ASTM Db23 b 4 0757530 0037052 5

(& Designation: D 621 - 64 (Reapproved 1988)" An American National Standard

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Standard Test Methods for Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Copyright ASTM
If not listed in the current combined Index, will appear in the next edition.
Deformation of Plastics Under Load'
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 621;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
These test methods have been approvedjbr w e by agencies of the Department of Definse to replace Method 1101 of Federal Test
hfetliod Standard 406. and for Listing in the DoD Index of Specijications and Standards.

Nor-The safety hazards caveat and the Precision and Bias section were added editorially in March 1988. The Referenced
Documents section was also added, causing the renumbering of subsequent sections.

1. Scope D 18 Methods of Conditioning Plastics and Electrical

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Insulating Materials for Testing'
deformation under compression of nonmetallic sheet and
molded plastic materials, of all classes and ail commercial 3. Significance and Use
thicknesses, intended for structural and insulating purposes. 3.1 Data obtained by Test Method A give a measure of
Two test methods are included, as follows: the abiiity of a rigid plastic in assemblies of conductors and
Test Method A-For rigid plastics. insulators that are held together by bolts, rivets, or similar
Test Method B-For nonrigid plastics. fastening devices, to withstand compression without yielding
1.2 The word deformation is used herein in the broad and loosening the assembly with time. Test Method A also
sense to cover (I)dimensional change due almost entirely to gives a measure of the rigidity of plastics at service tempera-
flow, and (2) dimensional change due to a combination of tures and consequently can be used as an identification test
flow and shrinkage caused by loss of water or other volatile for procurement purposes.
matter. The word flow as used in these test methods may 3.2 Data obtained by Test Method B give a measure of the
describe either plastic or elastic deformation or combinations ability of a nonrigid plastic to return to its original dimen-
sions with time after having been deformed. Test Method B
thereof.
determines the extent to which the plastic will follow
NOTE1-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the associated parts in applications requiring elastic properties.
standard.
NOTE2-Methyl methacrylate and polystyrene are examples of TEST METHOD A-RIGID PLASTICS
materiais that deform almost entirely by flow. Cellulose acetate,
celluloseacetate butyrate, phenolic laminated fiber, and vulcanized fiber 4. Nature of Test
are examples of materials that deform by a combination of flow and
shrinkage. 4.1 The principle of Test Method A is essentially that of
the parallel plate plastometer, namely, a constant-force
1.3 This standard may involve hazardoics materials, oper- system whereby a test specimen is conditioned, if necessary,
alons, and eqtiipntent. This standard does not purport to and is then placed between the parallel plates of a consfant-
address all of the safety problems associated with its lise. I t is force device and the thickness observed over a required
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish period at the stipulated temperature or temperatures.
appropriate safery and health practices and determine the
applicQblilyof regulatory limitations prior to use. 5. Apparatus
5.1 Testing Machine-A machine capable of exerting a
constant force of 113 kg (250 lb), 227 kg (500 lb), and 454 kg
2, Referenced Documents (1000 lb) f 1% between the parallel anvils of the machine,
2.1 ASTM Standards: which shall be arranged so that they can be brought into
D374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical contact with the test specimen before the load is applied. A
Insulation2 machine suitable for this test is shown in Fig. 1. A recom-
mended method for calibrating such a device is given in the
D575 Test Methods for Rubber Properties in Com-
Appendix. One of the anvils of the machine shall preferably
pression3 be self-aligning and shall, in order that the load may be
applied evenly over the face of the specimen, be arranged so
'These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20on that the specimen is accurately centered and the resultant of
the load is through its center. The machine shall also be
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal
Properties (Section D20.30.07). equipped with a dial gage or the equivalent capable of
Current edition approved Aug. 31, 1964. Published October 1964. Originally measuring the relative movement of the faces to 0.025 mm
-
published as D 621 -41. Last previous edition D 621 59.
(0.001 in.) or less. A thermometer of the total immersion
Annical Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Anmial Book ofASThf Standards. Vol 09.01. type shall be suspended in such a manner that the bulb is
 A S T M D b 2 L 64 H 0 7 5 7 5 3 0 0037053 7

4m D621

7
'Coge

i
Metric Equivalents
in. 5 20 25
mm 127 508 635

FIG. 1 Deformation Testing Machine

approximately level with the specimen and not more than 76 bearing that number, a second strip shall be cut adjacent to
mm (3 in.) therefrom. the first one, cut into pieces, and the required number of
5.2 Test Chamber-A test chamber of suitable size and squares taken from the appropriate pieces. The number of
construction to enclose the testing machine and maintain it squares to be cut from each piece is prescribed in Table 1,
during the test within iI1"C (2F) of the specified test NOTE 3-Substantial variations in test values may occur, particularly
temperature, except for the short period at the beginning with composite specimens, if the opposite faces of the specimens are not
when opening the door may cause a drop in temperature. plane and parallel or if sink marks or other similar imperfections are
present. To minimize such vanations, the squares used to form the
composite specimens, if necessary, shall be rendered plane and parallel
6. Test Specimens and their adjoining surfaces shall be freed of sink marks and other
6.1 The test specimen shall be a 12.7-mm (%-in.) cube, imperfections by milling, grinding, or other appropriate means. If solid
cubes are used, their opposite faces in contact with the anvils of the
either solid or composite. Materials over 12.7 mm (Y2 in.) in testing machine, if necessary, shall be milled plane and parallel and shall
thickness shall be reduced to 12.7 mm (Y2 in,), and thinner be smooth and free of imperfections.
materials shall be piled up with the total height as near to
12.7 mm (Y2 in,) as possible. The squares of the composite 7. Conditioning
specimen shall be accurately aligned in all cases. Surfaces of
the test specimens shall be plane and parallel. 7.1 Where deformation under average room conditions is
6.2 The specimens for materials made in large sheets, required, condition and test specimens in accordance with
such as phenolic laminated fiber, where moisture absorption 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.
characteristics may vary over the entire surface, shall be 7.1.1 Conditioning-Condition the test specimens at 23 +.
prepared, unless otherwise specified, in accordance with the 2C (73.4 f 3.6"F) and 50 +. 5 % relative humidity for not
sampling method described in 6.3, which averages the effect less than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of
over the sheet by selecting squares comprising the specimen Methods D 618 for those tests where conditioning is re-
in such a manner that each square represents the same
proportional part of the entire area of the sheet. TABLE 1 Number of Squares to be Cut from Each Piece
6.3 Specimen from Sheet Materials-The specimen shall NOTE-In case of material of thicknesses not included in the table, the squares
used in the composite test specimen shall be selected in accordance with the
be selected from the whole sheet by cutting a strip 12.7 mm method for nearest thickness given in the table. In case the thickness is midway
(Y2 in.) in width from the sheet, parallel to the two long edges between two adjacent values in the table, the squares used in the composite test
if the sheet is not square or parallel to any two if it is square, specimen shall be selected in accordance with the Instructions for the thinner
material,
midway between them, and extending from the edge to the
center of the sheet, If quarter sheets are used, the strip shail Thickness of Total Number Number of Piece
Material, of Squares
be taken from the edge corresponding to the center-to-edge mm (in.) Required 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
section of the original whole sheet, The strip shall be divided 0.40 (l&) 32 8 6 6 4 3 3 2 ...
into eight equal parts numbered from 1 to 8, beginning with 0.79(%) 16 4 3 3 2 2 1 l.,.
the piece corresponding to the edge of the sheet. The squares 1 .I9(%) 11 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 . . .
used to form the composite test specimen shall be taken from 1.59 ('h6) 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 l . . .
these pieces. If the whole piece is not used, the squares cut
2.38(%?) 5 1 1 1 1 ..
.. . l I . . .

3.2(Ya) 4 1 1 1 .. . 1 .......,.
from it shall be taken from the end which was originally 4.8(3ha) 3 1 . . . 1 . . . 1 ........,
nearest the edge of the sheet. If any piece is insufficient for 9.5(34) 1 ...... 1 ........# ...
......*........
I . .

the number of squares required to be cut from a piece

12.7(%) 1 ...... 1
 ASTM D b 2 L b 4 W 0757530 0039054 7 W

@ D621

COMPOSIT
SPECIMEN( )- MOVABLE
PUTES

FIG. 2 Jig for Composite Specimen

quired. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be f l o c

(ki.8"F) and +2 % relative humidity.
7.1.2 Test Conditions-Conduct tests in the Standard
Laboratory Atmosphere of 23 f 2C (73.4 f 3.6"F) and 50 f
5 % relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test
methods or in these test methods. In cases of disagreement,
the tolerances shall be f l o c (k1.8"F) and I 2 % relative
humidity,
7.2 in those: materials where shrinkage is a large part of
total deformation, the specimens shall be preconditioned for A-Movable anvil.
8-Stationary plate.
4 h at 65 f 3C (150 f 5F)and then conditioned for 68 h at C-Thlckness indicator.
a temperature of 35 -F 1C (95 t 13F) and a relative D-Weight platform.
humidity of 90 f 2 %, unless otherwise specified. The E-Test specimen.
F-Lower anvil mounted on bail support (FI) and loose plate (F2).
specimens shall be supported during conditioning upon a
%-in. mesh wire screen or the equivalent in order to permit FIG. 3 Low-Pressure Deformation Tester
free access of the atmosphere to all surfaces.
7.3 Where a quick measurement of total deformation is are used, take care to ensure that the squares are well aligned.
desired, such as for procurement of materials wherein the 10.2 Apply the load to the specimen without shock and
flow is relatively great compared to shrinkage, the specimens take the initial reading 10 s after the full load is on the
shall be exposed for 16 to 18 h in a circulation air oven at specimen. At the end of 24 h, take a second reading and
50C (122F). The specimens shall be removed from the oven record the total change in height in mils. Determine the
and cooled to the Standard Room Temperature (Methods original height in mils of the specimen by measuring the
D 618) in a desiccator over anhydrous calcium chloride for a specimen after it is removed from the testing machine and
period of at least 3 h. adding to this the total change in height as read on the dial of
7.4 Where it is definitely known that the material is not the testing machine.
moisture-responsive, conditioning of any kind may be
NOTE4-Composite Specimen Procedure: The height of a composife
omitted. specimen is difficult to determine accurately without disturbing the
position of each square in the stack. Therefore it is recommended that
8. Test Temperatures the stack be removed as a unit by the use of a jig such as a small
8.1 The test temperature, that is, the temperature of the toolmaker's clamp (Fig. 2) and the height measured by a machinist
chamber containing the testing apparatus shall be one or micrometer to 0.0025 mm (0.000i in.) by Method A of Test Methods
more of the following: 23C (73.4"F), 50C (122"F), and 70C D 3 7 4 . In no case shall sufficient clamping pressure be used to
mushroom the edges of the composite specimen. The initial and final
(i 58"F), each temperature being maintained within f 1C height of the composite specimen in the test machine may also be
(1.8"F). measured by use of a long-range dial micrometerand calibrated slug.
9. Recommended Limiting Value of Deformation 11. Calculation
9.1 It is recommended that, whenever practicable, defor-
1 1.1 Calculate the deformation as the percentage change
mation values should not exceed 25 % since the engineering in height of the test specimens after 24 h, as follows:
significance of substantially higher values is doubtful. In the
event that the combination of force and temperature origi- Deformation, % = ( A / B ) x 100
nally chosen as best representing probable service applica- where:
tions results in deformation in excess of 25 % ,it is suggested A = change in height in mm (mils) in 24 h, and
that the factor that is of lesser importance from a service B = original height in mm (mils).
standpoint be lowered to the next specified condition.
12. Report
10. Procedure 12.1 The report shall include the following:
10.1 Place the conditioned test specimens between the 12.1.1 Original height of test specimen in mils,
anvils of the testing machine immediately upon removal 12.1.2 Thickness of components in mils where a com-
from the conditioning atmosphere. The specimens tested posite test specimen is used,
without conditioning shall be at room temperature when 12.1.3 Conditioning procedure,
placed in the testing machine. Where composite specimens 12.1.4 Temperature of test and force applied,
 ~ -~

ASTM Db23 b 4 M 0759530 0039055 O

4c/E, D621
12.1.5 Change in height of the test specimen in 24 h in the desiccator for 24 h, unless it is definitely established that
mils, and the material is not affected by moisture. The specimen shall
12.1.6 Deformation (flow or combined flow and be so supported and desiccated as to permit free access of the
shrinkage) expressed as the percentage change in height of atmosphere to all faces and edges.
the test specimen calculated on the basis of its original 16.2 The test temperatures, that is, the temperatures of
height. the chamber containing the testing apparatus, shall be one or
more of the following: 23C (73.4"F), 50C (12223, and 70C
TEST METHOD B-NONRIGID PLASTICS (158"F), each temperature being maintained within & 1"C
(1.8"F).
13. Nature of Test
13.1 Test Method B is essentially the same as Test 17. Procedure
Method A except that the pressure is 0.69 MN/m2 (100 psi), 17.1 The procedure for Test Method B shall be the same
and the period of test used for deformation is 3 h. The as that of Test Method A, as described in the procedure
recovery is based on removing the specimen from compres- section, except that the duration of the deformation test shall
sion and allowing it to remain at the stated temperatures for be 3 h. Also, obtain the zero point or initial reading for the
a period of 1 h and at room temperature for Yz h, after which beginning of the test by determining the dial reading with the
the amount of recovery is measured. anvils together under full load and calculating the zero point
from the thickness of the specimen measured with a mi-
14. Apparatus crometer having a low-pressure ratchet attachment and
14.1 Testing Machine-A testing machine similar in prin- capable of measuring to the nearest 0.2 mil. After deter-
ciple and operation to the one described in Test Method A mining the thickness of the specimen at the end of 3 h,
(5.1), except that it shall be capable of exerting a constant remove the specimen from the machine and leave for 1 h in
force of 45 kg (100 Ib) i l %. A machine suitable for this test the chamber at the temperature at which it is being tested.
is illustrated in Fig. 3. The machine shown in Fig. 1 may be Then remove it from the chamber and keep at room
used provided it is equipped with a locking device for the temperature for '/z h, after which again determine the
upper anvil so as to obtain a zero point. A lock nut added to thickness with a micrometer.
the upper portion of the movable anvil has been found 18. Calculation
suitable for this purpose.
18.1 Calculate the deformation and recovery as follows:
NOTE5-In making tests in accordance with Test Method B, care
should be taken to reduce machine friction to a minimum. This is Deformation, % = [(Ho- H,)/HoJX 100
particularly desirable when using the high-pressure machine shown in Recovery, % = [ ( H , - H,)/(Ho- H , ) ] x 100
Fig. 1.
where:
14.2 Test Chamber-A test chamber similar to that Ho = original specimen height or thickness,
prescribed in Test Method A (5.2). H l = specimen thickness after 3 h under load of 0.69
14.3 Conditioning Chamber-A chamber for drying, con- MN/m2 (100 psi), and
sisting of a desiccator provided with anhydrous calcium H2 = specimen thickness 1% h after load removal.
chloride.

15. Test Specimens 19. Report

15.1 The test specimens shall be 28.67 mm (1.129 in.) in 19.1 The report shall include the following:
diameter by 12.7 mm (Yz in.) in thickness, this size being 19.1.1 Temperature of test,
suitable for the high-pressure testing machine shown in Fig. 19.1.2 Original thickness of test specimens in mils,
1, whose arm without weights but including pan provides a ,19.1.3 Total deformation in 3 h expressed as a percentage
load of 45 kg (100 lb) (Note 6). A single specimen shall be change in thickness calculated on the basis of its original
used. The specimen shall be molded or cut (Note 7) from a thickness, and
12.7-mm (Yz-in.) sheet at least 25.4 mm (1 in.) from the edges 19.1.4 Recovery, the total increase in specimen height
and so selected as to be of uniform thickness, homogeneous, which occurs during the 1%-hperiod following load removal,
and free from bubbles. expressed as a percentage of the original deformation.
NOTE6-Unavoidable variations in diameter of the specimen may 20. Precision and Bias
require slight adjustment of load to obtain 0.69 MN/m2 (100 psi). 20.1 Attempts to develop precision and bias for this test
NOTE7-A tool suitable for this purpose is described in Test Methods
13 575. method have not been succe~sful.~

16. Conditioning To participatein the development of precision and bias data, contact the staff
16.1 The specimen shall be conditioned by placing it in manager for Committee D-20 on Plastics at ASTM Headquarters.
 A S T N D b 2 3 b4 m 0757530 003905b 2

dc[E, D621
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. CALIBRATION OF DEFORMATION-UNDER-LOAD TESTING MACHINE IN ACCORDANCE WITH

METHOD A
XI.1 The deformation-under-load testing machine may proving ring and test bar moving either up or down.
be calibrated by means of a calibrating bar and a proving Movement at a rate of a few mils per second is easy to attain
ring, as shown in Fig. X1.1. Figure XI .2 shows a calibrating and provides suficient time for measurement. For a com-
bar with dimensions suitable for use in the testing machine plete calibration it is desirable to measure the loads with the
illustrated in Fig. 1. machine both moving and stationary in the upper, middle,
X1.2 The dial gage, is actuating detail, the upper anvil and lower positions.
and screw, and the jack control handles should be removed
to make room for the calibrating bar which, when properly Delochable
in place, will be in contact with only the lower anvil of the
load deformation machine. The weight of the calibrating bar
and the proving ring should be determined and added to the
load indicated by the proving ring. The testing machine with
the calibrating bar and the proving ring should be set up in a
compression testing machine or other suitable machine
which has sufficient opening and is controllable to move the
upper contact of the proving ring up or down or hold it
stationary, as required. To calibrate the machine for any load
the weights to be used for giving that load should be placed 5
on the machine. Readings of the proving ring may be made
wth the compression machine held stationary or with the

Testing Tstng machine

machine d head
os sh
hh

Table of Metric Equivalents

in. mrn
'/e 3.2
Y2 12.7
1 25.4
2 50.8
2% 57
2% 63
2Y8 73
3'/2 89
5% 136
9% 235
10% 260
NOTE-2000 Ib = 907 kg. 16% 425
FIG. X1.1 Arrangement of Bar and Proving Ring in Calibration of FIG. X1.2 Bar for Calibrating Deformation-Under-Load
Testing Machine Testing Machine

5
A- \
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ASTM Db2L b4 0 7 5 9 5 3 0 0039057 4 H

The American Sooiety for Testing and Materials takes no p l i l o n respecting the validity of eny patent rlghts asserted in connectlon
with any item mentioned In this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determlnatlon of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of Infringement of such rlghts, are entirely their own responsibiiitys

This stendard Is subject to revision at any time by the responslble technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are Invited either for revision of thls standard or for addliionalstandards
and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments wiii receive careful conslderatlon at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your
views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 1916 Race St., PhIladelphle, PA 19103.