellular organism) - Always a eukaryote
    Cells can not live alone
    For Categories of Tissues are
    Epithelial
    Muscle
    Nervous
    Connective
    Colony - division of labor ev. Volvox (unicellular organisms that chose to
    live together) - Can be either a eukaryote or a prokaryote
    Cells are capable of living on their own
    Similarities - made of cells in an area
    Shared purpose - work together
    Symbiotic relationship
    Cell Specialization
    They have certain jobs ex. Reproductive cell, movement cell, photosynthesis
    Tissues and Colonies have divison of labor
    Why do cells have to be small?
    Maintain high Surface Area to Volume ratio
    Lots of opportunity to move material in and out of cell
    Smaller volume uses fewer nutrients
    Produce less waste
    Surface Area: cell membrane - that allows the waste out and the nutrients in
    Surface Area: 6xLxW = units 2
    Volume: LxWxH = units 3
    Biofilm
    Bacteria that live together
    Endosymbiotic Theory ESSAY QUESTION
    Endo - inside
    Sym - together, similar, same
    Bio - Life
    2 billion years ago, there was just prokaryotes
    Photosynthetic autotrophic prokaryote - inside the other cell
    Heterotrophic prokaryote - bigger cell
    Over lots of time, cells are bigger (nuclei, mitochondria, ER, golgi) Eukaryotes
    Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
    Eukaryotes came from when one larger prokaryote ate a smaller prokaryote kept
    it inside divided the smaller and larger cell
    EVIDENCE: Chloroplast/mitochondria have own DNA/Ribosomes -
    reproduction looks like prokaryotes reproduce
    Have double membrane (indicates they were engulfed)
    Cytoskeleton
    Internal framework of cell
    Microtubules and Microfilament
    Cytoplasm - gel like contents and organelles
    Cytosol - just the gel

    Both are eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, vacuole, membrane bound organelles
    Plant Cells Animal Cells

    Cell wall No wall


    Large central vacuole Smaller Vacuole
    Chloroplast No chloroplast
    Autotroph Heterotroph

    Eleven Systems
    Integumentary
    Nervous
    Reproductive
    Skeletal
    Lymphatic
    Cardiovascular
    Muscular
    Endocrine
    Digestive
    Urinary
    Respiratory

    Cells are small to maintain high SA:V ratio


    Smaller Cell has a higher SA:V
    Larger Cell has a lower SA:V
    SA - movement in and out of cell

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