ABSTRACT

The good performance of reinforced concrete structures is ensured by the transfer of

stress linking a reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete. The bond steel-concrete is
a very complex phenomenon. This paper presents the experimental results of a program
with specimens used in the pull out test with concrete strength of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100
MPa and four different steel diameters: 12.5, 16.0, 20.0 and 25.0 mm. The test results
indicated that the bond stress varied with the bars rib face angle, rib spacing, and rib
height. The trends of the results were independent of the concrete strength with the test
results, and design recommendations made as regards optimum rib geometries of
deformed bars with high bond-slip characteristics.

Keywords: bond stress, pull out test, reinforcing steel, rib geometries

1. Introduction

The behavior of the bond between the steel reinforcement and the concrete enveloping
the bar is of fundamental importance in relation to the load capacity of the structural
concrete. Knowledge of this is imperative to ascertaining anchorage lengths, the lap
splices, tension stiffening between cracks and other important factors for the
structures1,2,3,9.

The concrete strength is the main parameter that influences the anchorage length and
the transmission of tensions concentrated on the bars ribs. Other factors that influence
the bond stress are the roughness and/or irregularities on the bar surface; the diameter
of the bars; type and positioning of the ribs.

1.1. Factors that influence the bond

The main factors that influence the steel-concrete bond1:

Strength of the concrete: The analyses of fly ash conducted by most authors
indicate that its presence increases the strength and the bond of the concrete.
The increase of the strength of the bond is attributed to the compacted concrete
and the reduced thickness of the transition zone between the concrete and the
reinforced concrete.

Diameter of the bars: An increased diameter of the reinforcement reduces the

maximum bond stress. Such fact is explained by the thickness of the transition
zone, thicker on the bars of larger diameter. The diameter, along with larger
dimensions of the ribs holds more water under the bar providing a thicker
transition zone, making it more porous and facilitating the crushing for rib
compression. This variable is considered less important since the thickness and
the anchorage length are multiples of the bar diameter11,12.

Loading Age: The loading age influences the bond in the same way as the
mechanical strength of the concrete4.
 The Production of the Concrete: The production influences the bond in the
same way as the strength of concrete.

This paper presents the results of pull out tests of different concrete strengths: 20, 40,
60, 80 and 100 MPa and four different steel diameters: 12.5, 16.0, 20.0 and 25.0 mm
and design recommendations were made concerning optimum rib geometries of
deformed bars with high bond-slip characteristics.

2. Studying the Bond

The bond is the connection between the reinforcement and the concrete which prevents
slipping between these two materials. Therefore, the materials are deformed together
resulting in the effort being transferred from one to the other, that is to say, whenever
the stress in the bar varies, be it due to compression or due to traction, and supposing
the bond stress is developed throughout the bar, there will be a transfer of effort
between the bar and the concrete.

For smooth bars, where rupture from slipping occurs, the bond is mainly consists of
chemical adhesion between the cement paste and the bar; when that connection is
broken, strength appears in the slipping due to friction, the intensity of which depends
on the surface type of the bar. In these kinds of bars, a mechanical bond can appear
between the concrete and the steel due to the irregularities on the surface. Therefore,
the force capable to break the bond is proportional to the area of the bar in contact with
the concrete where the adhesion occurs; friction and surface type are verified.

In the case of other bars (rib bars) the strength in the slipping is due, mainly, to the
strength that the concrete offers to the pressures exercised on it by the ribs, that
means, to the mechanical action between the concrete and the ribs. The effect of the
chemical adhesion, in this case, is minor and the friction does not occur until the
reinforced steel is displaced.

When traction efforts are applied to reinforced steel, traction and compression efforts are
produced in the concrete that become a main stress of traction and of compression,
respectively. Therefore, the maximum value of the bond stress is limited by the smallest
value of the main stress (traction or compression). When one of those stresses is
exceeded in the concrete due to the application of a traction effort in the reinforcement,
this ruptures the mechanical bond.

In ribs bars the traction force in them is transferred to the concrete by the ribs. The
radial components of the forces of the ribs spread along the concrete perpendicular to
the axis of the bar increase with the bond stress that can be regarded as the longitudinal
component of the resulting force exerted by the ribs in the concrete. The resulting force
forms an angle in relation to the axis of the bar (see Figure 1). The radial component of
the force exerted in the concrete generates internal pressure-inducing traction tensions,
in the form of rings, that cause bursting fissures along the anchored bar. When the rings
are loaded to the point of rupture, longitudinal fissures appears. However, these can
begin as longitudinal fissures invisible on the surface of the concrete before the
maximum capacity of load is reached. As a longitudinal fissure appears, they increase
the displacement between the bar and the concrete and the bond stress is transferred
along the anchorage length to where the fissures appear. The radial components of the
strength of the bond impose a load and when they are loaded to maximum capacity,
they break suddenly14.
The bond can be described ideally as a shearing stress between the surface of the
reinforcement and the concrete that surrounds it. That mechanism is determined by
means of the relative displacement between the reinforcement and the concrete.

3. Experimental Investigation

The study of the bond is presented by the relationship between the bond stress and the
slipping of the reinforcement. The former is identified by the shearing stress in the
intercession reinforced-concrete and, the latter, by the relative displacement between the
reinforcement and the concrete.

The experimental program with specimens used in the pull out tests with concrete
strengths: 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 MPa and four different steel diameters: 12.5, 16.0,
20.0 and 25.0 mm2,3 were made.

The pull out test is the most traditional bond test and it consists of the extraction of a
bar, usually positioned in the center of a specimen test cubic of concrete. This method
enables calculation, according to RILEM (CEB (1983)), of the values of the medium and
maximum bond stress for each bar diameter used in the different strength concretes, so
as to compare them with the values of given standards, as well as to trace curves
representing the characteristics of bond stress x slipping.

3.1. Materials

Concrete: The chemical and physical analyses of the cement are listed in Table 1. River
sand and gneiss gravel aggregate are used. The fineness modulus of aggregate is 2.52
(for river) and 5.75 (for gneiss); and the maximum diameters are 2.4 and 9.5 mm,
respectively. The superplatifized are used RX 4000 REAX. Table 2shows the mixture
proportions of concrete (cement: sand aggregate: gravel aggregate: water/cement
factor) are used in order to obtain an approximate compressive concrete strength at 28
days of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 MPa. The concrete specimens undergo the pull out test at
the age of 90 days.
Steel bars: Table 3 and Table 4 show the characterization of reinforcing steel for all steel
bar diameters. The relative rib area reinforcing bars are prescribed in CEB 5,6,7 and
EUROCODE8. If relative rib area reinforcing bars (R= 0.056)) attain the minimum
prescribed value in the standardizations5,8, the steel bars are considered to be of high
bond stress.

3.2. Items of investigation

Tests were conducted on concrete of four different reinforcement diameters and five
different concrete strengths according to the pull out test5. As many as eight specimens
are made for each diameter and concrete strength. At the age of 90 days, concrete
specimens are tested and medium bond stress, rupture bond stress and maximum
slipping are obtained, as illustrated in Table 5 and Figures 2 to 5.
4. Experimental Results and Discussion

The ribs angle of reinforcement bars proposes6,7 between 55 and 65 but several
authors give the value 55. For Brazilian steels with nominal diameters 12.5, 16.0, 20.0
and 25.0 mm, this angle is 46, 46, 45 and 50, respectively. The angle of the 25.0
mm bar is better than when one considers the rib spacing and rib height for such high
strength concrete.

In order to obtain an equation that represents the results for relative rib area reinforcing
in function of the rib angle, the rib spacing and of the rib height for the higher bond
stress a regression was used. Equation 1 represents the analysis.

Equation 1: Relative Rib Area Reinforcing Bars

(Error = 0.0, R2 = 1.0)

The data of Table 5 shows:

If the strength of concrete increases, the bond stress increases because there is a
decrease in the porosity to transition zone between aggregate/paste -
reinforcement/paste;

Slipping had been a strong influence of strength of concrete10,13 and if the

diameter of steel bar increases, the slipping increases, see Figure 6.

In order to obtain an equation that represents the results for medium and maximum
bond stress in function of the concrete strength and of the diameter of the bar, for
Brazilians materials, a regression was used resulting in Equations (2) to (5).

Strength of concrete < 50 MPa (7.25 ksi):

Strength of concrete > 50 MPa (7.25 ksi):

5. Conclusions

Based on the analysis of the test results of pull out specimens, it is concluded that:

If the strength of concrete increases, bond stress increases because there are
reductions in the transition zone with the silica fume addition;

Slipping was proportionally relative to the strength of the concrete and the bar
diameter, i.e., when concrete strength and bar diameter increase the slipping
increases;

The bar with a rib angle of 47 developed the greatest bond stress for Brazilian
materials. The others authors obtained 55;

The bar with a rib spacing of 70% and a rib height equal to 9% developed
greater bond stress, according the results obtained in this research;

Equation (1) identified good results for bond stress, especially for high strength
concrete. It's possible to substitute the terms prescribed in the international and
Brazilian standard;

If the diameters of the bars and strength of the concrete increase, the bond
stress increases. In this case, concrete vibration is the most important factor.
Many authors'11,12 state the opposite because their research was concerned with
the transition zone between aggregate/paste - reinforcement/paste. The high
performance concrete tends to entrap large air pockets and bubbles that must be
eliminated by internal or external vibration;

The equation for medium bond stress and maximum bond stress are proposed in
virtue of the bar diameter and the concrete strength for Brazilian materials.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Brazilian HOLCIM for their financial assistance during
the construction and testing of the specimens.
References

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Nomenclature

CPV = Portland cement type V (Brazilian standard);

= diameter steel bar;

R = relative rib area;

c = compressive strength of concrete;

c28 = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days of age;

c90 = compressive strength of concrete at 90 days of age;

hR = rib height;

SR= rib spacing;

S = maximum slipping;

SP = superplastized;

= rib face angle;

M = medium bond stress (Equation (2) and (4));

R= rupture bond stress (Equation (3) and (5)).

Received: June 23, 2008

Revised: December 11, 2008

* e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], thaismayra@yah

oo.com.br,[email protected]