Lec.

Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-

XI 1

Chapter 1
BASIC CONCEPT
KEY POINTS
Atoms are smallest particles of elements which combine to give
molecules. Electron microscope provides evidence of existence of
atoms and molecules.
Atoms or molecules may lose or gain electrons to give ions. Positive
ions are cations and negative are anions.
Atomic mass is expressed in a.m.u. It can be calculated from
relative abundance of isotopes. Spectrometer separates isotopes on
the basis of their m/e value for isotopic mass determination.
Chemical formula is either empirical or molecular formula.
Molecular Formula = n Empirical Formula is their
mathematical relationship. Combustion analysis is used to
calculate empirical formula and ultimately the molecular formula.
Particles of one mole substance is Avogadros No. Its value is
6.02 1023 and denoted by NA.
Molar volume of ideal gas at STP is 22.414 dm3.
Quantitative study of reactants and products in balanced equation is
stoichiometry.
If non-stoichiometric amounts of reactants are taken, the reactant
that is consumed earlier is limiting reactant and it controls the
amount of product produced. Left over reactants are non-limiting
reactants.
Actual yield is usually less than theoretical yield. Reasons are
inexperience worker, any side reaction, reversible reaction,
unsuitable conditions, mechanical loss or impure reactants.
Efficiency of a reaction is checked by percentage yield.
Actual yield
Percentage yield = Theoretical yield 100
Elements with odd atomic no. not more than two isotopes.
Isotopes with even mass no. abundant
Elements with even atomic no. large no. of isotopes.
Isotopes with even atomic no. and even atomic mass 154 .
280
SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXERCISE
Q1. Select the most suitable answer:
(i) Isotopes differ in:
(a) properties depend upon mass
(b) arrangement of electron in orbitals
(c) chemical properties
(d) the extent to which they may be affected in electromagnetic
field
(ii) Which of the following statement is not true?
(a) isotopes with even atomic masses are comparatively
abundant
(b) isotopes with odd atomic masses are comparatively
abundant
(c) isotopes with even atomic masses and even atomic numbers
are abundant
(d) isotopes with even atomic masses and odd atomic numbers
are abundant
(iii) Many elements have fractional atomic masses. This is because:
(a) the mass of atom is itself fractional
(b) atomic masses are average masses of isobars
2 BASIC CONCEPT

(c) atomic masses are average masses of isotopes

(d) atomic masses are average masses of isotopes proportional
to their relative abundance
(iv) The mass of one mole of electron is:
(a) 1.008 mg (b) 0.55 mg
(c) 0.184 mg (d) 1.637 mg
(v) 27 g of Al will react completely with how much mass of O2 to
produce Al2O3:
(a) 8 g of oxygen (b) 16 g of oxygen
(c) 32 g of oxygen (d) 24 g of oxygen
(vi) The number of moles of CO2 which contain 8.0 g of oxygen:
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.50
(c) 1.0 (d) 1.5
(vii) The largest number of molecules are present in:
(a) 3.6 g of H2O (b) 4.8 g of C2H5OH
(c) 2.8 g of CO (d) 5.4 g of N2O5
(viii) One mole of SO2 contains:
18.1 1023 molecules of
(a) 6.02 1023 O atoms (b)
SO2
23
(c) 6.02 10 S atoms (d) 4 gram atoms of SO2
(ix) The volume occupied by 1.4 g of N2 at STP:
(a) 2.24 dm3 (b) 22.4 dm3
3
(c) 1.12 dm (d) 112 cm3
(x) A limiting reactant is the one which:
(a) is taken in lesser quantity in grams as compared to the other
reactants
(b) is taken in lesser quantity in volume as compared to the other
reactants
(c) gives the maximum amount of the product which is required
(d) gives the minimum amount of product under consideration
ANSWERS
(i) a (ii) d (iii) d (iv) b (v) d
(vi) a (vii) a (viii) c (ix) c (x) d
Q2. Fill in the blanks:
(i) The unit of relative atomic mass is ________.
(ii) The exact masses of isotopes can be determined by ________
spectrograph.
(iii) The phenomenon of isotopy was first studied by ________.
(iv) The empirical formula can be determined by combustion analysis
for those compounds which have ________ and ________ in them.
(v) A limiting reactant is that which controls the quantity of ________.
(vi) 1 mole of glucose has ________ atoms of carbon, ________ atoms
of oxygen and ________ atoms of hydrogen.
(vii) 4 g of CH4 at 0oC and 1 atm pressure has ________ molecules of
CH4.
(viii) Stoichiometric calculations can be performed only when ________
are obeyed.
ANSWERS
(i) atomic mass unit (a.m.u) (ii) Aston/Dempster mass
(iii) Soddy (iv) Carbon, hydrogen
(v) product (vi) 6NA, 6NA, 12NA
(vii) NA/4 (viii) law of conservation of
mass and law of definite
proportion
Q3. Indicate True or False:
(i) Ne has three isotopes and fourth one has a mass of 20.18 a.m.u.
(ii) Empirical formula gives us the information about the total number
of atoms present in a molecule.
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 3

(iii) During combustion analysis Mg(ClO4)2 is employed to absorb water

vapours.
(iv) Molecular formula is the integral multiple of empirical formula and
integral multiple can never be a unity.
(v) The number of atoms in 1.79 g of gold and 0.023 g of sodium are
equal.
(vi) The number of electrons in the molecules of CO and N2 are 14 each,
so one mg of each gas will have same number of electrons.
(vii) Avogadros hypothesis is applicable to all types of gases i.e., ideal
and non-ideal.
(viii) Actual yield of a chemical reaction may be greater than the
theoretical yield.
ANSWERS
(i) False (ii) False (iii) True (iv) False
(v) False (vi) True (vii) False (viii) False

ADDITIONAL MCQS
1. Smallest particle of elements which may or may not have
independent existence:
(a) Neutron (b) Proton
(c) Electron (d) Atom
2. Name of atom was proposed by:
(a) Aristotle (b) Empedoclas
(c) Democritus (d) Dalton
3. Determined the atomic mass of elements:
(a) Dalton (b) Berzelius
(c) Dempster (d) Aston
4. Number of atoms in a molecule determines:
(a) Molecularity (b) Acidity
(c) Basicity (d) Atomicity
5. By adding electrons in a neutral species we get:
(a) Free radical (b) Cation
(c) Anion (d) Molecular particles
6. Approximate number of sub-atomic particles:
(a) 50 (b) 100
(c) 150 (d) 200
7. Who gave symbols to elements:
(a) Dalton (b) Berzelius
(c) Dempster (d) Aston
8. Visible light can see the objects of the size range of:
(a) 200 nm (b) 20 nm
(c) 500 nm (d) 50 nm
9. Approximate diameter of atom is:
(a) 2 108 m (b) 2 109 m
(c) 2 1010 m (d) 2 1011 m
10. Mass of elements range between:
(a) 1025 1023 kg (b) 1027 1025 kg
(c) 10 10 kg
29 27 (d) 1031 1029 kg
11. Macromolecule of haemoglobin consists of atoms:
(a) 5,000 (b) 10,000
(c) 20,000 (d) 68,000
12. Formation of cation is a process which is:
(a) Slow (b) Fast
(c) Exothermic (d) Endothermic
13. Formation of uninegative is a process:
(a) Slow (b) Fast
(c) Exothermic (d) Endothermic
14. Which atomic ions are comparatively abundant:
(a) Complex cation (b) Complex anion
(c) Dipositive ion (d) Dinegative ions
4 BASIC CONCEPT

15. Formation of cation is the property of which elements:

(a) Metals (b) Non-metals
(c) Metalloids (d) Noble gases
16. Formation of anion is the property of which elements:
(a) Metals (b) Non-metals
(c) Metalloids (d) Noble gases
17. Which of these can exist independently?
(a) Na (b) He
(c) K (d) Cl
18. Which of these are isoelectronic in nature?
(a) F, Cl, Br (b) O, O, O+
(c) F, Ne, Na+ (d) Be+2, Mg+2, Ca+2
19. Molecular ions are formed by the bombardment of:
(a) -particles (b) -particles
(c) -particles (d) UV rays
2
20. Cr2O 7 is a type of:
(a) Complex atomic ion (b) Complex cation
(c) Molecular anion (d) Molecular cation
21. Mass of lightest isotope of carbon is:
(a) 11 a.m.u. (b) 12 a.m.u.
(c) 13 a.m.u. (d) 14 a.m.u.
22. Haemoglobin is found in:
(a) Urine (b) Milk
(c) Saliva (d) Blood
23. Number of isotopes of oxygen:
(a) Three (b) Four
(c) Five (d) Six
24. Isotopes of an element differ in:
(a) Electrons (b) Protons
(c) Neutrons (d) Positrons
25. Number of isotopes of Nickel are:
(a) Three (b) Four
(c) Five (d) Six
26. Which Element has six isotopes?
(a) Nickel (b) Palladium
(c) Cadmium (d) Tin
27. Monoisotopic element is:
(a) Arsenic (b) Gold
(c) Fluorine (d) All
28. Total number of naturally occurring isotopes is:
(a) 260 (b) 270
(c) 280 (d) 290
29. Out of 280 natural isotopes, How many radioactive isotopes:
(a) 40 (b) 60
(c) 80 (d) 100
30. In spectrometry different isotopes are separated on the basis of:
(a) m/e (b) e/m
(c) Size of atom (d) Radius of ion.
31. For solid samples, the best instrument to separate isotopes is:
(a) Astons spectrometer (b) Dempster spectrometer
(c) Spectrophotometer (d) None of them
32. Pressure of vapours in ionization chamber is very low i.e.,
(a) 105 106 torr (b) 106 107 torr
(c) 107 torr (d) 106 torr
33. Potential difference on accelerator plates in spectrometer is:
(a) 500 800 volts (b) 500 1000 volts
(c) 500 2000 volts (d) 1000 2000 volts
34. Mathematical relationship between m/e and strength of electric
and magnetic field is:
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 5

m E2r2 m H2r2
(a) = (b)
e 2H e = 2E
m E2H2 m E2r2
(c) = (d)
e 2r e = 2H2
35. Which of the following statement is not true:
(a) Isotopes with even atomic numbers are comparatively
abundant.
(b) Isotopes with odd atomic number are comparatively abundant.
(c) Isotopes with even atomic numbers and even atomic masses
are abundant.
(d) (a) and (c) are correct
36. Phenomenon of isotopy was studied by:
(a) Dalton (b) Berzelius
(c) Soddy (d) J. J. Thomson
37. Chemical name of vitamin C is:
(a) Citric acid (b) Tartaric acid
(c) Acetic acid (d) Ascorbic acid
38. In combustion analysis weighed amount of organic compound is
burnt in a tube called:
(a) Discharge tube (b) Test tube
(c) Delivery tube (d) Combustion tube
39. Water absorber in combustion analysis is:
(a) 50% KOH (b) Mg (ClO4)2
(c) 50% NaOH (d) Lime water
40. Formula based on actual molecule is called:
(a) Structural formula (b) Empirical formula
(c) Chemical formula (d) Molecular formula
41. Percentage of nitrogen in NH3 is:
(a) 82.35% (b) 8.235%
(c) 0.823% (d) 88.32%
42. CO2 absorber in combustion analysis is:
(a) 50% KOH (b) Lime water
(c) Mg (ClO4)2 (d) 50% NaOH
43. Which of the following is used as an automobile antifreeze:
(a) Glucose (b) Octane
(c) Serotenin (d) Ethylene glycol
44. Combustion analysis is performed to calculate:
(a) Empirical formula (b) Molecular formula
(c) Percentage yield (d) Percentage of oxygen
only
45. Percentage of H is highest in:
(a) CH4 (b) NH3
(c) H2O (d) H2SO4
46. Relative atomic mass of Cl is 35.5. What is the mass of two moles
of chlorine gas?
(a) 35.5 g (b) 71 g
(c) 142 g (d) 18.75 g
47. Which of the following compounds contain the highest
percentage by mass of nitrogen?
(a) NH3 (b) (NH4)2CO3
(c) N2H4 (d) NH2CO2NH4
48. Which of the following species does not have an empirical
formula of CH2O?
(a) CH3COOH (b) CH3CH2OH
(c) C6H12O6 (d) HCHO
49. By knowing the empirical formula, what other information is
also needed to calculate molecular formula of a compound?
(a) % composition (b) Relative molecular mass
(c) Density of compound (d) Volume occupied
6 BASIC CONCEPT

50. Percentage of which element in combustion analysis is

determined by differential method?
(a) Carbon (b) Hydrogen
(c) Oxygen (d) Nitrogen
51. A compound has empirical formula C3H3O and its molecular
mass is 110. Its molecular formula is:
(a) C3H3O (b) C6H6O2
(c) C9O3H9 (d) C3H6O2
52. One mole of ethanol and one mole ethane have an equal:
(a) Mass (b) Number of atoms
(c) Number of electrons (d) Number of molecules
53. A compound X contains 50% sulphur and 50% oxygen by mass.
What is the empirical formula of X:
(a) SO (b) SO2
(c) SO3 (d) SO4
54. A compound contains 75% carbon and 25% hydrogen by mass.
What is its formula?
(a) CH4 (b) C2H4
(c) C2H6 (d) C3H8
55. How many sulphur atoms are present in one mole H2SO4?
(a) 6.02 1023 (b) 2 6.02 1023
(c) 3 6.02 1023 (d) 4 6.02 1023
56. What is the mass of 2 moles of O2 molecules?
(a) 32g (b) 64g
(c) 48g (d) 72g
57. What is an important ceramic material?
(a) Ethylene glycol (b) Aspartame
(c) Gasoline (d) Silicon carbide
58. An artificial sweetener is:
(a) Ascorbic acid (b) Ethylene glycol
(c) Aspartame (d) Silicon carbide
59. Number of oxygen atoms in one mole O2 is:
(a) 6.02 1023 (b) 12.04 1023
(c) 3.01 1023 (d) 1.204 1023
60. Mass of 3.01 1023 atoms of carbon is:
(a) 3g (b) 6g
(c) 12g (d) 18g
61. Volume occupied by 16g of O2 gas at STP is:
(a) 22.4 dm3 (b) 11.2 dm3
(c) 2.24 dm3 (d) 1.12 dm3
62. Number of atoms present in one mole of a triatomic gas are:
(a) 6.02 1023 (b) 2 6.02 1023
(c) 3 6.02 1023 (d) 4 6.02 1023
+
63. Largest number of H ions are produced by complete ionization
of:
(a) 0.1 mol HCl (b) 0.05 mol H2SO4
(c) 0.033 mol H3PO4 (d) All give same amount
64. One mole C2H5OH contains number of H-atoms:
(a) 6.02 1023 (b) 3.61 1024
(c) 1.81 10 24 (d) 6.02 1024
65. Volume occupied by 1.4g N2 at STP:
(a) 22.4 dm3 (b) 11.2 dm3
(c) 2.24 dm3 (d) 1.12 dm3
66. If four moles of SO2 are oxidized to SO3. How many moles of O2
required?
(a) 0.5 mol (b) 1.0 mol
(c) 1.5 mol (d) 2.0 mol
67. 0.5 mole CH4 and 0.5 mole SO2 gas under similar temperature
and pressure have equal:
(a) Atoms (b) Mass
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 7

(c) Volume (d) Formula

68. Number of moles of CO2 which contain 8.0g of oxygen:
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5
(c) 1.0 (d) 1.25
69. Which of the following will have same number of molecules at
STP?
(a) 11.2 cm3 O2 and 32g of O2
(b) 280 cm3 N2 and 280 cm3 of N2O
(c) 44g CO2 and 11.2 cm3 of CO2
(d) 28g N2 and 11.2 dm3 of N2
70. One mole CH3OH and one mole C2H5OH have equal number of:
(a) Atoms (b) Molecules
(c) Electrons (d) Protons
71. If one mole AgNO3 reacts with 2 mole NaCl. What is the limiting
reactant?
(a) AgCl (b) AgNO3
(c) NaCl (d) NaNO3
72. A limiting reactant is that which gives:
(a) Greatest moles of product (b) Least moles of products
(c) Not consumes fully by (d) Cheaper substance
the end of reaction.
73. Indicate the correct statement:
(a) A limiting reactant is consumed at the end.
(b) Actual yield is always greater than theoretical yield.
(c) Stoichiometry assumes side reaction.
(d) Some compounds have same empirical and molecular
formula.
74. Efficiency of a reaction can be determined by:
(a) Yield (b) Actual yield
(c) Theoretical yield (d) Percentage yield
75. When NH3 gas reacts with HCl, the fumes formed are of:
(a) NH3 gas (b) HCl gas
(c) Cl2 gas (d) NH4Cl gas
ANSWERS
1. D 2. C 3. b 4. d 5. c
6. b 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. b
11. b 12. d 13. c 14. b 15. a
16. b 17. b 18. c 19. a 20. a
21. b 22. d 23. a 24. c 25. c
26. c 27. d 28. c 29. a 30. a
31. b 32. b 33. c 34. b 35. b
36. c 37. d 38. d 39. b 40. d
41. a 42. a 43. d 44. a 45. a
46. c 47. c 48. b 49. b 50. c
51. b 52. d 53. b 54. a 55. a
56. b 57. d 58. c 59. b 60. b
61. b 62. c 63. d 64. b 65. d
66. d 67. c 68. a 69. b 70. b
71. b 72. b 73. d 74. d 75. d
SHORT ANSWERS TO EXERCISE
Q5b. How does a mass spectrograph show the relative abundance of
isotopes of an element?
Ans. A mass spectrograph gives result in the form of a mass spectrum.
Actually a mass spectrum is a plot of data in such away that m/e of
an isotope is plotted as abscissa (x-axis) and relative natural
abundance of isotopes as ordinate (y-axis). Height of peaks in the
graph is proportional to relative natural abundance of isotope of an
element, and number of Peaks give number of possible isotopes.
8 BASIC CONCEPT

Q5c. What is the justification of two strong peaks in the mass

spectrum for Bromine while for iodine only one peak at 127
a.m.u. is indicated?
Ans. In mass spectrum height of peaks indicates relative abundance of
isotope of an element where as number of peaks gives us number of
possible isotopes of that element.
In case of Bromine, we observe two strong peaks of almost equal
heights. It shows that Br has two naturally occurring isotopes i.e.,
79
Br and 81Br with a relative abundance of 50.54% and 49.46%
respectively.
On the other hand Iodine being mono isotopic 127I gives only one
peak at 127 a.m.u (at. mass of iodine).
Q8. Define the following terms and give three examples of each:
Ans. (i) Gram atom: Atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is
called gram atom or mole of that element. Mathematically:
Mass of element(g)
No. of gram atoms = Atomic mass
e.g., 1 mole of H atoms = 1.008 g
1 mole of C atoms = 12 g
1 mole of O atom = 16 g
(ii) Gram molecule: Molecular mass of a substance if expressed in
grams is called gram molecule or mole of that substance:
Mass of substance(g)
No. of gram molecule = Molecular mass
e.g., 1 mol of H2 molecule = 2.016 g
1 mol of H2O molecule = 18 g
1 mol of H2SO4 molecules = 98 g
(iii) Gram formula: If formula mass of an ionic substance is
expressed in grams, it is called gram formula or mole of that ionic
substance.
Mass of ionic substance(g)
No. of moles of ionic substance = Formula mass
e.g., 1 mole of NaCl = 58.5 g
1 mole of CaCO3 = 100 g
1 mol of Na2CO3 = 106 g
(iv) Gram ion: Ionic mass of an ionic species if expressed in grams
is called a gram ion or mole of that ionic species.
Mass of ion(g)
No. of moles = ionic mass
e.g., 1 mol OH ions = 17 g
2
1 mol SO 4 ions = 96 g
1 mol CO32 ion = 60 g
(v) Mole: Atomic mass, molecular mass, formula mass and ionic
mass of the substance expressed in grams is called a mole of that
substance.
Mass (g)
No. of moles =
Mol.Mass
e.g., 1 mol Na atom = 23 g
1 mol H2O molecule = 18 g
1 mol NaCl formula units = 58.5 g

1 mol OH ions = 17 g
(vi) Molar Volume: The volume occupied by one mole of ideal gas
at STP (0oC and 1 atm P) is called molar volume.
Its value is
22.414 dm3 = 22414 cm3 at STP.
e.g., 2.016 g H2 = 1 mol = 22.414 dm3 = 6.02 1023 molecule
Mathematically:
Volume of a gas = No. of moles Molar volume
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 9

V = n Vm
(vii) Avogadros number: No. of atoms, molecules, formula units
or ions in one mol of an element, compound, ionic substance
respectively. That number is called Avogadros number. It is
denoted by NA and its value is 6.02 1023.
No. of particles of a substance = No. of moles NA
or
mass in g
No. of particles of a substance = Mol. mass NA
e.g., 2.016 g H2 = 6.02 1023 molecules = 1 mol
18 g H2O = 6.02 1023 molecules = 1 mol
98 g H2SO4 = 6.02 1023 molecules = 1 mol
(viii) Stoichiometry: A branch of chemistry in which we study a
quantitative relationship between reactants and products of a
balanced chemical equation.
e.g.,
2H2 + O2 2H2O
2 mol + 1 mol 2 mol
4 g + 32 g 36 g
Here (2, 1, 2 moles) and 4 g, 32 g and 36 g are stoichiometric
amounts of reactants and products.
For the above example 10 mol H2, 5 mol O2 and 10 mol H2O are
also stoichiometric amounts.
(ix) Percentage yield: A yield calculated from balanced chemical
equation is called theoretical yield while amount of product obtained
in an experiment is called actual or experimental yield which is
usually lesser than theoretical yield.
Therefore efficiency of a reaction can be checked by taking a
percentage relationship of both yields i.e.,
Formula:-
Actual yield
Percentage yield = Theoretical yield 100
Actual yield is always less than theoretical yield.
Q9. Justify the following statements:
(a) 23 g of sodium and 238 gram of uranium have equal number of
atoms in them
Ans. Sodium and uranium both are elements. 23 g of sodium and 238 g
of uranium are their molar masses.
23 g Na = 1 mol
238 g U = 1 mol
According to definition of Avogadros number, 1 mol of all the
elements have same number of atoms in them i.e., 6.02 1023.
Therefore
23 g Na = 1 mol = 6.02 1023 Na atoms
238 g U = 1 mol = 6.02 1023 U atoms
(b) Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon atom
Ans. We know the molar masses of each element i.e.,
1 mol Mg atoms = 24 g = 6.02 1023 Mg atoms
1 mol C atoms = 12 g = 6.02 1023 C atoms
By this information, we can calculate the mass of each Mg and C
atom by dividing molar masses with Avogadros number as follows:
6.02 1023 Mg-atoms has mass = 24 g
24 g
1 Mg atom has mass =
6.02 1023
= 3.9867 1023 g
Similarly,
6.02 1023 C atoms has mass = 12 g
12
1 C-atom has a mass =
6.02 1023
10 BASIC CONCEPT

= 1.9933 1023 g
By comparing both masses
Mg : C
3.9867 1023 g : 1.9933 1023 g
Simplify them
3.9867 1023 1.9933 1023
:
1.9933 1023 1.9933 1033
2 : 1
We can easily conclude that Mg atom is twice heavier in mass than
that of a C-atom.
(c) 180 g of glucose and 342 g of sucrose have same number of
molecules but different number of atoms present in them.
Molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) = 180 g mol1
Molar mass of sucrose (C12H22O11) = 342 g mol1
Both glucose and sucrose are molecular species. Therefore one mole
contains same number of molecules i.e., Avogadros no. (6.02
1023).
180 g glucose = 1 mol = 6.02 1023 molecules of glucose
342 g sucrose = 1 mol = 6.02 1023 molecules of sucrose
One molecule of glucose has a different no. of atoms than one
molecule of sucrose so 1 mole of each contain different no. of atoms
in them.
As 1 molecule of glucose contains = 24 atoms
So 1 mole glucose molecules contain = 24 6.02 1023 atom
Similarly
As 1 molecule of sucrose contains = 45 atoms
So 1 mole sucrose molecules contain = 45 6.02 1023 atoms
(d) 4.9 g of H2SO4 when completely ionized in water, have equal
number of +ive and ive charges but the number of +ively
charged ions are twice the number of ively charged ions.
Given data:
Mass of H2SO4 = 4.9 g
Required:
No. of H+ = ?
No. of SO 4 2 ions = ?
Total +ive charge = ?
Total ive charge = ?
Solution:
(i) Firstly we calculate no. of moles
Mass (g)
No. of moles = Mol. mass
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98 g mol1
4.9 g
So no. of moles = = 0.05 moles
98 g mol1
(ii) Now calculate molecules of H2SO4
No. of molecules = mole NA
= 0.05 6.02 1023
= 3.01 1022 molecules
(iii) Ionization of H2SO4 in water
H2SO4 2H+ + SO 4 2
Now we can calculate:
Total +ive ions:
H2SO4 : H+
1 : 2
22
3.01 10 : 2 3.01 1022
: 6.02 1022 ions
Total ive ions:
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 11

H2SO4 : SO 4 2
1 : 1
22
3.01 10 : 3.01 1022 ions
+ 2
Comparison of H and SO4
H+ : SO 4 2
6.02 1022 : 3.01 1022
2 : 1
So no. of +ive ions are twice than that of ive ions
Total +ive charge:
No. of +ive ions charge on one +ive ion
= 6.02 1022 +1
= +6.02 1022
Total ive charge:
No. of ive ions charge on one ion
= 3.01 1022 2
= 6.02 1022
So charges are same.
(e) One mg of K2CrO4 has thrice the number of ions than the
number of formula units when ionized in water.
Given data:
Mass of K2CrO4 = 1 mg = 103 g
Required:
Total ions of K2CrO4 = ?
Solution:
Molar mass of K2CrO4 = 194 g mol1
Mass (g)
No. of moles of K2CrO4 =
Mol. mass
103 g
= 6.94 106 moles
194 g mol
Total formula units = moles NA
= 6.94 106 6.02 1023
= 4.18 1018 formula units
In water K2CrO4 ionizes as
K2CrO4 2K+ + CrO24
1 formula unit of K2CrO4 produces ions = 3
4.18 1028 formula units of K2CrO4 produce ions
= 3 4.18 1023
= 1.254 1019 ions
So one mg K2CrO4 produces thrice the no. of ions than formula
units.
(f) 2 g of H2, 16 g of CH4 and 44 g of CO2 occupy separately the
volume of 22.414 dm3. Although the size and masses of these
gases molecules are different from each other.
Ans. 2g H2 = 1 mol H2 = 6.02 1023 molecule = 22.414 dm3
16 g CH4 = 1 mol CH4 = 6.02 1023 molecules = 22.414 dm3
44 g CO2 = 1 mol CO2 = 6.02 1023 molecules = 22.414 dm3
According to Avogadros law, equal moles of gases at same
temperature and pressure (STP) occupy same volume. One mole of
any gas can occupy 22.414 dm3 at STP. So 2 g H2, 16 g CH4 and 44
g CO2 occupy 22.414 dm3.
Volume occupied by a gas does not depend on size and mass of gas
molecule. It only depends on no. of molecules. Reason is that at
STP, distance between gas molecules is 300 times greater than their
own diameter.
Q23b. What is a limiting reactant? How does it control the quantity of
the product formed? Explain with three examples.
12 BASIC CONCEPT

Ans. A limiting reactant is that reactant which controls the amount of

product as it consumes earlier due to its smaller amount.
Examples:
(i) If 2 moles H2 and 2 moles O2 are allowed to react then only
2 moles H2O is produced.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Here H2 consumes completely and one mole O2 left behind
unreacted so H2 is limiting reactant and limits the amount of H2O
upto 2 moles.
(ii) During burning O2 is in excess and a combustible material
(coal, paper, candle etc.) is in smaller quantity. It is fully
consumed and controls the amount of product so coal, candle
or paper is limiting reactant.
(iii) If we have 20 slices and 9 kababs, we can only make 9
sandwiches as kababs are limiting reactant.
Q24a. Define yield. How do we calculate the percentage yield of a
chemical reaction?
Ans. The amount of product formed by a chemical reaction is called
yield.
It is of two types:
(i) Actual yield: The amount of product which is actually produced
by performing the reaction. It is also called experimental yield.
(ii) Theoretical yield: The amount of product produced which is
calculated by the help of balanced chemical equation. It is also
called calculated yield.
Efficiency of a reaction is determined by % yield:
Actual/Experimental yield
% yield = Calculated/Theoretical yield 100
Q24b. What are the factors which are mostly responsible for the low
yield of the products in a chemical reaction?
Ans. Actual yield of a chemical reaction is usually less than theoretical
yield due to many reasons. They are:
(i) Practically inexperienced worker has many shortcomings
and cannot get expected yield.
(ii) Mechanical loss during experimentation e.g., filtration,
separation by distillation or by a separating funnel, washing,
drying and crystallization if not properly carried out,
decrease the yield.
(iii) Some of the reactants might take part in a competing side
reaction.
(iv) The reaction might be reversible.
(v) The reactants might be impure.
(vi) Sometimes the reaction conditions are not suitably
maintained.
Q25. Explain with reasons:
(i) Law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during
stoichiometric calculations.
Ans. According to law of conservation of mass.
Mass can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical
reaction but it changes its form from one to another.
In stoichiometric calculations, we use balanced chemical equation
where total mass of reactants is equal to total mass of products e.g.,
(i) 2H2 + O2 2H2O
4g + 32g 36g
(ii) NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
40g + 36.5g 58.5g + 18g
76.5g 76.5g
So while doing stoichiometric calculations law of conservation of
mass has to be obeyed.
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 13

(ii) Many chemical reactions taking place in our surroundings

involve the limiting reactants.
Ans. The reactant which is consumed earlier and controls the amount of
product in a chemical reaction is called a limiting reactant.
Mostly combustion reactions taking place in our surroundings
involve the limiting reactant e.g.,
(i) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(ii) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
In above examples O2 gas is present in excess while CH4 and C are
the reactants which consume earlier so they are limiting reactants.
(iii) No individual Ne atom in the sample of the element has a mass
of 20.18 a.m.u.
Ans. 20.18 a.m.u is the average atomic mass of neon which is obtained
by using different isotopic masses and relative abundances of Neon
as follows.
Neon has three isotopes 20Ne, 21Ne and 22Ne with a relative
abundance of 90.92%, 0.26% and 8.82% respectively.
Average atomic mass of Ne = Sum of product of isotopic100
mass and relative abundances

= (90.92 20) (0.26 21) (8.82 22)

100
= 20.18 a.m.u
So no individual Ne atom has a mass of 20.18 a.m.u.
(iv) One mole of H2SO4 should completely reacts with 2 moles of
NaOH. How does Avogadros no. help us to explain it.
Ans. A process in which one mole of water is produced by its ionic
components i.e., H+ and OH coming from acid and base is called
neutralization.
H+ + OH H2O
H2SO4 being a dibasic acid can produce 2 mole H+ ions on ionization
in water.
2
H2SO4(aq) 2H(aq) SO4(aq)
On the other hand NaOH being monoacid produces only one mole
OH in aqueous solution.

NaOH(aq) Na (aq) OH(aq)
To neutralize 2 moles H+ ions of H2SO4, we need 2 moles of OH
so
2H+ + 2OH 2H2O
+
2 mol H = 2 6.02 10 ions = 12.04 1023 ions
23

2 mol OH = 2 6.02 1023 ions = 12.04 1023 ions
so
12.04 1023 H+ ions + 12.04 1023 OH ions to produce
12.04 1023 H2O molecules.
Hence one mole of H2SO4 is neutralized by 2 moles of NaOH.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(v) One mole of H2O has two moles of bonds, three moles of atoms,
10 moles of electrons and 28 moles of total fundamental particles
in it.
Ans. Water molecule is formed when two atoms of hydrogen combine
with one atom of oxygen.
16
8O = 8p + 8e + 8n
O
1
1H = 1p + 1e + 0n x x
1 H H
1H= 1p + 1e + 0n
Total sub atomic particles of H2O = 10p + 10e + 8n = 28 particles
As shown by the formula of one molecule of water
(i) 1 molecule of H2O contains bonds = 2
1 mol H2O molecules contains bonds = 2 moles
(ii) 1 molecule of H2O contains atoms = 3
14 BASIC CONCEPT

1 mole H2O molecules contain atoms = 3 moles

(iii) 1 H2O molecule contains electrons = 8 + 1 + 1 = 10
1 mol H2O molecule contain electrons = 10 moles
(iv) 1 H2O molecule has subatomic particles = 28
1 mol H2O molecule have subatomic particles = 28 moles
(vi) N2 and CO have same number of electrons, protons and
neutrons.
Ans. N2 CO
14 12
7N = 7p + 7n + 7e 6C = 6p + 6n + 6e
14 16
7N = 7p + 7n + 7e 8O = 8p + 8n + 8e
One molecule of nitrogen One molecule of carbon
contains two nitrogen atoms monoxide contains one carbon
and one oxygen atom
so so
N = 7p + 7n + 7e C = 6p + 6n + 6e
`
+ N = 7p + 7n + 7e `
+ O = 8p + 8n + 8e
Total N2 = 14p + 14n + 14e Total (CO) = 14p + 14n + 14e
So N2 and CO have same number of electrons, protons and neutrons.
ADDITIONAL SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. What are molecular ions? How are they formed?
Ans. Those ions which are produced by gain or removal of electron from
a molecular species are called molecular ions.
Types:
(i) Cationic molecular ions are positively charged. They are
formed by loss of electrons.
e.g., CH 4 , CO , N 2 , O +2
2 etc.
(ii) Anionic molecular ions are ively charged. They are formed
by gain of electrons.
e.g., O 2 2 , N 2 2 etc.
Molecular cations are abundant while anions are rare.
Formation: Molecular ions can be generated by passing
(a) high energy beam of electrons
(b) -particles
(c) X-rays
through gaseous molecular substance.
Q2. What is a mass spectrum?
Ans. The plot of data in mass spectrometry
Relative abundance

in such a way that m/e (mass to charge

ratio) of ions are plotted as abscissa
(x-axis) and relative natural abundance
as ordinate (y-axis) is called mass
spectrum. It is in the form of peaks.
Heights of peaks are proportional to
natural relative abundance of isotopes
while no. of peaks formed is m/e
proportional to the number of possible
isotopes.
Q3. Differentiate between cation and anion.
Ans. Sr. Cation Anion
1. A species carrying positive A species carrying ive
charge. charge.
2. It is formed by loss of It is formed by gain of
electron. electrons.
M M+ + e A + e A
3. Formation of cation is always Formation of uni-negative
endothermic ion is exothermic
e.g., Na Na+ + e e.g., Cl + e Cl
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 15

Ans. Sr. Cation Anion

H = 496 kJ mol H = 349 kJ mol1
4. Size of cation is smaller than
Size of anion is greater than
parent atom. e.g., parent atom e.g.,
radius of Na = 186 pm radius of Cl = 99 pm
radius of Na+ = 95 pm radius of Cl = 181 pm
5. Formation of cation is an Formation of anion is a
oxidation process. reduction process.
6. Metals usually form cations.
Non-metals usually form
anions.
7. e.g., K , Ca , Al , NH 4 , e.g., F, O2, N3, HCO3 ,
+ +2 +3

H3O+ CO 2 , PO 3
3 4

Q4. In combustion analysis, why the %age of oxygen cannot be

measured directly?
Ans. In combustion analysis, a known amount of an organic compound is
burnt in a supply of O2 from external source.
During combustion, elements other than oxygen are converted into
their respective oxides. While oxygen already present in compound
or coming from external source is changed into O2 (oxide).
As we cannot find the exact amount of oxygen in compound
therefore we can not measure %age of oxygen directly. Any how,
its percentage can be calculated by differential method
% of O = 100 (% of C + % of H).
Q5. Differentiate between empirical and molecular formula.
Ans. Sr. Empirical formula Molecular formula
1. A chemical formula which A chemical formula, which
shows the simple whole no. shows the exact number of
ratio between atoms of all atoms of different
different elements present in elements in a molecule of
a compound is called compound is called
empirical formula. molecular formula.
2. It can be used for all kinds of It can be used for covalent
compounds i.e., ionic e.g., compounds e.g., H2O,
NaCl and covalent e.g., SiO2 H2SO4 etc.
3. It can be determined directly It can be determined by
by theoretical or practical empirical formula.
way.
4. It can represent more than It can represent only one
one compound e.g., CH is molecule e.g., benzene has
empirical formula of a molecular formula C6H6
benzene C6H6 and acetylene while acetylene C2H2.
C2H2
5. e.g., CH2O is empirical M.F of glucose: C6H12O6
formula of glucose C6H12O6 M.F of acetic acid:
and acetic acid CH3COOH. CH3COOH
Mathematically,
Molecular formula = n(Empirical formula) where n = 1, 2, 3, 4,
Some compounds may have same molecular and empirical formula.
e.g., H2O, H2SO4 etc.
Q6. What is meant by atomicity of a molecule?
Ans. Atomicity of Molecule:
Number of atoms in a molecule is its atomicity. On this basis a
molecule is diatomic, mono atomic or polyatomic, e.g., Ne, O2,
HNO3 have atomicity 1, 2, and 5 respectively.
Q7. Why an ordinary microscope is not used to see atoms or
molecules?
16 BASIC CONCEPT

Ans. Ordinary microscope uses solar light using which we can get clear
and accurate image of an object having size upto 500 nm (within its
range of wavelength). Therefore electron microscope is used which
utilizes beam of electrons having a wavelength much shorter than
that of visible light.
Q8. Why formation of anion is exothermic process?
Ans. Some elements gain electron to stabilize themselves by attaining the
configuration of noble gas. Stability is associated with less energy
so anion formation is exothermic. e.g.,
Cl + e Cl H = 349 kJ mol1
Q9. Define relative atomic mass?
Ans. Relative atomic mass:-
Mass of an element as compared to the mass of one atom of carbon
taken as 12 a.m.u is called relative atomic mass.
Example:- relative atomic mass of Hydrogen is 1.008 a.m.u.
Q10. Define relative natural abundance of isotopes?
Ans. Percentage presence/occurrence of an isotope of an element in total
number of naturally occurring atoms of that element is called
relature natural abundance of isotopes.
Example:- 35Cl and 37Cl has a relative natural abundance of 75.53%
and 24.47% respectively.
Q11. What is a mass spectrometer? On which principle does it work?
Ans. Mass spectrometer:-
An instrument used to measure exact masses of different isotopes of
an element is called mass spectrometer.
In this technique volatilized, highly accelerated, ionized isotopes of
a sample are separated on the basis of their m/e value in magnetic
field. Mass spectrum is the product of this instrument which is a
graph plotted between m/e as abscissa (x-axis) and relative natural
abundance as ordinate (y-axis).
Q12. How can we change the radius of curvature of a moving ion in
spectrometers?
Ans. According to a mathematical relationship.
m H2r2
e = 2E
One can alter the magnitude of either magnetic field (H) or electric
field (E). Increasing the H decreases the value of r and increasing
E also increases r. Thus a moving isotope can strike to ion collector
on the basis of m/e at different places.
Q13. What is electrometer? What is its function?
Ans. It is also called ion collector. When different positively charged ions
fall on it, electric current is produced on every strike. Magnitude of
current is proportional to the number of striking ions. Current is then
amplified and fect to recorder which gives result in the form of peaks
on graph telling relative abundance of isotope.
Q14. Why do some properties of isotopes are different and some are
same?
Ans. Isotopes differ in mass so the properties related to mass i.e., physical
properties e.g., melting point, boiling point or density are different.
On the other hand due to same outer electronic configuration,
chemical properties are same.
Q15. Differentiate between isotope and isobar?
Ans. Isotopes:-
Isotopes are atoms of same element with different masses.
Example: 11H, 21H, 31H etc are isotopes.
Isobars:-
Isobars are atoms of different elements with same masses.
Example: 14 14
6 C, 7 N are isobars.
Q16. How isotopes are separated from a sample?
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 17

Ans. Separation method depends upon their own properties. Some

methods are
(i) Gaseous diffusion (ii) Thermal diffusion
(iii) Distillation (iv) Ultra centrifugation
(v) Electromagnetic separation (vi) Laser separation.
Q17. Why do elements have fractional atomic masses?
Ans. Actually atomic masses depend upon number of possible isotopes
and their natural abundance. Atomic mass is the sum of masses of
each fraction of isotopes so it is often fractional too.
Q18. Why isotopic masses are whole numbers and atomic masses are
usually fractional?
Ans. Isotopic mass is the sum of number of neutrons and protons in an
individual atom so it is always a whole number.
Where as atomic mass is the average of all isotopic masses with
respect to their natural abundance so it is mostly fractional.
Example:
Isotopes masses of different isotopes of Neon are 20 amu, 21 amu
and 22 amu which are in whole number where its atomic mass is 20-
18 amu which is in fraction.
Q19. How empirical formula is evaluated?
Ans.
(i) Finding percentage of elements in compound.
% of element
(ii) Finding moles of each element = at.mass of element
(iii) Finding mole ration of atoms by dividing each mole with
least number of moles.
(iv) If answer is in whole no. it gives empirical formula.
Otherwise multiply with a suitable digit to get a whole
number.
Q20. What are assumptions of stoichiometry?
Ans. Assumptions of stoichiometry:-
(i) All reactant are completely converted into products.
(ii) No side reaction takes place.
(iii) Reaction is irreversible.
(iv) Laws of stoichiometry have to be followed.
Q21. What are laws of stoichiometry?
(i) Law of conservation of mass:
Mass is neither created nor destroyed but can change its
form
(ii) Law of Definite proportion:
Ratio of masses of elements to make a compound is always
constant.
Q22. How can a limiting reactant identified?
Ans. Identification of limiting reactant:-
(i) Calculate no. of moles of reactants.
(ii) Calculate no. of moles of product by comparing with
reactants in a balanced equation.
(iii) Reactants which produce least amount is limiting reactant.
Q23. How efficiency of reaction is explained?
Ans. Efficiency of a reaction is expressed by percentage yield. It is done
by comparing actual and theoretical yields in the form of percentage.
Actual yield
% yield = Theoratical yield 100

NUMERICAL OF EXERCISE
Q6. Silver has atomic number 47 and has 16 known isotopes but two
occur naturally i.e., Ag-107 and Ag-109. Given the following
mass spectrometric data, calculate the average atomic mass of
silver.
18 BASIC CONCEPT

Percentage
Isotopes mass (amu)
abundance
107
Ag 106.90509 51.84
109
Ag 108.90476 48.16
Ans. Given data:
Mass of 107Ag = 106.90509 amu
Mass of 109Ag = 108.90476 amu
107
Percentage of Ag = 51.84%
Percentage of 109Ag = 48.16%
Required:
Average atomic mass of Ag = ?
Solution:
Average atomic mass = (Mass of Ag % of Ag
107 107
) (Mass of Ag109 % of Ag109 )
100
(106.90509 51.84) (108.90476 48.16)
=
100
5541.96 5244.85
=
100
10786.81
=
100
Average atomic mass of Ag= 107.87 amu
Average Atomic mass of Ag = 107.87 amu.

Q7. Boran with atomic number 5 has two naturally occurring

isotopes. Calculate the percentage abundance of 10B and 11B
from the following information:
Ans. Average Atomic mass of Boron = 10.81 amu

Isotopic mass of 10B = 10.0129 amu

Isotopic mass of 11B = 11.0093 amu
Given data:
Average Atomic mass of Boron = 10.81 amu
Isotopes mass of 10B = 10.0129 amu
Isotopes mass of 11B = 11.0093 amu
Required:
Percentage abundance of 10B = ?
Percentage abundance of 11B = ?
Solution:
Suppose: Percentage abundance of 10B =x
11
Percentage abundance of B = (100 x)
Average Atomic mass = (Isotopic mass of B % of B) (Isotopic mass of
10 10
B % of 11B)
11

100
Putting the values
(10.0129 x) [11.0093 (100 x)]
10.81 =
100
10.81 100 = (10.0129x) + (1100.93 11.0093x)
1081 1100.93 = 10.0129x 11.0093x
19.93 = 0.9964x
19.93
=x
0.9964
x = 20.002%
Percentage abundance of 10B = 20.002%
Percentage abundance of 11B = 100 20.002 = 79.998%
Percentage abundance of 10B = 20.002%
Percentage abundance of 11B = 79.998%

Q10. Calculate each of the following quantities:

(a) Mass in grams of 2.74 moles of KMnO4?
Ans. Given data:
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 19

Moles of KMnO4 = 2.74 moles

Required:
Mass (g) of KMnO4 = ?

Solution:
Mass of KMnO4
No. of moles =
Formula mass of KMnO4
Formula mass of KMnO4 = 39 + 55 + 64 = 158 g mol1
Mass
2.74 =
158
Mass = 158 2.74
Mass of KMnO4 = 432.92 g
Ans. Mass of KMnO4 = 432.92 g

(b) Moles of O atoms in 9.00 g of Mg(NO3)2.

Ans. Given data:
Mass of Mg(NO3)2 = 9 g
Required:
Moles of O atoms =?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of Mg(NO3)2 = 24 + 2 (14 + 3 16)
= 148 g/mol
9
No. of moles = = 0.06 moles
148
1 moles of Mg(NO3)2 contain O atoms = 6 moles
0.06 moles of Mg(NO3)2 contain moles of O atoms = 0.06 6 = 0.36 atoms
Moles of O atoms = 0.36

(c) Number of O atoms in 10.037 g of CuSO4.5H2O.

Ans. Given data:
Mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 10.037 g
Required:
Number of O atoms = ?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 63.5 + 32 + (4 16) + (5 18)
= 249.5 g mol1
10.037
No. of moles of CuSO4.5H2O =
249.5
= 0.04 moles
1 moles of CuSO4.5H2O have moles of O = 9 moles
0.04 moles of CuSO4.5H2O have moles of O = 9 0.04
= 0.36 moles
No. of Oxygen atoms = No. of moles NA
= 0.36 6.02 1023
No. of Oxygen atoms = 2.167 1023 atoms
No. of Oxygen atoms = 2.167 1023

(d) Mass in kilograms of 2.6 1020 molecules of SO2.

Ans. Given data:
No. of SO2 molecules = 2.6 1020 molecules
Required:
Mass in kg =?
Solution:
20 BASIC CONCEPT

Molar Mass
Mass of SO2 molecules = No. of moles
NA
Molar Mass of SO2 = 32 + (16 2)
= 64 g/mol
64
Mass of SO2 molecules = 2.6 1020
6.02 1023
= 27.641 103 g
27.641103
= kg
1000
Mass of SO2 molecules = 2.764 105 kg

(e) Moles of Cl atoms in 0.822 g C2H4Cl2.

Ans. Given data:
Mass of C2H4Cl2 = 0.822 g
Required:
Moles of Cl atoms =?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of C2H4Cl2 = 24 + 4 + 71
= 99 g mol1
0.822
No. of moles of C2H4Cl2 =
99
= 0.0083 moles
1 mole of C2H2Cl2 contain moles of Cl atoms = 2 moles
0.0083 moles of C2H4Cl2 contain moles of Cl atoms
= 2 0.0083 = 0.0166 moles
Moles of Cl atoms = 0.0166 moles

(f) Mass in grams of 5.136 moles of Ag2CO3?

Ans. Given data:
Moles of Ag2CO3 = 5.136 moles
Required:
Mass of Ag2CO3 =?
Solution:
Mass of Ag2CO3 = Moles of Ag2CO3 Formula mass
Formula mass of Ag2CO3 = (108 2) + 12 + (16 3)
= 276 g/mol
Mass of Ag2CO3 = 5.136 276
= 1417.54 g
. Mass of Ag2CO3 = 1417.54 g

(g) Mass in grams of 2.78 1021 molecules of CrO2Cl2.

Ans. Given data:
Molecules of CrO2Cl2 = 2.78 1021 molecules
Required:
Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 in gram = ?

Solution:
Molar Mass No. of mol.
Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 =
NA
Molar Mass of CrO2Cl2 = 52 + 32 + 71
= 155 g/mol
155
Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 = 2.78 1021
6.02 10 23

= 71.58 102
Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 = 0.7158 g
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 21

Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 in g = 0.7158 g

(h) Number of moles and formula units in 100 g of KClO3.

Ans. Given data:
Mass of KClO3 = 100 g
Required:
No. of moles =?
No. of formula units = ?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles of KClO3 =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of KClO3 = 39 + 35.5 + 48
= 122.5 g/mol
100
No. of moles of KClO3 =
122.5
= 0.816 moles
1 moles of KClO3 contain formula units= 6.02 1023
0.816 moles of KClO3 contain forula units = 6.02 1023 0.816
= 4.91 1023 formula units
No. of moles = 0.816 moles
No. of formula units = 4.91 1023 formula units

(i) Number of K+ ions, Cl atoms, ClO3 ions, and O atoms in (h).

Ans. 1 mole of KClO3 contain K+ ions = 6.02 1023
0.816 moles of KClO3 contain K+ ions = 6.02 1023 0.816
= 4.91 1023 ions
(ii) 1 mole of KClO3 contain ClO3 ions = 6.02 1023
0.816 moles of KClO3 contain ClO3 ions = 6.02 1023 0.816
= 4.91 1023 ions
(iii) Similarly,
1 mole of KClO3 contain Cl atoms = 4.91 1023 ions
1 mole of KClO3 contain O atoms = 3 6.02 1023 atoms
0.816 moles of KClO3 contain O atoms = 3 6.02 1023 0.816
= 1.474 1024 atoms
No. of K+ ions = 4.91 1023 ions
-
No. of ClO3 ions = 4.91 1023 ions
No. of Cl ions = 4.91 1023 atoms
No. of O atoms = 1.474 1024 atoms

Q11. Aspartame, the artificial sweetner, has a molecular formula of

C14H18N2O5?
(a) What is the mass of one mole of Aspartame?
1 mole of C14H18N2O5 = (1214) + (118) + (142) + (165)
= 168 + 18 + 28 + 80
= 294 g mol1
1 mole of Aspartame = 294 g/mol

(b) How many moles are present in 52 g of Aspartame?

Given data:
Mass of Aspartame = 52 g
Required:
No. of moles =?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar mass
Molar mass of C14H18N2O5 = (12 14) + 18 + 28 + (16 5)
22 BASIC CONCEPT

= 294 g/mol
52
No. of moles = = 0.177 moles
294
Ans. No. of moles = 0.177 moles

(c) What is the mass in grams of 10.122 moles of Aspartame?

Given data:
Moles of Aspartame = 10.122 moles
Required:
Mass of aspartame =?
Solution:
Mass of aspartame = Moles of Aspartame Molar mass
Mass of aspartame = 10.122 294
= 2975.87 g
Mass of aspartame = 2975.87 g

(d) How many hydrogen atoms are present in 2.43 g of Aspartame?

Given data:
Molecular formula of Aspartame = C14H18N2O5
Mass of Aspartame = 2.43 g
Required:
No. of hydrogen atoms = ?
Solution:
Molar mass of C14H18N2O5 = (1214) + (118) + (214) + (165)
= 168 + 18 + 80 + 28
= 294 g/mol
Mass of Aspartame
No. of moles of Aspartame =
Molar Mass
2.43
= = 0.00826 moles
294
Moles of H in 1 mole of Aspartame
= 18 moles
0.00826 moles of Aspartame have moles of H
= 18 0.0826 = 0.1487
No. of atoms of H = No. of moles NA
= 0.1487 6.02 1023
= 0.896 1023
No. of atoms of H = 8.96 1022 atoms
No. of hydrogen atoms = 8.96 1022 atoms

Q12. A sample of 0.600 moles of a metal M reacts completely with

excess of fluorine to form 46.8 g of MF2.
(a) How many moles of F are present in the sample of MF2 that
forms?
(b) Which element is represented by the symbol M?
Given data:
No. of moles of M = 0.6 moles
Mass of MF2 = 46.8 g
Required:
No. of moles of F =?
Actual name of Metal M =?
Solution:
M + F2 MF2
Comparison between number of moles of M and MF2
M : MF2
1 : 1
0.6 : 0.6
No. of moles of MF2 = 0.6 moles
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 23

1 moles of MF2 contain moles of F atoms = 2

0.6 moles of MF2 contain moles of F atoms = 2 0.6 = 1.2 moles
No. of moles of F = 1.2 moles
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Mass
Molar Mass of MF2 =
No. of moles
46.8
Molar Mass of MF2 = = 78 g/mol
0.6
Atomic Mass of M + (19 2) = 78 g/mol
(Atomic Mass of F = 19)
M + 38 = 78
M = 78 38
Atomic Mass of M = 40 g/mol
So, Actual name of Metal M = Calcium (Ca)
No. of moles of F = 1.2 moles
Name of metal M = Calcium (Ca)

Q13. In each pair, choose the larger of indicated quantity or state if

the samples are equal:.
(a) Individual particles: 0.4 mole of oxygen molecules or 0.4 mole of
oxygen atoms.
Ans. Both are equal.
Reason:
0.4 moles of O2 and 0.4 moles of O atoms, both are equimolar
quantities so, they have equal number of particles. i.e.,
0.4 6.02 1023 = 2.408 1023 moles

(d) Individual particles: 4.0 g of N2O4 or 3.3 g of SO2.

Given data:
Mass of N2O4 = 4 g
Mass of SO2 = 3.3 g
Required:
Individual particles N2O4 = ?
Individual particles SO2 = ?
Solution:
Mass
(i) No. of moles of N2O4 =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of N2O4 = (14 2) + (16 4)
= 92 g/mol
4
No. of moles of N2O4 =
92
= 0.043 moles
No. of molecules = No. of moles NA
= 0.043 6.02 1023
= 0.258 1023
No. of molecules = 2.58 1022 molecules
Mass
(ii) No. of moles of SO2 =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of SO2 = 32 + 32
= 64 g/mol
3.3
No. of moles of SO2 = = 0.055 moles
64
No. of molecules = No. of moles NA
= 0.055 6.02 1023
No. of molecules = 3.1 1022 molecules
3.3 g of SO2 has larger no. of individual particles.
24 BASIC CONCEPT

(e) Total ions: 2.3 moles of NaClO3 or 2.0 moles o MgCl2?

Given data:
No. of moles of NaClO3 = 2.3 moles
No. of moles of MgCl2 = 2 moles
Required:
No. of ions in 2.3 moles of NaClO3 = ?
No. of ions in 2 moles of MgCl =?
Solution:
(i) 1 mole of NaClO3 contain Na+ ions = 6.02 1023
2.3 moles of NaClO3 contain Na+ ions = 2.3 6.02 1023
= 13.846 1023 ions

1 mole of NaClO3 contain ClO3 ions = 6.02 1023
2.3 moles of NaClO3 contain ClO3 ions = 2.3 6.02 1023
= 13.846 1023 ions
Total ions = 13.846 1023 + 13.846 1023 = 2.7692 1024 ions
(ii) 1 mole of MgCl2 contain Mg2+ ions = 6.02 1023
2 mole of MgCl2 contain Mg2+ ions = 2 6.02 1023
= 12.04 1023 ions

1 mole of MgCl2 contain Cl ions = 2 6.02 1023
2 moles of MgCl2 contain Cl ions = 2 2 6.02 1023
= 24.04 1023
Total ions = Mg2+ ions + Cl ions
= 12.04 1023 + 24.04 1023
Total ion of MgCl2 = 3.612 1024 ions
2 moles of MgCl2 contain larger number of ions.
2 moles of MgCl2 have larger no. of ions.

(f) Molecules: 11.0 g H2O or 11.0 g H2O2.

Given data:
Mass of H2O = 11.0 g
Mass of H2O2 = 11.0 g
Required:
No. of molecules in 11 g of H2O =?
No. of molecules in 11g of H2O2 =?
Solution:
Mass
(i) No. of moles of H2O =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of H2O = 2 + 16
= 18 g/mol
11
No. of moles of H2O = = 0.61 moles
8
No. of molecules = No. of moles NA
= 0.61 6.02 1023
No. of molecules = 3.67 1023 molecules
Mass
(ii) No. of moles of H2O2 =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of H2O2 = 2 + 32 = 34 g/mol
11
No. of moles of H2O2 =
34
= 0.32 moles
No. of molecules = No. of moles NA
= 0.32 6.02 1023
No. of molecules = 1.926 1023 molecules
11 g of H2O contain larger no. of molecules.
(g) Na+ ion: 0.500 moles of NaBr or 0.0145 kg of NaCl.
Given data:
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 25

Moles of NaBr= 0.500 moles

Mass of NaCl = 0.0145 kg = 14.5 g
Required:
(i) Na+ ions in 0.500 moles of NaBr =?
(ii) Na+ ions in 0.0145 kg of NaCl =?
Solution:
(i) No. of ions = No. of moles NA
= 0.5 6.02 1023
No. of ions = 3.01 1023 ions
Mass of NaCl
(ii) No. of moles =
Molar Mass of NaCl
Molar Mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5
= 58.5 g/mol
14.5
No. of moles =
58.5
No. of moles = 0.2478 moles
No. of Na+ ions = No. of moles NA
= 0.2478 6.02 1023
+
No. of Na ions = 1.49 1023 ions
No. of Na+ ions in 0.5 moles of NaBr is larger.

(h) Mass: 6.02 1023 atoms of 235U or 6.02 1023 atoms of 238U.
Given data:
No. of atoms = 6.02 1023 atoms
Required:
Mass of atoms = ?
Solution:
Isotopic mass of U235 = 253 (1 mole)
Therefore,
6.02 1023 atoms of U235 have mass = 235 g
Similarly,
6.02 1023 atoms of U238 have mass = 238 g
so, 6.02 1023 atoms of U238 have larger mass.
6.02 1023 atoms of U238 have larger mass.

Q14. (a) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the four important

fertilizers i.e.,
(i) NH3
Molar mass of NH3 = 14 + (3 1)
= 14 + 3 = 17 g/mol
Mass of N
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100
Formula mass of NH3
14
= 100 82.35%
17
Ans. Percentage of Nitrogen = 82.35%
(ii) NH2CONH2
Molar mass of NH2CONH2 = 14 + 2 + 12 + 16 + 14 + 2
= 60 g/mol
28
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100
60
= 46.67%
Ans. Percentage of Nitrogen = 46.67%
(iii) (NH4)2SO4
Molar mass of (NH4)2SO4 = (14 2) + (1 8) + 32 + (16 4)
= 132 g/mol
28
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 21.21%
132
26 BASIC CONCEPT

Percentage of Nitrogen = 21.21%

(iv) NH4NO3
Molar mass of NH4NO3 = 14 + 4 + 14 + 48 = 80 g/mol
28
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 35%
80
Percentage of Nitrogen = 35%

(b) Calculate the percentage of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in each of

the following:
(i) NH4H2PO4
Formula mass of NH4H2PO4 = 14 + 4 + 2 + 31 + 64 = 115 g/mol
14
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 12.17%
115
31
Percentage of Phosphorus = 100 26.96%
115
Percentage of Nitrogen = 12.17%
Percentage of Phosphorus = 26.96%

(ii) (NH4)2HPO4
Molar mass of (NH4)2HPO4 = (14 2) + (1 8) + 1 + 31 + 64
= 132 g/mol
28
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 21.21%
132
31
Percentage of Phosphorus = 100 23.48%
132
Percentage of Nitrogen = 21.21%
Percentage of Phosphorus = 23.48%

(iii) (NH4)3PO4
Molar mass of (NH4)3PO4 = (14 3) + 12 + 31 + 64
= 149 g/mol
42
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 = 28.19%
149
31
Percentage of Phosphorus = 100 = 20.81%
149
Percentage of Nitrogen = 28.19%
Percentage of Phosphorus = 20.81%

Q15. Glucose C6H12O6 is the most important nutrient in the cell for
generating chemical potential energy. Calculate the mass
percentage of each element in glucose and determine the
number of C, H and O atoms in 10.5 g of the sample?
Ans. Given data:
Mass of Glucose = 10.5 hg
Required:
Percentage of C =?
Percentage of H =?
Percentage of O =?
No. of Carbon atoms =?
No. of Hydrogen atoms =?
No. of Oxygen atoms =?
Solution:
Molar mass of C6H12O6 = (6 12) + (1 12) + (16 6)
= 72 + 12 + 96
= 180 g/mol
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 27

Mass of element
Percentage of an element = 100
Molar Mass
72
Percentage of Carbon = 100
180
= 40%
12
Percentage of Hydrogen = 100
180
= 6.66%
96
Percentage of Oxygen = 100
180
= 53.33%
Mass
No. of molecules of Glucose = NA
Molar Mass
10.5
= 6.02 1023
180
No. of molecules of C6H12O6 = 0.351 1023 molecules
1 molecule of Glucose contain C atoms = 6 0.351 1023
= 2.107 1023 atoms
1 molecule of Glucose contain H atoms = 12 0.351 1023
= 4.212 1023 atoms
1 molecule of Glucose contain O atoms = 6 0.351 1023
= 2.107 1023 atoms
% of C = 40%
% of H = 6.66%
% of O = 53.33%
No. of C atoms = 2.107 1023 atoms
No. of H atoms = 4.212 1023 atoms
No. of O atoms = 2.107 1023 atoms

Q16. Ethylene glycol is used as automobile antifreeze. It has 38.7%

carbon, 9.7% hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen. Its molar mass is
62.1 grams mol1. Determine its empirical formula:
Ans. Given data:
Percentage of Carbon = 38.7%
Percentage of Hydrogen = 9.7%
Percentage of Oxygen = 51.6%
Required:
Empirical formula =?
Solution:
No. of gram atoms:
Percentage of C
No. of gram atoms of C =
Atomic mass of C
38.7
= = 3.225 mole
12
Percentage of H
No. of gram atoms of H =
Atomic mass of H
9.7
= = 9.6 mole
1.008
51.6
No. of gram atoms of O = = 3.225 mole
16
Atomic Ratio:
No. of gram atoms of C
Atomic Ratio of C =
Smallest no.
3.225
= 1
3.225
28 BASIC CONCEPT

9.6
Atomic Ratio of H = 3
3.225
3.225
Atomic Ratio of O = 1
3.225
Empirical formula: = CH3O

Q17. Serotenin (Molar mass = 176 g/mol) is a compound that

conducts nerve impulses in brain and muscles. It contains 68.2%
C, 6.86% H, 15.09% N and 9.08% O. What is its molecular
formula?
Ans. Given data:
Percentage of Carbon = 68.2%
Percentage of Hydrogen = 6.86%
Percentage of Nitrogen = 15.09%
Percentage of Oxygen = 9.08%
Molar mass = 176 g mol1
Required:
Molecular formula = ?
Solution:
No. of gram atoms:
Percentage of C
No. of gram atoms of C =
Atomic Mass of C
68.2
= = 5.68 mole
12
6.86
No. of gram atoms of H = = 6.80 mole
1.008
15.09
No. of gram atoms of N = = 1.08 mole
14
9.08
No. of gram atoms of O = = 0.5675 mole
16
Atomic Ratio:
No. of gram atoms of C
Atomic Ratio of C =
Smallest no.
5.68
= = 10
0.5675
6.80
Atomic Ratio of H = = 12
0.5675
1.08
Atomic Ratio of N = =2
0.5675
0.5675
Atomic Ratio of O = =1
0.5675
Empirical formula: C10H12N2O
Molecular formula:
Molecular formula = n (Empirical formula)
Molecular mass
n =
Empirical formula mass
Empirical formula mass = C10H12N2O
= (12 10) + (1 12) + (14 2) + 16
= 176
176
n = =1
176
Molecular formula = (1) (C10H12N2O)
Molecular formula = C10H12N2O
Molecular formula = C10H12N2O
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 29

Q18. An unknown metal M reacts with S to form a compound with

formula M2S3. If 3.12 g of M reacts with exactly 2.88 g of
sulphur, what are the names of metal M and the compound
M 2 S3 ?
Ans. Given data:
Mass of metal M = 3.12 g
Mass of S = 2.88 g
Required:
Name of metal M =?
Name of compound M2S3 =?
Solution:
2M + 3S M2S3
Mass of S
No. of moles of S =
Atomic mass of S
2.88
= (Atomic mass of S = 32 g/mol)
32
No. of moles of S = 0.09 moles
Comparison between moles of S and moles of M
S : M
3 : 2
1 : 2/3
0.09 : 2/3 0.09
0.09 : 0.06
No. of moles of M = 0.06 moles
Mass of M
No. of moles of M =
Atomic mass of M
Mass of M
Atomic mass of M =
No. of moles of M
3.12
=
0.06
Atomic mass of M = 52 g/mol
From the Atomic mass of M, it is clear that
Name of M = Chromium (Cr)
Name of M2S3 = Cr2S3
= Chromium sulphide
Name of M = Chromium (Cr)
Name of M2S3= Cr2S3

Q19. The octane present in gasoline burns according to the following

equation:.
2C8H18() + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O()
How many moles of O2 are needed to react fully with 4 moles of
octane?
Ans. Given data:
No. of moles of C8H18 = 4 moles
Required:
No. of moles of O2 = ?
Solution:
2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
Comparison between moles of C8H18 and O2
C8H18 : O2
2 : 25
1 : 25/2
4 : 25/2 4
4 : 50
No. of moles of O2 = 50 moles
No. of moles of O2 = 50 moles.
30 BASIC CONCEPT

(b) How many moles of CO2 can be produced from one mole of
octane?
Ans. Given data:
No of moles of C8H18 = 1 mole
Required:
No. of moles of CO2 = ?
Solution:
2C2H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
Comparison between moles of C8H18 and moles of CO2
C8H18 : CO2
2 : 16
1 : 16/2
1 : 8
No. of moles of CO2 = 8 moles
No. of moles of CO2 = 8 moles.
(c) How many moles of water are produced by the combustion of 6
moles of octane?
Ans. Given data:
No. of moles of C8H18 = 6 moles

Required:
No. of moles of H2O = ?
Solution:
2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
Comparison between moles of C8H18 and moles of H2O
C8H18 : H2O
2 : 18
1 : 18/2
6 : 18/2 6
6 : 54
No. of moles of H2O = 54 moles
No. of moles of H2O = 54 moles.

(d) If this reaction is to be used to synthesize 8 moles of CO2, how

many grams of oxygen are needed? How many grams of octane
will be used?
Ans. Given data:
No. of moles of CO2 = 8 moles
Required:
Mass of O2 =?
Mass of C8H18 =?

Solution:
2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
Comparison between moles of CO2 and moles of O2
CO2 : O2
16 : 25
1 : 25/16
8 : 25/16 8
8 : 12.5
No. of moles of O2 = 12.5 moles
Molar Mass of O2 = (16 2) = 32 g/mol
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Mass of O2 = No. of moles of O2 Molar Mass
= 12.5 32
Mass of O2 = 400 g
Comparison between moles of CO2 and moles of C8H18
CO2 : C8H18
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 31

16 : 2
1 : 2/16
2
8 : 8
16
8 : 1
No. of moles of C8H18 = 1 moles
Molar Mass of C8H18 = (12 8) + (1 18)
= 114 g/mol
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Mass of C8H18 = No. of moles of C8H18 Molar Mass
= 1 114
Mass of C8H18 = 114 g
Mass of O2 = 400 g
Mass of C8H18 = 114 g
Q20. Calculate the no. of grams of Al2S3 which can be prepared by
the reaction o 20g of Al and 30g of sulphur. How much the non-
limiting reactant is in excess?
Ans. Given data:
Mass of Aluminium = 20 g
Mass of Sulphur = 30 g
Required:
Mass of Al2S3 =?
Non-limiting reactant in excess =?
Solution:
2Al + 3S Al2S3
No. of moles of reactant:
Mass of Al
No. of moles of Al =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of Al = 27 g/mol
20
No. of moles of Al = = 0.740 moles
27
Mass of S
No. of moles of S =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of S = 32 g/mol
30
No. of moles of S = = 0.9375 moles
32
No. of moles of product:
Comparing no. of moles of Al and Al2S3
Al : Al2S3
2 : 1
1 : 1/2
0.740 : 1/2 0.740
0.740 : 0.37
Number of moles of Al2S3 = 0.37
Comparing no. of moles of S and Al2S3
S : Al2S3
3 : 1
1 : 1/3
0.9375 : 1/3 0.9375
0.9375 : 0.3125
Number of moles of Al2S3 = 0.3125
Mass of Al2S3:
Mass of Al2S3 = No. of moles of Al2S3 Molar mass
Molar mass of Al2S3 = (27 2) + (32 + 3)
= 150 g/mol
Mass of Al2S3 = 0.3125 150
Mass of Al2S3 = 46.87 g
32 BASIC CONCEPT

Mass of Al2S3 = 46.87 g

(ii) 2Al + 3S Al2S3

Comparison between sulphur and Aluminium
S : Al
3 : 2
1 : 2/3
0.937 : 2/3 0.937
0.937 : 0.624
No. of moles of Al = 0.624 moles
Excess moles of Al = 0.74 0.624
= 0.116 moles
Mass of Al = No. of moles Atomic Mass
= 0.116 27
Mass of Al = 3.132 g
Mass of Al2S3 = 46.87 g
Non-limiting reactant in excess = 3.132 g

Q21. A mixture of two liquids, hydrazine N2H4 and N2O4 are used as
a fuel in rockets. They produce N2 and water vapours. How
many grams of N2 gas will be formed by reacting 100 g of N2H4
and 200 g of N2O4.
2N2H4 + N2O4 3N2 + 4H2O
Ans. Given data:
Mass of N2H4 = 100 g
Mass of N2O4 = 200 g
Required:
Mass of N2 =?
Solution:
2N2H4 + N2O4 3N2 + 4H2O
No. of moles of reactant:
Mass of N2 H4
No. of moles of N2H4 =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of N2H4 = (14 2) + (1 4)
= 32 g/mol
100
No. of moles of N2H4 =
32
= 3.125 moles
Mass of N2O4
No. of moles of N2O4 =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of N2O4 = (14 2) + (16 4)
= 92 g/mol
200
No. of moles of N2O4 =
92
= 2.17 moles
No. of moles of product:
Comparing no. of moles of N2H4 and N2.
N2H4 : N2
2 : 3
1 : 3/2
3.125 : 3/2 3.125
3.125 : 4.68
No. of moles of N2 = 4.68 moles
Comparing no. of moles of N2O4 and N2
N2O4 : N2
1 : 3
2.17 : 3 2.17
2.17 : 6.51
Lec. Rana Hassan Tariq CHEMISTRY-
XI 33

No. of moles of N2 = 6.51 moles

Hydrazine is a limiting reactant because, it has given less amount of
N2.
Mass of N2:
Mass of N2 = No. of moles of N2 Molar mass
Molar mass of N2 = (14 2)
= 28 g/mol
Mass of N2 = 4.68 28
Mass of N2 = 131.04 g
Mass of N2 = 131.04 g

Q22. Silicon Carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material. It is

produced by allowing sand (SiO2) to react with carbon at high
temperature.
SiO2 + 3C SiC + 2CO
When 100 kg sand is reacted with excess of carbon, 51.4 kg of
SiC is produced. What is the percentage yield of SiC?
Ans. Given data:
Mass of SiO2 = 100 kg
= 100 1000 = 100,000 g
Mass of SiC = 51.4 kg
= 51.4 1000 = 51.400 g
Required:
Percentage yield of SiC = ?
Solution:
SiO2 + 3C SiC + 2CO
No. of moles of reactant:
Mass of SiO2
No. of moles of SiO2 =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of SiO2 = 28 + (16 2)
= 60 g/mol
100000
No. of moles of SiO2 = = 1666.66 moles
60
No. of moles of product:
Comparing no. of moles of SiO2 and SiC
SiO2 : SiC
1 : 1
1666.6 : 1666.6
No. of moles of SiC = 1666.6 moles
Mass of SiC:
Mass of SiC = No. of moles of SiC Molar mass
Molar Mass of SiC = 28 + 12
= 40 g/mol
Mass of SiC = 1666.66 40
Mass of SiC = 66,666.4 g
Percentage yield:
Actual yield
Percentage yield of SiC = 100
Theoretical yield
51400
= 100
66,666.4
Percentage = 77%
Percentage yield of SiC = 77%
PREVIOUS BOARD QUESTIONS
1. What is combustion analysis? How can it be used to determine % of
carbon + hydrogen? (Grw. Board 2006) (Lhr. Board 2001)
2. What is meant by limiting reactant? (Lhr. Board 2001)
34 BASIC CONCEPT

3. 0.206 g of an organic compound containing C, H, O was subjected

to combustion analysis. Amounts of CO2 and H2O is 0.494 g and
0.1011 g respectively. Determine the percentage of each element.
4. How will you differentiate between molecular mass and atomic
mass. (Grw. Board 2001) (Lhr. Board 2002)
5. If 10 g of each Na2S, Na2CO3, SO2 are there. How many moles of
each are present (At. Masses Na: 23, C: 12, O: 16, S: 32)
(Lhr. Board 2002)
6. A compound containing 65.44% carbon and 5.49% H is analyzed.
What is its empirical formula. If its molar mass is 110 g mol then
find out its molecular formula. (Grw. Board 2002)
7. Calculate the mass of NH3 gas evolved when 100 g of each NH4Cl
+ Ca(OH)2 are heated together by a reaction (Grw. Board 2002)
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
8. Define atom, ion and molecule. (Grw. Board 2003)
9. Define atom, molecule, Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula.
(Lhr. Board 2003)
10. Calculate the number of grams of K2SO4 and H2O produced when
14 g KOH reacts with excess of H2SO4. (Lhr. Board 2003)
11. Find the mass of 2.6 1020 molecules of SO2 in kilograms. Also
define Arogadros number. (Grw. Board 2004)
12. Silicon carbide is an important ceramic material. It is prepared by
reacting SiO2 with carbon
SiO2 + 3C SiC + 2CO
Calculate the percentage yield of SiC if 100 kg of SiO2 react with
excess C. (Lhr. Board 2004)
13. Define Avogadros number. (Rwp. Board 2005)
14. Why Actual yield is less than theoretical yield?(Rwp. Board 2005)
15. Write a note on combustion analysis.
(Rwp. Board 2005) (Lhr. Board 2006)
16. Define relative atomic mass. (Multan Board 2005)
23
17. Calculate mass of 3.01 10 molecules of CO2.(Multan Board 2005)
18. Define yield. How do we calculate % yield. (Multan Board 2005)
19. How does a limiting reactant control the amounts of product
formed? (Grw. Board 2006)
20. How many molecules of water are in 24 g of ice?(Grw. Board 2006)
21. 23 g of sodium and 238 g uranium have equal no. of atoms in them.
Justify it. (Lhr. Board 2006)
22. 180 g glucose and 342 g of sucrose have same no. of molecules but
different no. of atoms. (Lhr. Board 2006)
23. No individual Ne atom has a mass of 20.18 a.m.u. comment.
(Grw. Board 2007)
24. How can the efficiency of a chemical reaction be expressed?
(Lhr. Board 2007) (Grw. Board 2007)
25. Combustion analysis of an organic compound shows that it contains
65.44% C, 5.50% H, 29.06% O. Calculate its empirical formula.
(Grw. Board 2007)
26. Define stoichiometry and empirical formula. (Lhr. Board 2007)
27. Calculate mass in grams for 103 moles of water.(Lhr. Board 2007)
28. Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon. (Lhr. Board 2007)

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