Ultrafast all-optical Nth-order differentiator and

simultaneous repetition-rate multiplier of

periodic pulse train
Miguel A. Preciado and Miguel A. Muriel
ETSI Telecomunicacion, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The letter presents a technique for Nth-order differentiation of

periodic pulse train, which can simultaneously multiply the input repetition
rate. This approach uses a single linearly chirped apodized fiber Bragg
grating, which grating profile is designed to map the spectral response of the
Nth-order differentiator, and the chirp introduces a dispersion that, besides
space-to-frequency mapping, it also causes a temporal Talbot effect.
©2007 Optical Society of America.
OCIS codes: (060.2340) Fiber optics components; (230.1150) All-optical devices; (320.5540)
Pulse shaping; (999.9999) Fiber Bragg gratings.

References and Links

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Express 14, 10699-10707 (2006).
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optical signals using a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating," Opt. Express 15, 371-381 (2007).
4. M. Kulishov and J. Azaña, "Design of high-order all-optical temporal differentiators based on multiple-
phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings," Opt. Express 15, 6152-6166 (2007).
5. Y. Park, R. Slavik, J. Azaña "Ultrafast all-optical first and higher-order differentiators based on
interferometers" Opt. Lett. 32, 710-712 (2007).
6. M. A. Preciado, V. García-Muñoz, and M. A. Muriel “Ultrafast all-optical Nth-order differentiator based on
chirped fiber Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 15, 7196-7201 (2007).
7. A. G. Jepsen, A. E. Johnson, E. S. Maniloff, T. W. Mossberg, M. J. Munroe, and J. N. Sweetser, “Fibre
Bragg grating based spectral encoder/decoder for lightwave CDMA,” Electron. Lett. 35, 1096-1097 (1999).
8. M. A. Preciado, V. García-Muñoz, and M. A. Muriel “Grating design of oppositely chirped FBGs for pulse
shaping,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19, 435-437 (2007).
9. J. Azaña and L. R. Chen, "Synthesis of temporal optical waveforms by fiber Bragg gratings: a new approach
based on space-to-frequency-to-time mapping ," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2758-2769 (2002).
10. S. Longhi, M. Marano, P. Laporta, and V. Pruneri, “Multiplication and reshaping of high-repetition-rate
optical pulse trains using highly dispersive fiber Bragg gratings,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1498–
1500 (2000).
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pulses at 1.5 μm in fiber Bragg gratings, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2742-2757 (2002).
12. J. Azaña and M. A. Muriel, "Temporal Talbot effect in fiber gratings and its applications," Appl. Opt. 38,
6700-6704 (1999).
13. J. Azaña and M. A. Muriel, ‘‘Real-time optical spectrum analysis based on the time-space duality in chirped
fiber gratings,’’ IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 36, 517–527 (2000).
14. J. T. Mok and B. J. Eggleton, “Impact of group delay ripple on repetition-rate multiplication through Talbot
self-imaging effect,” Opt. Commun. 232, 167-178, (2004).

1. Introduction
The letter presents a technique for Nth-order differentiation of periodic pulse train. In addition
to the interest in optical computing and information systems, Nth-order differentiators are of
immediate interest for generation of Nth-order Hermite-Gaussian (HG) temporal waveform
from an input Gaussian pulse, which can be used to synthesize any temporal shape by

#86081 - $15.00 USD Received 6 Aug 2007; revised 5 Sep 2007; accepted 6 Sep 2007; published 7 Sep 2007
(C) 2007 OSA 17 September 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 19 / OPTICS EXPRESS 12102
superposition [1]. Several all-fiber schemes have been previously proposed based on long-
period fiber gratings [2], phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) [3,4], two-arm
interferometer [5], and two oppositely chirped FBGs [6].
A schematic of the proposed general architecture is shown in Fig. 1. This approach
exploits the well-known property of linearly-chirped FBGs, which apodization profile maps
its spectral response [6-11]. The dispersion introduced by the FBG must meet two conditions:
first, it must be high enough so the grating profile of the FBG maps the spectral response of
the differentiator [8,9]. Second, it must meet the temporal Talbot condition [12], so dispersion
does not affect to the waveform of the output pulses.
Besides the inherent advantages of FBGs (all-fiber approach, low insertion loss, and the
potential for low cost), this scheme avoids the concatenation of N first order differentiator
devices, which reduce energetic efficiency and increase the implementation complexity. Two
different FBG based approaches have been previously demonstrated for all optical N-order
time differentiation, namely multiple-phase-shifted FBG [4] and two oppositely chirped FBGs
[6]. Concerning the first solution [4], it provides optical operation bandwidths in the tens-of-
GHz, while our approach is specially suited for differentiating ultra-broadband optical
waveforms (e.g. picosecond and sub-picosecond optical pulses). Regarding the second one
[6], it requires two oppositely chirped FBGs, while this approach only requires one FBG.
Furthermore, this approach can simultaneously multiply the input repetition rate. As a
drawback, the system depends on the repetition rate of the input pulse train.

Fig. 1. Architecture of the system. Periodic pulse train is processed by an apodized linearly
chirped FBG.

2. Theory
The analytic expression of an Nth-order differentiator in temporal domain is fout(t)=dNfin(t)/dtN,
where fin(t) and fout(t) are the complex envelopes of the input and output of the system
respectively, and t is the time variable. In frequency domain, Fout(ω)=(jω)NFin(ω), where
Fin(ω) and Fout(ω) are the spectral functions of fin(t) and fout(t), respectively (ω is the base-band
frequency, i.e., ω=ωopt-ω0, where ωopt is the optical frequency, and ω0 is the central optical
frequency of the signals). Thus, an Nth-order differentiator is essentially a linear filtering
device providing a spectral transfer function of the form HN(ω)=Fout(ω)/Fin(ω)=(jω)N. We are
interested in obtaining an analytic expression of a feasible spectral response, so the ideal
spectral response function must be windowed, HN,w(ω) = HN(ω)W(ω) = (jω)NW(ω), where
W(ω) is a window function.
The objective is to obtain a spectral response proportional to the differentiator spectral
response. The chirped FBG introduces a dispersion term and we have
H r (ω ) = ( R (ω ) ) (
exp ( jφr ( ω ) ) ∝ H N , w (ω ) exp jφN (ω ) + jω 2φr 2 , where )
1/ 2

Hr(ω), R(ω), and φr(ω) are the spectral response in reflection, reflectivity and phase of the

#86081 - $15.00 USD Received 6 Aug 2007; revised 5 Sep 2007; accepted 6 Sep 2007; published 7 Sep 2007
(C) 2007 OSA 17 September 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 19 / OPTICS EXPRESS 12103
FBG, φN(ω)=phase(HN(ω))=phase(HN,w(ω)) and φr = ∂ φr (ω ) ∂ω is the first order
2 2

dispersion coefficient of the FBG, which is a constant value for linearly chirped FBGs.
Regarding the reflectivity, we have:

2 2
R (ω ) ∝ H N , w (ω ) = ω NW (ω )
(1)

The refractive index of the FBG can be written as:

Δnmax ⎡ 2π ⎤
n( z ) = nav ( z ) + A( z ) cos ⎢ z + ϕ ( z)⎥ (2)
2 ⎣ Λ0 ⎦

where nav(z) represents the average refractive index of the propagation mode, Δnmax describes
the maximum refractive index modulation, A(z) is the normalized apodization function, Λ0 is
the fundamental period of the grating, φ(z) describes the additional phase variation (chirp),
and z ∈ [-L/2 ,L/2] is the spatial coordinate over the grating, with L the length of FBG. In the
following we consider a constant average refractive index nav=neff+(Δnmax/2), where neff is the
effective refractive index of the propagation mode.
Notice that when N is odd, the differentiator spectral response presents a π-phase shift at
ω=0. In our approach, this condition is attained by introducing a π-phase shift in the grating at
z=0.
The chirp factor of the FBG, which is defined as CK=∂2φ(z)/∂z2, and the length of the
grating L, can be calculated from [13]:

CK = −4nav2 /(c 2φr ) (3)

L = φr c Δω g ( 2nav ) (4)

where c is the light vacuum speed, and Δωg is the grating bandwidth.
The phase filtering of the FBG must be designed to cause a Talbot effect. In general, the
pulses waveform of the periodic pulse train is affected by dispersion, but under Talbot
condition [12] the pulses are reflected without undergoing distortion (self-image effect). This
condition can be expressed as:

s T2 s = 1, 2,3,...,
φr = (5)
m 2π m = 1, 2,3,...,

where s/m must be an irreducible rational fraction. Repetition rate multiplication can be
achieved for m>1. As a result the reflected signal has a repetition rate m times that of the input
signal.
Regarding the amplitude filtering, we apply an apodization profile to the grating that is
accurately mapped on the spectral response under high dispersion condition [9], which can be
expressed as:

φr >> ( Δt g ) / 8π
2
(6)

#86081 - $15.00 USD Received 6 Aug 2007; revised 5 Sep 2007; accepted 6 Sep 2007; published 7 Sep 2007
(C) 2007 OSA 17 September 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 19 / OPTICS EXPRESS 12104
where Δtg can be calculated from the temporal length of ℑ ⎡⎣ H N , w (ω ) ⎤⎦ , and ℑ denotes
−1 −1

inverse Fourier transform.

It is worth noting that in most cases T2 >> (Δtg)2, and it is probable that (5) not only
satisfies (6), but greatly exceeds it, so from (4) we can deduce that it is necessary to use a
longer FBG than strictly required for space-to-frequency mapping.
The apodization profile can be obtained from the expression [8]:

1
⎡ ⎛ ⎞ 32n2 ⎤2
A( z ) = ⎢ − ln ⎜ 1 − R
⎜
(ω ) ⎛
( CK )
Δω g ⎞ ⎟⎟
av
⎥ (7)
⎠ ⎠ πω0 φr Δnmax
⎜⎜
ω = sign z ⎟⎟ 2 2
⎢ ⎝ L ⎥
⎣ ⎝
⎦

3. Examples and results

In this section, examples of 1st and 4th order differentiators are designed and numerically
simulated. We assume a carrier frequency (ω0/2π) of 193 THz, an effective refractive index
neff=1.45, a band of interest (Δω/2π) of 5 THz centred at ω0 (ω0-Δω/2 ≤ ωopt ≤ ω0+Δω/2), a
grating bandwidth Δωg=Δω, a maximum reflectivity of 50 %, and a pulse train period T=40
ps.
For the first example (1st order differentiator) the corresponding ideal spectral response is
H1(ω)=jω. We choose a function based on a hyperbolic tangent as window,
W(ω)=Wth(ω)=(1/2)[1+tanh(4-|16ω/Δωg|)], and we have H1,w(ω)=H1(ω)Wth(ω). The desired
reflectivity is obtained from (1):

{
R (ω ) = CR (ω Δω g ) ⎡1+tanh 4- 16ω Δω g ( )⎤⎦ }
2
(8)
⎣

where CR= 2.1238 is a normalization constant to get a maximum reflectivity of 50 %.

From the temporal length of ℑ ⎡⎣ H1,w (ω ) ⎤⎦ we obtain Δtg≈2 ps. Using expressions (5)
−1

s
and (6) we have 2.5464 ×10-22 s 2 / rad and φr >> 1.5915 ×10−25 s 2 / rad .
φr =
m
We choose φr = −1.2732 ×10 s rad , where s=1 and m=2 have been selected. This
−22 2

implies that the input repetition rate is multiplied by two, so we have an output period of
repetition Tout= Tin/2 =20 ps. The odd order of 1st differentiator implies that π-phase shift must
be introduced in the grating at z=0.
Using (7), we obtain Δnmax=2.8160 × 10-4, nav=1.45014. Additionally, using (3) and (4),
we obtain CK=-7.3508×105 rad/m2 and L=41.346 cm. The fundamental period of the grating
can be obtained from Λ0=πc/(navω0)=535.574 nm. Finally, using (7) we obtain the apodization
profile function:

1
2 2
⎛ ⎧ 2N
⎡ ⎫⎞
⎪ z ⎛ z ⎞⎤ ⎪⎟
A( z ) ⎜
= C A − ln ⎨1 − C R 2 (9)
⎢1+tanh ⎜ 4- 16 ⎟ ⎥ ⎬
⎜ La ⎜ La ⎟ ⎟
⎪ ⎢
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦ ⎪
⎝ ⎩ ⎭⎠

where CA=1.2011 is a normalization constant selected to get a normalized apodization profile

function 0 ≤ A(z) ≤ 1, and N=1.

#86081 - $15.00 USD Received 6 Aug 2007; revised 5 Sep 2007; accepted 6 Sep 2007; published 7 Sep 2007
(C) 2007 OSA 17 September 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 19 / OPTICS EXPRESS 12105
 As a second example we design a 4th-order differentiator using the same methodology.
We obtain again Δtg≈2 ps, and we design the same technological parameters as in the first
example (so repetition rate is also doubled). The apodization profile is given by (9), where
CR=181.02, and N=4 (same L and CA as for first example).
Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c) show the results from our numerical simulations corresponding
to the first example, and Fig. 2(d), 2(e), and 2(f) show the corresponding to second example.
The spectral responses of the designed FBG and the ideal differentiator are showed in Fig.
2(a) and 2(d) for first and second example, respectively. The output pulse corresponding to an
input gaussian pulse described by fin,1(t) ∝ exp(-t2/(2σ2)) with σ= 800 fs, are showed in Fig.
2(b), and 2(e) for first and second example, respectively. The output pulse corresponding to an
antisymmetric HG pulse described by fin,2(t) ∝ ∂ fin,1(t)/∂t ∝ t·exp(-t2/(2σ2)) are showed in Fig.
2(c), and 2(f) for first and second example, respectively.

Fig. 2. Plots (a) and (d) show the amplitude of the spectral response corresponding to the FBG
(solid), and to an ideal differentiator (dashed) for first and second examples, respectively. The
temporal waveforms are showed in plots (b) and (c) for first example, and in plots (e) and (f)
for second. Plots (b) and (e) correspond to a Gaussian pulse as input, and plots(c) and (f)
correspond to an antisymmetric Hermite-Gaussian pulse as input. In plots (b), (c), (e) and (f)
we show the input pulse in dashed line, the ouput pulse for the designed system in solid line,
and the output pulse for the ideal differentiator in dotted line (indistinguishable from solid line
in (b) and (c), and hardly distinguishable from solid line in (e) and (f)).

#86081 - $15.00 USD Received 6 Aug 2007; revised 5 Sep 2007; accepted 6 Sep 2007; published 7 Sep 2007
(C) 2007 OSA 17 September 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 19 / OPTICS EXPRESS 12106
 From (4) and (6) we obtain that the length of the grating requires L >> 0.051 cm for space-
to-frequency, which can be satisfied from L > 5 cm. The length of the grating designed
(41.346 cm) is much longer, but is within the accuracy of currently available fabrication
techniques, as it can be seen in [11], where Talbot effect was achieved in a 96 cm linearly
chirped FBG.
Considerations about the effect of group delay ripple can be found in [14], where it has
been associated to the amplitude jitter of the rate-multiplied pulse train.
4. Conclusion
In this letter, an apodized linearly chirped FBG is designed and numerically simulated to
simultaneously perform amplitude filtering to obtain the spectral response of the Nth-order
differentiator, and phase filtering to cause temporal Talbot effect. The amplitude filtering
exploits the fact that apodization profile of linearly chirped FBG maps its spectral response.
This idea was used in a previous article published recently [6]. The main difference is that
second chirped FBG for compensation of dispersion introducing by first FBG proposed in [6]
is not required. This method reduces the number of required FBG to one and in addition the
use of the Talbot effect allows repetition rate multiplication. These advantages must be
weighed against the disadvantage that the system depends on the input repetition rate, and that
the FBG length required for temporal Talbot effect can be much longer than the strictly
required for space-to-frequency mapping.
It is worth noting that, unlike other pulse shaping techniques based on chirped FBGs [7-
11], where the objective is shaping a specific output pulse from a known input pulse
waveform, this system performs an operation (Nth-order temporal differentiation) than can be
applied over different input waveforms to get the respective output waveforms.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia under Project
“Plan Nacional de I+D+I TEC2004-04754-C03-02” and “Plan Nacional de I+D+I TEC2007-
68065-C03-02”.

#86081 - $15.00 USD Received 6 Aug 2007; revised 5 Sep 2007; accepted 6 Sep 2007; published 7 Sep 2007
(C) 2007 OSA 17 September 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 19 / OPTICS EXPRESS 12107