Chemistry Lab

Chemical Kinetics Lab
Background: This labs objectives include learning how to write rate law expressions,
determine orders of reaction by graphical analysis, and calculate rate constants as you study the
oxidation of food dyes by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL). Students will monitor the color change
of food dye solutions over time and use the integrated rate law to determine the order of each
reactant, the overall or the reaction and calculate the reactions rate constant.
Pre-Lab Questions:
1. A container of household bleach has 5.00% NaOCl by weight on its label. If the density
of this bleach is 1.08 g/mL, calculate the molarity of this solution.
a. Molarity = moles / L
b. 1.08 g/mL = 1080 g / L
c. Assuming 1 L, 1080 g * (5g / 100g) = 54 g NaOCl
d. Molar Mass of NaOCl is 74 g/mol
e. Moles of NaOCl = 54 g NaOCl / (74 g NaOCl / 1 mole NaOCl) = 0.73 mole
NaOCl
f. 0.73 mole / 1 L = 0.73 M
2. How many grams/L of NaCl are required in order to prepare a solution with a
concentration equivalent to the solution in Question 1?
a. Again assuming 1 L, 0.73 mol * (58.44 g NaCl / mol NaCl) = 42.66 g / L NaCl
3. What is the percent of NaOCl by weight for a liter of bleach that is 0.800 M NaOCl and
has a density of 1.09 g/mL?
a. 0.800 M = 0.800 mol / L NaOCl
b. 74.8 g/mol * 0.800 mol/L = 59.2 g assuming 1 L.
c. 1.09 g / mL = 1090 g / L
d. 59.2 g / 1090 g * 100% = 5.4% NaOCl by mass
Data:
Activity 1:
- Blue #1: 100 drops of NaOCl
- Red #40: 120 drops of NaOCl
Activity 2:
Red Dye Absorbance Data:
Time (s) Absorbance (nm) Time (s) Absorbance (nm)
0 2.160 70 0.861
10 2.142 80 0.824
20 2.125 90 0.837
30 2.083 100 0.841
40 1.873 110 0.837
50 1.283 120 0.830
60 0.943 130 0.815
Red Dye Absorbance Graph:
Blue Dye Absorbance Data:

Time (s) Absorba Time (s) Absorba Time (s) Absorba Time (s) Absorba
nce nce nce nce
(nm) (nm) (nm) (nm)
0 2.270 100 2.153 200 1.402 300 0.303
10 2.252 110 2.128 210 1.257 310 0.255

20 2.239 120 2.118 220 1.110 320 0.214
30 2.243 130 2.090 230 0.949 330 0.181
40 2.231 140 2.050 240 0.821 340 0.147
50 2.215 150 2.010 250 0.706 350 0.123
60 2.212 160 1.946 260 0.605 360 0.100
70 2.200 170 1.845 270 0.500
80 2.187 180 1.726 280 0.426
90 2.165 190 1.546 290 0.359
Blue Dye Absorbance Graph:
Activity 3:
Blue Dye NaCl Absorbance Data:
Dye m n Overall Rate Expression k (Rate Constant)
Order
Blue #1 1 2 3 Rate = k[blue][NOCl]2 4.43*10-4 M-1s-1
Red #40 1 2 3 Rate = k[red][NOCl]2 4.43*10-4 M-1s-1
The germicidal bleach provided in this kit is 6.00% (m/v) NaOCl. The density of
this solution is 1.09 g/mL. Convert this 6% to mol/L or molarity (M).
a. M = mol/L
b. 1.09 g/mL = 1090 g/L
c. 1090 g/L * 0.06 = 65.4 g
d. 65.4 g / 74.44 g = 0.879 mol
e. 0.879 mol / 1 L = 0.879 M
Post Lab Questions:
1. The data in this experiment obeys the Beer-Lambert Law. Explain this law?
a. The Beer-Lambert law describes the relationship between absorbance and
concentration of an absorber of electromagnetic radiation.
2. Why is equimolar sodium chloride solution used to dilute the sodium hypochlorite in
Trial 2 (Activity 2, Part 3) instead of distilled water?
a. Sodium chloride is used instead of distilled water because sodium chloride
doesnt react with sodium hypochlorite. It also is used to maintain the same ionic
strength as the original NaOCl.
3. Sketch the graphs of concentration vs. time for a single-reactant reaction (aA
products) that would be zero order, first order, and second order.
4. Write a general equation and rate law for a reaction having two reactants.
a. aA + bB -> C
b. Rate = k[A]x[B]y
5. Write the rate law for a reaction having two reactant in which one is in excess.
a. aA + bB -> C , Assuming that reactant B is in excess
k` = k[B]y
Rate = k`[A]x
6. The orders with respect to reactants C and D of a reaction were determined
experimentally to be 2 and 3.
a. Write a general equation for this reaction, the rate law, and determine the overall
order of the reaction.
cC + dD -> E
Rate = k[C]2[D]3
Overall Order = 5
b. What would happen to the rate of the reaction if only the concentration of C were
doubled? If only D were doubles? If both C and D were doubled?
When C were doubled:- Rate of reaction increased by 4 times
Rate =k[2C]2[D]3 = 4*k[C]2[D]3= 4*Rate
When D were doubled:- Rate of reaction increased by 8 times
Rate =k[C]2[2D]3 = 8*k[C]2[D]3= 8*Rate
When both C and D were doubled:- Rate of reaction increased by 32 times
Rate =k[2C]2[2D]3 = 32*k[C]2[D]3= 32*Rate
Conclusion:
Sources of error in this lab include:
Lack of proper materials.
Human error.
Instrumental Limitations (uncertainties in measuring instrument)
Errors due to limited space and time.
This lab taught students how to determine the order or reactants experimentally and
understand the concept of rate laws and their significance in chemical kinetics.

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Chemical Kinetics Lab

30 2.083 100 0.841

40 1.873 110 0.837

50 1.283 120 0.830

60 0.943 130 0.815

Red Dye Absorbance Graph:

Blue Dye Absorbance Data:

0 2.270 100 2.153 200 1.402 300 0.303

10 2.252 110 2.128 210 1.257 310 0.255

30 2.243 130 2.090 230 0.949 330 0.181

40 2.231 140 2.050 240 0.821 340 0.147

50 2.215 150 2.010 250 0.706 350 0.123

60 2.212 160 1.946 260 0.605 360 0.100

70 2.200 170 1.845 270 0.500

80 2.187 180 1.726 280 0.426

90 2.165 190 1.546 290 0.359

Blue Dye Absorbance Graph:

Blue #1 1 2 3 Rate = k[blue][NOCl]2 4.43*10-4 M-1s-1

Red #40 1 2 3 Rate = k[red][NOCl]2 4.43*10-4 M-1s-1

Post Lab Questions:

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