Sabp A 074 PDF

Best Practice
SABP-A-074 15 June 2016

Dynamic Replacement Design and Quality Control
Document Responsibility: Geotechnical Standards Committee
Contents
1 Introduction............................................................ 2
1.1 Purpose........................................................... 2
1.2 Scope.............................................................. 2
1.3 Disclaimer....................................................... 2
1.4 Conflicts with Mandatory Standards................ 3
2 References............................................................ 3
2.1 Saudi Aramco References.............................. 3
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards........................ 3
2.3 Other References............................................ 4
3 Dynamic Replacement
Ground Improvement Concept...................... 4
4 Dynamic Replacement Process............................ 5
5 Material.................................................................. 6
6 Dynamic Replacement Design.............................. 7
6.1 Depth of Treatment......................................... 7
6.2 Spacing........................................................... 7
7 Performance Control............................................. 8
8 Key Features of Dynamic Replacement................ 9
9 Specifications Compliance....................................10
9.1 Bearing Capacity Due to Vertical Load........... 11
9.2 Load Induced Settlement of Foundations....... 11
9.3 Liquefaction Analysis...................................... 12
10 Procedures for Dynamic Replacement................ 12
10.1 Before Dynamic Replacement...................... 12
10.2 Dynamic Replacement Installation................ 12
10.3 Dynamic Replacement Trials........................ 13
10.4 Surface Compaction..................................... 14
10.5 Performance Evaluation................................ 15
11 Quality Control and Quality Assurance................ 15
11.1 Responsibilities............................................. 16
11.2 Quality Procedure......................................... 16
Previous Issue: New Next Planned Update: TBD

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Contact: Spyropoulos, Emmanouil (spyropex) on +966-13-8809698
Saudi Aramco 2016. All rights reserved

Document Responsibility: Geotechnical Standards Committee SABP-A-074
Issue Date: 15 June 2016
Next Planned Update: TBD Dynamic Replacement Design and Quality Control
Contents (cont'd)
12 Quality Control (QC) Documents......................... 21
12.1 Documentation Before.................................. 21
12.2 Documentation During.................................. 21
12.3 Documentation After..................................... 21
12.4 QA/QC to Minimize Re-Compaction............. 22
12.5 Reporting...................................................... 23
12.6 Reporting Sequence..................................... 23
13 Acronyms............................................................. 24
Appendix 1 - Dynamic Replacement Daily Report.......25
Appendix 2 - Example of Inspection Test Plan............ 26
1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Best Practice establishes guidelines and recommendations of the design and
quality control activities required for dynamic replacement ground improvement
works. This Best Practice is intended for Saudi Aramco engineers (mostly
Project Management Team and Project Inspection Team) and engineers working
on Saudi Aramco projects.
1.2 Scope
This Best Practice provides the recommended requirements for comprehensive

quality control and quality assurance plans that are part of a dynamic
replacement ground improvement scheme.
The plan performance program summaries the procedures for the dynamic
replacement work, and the Quality Control program documents these procedures
as well as the testing conducted. Quality Assurance involves reviewing the
work and testing and addresses any conformance issues.
1.3 Disclaimer
Using this Best Practices to monitor the dynamic replacement ground

improvement works for Saudi Aramco does not relieve the contractor from his
responsibility to verify the accuracy of any information presented or from his
contractual liability to provide safe and sound designs that conform to
Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirements. The use of the
information contained herein does not guarantee that the resulting product will
satisfy the applicable requirements of any project. Saudi Aramco assumes no
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responsibility or liability for any reliance on the information presented herein or

for designs prepared in accordance with this document.
1.4 Conflicts with Mandatory Standards
In the event of a conflict between this Best Practice and other mandatory Saudi
Aramco engineering requirements such as procedures and standards, the
requirement documents shall govern.
2 References
This Best Practice is based on the latest edition of the references below, unless
otherwise noted.
2.1 Saudi Aramco References
Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure

SAEP-383 Approving Third Party Testing Laboratories,
Geotechnical Engineering Offices and Batch
Plants
Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards

SAES-A-112 Meteorological and Seismic Design Data
SAES-A-113 Geotechnical Engineering Requirements
SAES-A-114 Excavation and Backfill
SAES-Q-007 Foundations and Supporting Structures for Heavy
Machinery
Saudi Aramco Construction Safety Manual
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM D1556 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight
of Soil in Place by the Sand Cone Method
ASTM D1586 Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test
(SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
ASTM D1587 Standard Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling
of Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
ASTM D5778 Standard Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone
and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soils
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Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA)

CIRIA C573 A Guide to Ground Treatment
CIRIA C572 Treated Ground Engineering Properties and
Performance
Institution of Civil Engineer

ICE Specification for Ground Treatment, 1987
2.3 Other References

Ground Improvement (1993) by M. P. Moseley
3 Dynamic Replacement Ground Improvement Concept
The dynamic replacement method is predominantly reinforces saturated soft soils

incorporating high fines percentage through the development of great diameter pillars
leading to a composite system of enhanced mechanical features. The elementary
procedure of the dynamic replacement technique involves the partial replacement of
those weak soils by appropriate materials which can be effectively densified.
Such soil treatment technique is effective to depths ranging from 4 m to 7 m.

Materials included within the pillars are mostly granular of a coarse nature forming a
dense inclusion column of high internal shear resistance. Suitable materials are mainly
composed by graded sands, mixtures of sand and gravels, and rubbles, etc.
The spacing configuration of the dynamic replacement points and the other associated
parameters (such as energy to be applied, number of phases, and number of drops per
point, resting period between phases) depend on the characteristics of the in situ soils,
and the improvement required to support the future facilities within the settlement
tolerances. Typical pillars grid spacing having values ranged between 3.5 m to 6 m.
The dynamic replacement method can be used for achieving the following:
Improving the bearing capacity/stiffness of the subsurface soils since a composite
ground structure is developed.
Reducing the total and differential settlements.
Decreasing the liquefaction potential.
Accelerating the consolidation process due to the dissipation of the excess pore
pressure through the pillars which act as a drainage path.
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4 Dynamic Replacement Process
Dynamic replacement is typically carried out from a granular nature working platform
with thickness varying from 0.5 m to 1 m. The dynamic replacement procedures are
established through trials, based on which, the optimum installation/construction
parameters are defined.
Dynamic replacement technique is mostly applicable for cohesive soils, and very loose
granular formations. Hence, an ample period should be provided in between the
execution of the various phases for permitting the adequate dissipation of the excess
pore water pressure which is developed due to the weight pounder repetitive effects.
The dynamic replacement method involves the development of granular columns within
the treated soils. Such technique is using pounders with weights ranging from 15 tn to
40 tn which are dropped in free fall from heights ranging from 10 m to 30 m resulting
on the densification of the imported granular materials within the craters/pillars formed.
Compact pillars within the in situ subsurface formations are developed (having
diameters mainly varying between 1.5 m to 3 m) which act as an interface for
transferring the imposed loads to a competent underlying ground. The soils in between
the formed pillars are partially treated because of the horizontal strength produced
during the installation/compaction procedures within the pillars.
Generally, the first phase of a dynamic replacement scheme includes construction of

pillars at every second point, while, within the second phase the rest of the columns are
formed.
A sequence of a weight repetitive drops is required in order to develop a single

dense pillar. The development procedure is initiated with a shallow excavation at the
pre-determined point where the imported granular material is placed within a loose
state. Based on the number of drops (as determined through the trials) the granular
material is pushed downwards and be compacted. Thereafter, further filling of the
suitable material is taking place. Such actions of compaction/filling are repeated until
the advance of the pillar is reaching the required depth of design which can be identified
through the refusal of further imported inclusions.
There are instances where the pre-excavation of the column to the design depth is
desirable due to the presence of dense materials at the surface which need to be
penetrated for adequately reaching the soft soils to be treated. At such cases, the
pre-excavation places are partially filled to the required granular material and the
development sequence, above described, is followed.
Finally, a conventional compaction scheme is undertaken on a continuous pattern for

treating shallow/surface soil formations by utilizing heavy vibratory surface rollers.
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The dynamic replacement method incorporates the following characteristics:

Partial replacement of weak soils can attain values of replacement ratio equal to 30%.
Formed pillars can withstand maximum loads of 1500 kN.
5 Material
Dynamic replacement method is mostly appropriate for reinforcing cohesive soils

having high percentage by weight of fines (particles finer than No. 200 sieve).
Within the dynamic replacement technique the main objective to be achieved is:
Cohesive soil strengthening by importing/compacting granular fill.
Granular soil densification.
Before proceeding to the dynamic replacement improvement a suitable granular layer of

0.5 m to 1 m thickness is recommended to be placed over the site to provide a firm dry
working surface particularly in the case of very soft ground. At some cases for avoiding
mixing of this platform layer with the ground beneath usage of a geotextile layer at the
interface can be employed.
The working platform granular material shall have the following characteristics:
Hard, inert, free of clay and organic materials, and be well graded.
Containing not more than 10% by weight passing the No. 200 sieve.
Have a maximum particle size of 200 mm.
Both the thickness and bearing capacity of the working platform should be sufficient
enough to support the dynamic replacement equipment.
The material out of which dynamic replacement pillars are formed should be well-defined
through acceptable criteria for type, grading, and chemical stability. The following
material characteristics are to be evaluated through laboratory test procedures:
Containing not more than 15% by weight passing the No. 200 sieve.
Particle size ranging from 0.075 mm to 200 mm. Materials having sizes ranging
from 200 mm to 400 mm are also suitable subject that fines content not exceeding
10%.
Above mentioned laboratory tests should be undertaken following the corresponding

ASTM standards.
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6 Dynamic Replacement Design
Design of the dynamic replacement technique should be defined by addressing the

following features:
Configuration spacing
Number of phases and number of drops per phase/point
Depth of improvement
Pounder mass
Drop height
Energy to be applied
Above mentioned parameters may be changed depending on the trial test results.
Pillars spacing and diameter, satisfying the project requirements of bearing capacity and
settlement criteria for the structure to be supported, should be established through
design calculations.
6.1 Depth of Treatment
The treatment depth should be determined based on both the existing

geotechnical data and pre-treatment geotechnical field tests.
Characteristic depths that can be improved by the application of dynamic

replacement are up to 7 m.
As the depth of treatment can differ across a project site, parameters in relation
to the pounder weight and drop height can be changed accordingly in order for
the performance criteria of settlement, bearing capacity, and liquefaction to be
met. Dynamic replacement treatment should also be extended to at least the
length of the developed pillar outside the facility area.
6.2 Spacing
Dynamic replacement is undertaken on a pre-determined point spacing usually

following a square grid pattern with points spaced at various distances
(generally ranged between 3.5 m to 6 m). Determination of the optimum grid
spacings is decided having completed trials where different set of spacings are
utilized.
The important feature included within the dynamic replacement design is the
amount of soil which is replaced by the suitable granular nature material.
Replacement of weak soils can reach replacement ratios up to 30% depending
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on the corresponding grid spacing. Such replacement is considered through the

following area replacement ratio:
Where: = area replacement ratio

Ap = Cross-sectional area of dynamic replacement pillar
A = Cross-sectional area, e.g., in case of 2x2 m square grid = 4 m
At large replacement ratios settlements are practically reduced, whereas, the

lower the replacement ratio the smaller the effect on settlement.
Very soft soils exhibit increased diameter compared to stiffer ground, and at
such cases material feeding is recommended to be closely monitored.
7 Performance Control
A wide variety of soils are advantaged through treatment by dynamic replacement

comprising both granular and cohesive formations. Non-cohesive materials are re-
arranged into a denser state under the effects of the repetitive tamping. Granular soils
are densified and further improved due to the immediate dissipation of excess pore
pressure.
Cohesive soils are in general not densified through the tamping processes. However,
cohesive formations are being strengthened by the insertion of the granular dense pillars
which act as drainage paths accelerating the consolidation. Appropriate test approaches
should be used to confirm that the dynamic replacement treatment has achieved
pre-determined criteria in relation to bearing capacity and settlement.
The degree of improvement of the composite system-ground depends on a number of

factors such as existing soil shear strength and density, soil grading, density of the
compacted pillar material, equipment characteristics, and experience of personnel
during the installation. In-situ penetration tests should be used for verifying compliance
to project specifications. Such tests should be undertaken at both the pillars and the
treated ground in between and may contain one or more of the following (in accordance
to ASTM standards):
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Dynamic Penetration Test (DPT)
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Pressure Meter Test (PMT)
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Composite pillar-soil properties are to be included within calculations for verifying that
project acceptance criteria are met. Furthermore, excavation tests can be performed in
order to determine the variation pillars diameter over depth and hence the average pillar
diameter.
Before proceeding to main production works within a dynamic replacement scheme,

trial(s) is undertaken for specifying optimum parameters to be utilized. Such trials
usually include three sets of spacing between dynamic replacement points supplemented
by both pre/post quality control tests for verifying densification/reinforcement of the
composite ground structure to adequate limits. The degree of improvement achieved
for each different spacing can be utilized for design optimization.
Control of performance within dynamic replacement works is also determined through

the trial procedures. Such control is acquired by utilizing consistent procedures
establishing pounder weights, drop heights, number of phases, number of drops, and
material consumption. Volume measurements of the fill utilized to construct each pillar
is undertaken and compared to the designed volume. Of course those parameters can be
further adjusted within the main production works being area soil-specific.
The grading/particle size of the materials to be used within the pillars should be tested
in accordance to ASTM standards.
8 Key Features of Dynamic Replacement
The key features within a dynamic replacement scheme are summarized below:
Dynamic replacement is mostly applicable for improving soils having high fines
percentage.
Cohesive soils especially below the groundwater table are not effectively compacted
through the dynamic replacement processes; however, a reinforcement effect of the
overall ground is achieved due to the insertion of suitable granular material.
Dynamic replacement method is applicable to depths up to 7 m.
A resting period between the various phases of tamping should be allowed for
permitting an adequate dissipation of pore water pressure from the low permeability
cohesive formations.
Dynamic replacement technique is able to achieve replacement ratios of up to 30%.
Imposed loads of up to 1500 kN are able to be taken through the installed pillars.
Dynamic replacement should not be undertaken to a distance of, at least, 30 m from
the closest existing structure.
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Dynamic replacement overall increases bearing capacity, reduces settlements, and

mitigates liquefaction.
9 Specifications Compliance
Design of dynamic replacement should include the following:

Targets to be achieved corresponding to project specifications criteria, e.g., increased
bearing capacity, reduced settlement, and reduced liquefaction potential.
Geotechnical enhanced properties of the composite treated ground which relates to
density, shear strength, and stiffness of both the pillars and the soils in between.
Dynamic replacement features corresponding to grid spacing, pounder weight, drop
height, drops/phases numbers, pillar diameter, treatment depth, and material
feeding.
Post treatment penetration tests results (within the pillars and soils in between)
should be coupled/averaged and be utilized within calculations for identifying that
project requirements of bearing capacity, settlement, and liquefaction are achieved.
Alternatively, target performance lines based on properties of the composite system
can be initially established for skipping calculations at each set of post treatment
penetration tests.
Bearing capacity and load-settlement behavior of the soils due to the application of the
imposed foundation loads having completed the dynamic replacement treatment can be
decided by utilizing several design methods ranging from experience based methods to
complex software analysis.
Typically, the principle of dynamic replacement design is based on the composite

strength between the natural soil and the pillar so that all project requirements (bearing
capacity, settlement, and liquefaction) are achieved.
Composite soil properties such as deformation modulus, cohesion, and friction angle in
each layer are essential for the design being not conservative. Those composite soil
properties can be estimated as follows:
Where: Ec = composite deformation modulus

c = composite friction angle
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Cc = composite cohesion
Ep = deformation modulus within the pillar
Esoil = deformation modulus measured in the soil between the pillars
Cp = cohesion within the pillar
Csoil = cohesion measured in the soil between the pillars
p = friction angle of the pillar
soil = measured friction angle in the soil between the pillars
= area replacement ratio of the pillar = Ap/A
Ap = cross-sectional area of pillar
A = cross-sectional area, e.g., in case of 2x2 m square grid = 4 m
9.1 Bearing Capacity Due to Vertical Load
The soil properties used in the calculation of long-term bearing capacity are the
cohesion and friction angle. The first is conservatively considered to be zero in
non-cohesive material. The effective friction angle (for both pillars and soils in
between) can be derived from laboratory testing or from relations with the data
acquired from the penetration tests. The shear strength of the native cohesive
material can be also acquired through either laboratory procedures or
correlations to various field penetration tests.
The bearing capacity for the ground structure is calculated using the composite
properties of deformation modulus, cohesion, and friction angle.
9.2 Load Induced Settlement of Foundations
Overall settlement comprises of the various settlement elements. These settlement

elements, namely, static and dynamic, are taken from the contributions of vertical
imposed load upon a shallow footing and induced settlements due to liquefaction
potential failure, respectively. Static settlements are further elaborated to
immediate, primary consolidation, and creep settlement components.
In general, both the primary consolidation and creep components are mostly be
existent in cohesive soils. Within soils having low permeability and substantial
thickness characteristics those settlement contributions are fairly important
compared to immediate settlement component. This is attributed to the
procedures of slow dissipation of the excess pore water pressures induced by the
static load.
The resulting static settlements can be calculated using the composite properties
of deformation modulus, cohesion, and friction angle.
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9.3 Liquefaction Analysis
Liquefaction assessments are, in general, based on approaches defined within

the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) reports
accompanied by international criteria/codes and supplementary
recommendations. The analysis is based on the estimation of cyclic resistance
ratio (CRR) corresponding to the soil strength, and cyclic strength ratio (CSR)
which relates to the induced seismic actions.
Liquefaction analysis considering installed pillar inclusions is based on the

assumption that portion of the cyclic strength ratio is taken by the pillar, while,
the remaining is functioned on the soil between. Spacing and diameter of the
pillars are the main factors that governs the extent at which the cyclic strength
ratio is transferred within the vertical pillars.
10 Procedures for Dynamic Replacement

10.1 Before Dynamic Replacement
The following steps are guidance prior of the execution of dynamic replacement
works:
Shop drawings of the soil treatment scheme should be prepared including
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates for each pillar taking into
account the specified design grid spacing, pillars depth/diameter, the
applied compaction energy (corresponding mass, drop height), and the
number of drops through each phase all of which to be decided having
completed the trial execution/assessment.
Working platforms should be developed providing appropriate safety of the
dynamic replacement crane.
Pillars should be located at the field within 100 mm tolerances of the
positions shown on the shop drawings.
If pre-boring of the pillars is required due to the presence of surface dense
materials, then guidelines provided within SAES-A-113 should be followed.
Dynamic replacement pillars should be developed vertical as much as possible.
10.2 Dynamic Replacement Installation
The procedures of dynamic replacement includes the following:

Positioning and Initial Feeding (First Phase)
The first phase of a dynamic replacement scheme includes construction
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of pillars at every second point.

Prior of the dynamic replacement execution a granular nature working
platform with thickness varying from 0.5 m to 1 m is installed across the
site especially in cases of weak sub surface soils presence.
Pillars points included within the first phase of dynamic replacement are
located.
Shallow excavation at each pre-determined pillar point is undertaken.
Suitable granular material is placed within the shallow excavations.
Lifting, Dropping and Monitoring (First Phase)
Pounder weight is lifted to the intended height.
The pounder is freely dropped tamping upon the imported material.
The granular material is pushed downwards and be compacted through a
series of drops.
Further filling of the suitable material is taking place.
Cycles of compaction and feeding are proceeding so that the necessary
pillar depth is achieved.
Design depth is monitored through the refusal of further imported
inclusions.
In cases of dense material presence within the surface then pre-boring of
the pillars to the design depth is recommended followed by the filling of
the required material. Compaction procedures through the number of
weight drops is then undertaken.
Settlement measurements are taken upon completion of the first phase.
Above mentioned steps are repeated until all the dynamic replacement
pillars within the first phase are completed.
Based on the dynamic replacement procedures which have been defined
within the trials, a second phase of the scheme is taken place. Within such
phase pillars at the mid-point of the first tamping phase are undertaken.
A conventional compaction scheme is undertaken on a continuous pattern
for treating shallow/surface soil formations by utilizing heavy vibratory
surface rollers.
10.3 Dynamic Replacement Trials
Before proceeding to the trial installation of the dynamic replacement pillars a

working platform will be set on a layer of geotextile for avoiding contamination
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to the underlying soils. Subsequently, dynamic replacement pillars should be

installed based on the approved trial method statements and associated trial
drawings.
Objectives of the trial installation contains:

Validation of the construction processes of dynamic replacement pillars
including time of installation/development.
In the event that scheme parameters are not achieved (e.g., depth, diameter)
then installation technique (e.g., grid spacing, weight pounder, drop height,
number of drops, number of phases, resting time) should be modified.
Material feeding through pillar construction should be monitored and be
regularly checked if it is well-matching to the specification volume as per
design pillar depth/diameter.
Establishment of guidelines providing that the necessary design pillar depth
and diameter are achieved.
Post treatment penetration tests should be undertaken. Pillar design diameter
should be checked through excavation tests at places where cohesive soils
exist.
The dynamic replacement trial arrangement should include the following:

Assessment of the existing geotechnical investigation data.
Trial location selection to be taken within the weakest soils.
Feeding material should be adequately tested.
Pre-treatment penetration tests should be carried out.
Dynamic replacement should be undertaken within grids having different
spacings (usually square).
Post treatment penetration tests should be undertaken within and between the
installed pillars.
Pillar diameter compliance should be monitored through excavation tests.
The test results should be coupled and analysis based on composite soil/pillar
effects should be compiled into a report concluding whether any alterations in
relation to grid spacing is required.
10.4 Surface Compaction
The superficial soils should be compacted with conventional rolling techniques

at specified lifts to meet the design requirements. Fill placement, compaction,
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testing, etc., should be undertaken as stipulated in SAES-A-114.
The following actions shall be performed:

Prior to the commencement of the surface rolling the site shall be free of
roots, trash, debris or other unsuitable material, and in addition shall be
evenly graded.
Surface compaction shall be consisted of a rolling procedure including an
optimum number of passes which to be defined within a trial section.
Within such a trial subsidence monitoring for certain number of passes shall
be recorded.
10.5 Performance Evaluation
The evaluation of the dynamic replacement achievement involves the following

actions:
After accomplishing the dynamic replacement soil improvement scheme
verification that acceptance criteria have been met should be provided.
Such confirmation is given through the execution of post quality control
tests including penetration and excavation tests. Test penetration results are
averaged and being involved within the required calculations of settlement,
bearing capacity, and liquefaction (if applicable) for verifying specifications
compliance.
After the surface conventional compaction works testing should be
undertaken for the upper soil material to determine the degree of compaction
as stipulated within SAES-A-114.
11 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
The quality control (QC) process ensures the work will deliver a ground arrangement
that will meet the requirements.
The project execution program outlines the procedures for the work, and the QC
program documents these procedures as well as the testing conducted. During dynamic
replacement works monitoring of essential parameters will be performed. The quality
assurance (QA) program defines the review of aspects of the work and testing as well as
addressing any conformance issues.
The QA/QC procedures cover inspection and relevant quality records related to
dynamic replacement works.
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11.1 Responsibilities
Actions related to dynamic replacement works should be carried out by

experienced and proficient people.
Title or organization
Action or task
accountable
Overall responsibility of the project
Responsible for the implementation of safety measures
and procedures
Project Manager
Focal point for all interfaces and other communications as
required before and during execution of all related
activities
Determines the soil improvement procedures and
Geotechnical parameters for the site
engineer Supervises and approves all quality testing verifications
and documentation
Monitors the works to ensure full compliance with HSE
HSE engineer
requirements and procedures
Ensures that all inspections and testing procedures are in
full compliance with specifications
QA/QC engineer
Reviews all post quality control tests QA/QC verifications
and documentation
Ensures that all workforce and operators are inducted
Site engineer prior to execution of the relevant treatment works
Ensures that safe work procedures are strictly followed
Ensures compliance with notes on installation operation
Explains method statement and quality requirements to
Site supervisor the workforce
Ensures compliance with any site-specific safety
requirements
Responsible for sampling and testing in accordance with
Saudi Aramco third
project specification. To be included within SA approved
party
list of geotechnical contractors
Responsible for setting-out, checking level before and
Surveyor
after conducting the treatment scheme
11.2 Quality Procedure
A suitable quality control practice should be shaped for supervision and

monitoring purposes. The supervision of the ground treatment through dynamic
replacement should be undertaken by capable and qualified personnel.
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Quality procedures on the dynamic replacement schemes includes:

Evaluation of existing geotechnical data
Soil improvement trials based on certain treatment parameters
Procedures of pillars installation
Post quality control tests
Acceptance of improvement schemes
Pillars Material and Quantity

Gradation of the imported materials should be regularly monitored on the
project specified frequencies following the corresponding ASTM standards.
Overall contamination of the granular soils because of the method of
stockpiling and movement should be prevented.
Actual pillar diameters should be estimated based on the quantity of the
imported materials during the installation.
Working Platform
In case of working platform development the following should be monitored:

Thickness of working platform to be in accordance to the design
specifications.
Corresponding material should comply with the project acceptance criteria.
Mat development should cause the least possible disturbance to the
underlying soils.
If a geotextile is vital beneath the imported material, fabric it should meet
specifications containing material type, manufacturing procedure, material
weight, and strength.
Before Dynamic Replacement
Based on the existing geotechnical data the suitable treatment technique should
be selected and the appropriate improvement parameters should be defined.
Such parameters should be verified within the treatment trials before
commencing the production works.
Survey and geotechnical studies should be undertaken prior of any treatment

works either the trials or production stages:
Area of improvement should be primarily surveyed.
Penetration tests, usually cone penetration tests (CPT), before commencing
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any means of soil improvement should be undertaken for identifying the

initial state of the ground.
Cone penetration tests (CPT) are recommended to be accompanied by
additional exploration boreholes within the weak soil formations. Standard
penetration tests (SPT) should be undertaken at those boreholes with
frequencies as stipulated within SAES-A-113 and associated soil samples
should be retrieved especially in the presence of cohesive nature materials.
Corresponding field and laboratory testing should be carried out in
accordance to relevant ASTM standards. Pre-treatment frequency of the
exploratory boreholes should be decided upon the area to be improved and
applicable project specifications.
Dynamic Replacement Trial

Before commencing the production soil treatment schemes trials should be
undertaken.
Various parameters should be established within the dynamic replacement
trials consisting of:
Soil treatment grid/spacing.
Pounder weight, drop height, number of drops, and number of phases.
Resting period between the various phases for allowing the adequate
dissipation of the excess pore water pressure.
Material feeding of the pillars based on the design diameter to be
accomplished.
Dynamic replacement trials should validate that the methods and equipment
utilized achieve the project threshold tolerances corresponding to bearing
capacity, settlement, and liquefaction.
Activities within the actual field trial works should contain the following:
Trial area selection.
Working platform development in case it is required.
Pre-treatment penetration tests, and initial survey execution.
Dynamic replacement points within the first phase should be
located/surveyed.
Dynamic replacement pillars development within the first phase of the
various trial grids.
Dynamic replacement points of the second phase (intermediate grid)
should be located, and accordingly developed.
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A conventional compaction scheme should be undertaken on the

shallow/surface soil formations.
Post treatment survey and quality control tests including
penetration/excavation tests.
Digital and contour plans of soil subsidence should be developed.
An evaluation assessment to be based on the composite pillar/soil
properties should be prepared.
Dynamic Replacement Production Works
It is recommended that subsequent outline should be followed by inspection

engineers for a dynamic replacement soil treatment scheme.
Working platform should be accurately placed/levelled.
Survey, and pre-treatment penetration tests should be undertaken to
determine pre-compaction soil settings.
Date/time execution of dynamic replacement pillars identified by unique
numbers should be monitored.
Pillar development period should be recorded.
Pillar diameter and length should be actually observed and be compared to
the relevant design parameters.
Pounder weight, drop height, drop numbers, and phases should be recorded
and be compared to the properties stated within the applicable method
statements.
The surface compaction scheme and passes utilized should be monitored.
Digital and contour plans of soil subsidence should be developed.
Post-treatment penetration, and excavation tests should be undertaken.
Quantity records of imported soil necessary to develop each pillar should be
kept and be compared to the design volume estimations.
Testing Procedures
Proposed Testing Procedure for Dynamic Replacement
Survey, and pre-treatment geotechnical tests.
Post treatment quality control tests including penetration, excavation,
and Plate Load tests (PLT).
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Post treatment cone penetration tests (CPT) are recommended to be

taken at frequencies of 1000 m of worked surface comprising of a set of
two tests at the pillar, and at the soil in between two successive pillars.
Post treatment cone penetration tests (CPT) should be undertaken within
two weeks after execution of dynamic replacement works for
comfortably allowing the dissipation of excess pore water pressure
through the pillars drainage paths especially in case of cohesive nature
materials.
Cone penetration tests (CPT) equipment is recommended to have a 20 tn
capacity, be self-anchoring, having a cone diameter of 45 mm, and a
penetration velocity 2 cm/sec.
The raw American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
data of the post treatment cone penetration tests (CPT) should be
submitted for review and approval.
Digital and contour plans of ground settlements/heaves should be
developed.
Pillar material should be lab tested for conforming to the required
acceptance criteria.
Based on above mentioned testing and subsequent evaluation the
necessity for either undertaking supplementary post treatment tests or
additional/alternative treatment method(s) should be decided.
Proposed Testing Procedure for Surface Compaction
The following testing should be undertaken for the superficial soils at

specified lifts where the conventional rolling techniques are applied for
determining the degree of compaction achieved:
In situ density tests should be carried out following guidelines provided
within SAES-A-114. Those tests should be taken either on the final
ground surface or at a determined depth (within a trench) for identifying
the achieved compaction within respective soil horizons based on the lift
heights placement.
Identification of the optimum moisture content / maximum dry density
relationship using a 4.5 kg hammer (Modified Proctor Test) shall be
provided through laboratory tests. It is recommended that samples for
such laboratory testing to be retrieved from specific locations where the
in-situ density tests are carried out.
Page 20 of 26
Above mentioned field/laboratory tests (within both dynamic replacement

works and surface compaction) should follow the corresponding ASTM
standards.
12 Quality Control (QC) Documents
The QC Documents should include the following:
12.1 Documentation Before
Prior of proceeding to the dynamic replacement works the following should be

provided:
Shop drawings of the dynamic replacement pillars based on trials
assessment.
Trial reports with suggested dynamic replacement parameters.
Construction outline indicating personnel/equipment details as well as
working hours to be followed.
12.2 Documentation During
Treated sections should be daily depicted on revised improvement drawings.

Such records should include:
Improved locations with developed pillars identification.
Information in relation to date/time execution of each pillar as well as
shift/personnel involved.
Pre-treatment surface elevation should be monitored.
Information in relation to grid spacing, weight pounder, drop height, phase
number, number of drops, resting period should also be provided for each
developed pillar.
Post treatment surface elevation achieved should be monitored.
Number and types of pre and post treatment tests undertaken.
Quantity and type of soil filling materials.
12.3 Documentation After
After completion of a soil treatment area a report should be provided compiling

the following information:
Details of soil treatment methods utilized (with appropriate parameters)
including data of both the pre and post treatment testing.
Page 21 of 26
As-build drawings including:

Dynamic replacement point identification, grid spacing, weight pounder,
drop height, phase numbers, number of drops, UTM coordinates.
Pre and post treatment survey assessments.
Pre and post treatment quality control tests.
Verification that specifications criteria (e.g., bearing capacity, settlements,
and liquefaction) has been met through calculations where results of post
quality control tests are utilized.
12.4 QA/QC to Minimize Re-Compaction
The excellence of dynamic replacement works is mainly governed by the

features of workmanship, equipment, and soil properties.
The workmanship is positively influenced when the following measures are

undertaken:
Dynamic replacement points are precisely located within the field following
the UTM coordinates provided within the shop drawings.
The elementary controls on workmanship are in positioning and careful
dropping of the pounder.
Checks should be made to note and record the energy (number of drops)
transferred at each location and the amount of material to be filled.
Information both written and verbal are adequately provided to the
operators/banksmen in relation to the working procedures to be followed
including grid spacing, weight pounder, drop height, phase numbers, and
number of drops.
Prior of any site activities the relevant soil treatment equipment should be
checked for the following:
Dynamic replacement equipment should be compatible to the information
provided within the specifications.
The compaction result rest on the well-organized application of the
compaction energy which is subjective to the type and use of the pounder
release system. Such system should guarantee free fall of the pounder
resulting on flat depressions on the ground surface, and avoidance of
pounder rotation prior to or during pounder release.
The pounders should be weighed on the site prior to the start of the works.
Page 22 of 26
Soil properties should be adequately assessed prior, during, and after the soil
treatment scheme including the following measures:
Pre-treatment geotechnical campaigns should be undertaken for accurate
evaluating the initial soil properties.
Based on such initial soil properties/type and by bearing in mind the required
criteria to be achieved then adequate treatment methods/parameters should
be selected.
In case of unexpected soil conditions additional field/laboratory assessments
should be carried out.
12.5 Reporting
Reporting of the overall soil improvement scheme shall contain construction,

quality control, and safety records as follows:
Construction reporting will include:
A daily site report in relation to any site activities undertaken.
A daily construction report including man power/hours as well as
equipment utilized.
Quality control reporting consisting of:
A dynamic replacement daily report including points undertaken with
information as previously provided.
A dynamic replacement daily/weekly/monthly working progress report
for identifying the advancement of the soil improvement scheme.
Quality reports where the post quality control tests and their analysis
should be included for verifying that project specified criteria have been
achieved.
Safety Report including any safety incident, and confirming full compliance
with HSE requirements and measures.
As-build drawings including pillars identification, grid spacing, diameter,
weight pounder, drop height, phase numbers, number of drops UTM
coordinates, etc., should be provided.
12.6 Reporting Sequence
The following documents should be developed before starting the main works of
dynamic replacement:
Page 23 of 26
Preliminary dynamic replacement design including calculations of

settlements, bearing capacities, and liquefaction (if needed) of both the
pre-soil treatment and the composite post-soil treatment (based on assumed
improved soil properties) stages.
Trial/Calibration reports including post treatment composite calculations
based on the actual post-quality control tests in relation to bearing capacity,
settlement, and liquefaction on site-structure basis.
Method statements of main works of soil improvement (including quality
procedures and inspection tests plan) including various areas to be treated
and corresponding methods to be applied (e.g., shop drawings showing
layout, etc.).
On completion of overall soil improvement program, detailed reports
(corresponding to each different area/method used) including post-quality
control tests and their analysis.
13 Acronyms
Acronym Definition of Acronym

CPT Cone Penetration Test
SPT Standard Penetration Test
PMT Pressure Meter Test
DPT Dynamic Penetration Test
PLT Plate Load Test
NCEER National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research
CRR Cyclic Resistance Ratio
CSR Cyclic Strength Ratio
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
QC Quality Control
QA Quality Assurance
HSE Health Safety & Environment
SA Saudi Aramco
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Revision Summary
15 June 2016 New Saudi Aramco Best Practice that establishes guidelines and recommendations of the
design and quality control activities required for dynamic replacement ground improvement
works.
Page 24 of 26
Appendix 1 - Dynamic Replacement Daily Report

Start End Duration Pounder Drop Design Treated Design Nominal Soil Actual
Point Phase Drop
Time Time Weight Height Depth Depth Diameter Volume Consumption Diameter
ID (h/m/s) Number Number
(h/m/s) (h/m/s) (kg) (m) (m) (m) (mm) (m3) (m3) (mm)
Date Shift Rig Grid
Page 25 of 26
Appendix 2 - Example of Inspection Test Plan

Inspection Responsibility
Item Activity Remarks
Third Party Contractor SA
1 Document Review
1.1 Dynamic Replacement
H R
Method Statement
1.2 Materials source review and
H R
approval
2 Material Inspection
2.1 Material sampling and
H R
testing inspection
3 Ground Improvement Pre-Testing

3.1 Survey H R
3.2 Penetration tests H W S/R
3.3 Laboratory tests H W R
3.4 Pre-treatment Geotechnical
H R
Report
4 Trial
4.1 Trial Report H R
5 Ground Improvement Post-Testing

5.1 Dynamic replacement layout H R
5.2 Post survey H R
5.3 Post Quality Control Tests H W S/R
5.4 Laboratory tests H W R
5.5 In situ density tests H R
S Surveillance Inspection
R Review
H Hold for Inspection
W Witness of Inspection
Page 26 of 26

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Best Practice

SABP-A-074 15 June 2016

Previous Issue: New Next Planned Update: TBD

Saudi Aramco 2016. All rights reserved

This Best Practice provides the recommended requirements for comprehensive

Using this Best Practices to monitor the dynamic replacement ground

responsibility or liability for any reliance on the information presented herein or

1.4 Conflicts with Mandatory Standards

2.1 Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure

Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards

Saudi Aramco Construction Safety Manual

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Society for Testing and Materials

Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA)

Institution of Civil Engineer

2.3 Other References

3 Dynamic Replacement Ground Improvement Concept

The dynamic replacement method is predominantly reinforces saturated soft soils

Such soil treatment technique is effective to depths ranging from 4 m to 7 m.

4 Dynamic Replacement Process

Generally, the first phase of a dynamic replacement scheme includes construction of

A sequence of a weight repetitive drops is required in order to develop a single

Finally, a conventional compaction scheme is undertaken on a continuous pattern for

The dynamic replacement method incorporates the following characteristics:

Dynamic replacement method is mostly appropriate for reinforcing cohesive soils

Before proceeding to the dynamic replacement improvement a suitable granular layer of

Above mentioned laboratory tests should be undertaken following the corresponding

6 Dynamic Replacement Design

Design of the dynamic replacement technique should be defined by addressing the

6.1 Depth of Treatment

The treatment depth should be determined based on both the existing

Characteristic depths that can be improved by the application of dynamic

Dynamic replacement is undertaken on a pre-determined point spacing usually

on the corresponding grid spacing. Such replacement is considered through the

Where: = area replacement ratio

At large replacement ratios settlements are practically reduced, whereas, the

A wide variety of soils are advantaged through treatment by dynamic replacement

The degree of improvement of the composite system-ground depends on a number of

Before proceeding to main production works within a dynamic replacement scheme,

Control of performance within dynamic replacement works is also determined through

8 Key Features of Dynamic Replacement

Dynamic replacement overall increases bearing capacity, reduces settlements, and

Design of dynamic replacement should include the following:

Typically, the principle of dynamic replacement design is based on the composite

Where: Ec = composite deformation modulus

9.1 Bearing Capacity Due to Vertical Load

9.2 Load Induced Settlement of Foundations

Overall settlement comprises of the various settlement elements. These settlement

9.3 Liquefaction Analysis

Liquefaction assessments are, in general, based on approaches defined within

Liquefaction analysis considering installed pillar inclusions is based on the

10 Procedures for Dynamic Replacement

10.2 Dynamic Replacement Installation

The procedures of dynamic replacement includes the following:

of pillars at every second point.

10.3 Dynamic Replacement Trials

Before proceeding to the trial installation of the dynamic replacement pillars a

to the underlying soils. Subsequently, dynamic replacement pillars should be