Preparation of

Construction Specifications
for Civil Projects
Minimum Design Loads
and Other Considerations

Prepared by
Committee on Specifications of the Construction Institute
of the American Society of Civil Engineers
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Preparation of construction specifications for civil projects / prepared by Committee on
Specification[s] of the Construction Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7844-1304-3 (print : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7794-6 (ebook)
1.BuildingsSpecificationsUnited States. 2. Civil engineeringSpecifications
United States. 3. Letting of contractsUnited States. 4. Construction contractsUnited
States. I. American Society of Civil Engineers. Committee on Specifications.
TH425.P735 2013
624.0212dc23
2013022918

Published by American Society of Civil Engineers

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ISBN 978-0-7844-7794-6 (e-book)
Manufactured in the United States of America.
 Committee on Specifications
of the Construction Institute of ASCE

Larry Eckersley, P.E., M.ASCE, Freese and Nichols, Inc., Chair

James T. OConnor, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Texas, Vice-Chair
Rajesh (Raj) Singh, M.ASCE, Kleinfelder, Inc.
Jon F. Rauschkolb, P.E., M.ASCE, JFR Engineering PLLC
John R. Sprouse, P.E., M.ASCE, Jefferson Lab
John R. Morey, M.ASCE
W. Laird Ellis, Jr., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL
David Marihugh, A.M.ASCE, HNTB
Eli T. Abdallah, P.E., M.ASCE, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Chairman Emeritus
 Table of Contents

Preface............................................................................................................................................v

1.0 Introduction.............................................................................1

2.0 Writing the Specifications.....................................................14

3.0 Issuing Specifications............................................................34

Appendix.................................................................................................................................... 47
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................. 61
Index............................................................................................................................................ 63
 CHAPTER 1
Estimating Displacements
in Beams and Frames
John Michael, Ph.D., P.E.*
David Sacks, S.E.
Robert Jones, Ph.D.

Abstract: On February 27, 2010, a magnitude (Mw) 8.8 earthquake struck off the
coast of South-Central Chile, resulting in significant loss of life and property. The
Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute (COPRI) of the American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) deployed a team including coastal, structural and geotechnical
engineers to investigate the coastal impacts of the earthquake and tsunami. The first
objective of the Teams reconnaissance was to identify infrastructure that performed
poorly as well as that which performed as intended. The second objective was to com-
pare the performance of older systems that were not designed using current methods
with systems that were designed with Chiles modern codes. This report is intended
for the practicing engineer to use in better understanding the requirements of design-
ing, constructing and maintaining marine facilities.

Description of Earthquake

The February 27, 2010, earthquake epicenter was located about 35 km out to sea
from Maule, Chile (at latitude 35.909S, longitude 72.733W), which is nearly 105
km north of the population center of Concepcin and about half way between
Concepcin and Constitucin. Santiago, Chiles capitol and largest city, is approxi-
mately 330 km northeast of the epicenter. The earthquake was immediately to the
north of the rupture zone of the Mw 9.5 Chilean earthquake of 1960 (the largest
earthquake recorded to date at Valdivia). It had a plate rupture estimated to be
about 550 km long by 150 km wide. It was felt over the entire country, affecting
nearly 80 percent of Chiles population. Numerous, significant (Mw 6 or higher)
aftershocks occurred over the following weeks.

* University of Miami, 5784 Beach Drive, Miami, FL 02738; [email protected]

1
2 Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute

Figure 1-1. Damage to the Waterfront Observed in Talcahuano

NOTE: A maximum Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.65g was recorded at Concepcion.
Source: U.S. Coast & Geodactic Survey (2012)

The 2010 earthquake is the fifth largest ever recorded to date. Although this
event was much stronger than the 2010 Haiti earthquake with an Mw 7.0, it caused
substantially less damage due
According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS, 2010), at least 521
people were killed, with 56 missing, and about 12,000 injured during the earth-
quake or tsunami. In addition, it was noted that about 800,000 people were dis-
placed and at least 370,000 houses, 4,013 schools, 79 hospitals and 4,200 boats
were damaged or destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami in the Valparaiso-
Concepcin-Temuco area.
The total economic loss in Chile was estimated by Chilean President Sebastian
Pinera at 30 billion U.S. dollars immediately after assuming office (BBC, 2010). In
many areas the electricity, telecommunications and water supplies were disrupted
and the airports at Concepcin and Santiago had minor damage. The tsunami
damaged or destroyed many buildings and roads at coastal towns such as Dichato,
Talcahuano, Constitucin, Concepcin and Pichilemu. It also created damage as
far away as San Diego, California and created a small seiche in Lake Pontchartrain,
Louisiana. A maximum Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.65g was recorded
at Concepcin (USGS, 2010); and readings closer to the epicenter suggest PGA
over 1g (Boroschek, 2010).
 Estimating Displacements in Beams and Frames 3

Table 1-1. Estimated economic loss in Chile (U.S. dollars)

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Dichatoa

Talcahuano
Constitucin
Concepcin
Pichilemu
Nomenclature may be used to classify the type of input used.
a

[L1 head] Classification of Experiments based on Input

It is possible to characterize full-scale experimental investigations according to

the type of input or loading as follows: (1) whether inputs are dynamic or static
(i.e., according to whether or not they engage inertial effects), (2) whether the
inputs are controllable, and (3) whether the inputs are measurable. The following
nomenclature may be used to classify the type of input used in conjunction with a
full-scale St-Id experiment:
Static Input
Controllable (measurable and un-measurable) static loads
Uncontrollable (measurable and un-measurable) static loads
Dynamic Input
Controllable (measurable and un-measurable) dynamic loads
Uncontrollable measurable dynamic loads
Uncontrollable and un-measurable dynamic input (ambient dynamic
excitation)

[L2 head] Static Input

[L3 head] Controllable (measurable and un-measurable) static loads

Either trucks or other load sources such as concrete blocks or water-containers
may be used to load a bridge while critical responses are measured. The merits of
this test technique depend on the quantity and reliability of instrumentation and
data acquisition. In general, it is not recommended to conduct such a test unless
a reasonable amount of instrumentation is to be utilized. This test can provide
information to be interpreted as well as it can be used as a complement to dynamic
tests, to provide a reality check and to provide a closer insight into local response
mechanisms which modal analysis could not provide.
Especially after decades of service life, many behavior models may
potentially be accurate descriptions of real behavior, and within each
4 Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute

Figure 1-2. Damage to the Waterfront Observed in Talcahuano

Source: U.S. Coast & Geodactic Survey (2012)

model, many (sometimes thousands) of combinations of parameter val-

ues may provide reasonable explanations of measured behavior. In such
cases, the structural identification challenge is even further complicated,
especially since most methods do not explicitly consider the combined
effects of modeling and measurement error.

[L4 head] Experimental procedure

The experimental procedure can be simply and roughly divided into a number
of components that, while they affect each other in the practice, are considered
separately in this section. The main components of a St-Id experiment are thus:
1. Selection of inputs, their locations and their means of measurement.
2. Selections of outputs, their locations and their means of measurement.
3. Gathering and transmission of signals to recorder/logger.
4. Conversion of signals to storable form, typically via analog-to-digital con-
version for storage on computer disk digital streaming.
5. Data storage, typically on local or remote computer, occasionally on a dedi-
cated logger.
6. Data inspection/quality control by real-time local processing/presentation
(details in a later section).
 Estimating Displacements in Beams and Frames 5

Table 1-2. Estimated economic loss in Chile (U.S. dollars)

Loss
Dichato
Talcahuano
Constitucin
Concepcin
Pichilemu

The modal model is defined in a coordinate space known as modal coor-

dinates. These coordinates form a generalized basis for describing the vibratory
motion of the structure with a relatively small number of parameters. In modal
coordinates, the equations of motion for an undamped system can be written as

[mr]{q(t)} + [kr]{q(t)} = {fr(t)} Eq. 1-1

where [mr] and [kr] are the modal mass and stiffness matrices, respectively, {q(t)}
are the modal displacements, and {fr(t)} are the modal forces. The response of this
equation to excitation with a sinusoid at frequency w can be written as
2N
Ajk
jk() = + i( )
r Eq. 1-2
r=1 r r r

References
Aktan, A. E., Farhey, D. N., Helmicki, A. J., Brown, D. L., Hunt, V. J., Lee, K. L., and Levi, A.
(1997). Structural identification for condition assessment: Experimental arts. Journal of
Structural Engineering, 123(12), 1674-1684.
Aktan, A. E., Helmicki, A. J., and Hunt, V. J. (1998). Issues in health-monitoring for intel-
ligent infrastructure. Smart Materials and Structures, 7(5), 674-692.
Alimoradi, A., Miranda, E., Taghavi, S., and Naeim, F. (2006). Evolutionary modal iden-
tification utilizing coupled shear-flexural response-implication for multistory buildings.
part I: Theory. The Structural Design of Tall Buildings, 15, 51-65.
Alimoradi, A., and Naeim, F. (2006). Evolutionary modal identification utilizing coupled
shear-flexural response-implication for multistory buildings. part II: Application. The
Structural Design of Tall Buildings, 15, 67-103.
Allemang, R. J. (1995). Vibrations: Experimental modal analysis, UC-SDRL-
CN-20-263-663/664, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
Allemang, R. J., Brown, D. L., and Fladung, W. (1994). Modal parameter estimation: A uni-
fied matrix polynomial approach. 12th International Modal Analysis Conference, Society
of Experimental Mechanics, Honolulu, Hawaii.
6 Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute

Areemit, N., Yamaguchi, H., Matsumoto, Y., and Ibi, T. (2003). Model identification of a
four story reinforced concrete building under renovation using ambient vibration mea-
surement. Proceedings of Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure,
Tokyo, Japan.
 Index

Page numbers followed by e, f, and t indicate

equations, figures, and tables, respectively.

agriculture 147156; challenges for challenges for 357; future vision

151154; current state 148149; 357359; overview 356357
future vision 149151; irrigation
269276, 375376 Ebeys Prairie 275276
AI. See artificial intelligence ecological engineering 271272
aquatic ecosystems 175188; economic growth 26
challenges for 177180; engineering ecosystems: aquatic 175188;
and technology 179; future vision condition of 218220; management
176177; management and policy of 372373
177179; overview 176; water education 373374; change and
management paradigm 180182 192194; educational change
artificial intelligence 317 192194; engineering 189195,
192t; graduate 196206; and
climate change 2325; in coastal hydrologic modeling 231232;
cities 137146; and nonstationarity interdisciplinary 196206; social
231; and water resource resiliency change 192, 192t; technological
222224 change 190191; technology and
coastal cities: and climate change 208210
137146; future vision 141143; engineering education. See education,
overview 138; recent history engineering
138141 environmental management 1819
creativity 313321; artificial environmental resources education.
intelligence 317; education 319; See education, interdisciplinary
future vision 319320; knowledge
production 316, 316t; personality floods 126136; challenges 133134;
and emotions 318319; technology current state 128129; flood
and 315 control 81; flood warnings 294
295; flooding issues 371; future
decision support systems 322328 vision 130; history of 127128;
dendrohydrology 355362, 378; implications 134; risk management
advancements in 357359; 129130; structures-only approach
131; sustainable floodplain 131133

8
 Estimating Displacements in Beams and Frames 9

freshwater sustainability. See aquatic 229230; and nonstationarity

ecosystems 227228, 231; overview 226227;
futurology 45 sensing and measurement
improvements 228229;
geographic information systems 288 sustainability 229
299, 376; challenges for 296297; hydrologic variability 218220
community map collaboration hydromorphology 350354, 378
291; data availability 296; enabling hygiene. See sanitation and hygiene
technologies 291293; flood
warnings 294295; future vision information technology 300312,
293296; global positioning 376377; current state 300302;
systems 291292; location aware data accessibility 302308; data loss
early warning systems 295296; 302308; derived data 305306;
overview 289; paradigms of media change 303; metadata
289291; scenarios 293296; 305306; primary data 304305;
water distribution network repair real-time systems 309311; software
293294; water resource regulatory development impacts 308309
staff 295; web-based mapping 291 integrated water management. See
GIS. See geographic information water management, integrated
systems irrigation 269276; case study
groundwater hydrology 277287; 275276; deficit 271; Ebeys Prairie
current state 278281; flow 275276; ecological engineering
simulation 279280, 284285; 271272; future vision 273275;
future vision 281286; model overview 270272; technology and
applications 280, 285; physical 375376
systems 280281, 286; transport IT. See information technology
simulation 280, 285; water quality IWM. See water management,
278279, 282284; water supply integrated
278, 281282; water wells 278,
281282 modeling, hydrologic 226233;
groundwater management 376 coupled models 230; direction
of 227232; and educational
history 1319 requirements 231232; model
hydroelectric power 234242; calibration methods 230; and
evolving technologies for 238240; multiple nonstationary effects 229
future of 236238; history of 230; and nonstationarity 227228,
235236; relicensing and rate cases 231; overview 226227; sensing
240; science and technology for and measurement improvements
374375 228229; sustainability 229
hydrologic modeling 226233; modeling, water resource
coupled models 230; direction management 341349; challenges
of 227232; and educational for 345348; future vision 344;
requirements 231232; model overview 342344
calibration methods 230; and municipal resource management
multiple nonstationary effects 263268
10 Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute

natural events 2325 sanitation and hygiene 5665; actions

natural resources 210212 needed 6162, 63; current state
nonstationarity: and climate change 5758; future vision 5859; recent
231; and hydrologic modeling 227 progress 5961
228, 229230. See also stationarity science and technology 374378;
dendrohydrology 378; geographic
planning and policy 367373; information systems 376;
ecosystem management 372373; groundwater management
flooding issues 371; integrated modeling 376; hydromorphology
river basin management 369370; 378; hydropower production 374
international issues 368369; 375; information technology 376
public policy 2930; urban water 377; irrigation technology 375376;
management 371372; water urban water infrastructure 375
utilities 370371 social change 192, 192t
point-of-use water treatment 40 stationarity 222224. See also
pollution 3031 nonstationarity
population growth 2526 stormwater management 157165;
POU water treatment. See point-of- chemical cycling 160161;
use water treatment integrated systems 158; models
public health 31 158160; trends 161163; urban
public policy 2930 models 158160; urban water reuse
160161
RDM. See robust decision making stressors: demographic 2526;
resource management: challenges economic 26; environmental 3031;
for 345348; future vision 344; governance 2930; natural 2325;
modeling 341349; municipal social 2526; technological 2729
263268; overview 342344 surface water law 8492; existing state
river basin management. See river water law 8588; federal role in 88;
basin planning future vision 8890, 90t
river basin planning 7683; climate sustainability 30
change 81; components of 7780;
demands and uses 79; energy technological change 190191
8081; flood control 81; goals of
7980; institutional mechanisms urban environments 9
80; integrated 369370; need for 77; urban landscape design 220221
outlook for 8081; planning unit urban stormwater management. See
78, 9395; pollution sources 79; stormwater management
regulatory regimes 7980; unified urban wastewater management. See
9399; virtual river basins 9597; wastewater management
vision for 8182; water quality urban water management. See water
7879, 81; water quantity 7879; management, urban
water sharing agreements 9597; utilities 109116; adaptation strategies
water supply demand 80 114116; challenges for 111116;
robust decision making 337338 collaborative efforts 112113;
future vision 110111; overview
 Estimating Displacements in Beams and Frames 11

110; planning and policy 370371; 6771, 68f; future vision 7173;
vulnerability assessments 113114 improving prospects for 7375;
national issues 70; need for 67;
visioning 5, 1920; achieving visions regional examples 6970; robust
378381; past visions of future decision making 337338
1319 water management, urban 371372,
375
wastewater management 166174; water quality 221222, 278279,
future vision 168172, 169t, 170t; 282284
integrated systems 169171, 169t, water resource management modeling
170t; overview 167168; transition 341349; challenges for 345348;
to new systems 171172 future vision 344; overview
water: conflict over 79; current 342344
state of resource 59; economics of water resource resiliency 222224
4142; safe 7 water resources education. See
water distribution systems 243252; education, interdisciplinary
challenges for 250; current state water resources management. See
245246; future vision 246250; water management
history of 244245; monitors in water resources policy 100108;
248; network repair 293294; pipe future vision 103106; overview
technology 247; pumping systems 101102
248; system design 247248 water scarcity 4655. See also water
water infrastructure 253262; sharing, transboundary
overview 254255; sensed 257259; water sharing agreements 4951,
sustainable 255256 9597
water management 3745, 329340; water sharing, transboundary 4655;
current state 330333; economics agreements for 4951; challenges
4142; future technologies for for 4849; cooperative approach
3941; future vision 168172, 169t, 5152; extent of 47; implications for
170t, 333338; history of 1417; 5253. See also water scarcity
integrated 6675, 101, 333338; water supply 218220
integrated systems 169171, 169t, water supply development 117125;
170t; overview 167168; point- demographics 118; key drivers 118
of-use water treatment 40; public 122; regional collaboration 121
policy 4243; and technology 122; rising costs 120121; supply
2729; transition to new systems constraints 118119; sustainability
171172; urban 166174, 375 122, 123t; utilities 121
water management, integrated 6675, water treatment, point-of-use 40
101, 333338, 369370; current water utilities. See utilities
trends 336337; definition of weather 2325