Jurassic Park is an American media franchise centering

on a disastrous attempt to create a theme

park of cloneddinosaurs. It began in 1990 when Universal
Studios bought the rights to the novel by Michael
Crichton before it was even published.

The book was successful, as was the 1993 film adaptation,

which led to three sequels, although the third and fourth
films were not based on novels as the first two were. The
software developers Ocean Software, BlueSky
Software, Sega of America, and Telltale Games have had
the rights to develop video games ever since the 1993 film,
and numerous games have been produced.

The Jurassic Park Ultimate Trilogy was released

on DVD and Blu-ray on October 25, 2011, in North
America. The first film was re-released in 3D on April 5,
2013.[1] Since 1996, several water rides based on the series
have been opened at various Universal theme parks. On
June 1, 2016, the first three films in the franchise were
added to the Netflix streaming service.[2][3]

The fourth film, Jurassic World, was initially scheduled to

be released in the summer of 2005, but was delayed
numerous times and was ultimately released in June 2015.
It has grossed more than $1.66 billion, making it the
fourth highest-grossing film of all time. When adjusted
for monetary inflation, however, this film is the second
highest grossing in the franchise after Jurassic Park. A
fifth film is scheduled for a June 22, 2018, release date.

Novels

Main articles: Jurassic Park (novel) and The Lost World

(Crichton novel)

Michael Crichton originally conceived a screenplay about

a pterosaur being cloned from fossil DNA.[4] After
wrestling with this idea for a while, he came up with the
idea of Jurassic Park.[5] Crichton worked on the idea for
several years; he decided his first draft would have a
theme park for the setting and a young boy as the main
character.[4] Response was extremely negative, so Crichton
rewrote the story to make it from an adult's point of view,
which resulted in more positive feedback.[4]
Steven Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989
while he and Crichton were discussing a screenplay that
would become the TV series ER. Before the book was
published, Crichton put up a non-negotiable fee for
$1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the
gross. Universal further paid Crichton $500,000 to adapt
his own novel.[6] Warner Bros. and Tim Burton, Columbia
Pictures and Richard Donner, and 20th Century
Fox and Joe Dante also bid for the rights,[7] but in May
1990, Universal eventually decided on Spielberg making
the adaptation.Universal desperately needed money to
keep their company alive, and partially succeeded
with Jurassic Park, as it became a critical and commercial
success.

After Jurassic Park was released to home video, Crichton

was pressured from many sources for a sequel novel.
[10]
Crichton declined all offers until Spielberg himself told
him that he would be keen to direct a movie adaptation of
the sequel, if one were written. Crichton began work
almost immediately and in 1995 published The Lost World.
Crichton confirmed that his novel had elements taken from
the novel of the same name by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.The
book was also an outstanding success, both with
professional and amateur critics.[

InGen

In the novels, the fictional company InGen

(International Genetic Technologies, Inc.) is based in Palo
[nb
Alto, California, and has one location in Europe.
1]
Nevertheless, most of InGen's research took place on the
fictional islands of Isla Sorna and Isla Nublar.[nb 1][nb
2]
While the first novel indicated InGen was just one of any
number of small 1980s genetic engineering start-ups, the
events of the novel and film revealed to a select group that
InGen had discovered a method of cloning dinosaurs and
other animals (including a quagga) using blood extracted
from mosquitoes trapped in amber during various
periods in time, ranging from the Mesozoic era to the
1800s.[nb 1] Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular
Fiction describe InGen as comparable to another "sleazy
organization".[13] Other sources reference the company's
receiving the baby T. rex as an allusion to other
exploitative entrepreneurs depicted in King Kong.[14] Ken
Gelder describes InGen as "resolutely secretive, just like
the firm in Grisham's novel.

Film series

Films

Jurassic Park (1993)

Main article: Jurassic Park (film)

Theatrical poster for the 3D re-release of Jurassic Park.

Before Crichton's book was even published, studios such as

Warner Bros., Columbia TriStar, 20th Century Fox, and
Universal had already begun bidding to acquire the
picture rights. Spielberg, with the backing of Universal
Studios, acquired the rights to the novel before its
publication in 1990, and Crichton was hired by Universal
Studios for an additional US$500,000 to adapt the novel
into a proper screenplay. Malia Scotch Marmo, who was
a writer on Spielberg's Hook, wrote the next draft
of Jurassic Park but is not credited. David Koepp wrote
the final draft, which left out much of the novel's
exposition and violence, and made numerous changes to
the characters.

When an incident results in the death of an employee,

Jurassic Park owner John Hammond (Richard
Attenborough) brings in three specialists to sign off on the
park to calm investors. The specialists, paleontologist Alan
Grant (Sam Neill), paleobotanist Ellie Sattler (Laura
Dern), and chaos theorist Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum)
are surprised to see the island park's main attraction are
living, breathing dinosaurs, created with a mixture of
fossilized DNA and genetic cross-breeding/cloning.
However, when lead programmer Dennis Nedry (Wayne
Knight) shuts down the park's power to sneak out with
samples of the dinosaur embryos to sell to a corporate
rival, the dinosaurs break free, and the survivors are
forced to find a way to turn the power back on and make it
Bob Peck, Martin
out alive. The film also stars
Ferrero, Ariana Richards, Joseph Mazzello,
and Samuel L. Jackson.

Jurassic Park is regarded as a landmark in the use of

computer-generated imagery and received positive
reviews from critics, who praised the effects, though
reactions to other elements of the picture, such as
character development, were mixed. During its release, the
film grossed more than $914 million worldwide, becoming
the most successful film released up to that time
(surpassing E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and surpassed 4
years later by Titanic), and it is currently the 17th
highest grossing feature film (taking inflation into
account, it is the 20th-highest-grossing film in North
America). It is the most financially successful film
for NBCUniversal and Steven Spielberg.

Jurassic Park had two re-releases: the first on September

23, 2011, in the United Kingdom and the second in which
it was converted into 3D on April 5, 2013, for its 20th
Anniversary, which resulted in the film passing the $1
billion mark at the worldwide box office.[16][17][18]

The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)[edit]

Main article: The Lost World: Jurassic Park

As soon as the novel was published, a film was in pre-

production, with a target release date of mid-1997. The
film was a commercial success, breaking many box-office
records when released. The film had mixed reviews,
similar to its predecessor in terms of characterization.
Much like the first film, The Lost World made a number of
changes to the plot and characters from the book,
replacing the corporate rivals with an internal power
struggle and changing the roles/characterizations of
several protagonists.

When a vacationing family stumbles upon the dinosaurs of

Isla Sorna, a secondary island where the animals were
bred en masse and allowed to grow before being
transported to the park, Ian Malcolm ( Jeff
Goldblum) is
called in by John Hammond (Richard Attenborough) to
lead a team to document the island to turn it into a
preserve, where the animals can roam free without
interference from the outside world. Malcolm agrees to go
when he discovers his girlfriend, paleontologist Sarah
Harding (Julianne Moore) is already on the island, while
at the same time Hammond's nephew Peter Ludlow (Arliss
Howard) has taken over his uncle's company and leads a
team of hunters to capture the creatures and bring them
back to a theme park in San Diego. The two groups clash
and are ultimately forced to work together to evade the
predatory creatures and survive the second island. The
Pete Postlethwaite, Richard Schiff, Vince
film also stars
Vaughn, Vanessa Lee Chester, Peter Stormare, and a
young Camilla Belle.

Jurassic Park III (2001)[edit]

Main article: Jurassic Park III

Joe Johnston had been interested in directing the sequel

to Jurassic Park and approached his friend Steven
Spielberg about the project. While Spielberg wanted to
direct the first sequel, he agreed that if there was ever a
third film, Johnston could direct.[19] Spielberg,
nevertheless, stayed involved in this film by becoming its
executive producer. Production began on August 30, 2000,
[20]
with filming in California, and the Hawaiian islands
of Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai.[21] It is the first Jurassic
Park film not to be based on a novel. The film was a
financial success but received mixed to negative reviews
from critics. Most were split on whether the third
installment was better or worse than its predecessor. The
film once again suffered reviews mentioning little to no
characterization.

When their son goes missing while parasailing at Isla

Sorna, the Kirbys (William H. Macy and Ta Leoni) hire
Alan Grant (Sam Neill) under false pretenses to help them
navigate the island. Believing it to be nothing more than
sight-seeing, and that he will act as a dinosaur guide from
the safety of their plane, he's startled to find them landing
on the ground, where they are stalked by a super-
predator, the Spinosaurus, which destroys their plane. As
they search for the Kirbys' son, the situation grows dire
as Velociraptors (more intelligent than ever) hunt their
group, and they must find a way off the island. The film
Alessandro Nivola, Michael Jeter, Trevor
also stars
Morgan, Mark Harelik, and Laura Dern.

Jurassic World (2015)[edit]

Main article: Jurassic World

Steven Spielberg devised a story idea for a fourth film in

2001, during production of Jurassic Park III.[22] In
2002, William Monahan was hired to write the script,
[23]
with the film's release scheduled for 2005.[24] Monahan
finished the first draft of the script in 2003,[25] with the
film's plot revolving around dinosaurs escaping to the
mainland.[26][27][28] Sam Neill and Richard Attenborough
were set to reprise their characters,[28][29] while Keira
[30]
Knightley was in talks for two separate roles. In
2004, John Sayles wrote two drafts of the script.[31]
[32]
Sayles' first draft involved a team
of Deinonychus being trained for use in rescue missions.
[33][34][35]
His second draft involved genetically modified
dinosaur-human mercenaries.[36][37] Both drafts were
scrapped. In 2006, a new script was being worked on.[38][39]
[40]
Laura Dern was contacted to reprise her role, with the
film expected for release in 2008.[41][42] The film was further
delayed by the 200708 Writers Guild of America strike.
[43]
Mark Protosevich wrote two film treatments in 2011,
which were rejected.[44] Rise of the Planet of the
Apes screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver were
hired in 2012 to write an early draft of the script. [45] In
2013, Colin Trevorrow was announced as a director and
co-writer,[46][47] with the film scheduled for release on June
12, 2015.[48] The film was shot in 3D, and received mixed to
positive reviews from critics and audience alike. [49]

The film features a new park, Jurassic World, built on the

remains of the original park on Isla Nublar.[50] The film
sees the park run by Simon Masrani (Irrfan Khan) and
Masrani Corp, and features the return of Dr. Henry Wu ( B.
D. Wong) from the first film, who harbors a grudge
against his former employer.[51] Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas
Howard, and Jake Johnson star, while Vincent
D'Onofrio portrayed the main antagonist, Vic Hoskins.
The cast also includes Lauren Lapkus,[52] Ty
Simpkins, Nick Robinson, Omar Sy, and Judy Greer.
The primary dinosaur antagonist is Indominus rex, a
genetically-modified hybrid of Tyrannosaurus rex and
several other species, including Velociraptor, cuttlefish,
and tree frog.[53]

Fifth film (2018)[edit]

Development[edit]

During early conversations on Jurassic World, Spielberg

told Trevorrow that he was interested in having several
more films made.[54] In April 2014, Trevorrow announced
that sequels had been discussed: "We wanted to create
something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and
episodic, and something that could potentially arc into a
series that would feel like a complete story."[55] Trevorrow
hinted that Chris Pratt and Omar Sy could reprise their
roles for the next film, and said he would direct the film if
asked.[55] Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would
only focus on directing one film in the series. [54] In May
2015, Trevorrow announced that he would not direct
another film in the series: "I would be involved in some
way, but not as director." Trevorrow felt that different
directors could bring different qualities to future films. [56]

On June 3, 2015, Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left

story possibilities open for the sequel's director that could
potentially allow the film to take place in a different
location, rather than on an island. Trevorrow hinted that
the next film could involve dinosaurs being used by other
companies for non-entertainment purposes, possibly in
agriculture, medicine, and war: "I really like the idea that
this group of geneticists aren't the only people who can
make a dinosaur [...] when you think of the differences
between Apple and PC the minute something
goes open-source, there are all kinds of entities and
interests that may be able to utilise that technology." [57]

On June 8, 2015, Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and

Universal Studios to discuss a Jurassic World sequel.
[58]
Later that month, Trevorrow did not deny that the film
could involve "dinosaur soldiers",[59] and said the series is
"not always gonna be about a Jurassic Park," saying he
felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs
and humans co-existing together.[54] That same month,
Trevorrow hinted that the next film may not involve the
Jurassic World theme park,[60] and said he would be
interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of
several Spanish horror film directors, whose names he did
not mention.[61] Director J. A. Bayona had been
considered for the job, but was already signed on to direct
the World War Z sequel at the time.[62] Pratt and
Simpkins confirmed in June 2015 that they are signed on
for future films.[63][64]

Pre-production[edit]
On July 23, 2015, Universal announced that a fifth film is
scheduled for a June 22, 2018 release date. It was also
announced that Trevorrow and Connolly will write the
script; that the film will be produced by Frank Marshall;
that Spielberg and Trevorrow will act as executive
producers; and that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard
will reprise their roles from the previous film. [65] The next
day, Trevorrow said the series "isn't always going to be
limited to theme parks," and confirmed that the film would
not involve "a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an
island. That'll get old real fast."[66] Trevorrow also spoke of
the film's possible open-source storyline: "It's almost like
InGen is Mac, but what if PC gets their hands on it? What
if there are 15 different entities around the world who can
make a dinosaur?"[66]

In August 2015, Howard confirmed that the script was

being written.[67] That same month, it was also announced
that the film will be released in the UK two weeks early, on
June 7, 2018.[68] In September 2015, Trevorrow said the
film's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in
the first film: "Dinosaurs and man, two species separated
by 65 million years of evolution, have suddenly been
thrown back into the mix together. How can we possibly
have the slightest idea of what to expect?"[69] In October
2015, B. D. Wong said he "would be happy to return" as
Dr. Henry Wu,[70] while Howard announced that filming
would begin in 2017.[71] That month, Howard also said she
would be interested in seeing characters from
earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film, saying,
"I could see versions of the film where a lot of the
characters come back."[72]

In January 2016, it was reported that Bayona could be a

candidate to direct the film after he left the World War
Z sequel.[73] In March 2016, it was reported that London
was being scouted as a possible filming location and
setting for the film.[74] On April 14, 2016, Jeff Goldblum
said he had no plans to appear in the film, but was open to
the possibility.[75] On April 18, 2016, Bayona was
announced as the film's director, with Beln Atienza and
Pat Crowley joining Marshall as producers.[76]Spielberg,
Marshall, and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by
Bayona's 2012 film, The Impossible, and initially
considered having him direct Jurassic World, but he
declined as he felt there was not enough time for
production.[77]

On April 21, 2016, it was confirmed that filming would take

place at a UK studio.[78] Later that month, Bayona said he
was reading all of Michael Crichton's novels,
including Jurassic Park and The Lost World, "to try to
immerse myself in Crichton's mind."[79] In May 2016,
Trevorrow said, "We're moving it into new territory. J.A.
Bayona is an incredible director and I know he'll push the
boundaries of what a 'Jurassic' movie is. I think it's
important that we take risks. A franchise must evolve or
perish."[80] In June 2016, Sam Neill was asked if he would
return to the series and responded, "You never say never,
but I think it's moved on. It's different times."[81]

In July 2016, it was confirmed that the film's working

title is Ancient Futures,[82] and that production will begin
in Hawaii in February 2017.[83] Wales was also confirmed
as a filming location,[84] including Brecon
Beacons and Penbryn.[85] That same month, Marshall
confirmed that the film was in full pre-production, with
storyboards being designed and filming expected to begin
[86]
in early spring 2017. Trevorrow and Connolly began
working with Bayona in July 2016, to perfect the script to
the director's liking.[87] Trevorrow stated that the film
would be more "suspenseful and scary" than its
predecessor: "It's just the way it's designed; it's the way
the story plays out. I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it
long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility, so
the whole thing was just built around his
skillset."[87] Marshall said that Bayona had incorporated
his own ideas into the film's script, but stated that it is
essentially the same original story devised by Trevorrow
and Connolly.[86]

In September 2016, Trevorrow said that the film would be

based on concepts from the novels, and stated that the film
would be heavily inspired by the idea that, "A mistake
made a long time ago just can't be undone." Trevorrow
announced that some animatronic dinosaurs would be
used during production of the film; and that Hawaii would
be used as a primary filming location, while U.K. shooting
would be limited to studios, without the story taking place
there and also explained that the film will feature many
real dinosaurs that never was seen in previous films.
Trevorrow also denied that the film's story would involve
militarized dinosaurs, which would only be mentioned in
the film.[87] In October 2016, Trevorrow said the film's
dinosaurs would be "a parable of the treatment animals
receive today: the abuse, medical experimentation, pets,
having wild animals in zoos like prisons, the use the
military has made of them, animals as weapons."[88] That
month, Bayona stated that he compares the sequel to The
Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II: The Wrath of
Khan, which were both considered darker than their
predecessors.[89] Later that month, Jake
Johnson revealed that he would not reprise his role as
Lowery from Jurassic World.[90]

On November 7, 2016, Variety reported that Toby

Jones and Rafe Spall were both in talks to join the
sequel.[91] Later that month, Marshall said that Wong was
"probably going to come back."[92] On December 1,
2016, The Hollywood Reporter has reported that Justice
Smith has signed on for a role,[93] as a young scientist.
[94]
Jones and Spall were also confirmed to have joined the
film.[94] On December 18, 2016, Jurassic
World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he
would return for the fifth installment. scar Faura

was subsequently announced as the film's

cinematographer.[ On January 23, 2017, Variety reported
that Daniella Pineda is cast in a key role.Filming is
scheduled to begin in March 2017.

Sixth film (TBA)

In September 2015, Trevorrow said that Bryce Dallas

Howard's character would evolve the most over the course
of the Jurassic World trilogy. In October 2015, Frank
Marshall confirmed plans for a sixth film in the series.In
November 2015, Universal Pictures chairman Donna
Langley said that Trevorrow and Spielberg have a story
idea for the sixth film.In September 2016, Bayona further
confirmed that Trevorrow has plans for a Jurassic
World trilogy.That month, Trevorrow was asked how
much planning he had put into a new trilogy while he was
filming Jurassic World in 2014: "I knew the end. I knew
where I wanted it to go.