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    Epigenetics: Epigenesis (Biology) Developmental Robotics Epigenetics (Journal) Epigenetic (Earth Sciences)

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    Satheesh Kumar
    Epigenetics refers to stable heritable traits that arise from external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off without changing DNA sequence. Examples of epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation and histone modification, which alter gene expression. Epigenetic changes can last for cell divisions and generations by causing genes to behave differently without modification of the underlying DNA sequence. One example is cellular differentiation, where totipotent stem cells become fully differentiated cell types through activating some genes and inhibiting others.

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    Epigenetics: Epigenesis (Biology) Developmental Robotics Epigenetics (Journal) Epigenetic (Earth Sciences)

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    Satheesh Kumar
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    Epigenetics refers to stable heritable traits that arise from external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off without changing DNA sequence. Examples of epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation and histone modification, which alter gene expression. Epigenetic changes can last for cell divisions and generations by causing genes to behave differently without modification of the underlying DNA sequence. One example is cellular differentiation, where totipotent stem cells become fully differentiated cell types through activating some genes and inhibiting others.

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    Epigenetics refers to stable heritable traits that arise from external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off without changing DNA sequence. Examples of epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation and histone modification, which alter gene expression. Epigenetic changes can last for cell divisions and generations by causing genes to behave differently without modification of the underlying DNA sequence. One example is cellular differentiation, where totipotent stem cells become fully differentiated cell types through activating some genes and inhibiting others.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    10 views3 pages

    Epigenetics: Epigenesis (Biology) Developmental Robotics Epigenetics (Journal) Epigenetic (Earth Sciences)

    Uploaded by

    Satheesh Kumar
    Epigenetics refers to stable heritable traits that arise from external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off without changing DNA sequence. Examples of epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation and histone modification, which alter gene expression. Epigenetic changes can last for cell divisions and generations by causing genes to behave differently without modification of the underlying DNA sequence. One example is cellular differentiation, where totipotent stem cells become fully differentiated cell types through activating some genes and inhibiting others.

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    Epigenetics

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


    For the development of an organism, see Epigenesis (biology). For epigenetics in robotics,
    see Developmental robotics. For the scientific journal, see Epigenetics (journal). For earth science
    concepts labelled "epigenetic", see Epigenetic (earth sciences).

    Epigenetic mechanisms

    Epigenetics are stable heritable traits (or "phenotypes") that cannot be explained by changes
    in DNA sequence.[1] The Greek prefix epi- (Greek: - over, outside of, around)
    in epigenetics implies features that are "on top of" or "in addition to" the traditional genetic basis for
    inheritance.[2] Epigenetics often refers to changes in a chromosome that affect gene activity
    and expression, but can also be used to describe any heritable phenotypic change that doesn't
    derive from a modification of the genome, such as prions. Such effects
    on cellular and physiological phenotypic traits may result from external or environmental factors, or
    be part of normal developmental program. The standard definition of epigenetic requires these
    alterations to be heritable,[3][4] either in the progeny of cells or of organisms.
    The term also refers to the changes themselves: functionally relevant changes to the genome that
    do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of mechanisms that produce such
    changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of which alters how genes are
    expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Gene expression can be controlled
    through the action of repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA. These epigenetic
    changes may last through cell divisions for the duration of the cell's life, and may also last for
    multiple generations even though they do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence of
    the organism;[5] instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to behave (or "express
    themselves") differently.[6]
    One example of an epigenetic change in eukaryotic biology is the process of cellular differentiation.
    During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo,
    which in turn become fully differentiated cells. In other words, as a single fertilized egg cell
    the zygote continues to divide, the resulting daughter cells change into all the different cell types in
    an organism, including neurons, muscle cells, epithelium, endothelium of blood vessels, etc., by
    activating some genes while inhibiting the expression of others.[7]
    Historically, some phenomena not necessarily heritable have also been described as epigenetic. For
    example, epigenetic has been used to describe any modification of chromosomal regions,
    especially histone modifications, whether or not these changes are heritable or associated with a
    phenotype. The consensus definition now requires a trait to be heritable for it to be considered
    epigenetic.[4]

    Contents
    [hide]

    1Definitions

    o 1.1Historical

    o 1.2Contemporary

    2Molecular basis

    3Mechanisms

    o 3.1Covalent modifications

    o 3.2RNA transcripts

    o 3.3MicroRNAs

    o 3.4mRNA

    o 3.5sRNAs

    o 3.6Prions

    o 3.7Structural inheritance

    o 3.8Nucleosome positioning

    4Functions and consequences

    o 4.1Development

    o 4.2Transgenerational

    5Epigenetics in bacteria

    6Medicine

    o 6.1Twins

    o 6.2Genomic imprinting
    o 6.3Cancer

    7Psychology and psychiatry

    o 7.1Early life stress

    o 7.2Addiction

    o 7.3Anxiety

    o 7.4Depression

    o 7.5Fear conditioning

    8Research

    9Caution

    10In popular culture

    11See also

    12References

    13External links

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