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Research Articles

Trichosanthes Tricuspidata: A Medicinally

Important Plant
Snehlata Bhandari, Upma Dobhal, Mamta Sajwan and N. S. Bisht
Department of Botany, H.N.B. Garhwal University Campus Pauri, Pauri (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India

The uses to which practitioners of traditional medicine and ayurveda put plants are well known to those communities,
yet in many cases they are not well documented in English. We present this mini-review of the uses of one such plant
as part of an occasional series highlighting herbal remedies that would benefit from additional scientific investigation.

Abstract

India, with its great biodiversity, has a tremendous potential and advantage in the emerging field
of herbal medicines. Medicinal plants as a group comprise approximately 7500 species and include
representatives of about 17,000 species of higher flowering plants (1). Three hundred species are used by
7800 medicinal drug manufacturing units in India (2) which consume about 2000 tons of herbs annually (3).
There are estimated to be more than 717,319 registered practitioners of ayurveda, siddha, unani and
homeopathy in India (4) and in recent years, the growing demand for herbal products has led to the extinction
of many important herbs. Trichosanthes tricuspidata is a little-exploited plant with immense medicinal
potential (5,6). Considering its importance, more research is needed to explore the potential of this plant.

T
Introduction Botany and Distribution
raditional medicine systems are part of Indias T. tricuspidata, also known as T. palmata Roxb., T.
culture. Today the whole world has become bracteata Lamb., T. pubera Blume or Modeccca bracteata,
increasingly interested in Indian ayurveda and belongs to the family cucurbitaceae and is known by
other traditional health systems. The demand for various vernacular names. In Hindi it is known as Lal In-
medicinal plants is increasing in both developing and drayan; in English, Redball snakegourd; in Malaya, Kala-
more-developed countries as a result of recognition yar; in Marathi, Kaundal;
Copyright: 2008 Snehlata
of the non-narcotic nature, lack of side effects and in Telugu, Avuduta; in Bhandari et al.
easy availability of many herbal drugs. Most often Thai, Khe- Ka- Daeng and This is an Open Access article
the medicinal plants are collected from the wild. This in Nepal, Indreni.
distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons
uncontrolled harvesting has resulted in the extinction T. tricuspidata is a Attribution License which
permits unrestricted use,
of many plants and created huge issues related to the vine which is found at distribution, and reproduction
potency and quality of medicinal products derived an elevation of 1200 to in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
from those plants. 2300 m. It ranges from Contact: Snehlata Bhandari
There are numerous data on the uses of medicinal the Eastern Himalayas Email: [email protected]
plants. Gadgil and Vartak (7) have reported the uses of in India and southern Received: November 14, 2006
Accepted: November 21, 2007
such plants in India. The therapeutic potential of various China through southern Published: November 10, 2008
herbal drugs ranges from the use of parts of plants to Japan, Malaysia, and The electronic version of this
simple extracts to isolated active constituents. In the tropical Australia. In In- article is the complete one and
can be found online at:
present paper we have attempted to briefly summarize dia it is a large climber, Trees for Life Journal 2008, 3:5
the information available on the potency of Trichosanthes often attaining a height PEER REVIEWED
tricuspidata because of its immense medicinal potential. of 9-10 meters. It has a

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 robust stem that is woody below, and has 3-cleft ten- and rheumatism, (painful local inflammation of joints
drils. The leaves are variable, palmately 3-5 lobed with a and muscles) as well as other uses. The seeds are emetic
cordate base, and the lobes are ovate to oblong with serrate and a good purgative. In the Thai traditional system
or dentate margins. Male flowers are in axillary 5-10 flow- of medicine, the plant is used as an anti-fever remedy,
ered racemes with large bracts, while the female flowers a laxative, an anthelmintic as well as in migraine
are solitary. The corolla petals are wedge-shaped, fringed treatments (8). The roots of the plant are used to treat
and white in color. The fruits are globose, and when ripe lung diseases in cattle and for the treatment of diabetic
are red with ten orange streaks. carbuncles and headaches (9). Gaur (10) has reported the
use of this plant in curing bronchitis, and the application
Medicinal Uses of seed paste for hoof and mouth disease in cattle.
T. tricuspidata is considered to be medicinally The vaidyas, or practictioners of ayurveda, also use
important in several traditional systems. In ayurvedic the fruits in treating stomatitis. The oil extracted from
medicines, the fruits are used in the treatment of asthma, the roots is used as a pain killer. In Bastar District,
earache and ozoena (intranasal crusting, atrophy Chhattisgarh, India, the plant is used for curing snakebite
and fetid odor). In the Unani system of medicine, the poisoning and the juice of the plant is applied externally
fruits are used as a carminative (an agent that relieves for skin eruptions. In Nepal the roots are used to cure
flatulence), a purgative, and an abortifacient, to lessen bleeding in chickens.
inflammation, cure migraines, and reduce heat of the
brain, as a treatment for opthalmia (inflammation Chemical Constituents
of the eye), leprosy (infectious disease caused by Mohamed (11) isolated a tetrahydroxy pentacyclic
Mycobacterium leprae), epilepsy (episodic impairment or triterpene trichotetrol from the root extract of this
loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomenon) vine. From the fruits of T. tricuspidata, 14 cucurbitane

Figure 1: Botanical drawing of Trichosanthes tricuspidata Figure 2: T. tricuspidata in its flowering stage

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 glycosides were isolated (8). An extract of the fruits Conclusion
of this plant was found to be cytotoxic in KB cells, and A perusal of the literature shows that T.
two new cucurbitacins were reported: tricuspidatin and tricuspidata has been widely used for curing asthma,
2-O-glucocucurbitacin J. (12). Kaneda and Uchikoba migraine, fever, diabetic carbuncles and other
(13) reported a protease from the sarcocarp of the maladies. A number of pharmacologically important
fruits of this plant. The root contains methyl palmitate, phytochemicals, such as cucurbitacins and trichotetrol,
palmitic acid, suberic acid, -spinasterol, stigmast-7-
have been isolated from this plant. This report has
en-3-beta-ol, -spinasterol 3-o-beta-D-glucopyranoside,
provided an introduction to the panoply of reported
stigmast-7-en-3-beta-ol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside,
therapeutic uses of T. tricuspidata. Clearly, further
glyceryl 1-palmitate, glyceryl 1-stearate, bryonolic acid,
efforts are required in order to better understand the
cucurbitacin B, isocucurbitacin B, 3-epi-isocucurbitacin
biological activities reported, and to isolate, purify,
B, 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D, isocucurbitacin D and
D-glucose. The roots of T. tricuspidata contain more than 6 and chemically characterize the active principles of
times more cucurbitacin than the roots of T. kirilowii Maxim. T. tricuspidata. Randomized trials should ultimately
Var. japonicum Kitam. (14). Kasai et.al., (15) isolated 3 new be conducted to rigorously evaluate the safety and
cycloartane glycosides, named cyclotricuspidosides A, B efficacy of some of the most widely reported curative
and C, from the leaf and stem parts. applications of this popular medicinal plant.

Figure 3: The fruiting stage of T. tricuspidata

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