MRTS04

Main Roads
Technical Standard
MRTS04
General Earthworks
October 10
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IMPORTANT INFORMATION
The requirements of this document represent Technical Policy of the department and contain
Technical Standards. Compliance with the departments Technical Standards is mandatory for all
applications for the design, construction, maintenance and operation of road transport infrastructure in
Queensland by or on behalf of the State of Queensland.
This document will be reviewed from time to time as the need arises and in response to improvement
suggestions by users. Please send your comments and suggestions to the feedback email given
below.
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DISCLAIMER
This publication has been created for use in the design, construction, maintenance and operation of
road transport infrastructure in Queensland by or on behalf of the State of Queensland.
Where the publication is used in other than the departments infrastructure projects, the State of
Queensland and the department gives no warranties as to the completeness, accuracy or adequacy of
the publication or any parts of it and accepts no responsibility or liability upon any basis whatever for
anything contained in or omitted from the publication or for the consequences of the use or misuse of
the publication or any parts of it.
If the publication or any part of it forms part of a written contract between the State of Queensland and
a contractor, this disclaimer applies subject to the express terms of that contract.
COPYRIGHT
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department. Enquiries regarding such permission should be directed to the Pavements, Materials,
Geotechnical and Standards Division, Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads.
State of Queensland (Department of Transport and Main Roads) 2010
http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/2.5/au
Department of Transport and Main Roads MRTS04
Technical Standard General Earthworks
Table of Contents
Page
1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................1
2 DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................................................................1
3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ...................................................................................................................3
4 STANDARD TEST METHODS ...................................................................................................................3
5 QUALITY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................................4
5.1 Hold Points, Witness Points and Milestones.........................................................................................4
5.2 Construction Procedures .......................................................................................................................5
5.3 Lots ........................................................................................................................................................5
5.4 Compliance Testing...............................................................................................................................5
5.4.1 General .........................................................................................................................................5
5.4.2 Geometrics....................................................................................................................................5
5.4.3 Compaction...................................................................................................................................5
5.4.4 Materials .......................................................................................................................................5
5.5 Conformance Requirements .................................................................................................................5
5.6 Testing Frequency.................................................................................................................................5
6 GEOMETRICS ............................................................................................................................................6
6.1 General..................................................................................................................................................6
6.2 Horizontal Tolerances............................................................................................................................6
6.3 Vertical Tolerances................................................................................................................................6
6.3.1 Primary Tolerances.......................................................................................................................6
6.3.2 Additional Tolerances ...................................................................................................................6
7 CLEARING AND GRUBBING .....................................................................................................................7
7.1 General..................................................................................................................................................7
7.2 Construction ..........................................................................................................................................7
7.2.1 Areas to be Cleared and Grubbed................................................................................................7
7.2.2 Limitation on Clearing Operations ................................................................................................7
7.2.3 Trees Required by the Principal ...................................................................................................7
7.2.4 Material Suitable for Organic Mulching.........................................................................................7
7.2.5 Fauna Habitat Logs ......................................................................................................................7
7.2.6 Sugar Cane and Banana Plants ...................................................................................................8
7.2.7 Disposal of Cleared and Grubbed Materials.................................................................................8
7.2.8 Additional Requirements...............................................................................................................8
8 STRIPPING OF TOPSOIL ..........................................................................................................................8
8.1 General..................................................................................................................................................8
8.2 Topsoil Stripping Dimensions................................................................................................................8
8.3 Material Considered Suitable for Use as Planting Media......................................................................8
8.4 Construction ..........................................................................................................................................8
8.4.1 Stripping to Stockpile ....................................................................................................................8
8.4.2 Surplus Material ............................................................................................................................8
8.4.3 Stripping Limitations .....................................................................................................................8
8.4.4 Stockpiling of Topsoil....................................................................................................................9
8.4.5 Finishing........................................................................................................................................9
9 UNSUITABLE MATERIAL...........................................................................................................................9
9.1 General..................................................................................................................................................9
9.2 Identification of Unsuitable Material ......................................................................................................9
9.3 Construction Requirements.................................................................................................................10
10 ACID SULFATE SOILS .......................................................................................................................10
10.1 General............................................................................................................................................10
10.2 Initial Assessment of Acid Sulfate Soils on the Site........................................................................10
10.3 Management of Acid Sulfate Soils ..................................................................................................10
10.4 Testing and Reporting.....................................................................................................................10
10.4.1 General .......................................................................................................................................10
Page i of iii
MRTS04
October 10
MRTS04 Department of Transport and Main Roads
General Earthworks Technical Standard
10.4.2 Visual Assessment of Potential Acid Sulfate Soils .................................................................... 11

10.4.3 Field pH Testing for Actual Acid Sulfate Soils ........................................................................... 11
10.4.4 Field pH Testing for Potential Acid Sulfate Soils ....................................................................... 11
10.4.5 Soil Sample Collection, Handling and Transport ....................................................................... 12
10.5 Soil Treatment ................................................................................................................................ 12
10.6 Water Treatment............................................................................................................................. 12
10.7 Contractors Duty of Care............................................................................................................... 12
11 USE OF OR DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS AND UNSUITABLE MATERIAL ......................................... 13
11.1 General........................................................................................................................................... 13
11.2 Disposal in Areas on the Site ......................................................................................................... 13
11.3 Spoil to Off-Site Areas.................................................................................................................... 13
12 GROUND SURFACE TREATMENT .................................................................................................. 13
12.1 General........................................................................................................................................... 13
12.2 Construction ................................................................................................................................... 13
12.2.1 Ground Surface Treatment, Standard........................................................................................ 13
12.2.2 Ground Surface Treatment, Special .......................................................................................... 14
12.2.3 Ground Surface Treatment In Situ Treatment of Acid Sulfate Soils ....................................... 14
12.2.4 Removal of Unsuitable Material ................................................................................................. 14
13 EXCAVATION..................................................................................................................................... 14
13.1 General........................................................................................................................................... 14
13.2 Blinding Concrete ........................................................................................................................... 14
13.3 Construction ................................................................................................................................... 14
13.3.1 All Excavations........................................................................................................................... 14
13.3.2 Special Requirements for Cuttings ............................................................................................ 15
13.3.3 Special Requirements for Confined Excavations....................................................................... 15
13.3.4 Special Requirements for Structure Foundations ...................................................................... 16
13.3.5 Excavation to Clear Waterways ................................................................................................. 16
13.3.6 Special Requirements for Culverts ............................................................................................ 16
13.3.7 Special Requirements for Drains ............................................................................................... 16
13.3.8 Dewatering of Excavations ........................................................................................................ 17
14 EMBANKMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 17
14.1 General........................................................................................................................................... 17
14.2 Materials ......................................................................................................................................... 17
14.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 17
14.2.2 General Fill Material ................................................................................................................... 17
14.2.3 Rock Fill ..................................................................................................................................... 18
14.2.4 Subgrade Fill Material ................................................................................................................ 18
14.2.5 Verge Material............................................................................................................................ 18
14.2.6 Water Retaining Embankments ................................................................................................. 18
14.2.7 Geotextile ................................................................................................................................... 18
14.2.8 Special Embankment Materials ................................................................................................. 18
14.3 Construction ................................................................................................................................... 18
14.3.1 General ...................................................................................................................................... 18
14.3.2 Geotextile at Changes in Material Type..................................................................................... 20
14.3.3 Stepping the Ground Surface on Which Embankments are to be Constructed ........................ 20
14.3.4 Special Requirements for Diversion Blocks ............................................................................... 20
14.3.5 Special Requirements for Catch Banks ..................................................................................... 20
14.3.6 Special Requirements for Acid Sulfate Soil Materials................................................................ 21
15 COMPACTION.................................................................................................................................... 21
15.1 General........................................................................................................................................... 21
15.2 Method of Compaction and Testing ............................................................................................... 21
15.3 Compacted Layer Method of Construction..................................................................................... 21
15.4 Mechanical Interlock Method of Construction ................................................................................ 23
16 FINISHING BATTERS ........................................................................................................................ 23
17 BORROW OPERATIONS................................................................................................................... 24
17.1 General........................................................................................................................................... 24
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October 10
17.2 Borrowing Operations on the Site ...................................................................................................24

17.3 Borrowing Operations off the Site ...................................................................................................24
18 SUBGRADE ........................................................................................................................................24
18.1 General............................................................................................................................................24
18.2 Materials..........................................................................................................................................24
18.2.1 Subgrade Fill Material.................................................................................................................24
18.2.2 Unbound Pavement Material ......................................................................................................25
18.2.3 Unbound Drainage Layer Material..............................................................................................25
18.2.4 Stabilising Agent for In Situ Stabilisation ....................................................................................25
18.2.5 Stabilising Agent for Plant-Mixed Stabilisation ...........................................................................25
18.2.6 Geotextile Filter Fabric................................................................................................................25
18.3 Construction ....................................................................................................................................25
18.3.1 General .......................................................................................................................................25
18.3.2 Subgrade Treatment Type A ......................................................................................................25
18.3.3 Subgrade in Cuttings ..................................................................................................................26
18.3.4 Earthworks Transition from Cut to Fill ........................................................................................29
18.3.5 Subgrade on Embankment .........................................................................................................31
19 BACKFILL............................................................................................................................................31
19.1 General............................................................................................................................................31
19.2 Materials..........................................................................................................................................31
19.2.1 General .......................................................................................................................................31
19.2.2 General Backfill Material.............................................................................................................31
19.2.3 Select Backfill Material................................................................................................................31
19.2.4 Free Draining Granular Material .................................................................................................32
19.2.5 Sand............................................................................................................................................32
19.2.6 Bedding Material.........................................................................................................................32
19.2.7 Filter Material ..............................................................................................................................33
19.2.8 Cement Stabilised Pavement Material .......................................................................................33
19.2.9 Stabilised Sand ...........................................................................................................................33
19.2.10 Dry Stabilised Sand............................................................................................................33
19.2.11 Lean Mix Concrete .............................................................................................................33
19.2.12 Backfill Material for Steel Culverts .....................................................................................33
19.2.13 Rock Fill Material................................................................................................................34
19.3 Construction ....................................................................................................................................34
19.3.1 Backfilling General......................................................................................................................34
19.3.2 Backfill Beneath Structure Foundations .....................................................................................34
19.3.3 Backfilling to In-Place Units ........................................................................................................34
19.3.4 Backfill Zones to Concrete Pipe Culverts ...................................................................................34
19.3.5 Backfill to Soil Retaining Structures............................................................................................35
19.3.6 Special Requirements for Corrugated Pipe, Pipe-Arch and Arch Culverts ................................35
20 TURNOUTS, ENTRANCES AND STOPPING PLACES.....................................................................35
20.1 General............................................................................................................................................35
20.2 Materials..........................................................................................................................................35
20.3 Construction ....................................................................................................................................35
21 WIDENING OF EXISTING FORMATION TO SUBGRADE LEVEL ....................................................36
21.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................36
21.2 Description of Work.........................................................................................................................36
21.3 Construction ....................................................................................................................................36
21.3.1 General .......................................................................................................................................36
21.3.2 Materials .....................................................................................................................................36
21.3.3 Horizontal Location .....................................................................................................................37
21.3.4 Subgrade Heights .......................................................................................................................37
21.3.5 Tolerances ..................................................................................................................................37
21.4 Compliance Testing ........................................................................................................................37
21.4.1 Materials .....................................................................................................................................37
21.4.2 Geometrics..................................................................................................................................37
22 SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS...............................................................................................37
Page iii of iii

MRTS04
October 10
GENERAL EARTHWORKS
1 INTRODUCTION
This Technical Standard applies to the construction of general earthworks in roadworks and bridgeworks.
The technical requirements of this Standard shall apply to excavation and filling operations for all work under
the Contract except for excavation for
a) cast-in-place piles which is specifically covered by MRTS63 Cast-In-Place Piles; and
b) footings for poles which is specifically covered by MRTS92 Traffic Signal and Road Lighting Footings.
This Technical Standard shall be read in conjunction with MRTS01 Introduction to Technical Standards,
MRTS50 Specific Quality System Requirements and other Technical Standards as appropriate.
This Technical Standard forms part of the Main Roads Specifications and Technical Standards Manual.
2 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The terms used in this Standard shall be as defined in Clause 2 of MRTS01 Introduction to Technical
Standards. Additional terms used in this Standard shall be as defined in Table 2.
Table 2 Definition of Terms
Clause
Term Definition
Reference
Materials which contain iron sulfides in concentrations which have the
potential to produce acidic conditions in the earthworks if left untreated.
acid sulfate soils Acid sulfate soils shall include all materials which are actual acid sulfate 10
soils or potential acid sulfate soils as indicated by the testing regime
described in Clause 10.
Material placed in confined excavations for culverts, structures, conduits,
pits, etc or, in some instances, to fill excavations of Unsuitable Material.
backfill 9.3 and 19
Backfill includes bedding material and materials placed in the foundation
bedding, haunch, side and overlay zones during culvert backfill.
Material suitable for use in the foundation bedding zone of culverts and
bedding material 19.2.6
for bedding of pipes, conduits, pits, etc.
An area
a) on the Site outside the excavation lines; or
borrow area b) an area off the Site, 17
which can be developed by the Contractor as a source of borrow
material.
Material, sourced from borrow areas, which is used to supplement a
borrow material 17
shortage of material sourced from excavations.
cement stabilised Backfill material comprising unbound pavement material stabilised with
19.2.8
pavement material cement.
An excavation for a culvert, pipe or conduit trench or an excavation for a
structure which requires the use of an excavator or similar machine fitted
with a bucket. An excavation for any culvert, pipe or conduit trench or any
confined
structure shall not be classed as a confined excavation where the -
excavation
excavation is of sufficient size to allow the operation of a crawler tractor
of Class 150C or larger, as determined in accordance with the provisions
of Table 10.1 of AS 2868.
core zone The central zone of an embankment. 14.2.2
Page 1 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
Clause
Term Definition
Reference
Earthworks constructed by excavation to the lines shown on the
cutting -
drawings.
diversion channel An open channel that diverts or redirects a given water flow from its
natural flow path
drainage layer A layer of permeable material placed below the subgrade in wet cuttings.
Earthworks constructed by placement of fill material to the shapes and
embankment -
dimensions shown on the drawings.
fill material Material making up an embankment to subgrade level. 14.2.1
foundation bedding The layer of material forming the bedding for culverts as shown on DMR
-
zone Standard Drawing Number 1359.
The level of an excavation for a structure at which the material with the
foundation surface 13.3.4.1
required bearing capacity exists.
free draining
Coarse graded backfill material used behind retaining walls. 19.2.4
granular material
general backfill General fill material Class A or B predominantly less than 25 mm stone
19.2.2
material size used as backfill.
Fill material for an embankment that can be placed using the compacted
general fill material 14.2.2
layer method
The layer of material immediately above the foundation bedding zone for
haunch zone installation of pipe culverts as shown on DMR Standard Drawing Number -
1359.
Low strength concrete used for backfill of over-excavation for structures
lean mix concrete 19.2.11
and as otherwise directed.
natural ground The ground surface which exists prior to any work being carried out
-
surface under the Contract.
near-grade Any part of an embankment with less than 300 mm of new fill between
-
embankment the prepared ground surface and subgrade level.
outer zone The outer zone of an embankment. 14.2.2
The layer of material placed above pipe culverts as shown on DMR
overlay zone -
Standard Drawing number 1359.
Material used as a planting medium for landscaping as defined in
planting media -
MRTS16 Landscape and Revegetation Works.
prepared ground The ground surface after clearing and grubbing and topsoil stripping
-
surface operations have been completed.
All excavation except for confined excavation and excavation for open
road excavation -
channels and drains.
Fill material consisting predominantly of stones and rock. Stability is
rock fill 14.2.3
achieved by mechanical interlock
Natural or manufactured material with 100% passing 6.7 mm AS sieve
sand 19.2.5
and a low plasticity index
select backfill Backfill comprising gravel and/or loam materials with specified properties
19.2.3
material used for backfilling to trenches and structures.
The layer of material placed adjacent to the centre of pipe culverts as
side zone -
shown on DMR Standard Drawing number 1359.
Page 2 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
Clause
Term Definition
Reference
Material surplus to the Contract requirements which shall be disposed of
spoil 11
on or off the Site.
stabilised sand Backfill material comprising sand stabilised with cement. 19.2.9
Material including natural rock, natural gravel, processed crushed rock
stone and construction rubble which does not break down significantly under -
compaction.
subgrade The top portion of prepared earthworks immediately below the pavement. 18
The top surface of the prepared subgrade on which a pavement is
subgrade level -
constructed.
topsoil The top layer of existing soil on the Site which supports vegetation. -
The subgrade in cuttings which has been either modified or replaced to
treated subgrade 18.3.2
improve its properties.
The top zone of an embankment excluding subgrade, pavement and
upper zone 14.3.1
shoulders.
All material identified as unsuitable for use as a foundation for earthworks
Unsuitable Material 9
or structures and/or for use as fill or backfill material.
3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
Table 3 lists documents referenced in this Technical Standard.
Table 3 Referenced Documents
Reference Title
AS 1152 Specification for test sieves
Classification of machinery for earthmoving, construction, surface mining and
AS 2868
agricultural purposes
Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Soil classification tests
AS 1289.3.8.1
Dispersion Determination of Emerson class number of a soil
4 STANDARD TEST METHODS

Testing of all work shall be undertaken in accordance with Clause 4 of MRTS01 Introduction to Technical
Standards.
Unless stated elsewhere herein, the standard test methods listed in Table 4 shall be used in this standard.
Where not shown, the relevant test methods shall be as listed in Clause 1.2 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
Table 4 Test Methods
Property to be Tested Method No.

Acid Sulfate Soil Testing
Field pH Tests (pHF and pHFOX) Acid Sulfate Soils Laboratory Methods Guidelines in
SPOCAS testing Queensland
Total oxidisable sulfur method (STOS)
California bearing ratio Q113C
Chloride content Q130A
Density index Q142E and Q140B
Electrical conductivity / resistivity Q122A
Page 3 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
Property to be Tested Method No.

Emerson class number AS 1289.3.8.1
Insitu California bearing ratio (Dynamic Cone
Q114B
Penetrometer)
Lime content Q117A
Lime Demand Q133
Linear shrinkage Q106
Liquid limit Q104A
Moisture content Q102A, Q102B, Q102C, Q102D, Q102E, Q102F, Q141A
Particle size distribution Q103A
pH Q121
Plasticity index Q105
Relative compaction Q142A, Q144A, Q141B, Q143, Q140A, Q141A
Relative moisture content Q140A, Q102A, Q142A, Q141A, Q141B
Selection of Sampling and Testing Location Q050
Sulfate content Q131A
Unconfined compressive strength Q115
i) Refer to the departments 'Materials Testing Manual'
5 QUALITY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Hold Points, Witness Points and Milestones
General requirements for Hold Points, Witness Points and Milestones are detailed in Clause 5.2 of
MRTS01 Introduction to Technical Standards.
The Hold Points, Witness Points and Milestones applicable to this standard are summarised in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1 Hold Points, Witness Points and Milestones
Clause Hold Point Witness Point

1. Trees etc to be left undisturbed marked by
7.2.2 -
Contractor.
7.2.3 2. Trees required by Principal marked by Contractor. -
9.3 3. Treatment of Unsuitable Material. -
10.4.1 4. Testing for acid sulfate potential. -
13.3.2.1 5. Subgrade in cuttings treatment type. -
6. Determination by Administrator of competent
13.3.4.1 -
material in footing excavation.
13.3.4.1 7. Inspection of foundation surface by Administrator. -
13.3.4.1 8. Re-presentation inspection of foundation surface. -
Rolling using mechanical interlock
15.4
method of compaction.
Visible vertical movement of
18.3.1 9. Subgrade testing prior to placement of pavement.
subgrade.
19.3.1 Backfill material compliance.
Page 4 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
Clause Hold Point Witness Point

10. Backfill not placed before pipes, etc completed and
19.3.3 -
inspected.
5.2 Construction Procedures

Those construction procedures which are required to be prepared by the Contractor in accordance with the
quality system requirements of the Contract are listed in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Construction Procedures
Clause Procedure
10.3 Acid Sulfate Soil Management Plan.
11.2 Spoil Disposal Plan.
5.3 Lots
In addition to the any other requirements of the Contract, the maximum size of a lot shall be within the limits
given in Clause 1.1 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
5.4 Compliance Testing
5.4.1 General
Compliance testing shall be carried out for each lot.
The Contractor is responsible for performing sufficient tests to ensure that the earthworks comply with the
standards and requirements of the Contract.
However, the Contractor's testing program shall be such that the testing frequencies and number of tests are
not less than those specified in Clause 5.6.
5.4.2 Geometrics
The geometric tolerances shall be checked at the locations nominated in Clause 1.2 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
5.4.3 Compaction
The compaction standard for each lot shall be represented by the characteristic value of the relative
compaction test results. Unless stated otherwise, the characteristic value shall be calculated as shown in
Clause 13 of MRTS01 Introduction to Technical Standards using the individual relative compaction values
determined from each lot.
The location of each density test shall be chosen by a method of random stratified sampling as given in Test
Method Q050.
The density shall be determined by Test Method Q141B or Q143 and the maximum dry density of a
reference sample shall be determined by Test Method Q142A or Q144A. The density index of non-cohesive
materials shall be determined using Test Methods Q142E and Q140B.
5.4.4 Materials
The material properties for all materials used on the Works shall be checked using random stratified
sampling as given in Test Method Q050.
5.5 Conformance Requirements
The conformance requirements for compaction shall be to satisfy the characteristic relative compaction
values and any maximum and minimum moisture content requirements for the appropriate material and
location as defined in Clause 15.
Conformance requirements for all materials shall be based on the characteristic value for the material
properties defined in this standard.
5.6 Testing Frequency
The minimum test frequencies and minimum numbers of tests as stated in Clause 1.2 of Annexure
MRTS04.1 shall apply to the construction of work covered by this standard.
Page 5 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
6 GEOMETRICS
6.1 General
Earthworks shall be constructed so as not to depart from the widths, lengths, heights and shapes specified
by more than the tolerances stated in Clause 6.
The widths, lengths, and heights for the surfaces of a layer other than the final layer shall be calculated from
interpolation and extrapolation of the design lines shown on the drawings.
If the batter points specified are found not to lie on the ground surface, derived batter points shall be
established by interpolating or extrapolating batters to ground surface.
6.2 Horizontal Tolerances
The horizontal location of any point on a surface or interface between material types shall not differ from the
corresponding point shown on the drawings, or determined in accordance with Clause 6.1, by more than
50 mm except for the following situations
a) for edges not adjacent to a structure the tolerance shall be - 50 mm + 250 mm (where the + tolerance
is in the direction which increases the width of the earthworks);
b) the width of an embankment at subgrade level shall not be less than that specified; and
c) where alignment of the pavement with an existing road structure is necessary, the new work shall be
joined to the existing work in a smooth manner as shown on the drawings or, if not so shown, in a
manner approved by the Contract Administrator.
6.3 Vertical Tolerances
6.3.1 Primary Tolerances
The heights of earthworks measured anywhere on a layer surface shall not vary from those shown on the
drawings, or calculated in accordance with Clause 6.1, by more than the distances stated in Table 6.3.1
unless specified otherwise.
Average tolerances shall apply to the results for a completed lot.
Table 6.3.1 Primary Vertical Tolerances
Location Tolerance (mm)

Subgrade level. 25
Average subgrade level. 10
Top of embankment, other than the subgrade level. 50
Top of insitu material below subgrade in cuttings in other than rock. 25
Top of insitu material below subgrade in cuttings that cannot be
+ 25 / - 75
trimmed with a grader (Refer to Clause 18.3.3.1).
Inverts of drains. 40
Top of benches and berms. 35
Other interfaces between earthworks materials. 50
6.3.2 Additional Tolerances

The gap beneath a 3 metre long straight-edge placed anywhere on the surface at subgrade level shall not
exceed 25 mm, due allowance being made for design shape where relevant.
All embankments, subgrade, benches, berms and drains shall not pond water and be free draining. Batters
shall be finished in accordance with Clause 16.
Page 6 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
7 CLEARING AND GRUBBING

7.1 General
Clause 7 applies to clearing and grubbing and bridge Site preparation where shown on the drawings or
specified elsewhere in the Contract.
7.2 Construction
7.2.1 Areas to be Cleared and Grubbed
Clearing and grubbing operations shall be limited to those areas required to construct the Works and/or meet
specified visibility requirements. As a minimum the following clearing and grubbing shall be carried out
a) where earthworks are to be constructed, the minimum width required to construct the Works, plus an
additional width of not more than the distance stated in Clause 2.1 of Annexure MRTS04.1 or 3 metres
where not so stated, or the property boundaries, whichever is the lesser;
b) where a bridge is to be constructed, the part of the area beneath the bridge required to construct the
bridge plus a margin of not more than the distance stated in Clause 2.1 of Annexure MRTS04.1 or
2 metres beyond the plan limits of the bridge where not so stated, but not beyond the property
boundaries;
c) any areas specified for visibility; and
d) other areas or specific requirements given in Clause 2.2 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
7.2.2 Limitation on Clearing Operations
Any trees, shrubs and overhanging branches to be left undisturbed shall be clearly marked by the
Contractor. This marking shall be carried out prior to clearing operations reaching the areas concerned.
Hold Point 1
Clearing operations within streams and waterways shall not include removal of stumps and roots below
ground surface. Beyond the areas to be cleared, only those trees, shrubs and overhanging branches which
are shown on the drawings shall be removed or pruned, as necessary. Such removal or pruning shall only be
carried out after consultation with the Administrator.
The Contractor shall take precautions to ensure that there is no unnecessary damage to stream beds or
banks or any vegetation protection on them.
7.2.3 Trees Required by the Principal
Any trees required by the Principal for use as marketable timber shall be as nominated in Clause 2.3 of
Annexure MRTS04.1. Such trees shall be clearly marked by the Contractor prior to clearing operations
reaching the areas concerned. Hold Point 2
Marked trees shall be felled and handled in a manner which avoids damaging the trunks. The trunks of these
trees shall be trimmed of branches and the trunks stacked in neat manageable stockpiles at locations
approved by the Administrator at spacings of not more than 500 metres.
7.2.4 Material Suitable for Organic Mulching
Where organic mulch is required to be supplied and placed in accordance with MRTS16B Vegetation
Ground Works, processing of such material shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of
MRTS16B Vegetation Ground Works.
7.2.5 Fauna Habitat Logs
Hollow timber which is identified as being suitable for fauna habitat logs shall be relocated to areas clear of
construction activities as follows
a) behind batters;
b) behind proposed safety barriers but not within any hazard free zone; and
c) areas at least 9 metres clear of carriageways.
Fauna habitat log density shall not exceed 20 metres length per 100 m2 area. Logs shall not be placed in
waterways or in any area where they are likely to be struck by errant vehicles.
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7.2.6 Sugar Cane and Banana Plants

Particular attention shall be taken to ensure that sugar cane and banana plant root systems are completely
removed and disposed of.
Any regrowth of sugar cane and/or banana plants occurring during the Contract, including the Defects
Liability Period, shall be removed.
7.2.7 Disposal of Cleared and Grubbed Materials
Cleared and grubbed material other than that mulched under Clause 7.2.4 shall be disposed of in any areas
stated in Clause 6 of Annexure MRTS04.1. If no such disposal instructions are stated, the cleared and
grubbed material shall be removed from the Site and disposed of in accordance with all relevant Statutory
Requirements.
Any burning of cleared and grubbed materials shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the
requirements of the Contract.
7.2.8 Additional Requirements
Within the limits of the clearing and grubbing, but clear of earthworks operations, any existing local
irregularities of the natural surface shall be trimmed so as not to cause a hazard to errant vehicles. The
surface shall be lightly compacted if necessary to provide a surface consistent with that existing prior to the
Works.
Any requirements listed in Clause 2.4 of Annexure MRTS04.1 shall apply to clearing and grubbing
operations in addition to all other requirements of Clause 7.
8 STRIPPING OF TOPSOIL
8.1 General
Clause 8 applies to stripping of existing topsoil where shown on the drawings.
8.2 Topsoil Stripping Dimensions
In the areas specified in Clause 3.1 of Annexure MRTS04.1, topsoil shall be stripped from the Site.
The average depth of topsoil to be excavated from each designated area shall be as specified in Clause 3.1
of Annexure MRTS04.1.
8.3 Material Considered Suitable for Use as Planting Media
Soil stripped from the Site which is considered suitable for use as planting media shall comply with the
requirements for planting media specified in MRTS16B Vegetation Ground Works.
8.4 Construction
8.4.1 Stripping to Stockpile
Material considered suitable for use as planting media in accordance with Clause 8.3 shall be stripped from
the Site in a separate operation to any other clearing and/or stripping operation.
Stripped material shall be stockpiled in the locations shown on the drawings, as stated in Clause 3.2 of
Annexure MRTS04.1. Material shall not be stockpiled within the drip lines of existing plants to be retained.
8.4.2 Surplus Material
Surplus material and material considered to be not suitable for use as planting media in accordance with
Clause 8.3 shall be assessed for use as fill or deemed to be Unsuitable Material and disposed of in
accordance with Clause 11.
8.4.3 Stripping Limitations
Material shall not be removed from within drip lines of existing plants to be retained except where this would
otherwise result in Unsuitable Material being left beneath embankments. The root systems of existing plants
to be retained shall be preserved wherever practical.
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8.4.4 Stockpiling of Topsoil

Wherever practical, topsoil shall be transferred directly to placement as planting media. Where stockpiling of
topsoil is required, it shall be carried out in a manner which ensures that the properties of the topsoil are not
permitted to degrade such that it becomes unsuitable as planting media. To assist preservation of planting
media, the Contractor shall include the following provisions in the management of topsoil stockpiles
a) limiting the height of stockpiles to 3 metres;
b) limiting the width of the base of stockpiles to 10 metres;
c) adopting batter slopes, protective covers and drainage which reduce potential for erosion and/or
segregation;
d) limiting the period of stockpiling to a minimum practical time; and
e) carrying out herbicide spraying or other treatment of the stockpile at intervals required to prevent weed
growth and ensure the stockpile faces are weed-free prior to use.
8.4.5 Finishing
All stripped areas, other than areas beneath road embankments or above road cuttings, shall be left in a
neat, free-draining condition with side slopes not steeper than 1 in 4 unless otherwise specified. They shall
be treated so as to conform with the environmental requirements of the Contract.
9 UNSUITABLE MATERIAL
9.1 General
Clause 9 applies to the identification, excavation and disposal of Unsuitable Material where encountered on
the Site and the backfilling of the resulting excavation.
9.2 Identification of Unsuitable Material
Unsuitable Material shall include
a) material from swamps, marshes and bogs;
b) logs, stumps and perishable materials;
c) material susceptible to spontaneous combustion;
d) excavated material that has a WPI greater than 4000 or a PI greater than 50 as stated in Clause 14.2;
e) dry or wet material to a depth of 300 mm or the depth of subgrade treatment, whichever is greater,
which in the opinion of the Administrator cannot be reasonably worked or conditioned to achieve
specified requirements;
f) all material removed, where the material below the depth defined in Clause 9.2(e) is, in the opinion of
the Administrator, unsuitable for compacting subsequent layers;
g) material forming the foundation for a structure which has an allowable bearing pressure less than that
nominated on the drawings;
h) material forming the foundation for an embankment which has an allowable bearing pressure or CBR
less than that stated in Clause 4 of Annexure MRTS04.1 or, where not so stated, a CBR less than
3 based on dynamic cone penetrometer using Test Method Q114B;
i) material containing noxious weeds and other matter which may adversely affect the local environment,
except where these are treated in an appropriate manner;
j) acid sulfate soils from within the Site which cannot be treated or managed in accordance with
Clause 10;
k) stripped topsoil which is deemed not suitable as planting media and is not suitable for use elsewhere
in the Works;
l) building rubble including concrete, asphalt and other materials except where broken down or
otherwise treated and proved to be suitable for use; and
m) abandoned Public Utility Plant and any associated material.
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9.3 Construction Requirements

It shall be the sole responsibility of the Contractor to prove that material is Unsuitable Material as defined in
Clause 9.2.
Where Unsuitable Material or potentially Unsuitable Material is encountered on the Site, the Contractor shall,
before proceeding to remove or cover such material, notify the Administrator. Hold Point 3
Within 24 hours of the above notification, the Administrator will advise the Contractor of the required
treatment, if any, and the extent of such treatment.
Methods of excavation of Unsuitable Material shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clause 13.
Excavated material shall be used or disposed of in accordance with Clause 11.
In general, backfilling of excavations of Unsuitable Material shall be carried out in accordance with the
provisions of Clause 13.
In the interests of expediency, the Contractor may elect to remove Unsuitable Material and replace it with
material complying with this specification without reference to the Administrator.
10 ACID SULFATE SOILS

10.1 General
Clause 10 applies to the identification, testing and treatment of acid sulfate soils where encountered on the
Site and in imported materials.
For the purposes of this Clause, the term Sampling and Analysis Procedure shall mean the current revision
of the Guidelines for Sampling and Analysis of Lowland Acid Sulfate Soils in Queensland published by the
Queensland Acid Sulfate Soils Investigation Team and the Department of Natural Resources.
10.2 Initial Assessment of Acid Sulfate Soils on the Site
If acid sulfate soil has been identified on the Site, its presence shall be indicated in Clause 5.1 of Annexure
MRTS04.1 and its location shall be stated in Clause 5.2 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
Where acid sulfate soil is likely to occur by reference to elevation, geology, geomorphology or as shown on
Sulfate Soil Risk Maps compiled by the Department of Natural Resources, this shall be indicated in
Clause 5.3 of Annexure MRTS04.1 and the likely locations shall be stated in Clause 5.4 of Annexure
MRTS04.1.
10.3 Management of Acid Sulfate Soils
Assessment of excavated materials, exposed subgrade and borrow sources shall be undertaken by testing
as specified in Clause 10.4.
Where additional site specific requirements are stated in Clause 5.5 of Annexure MRTS04.1, the additional
requirements shall also be met.
Where potentially acid sulfate soils are discovered, detailed methods for the identification, assessment and
treatment of acid sulfate soils shall be set out in an Acid Sulfate Soil Management Plan as part of the
Environmental Management Plan. The Acid Sulfate Soil Management Plan shall comply with the Sampling
and Analysis Procedure. It shall be developed in conjunction with a laboratory experienced in acid sulfate
soil analysis.
10.4 Testing and Reporting
10.4.1 General
Testing for acid sulfate potential and reporting of test results shall be carried out on all excavated material
and exposed cuttings on the Site which could reasonably be expected to have a possible acid sulfate
potential. This shall include all materials from coastal areas below 5 metres above sea level and all areas
with visual indications of acid sulfate potential in accordance with Clause 10.4.2 and all areas identified as
specified in Clause 10.2.
The testing frequency and reporting shall be as detailed below
a) Visual testing undertaken by trained personnel shall be continuous throughout the earthwork phase of
the Contract and shall be applied to all such areas on which work is performed including borrow areas;
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b) Field pH testing for both actual and potential acid sulfate soils shall be carried out (on the same soil
sample) on all borrow material to be imported to the Works and all material excavated or exposed in
the Works in areas specified as having acid sulfate potential. A minimum of 1 test per soil type shall be
carried out. The results shall be documented and reported to the Administrator prior to such materials
being used on the Site. Hold Point 4; and
c) Where materials test positive to actual or potential acid sulfate contamination in the field, the
Administrator shall be notified immediately. Such soils shall not be used on the Site until the results of
subsequent quantitative laboratory testing negates the results of the field testing. Recommended
quantitative laboratory methods are the Suspension Peroxide Oxidation Combined Acidity and Sulfate
method and Total Oxidisable Sulfur method, as specified in the Sampling and Analysis Procedure and
Suspension Peroxide Oxidation Combined Acidity and Sulfate (SPOCAS) Method.
10.4.2 Visual Assessment of Potential Acid Sulfate Soils
Acid Sulfate Soils are predominantly found in sediments of marine origin in coastal embayments where the
ground surface elevation is less than 5 metres above sea level.
Any tidal swamp or wetland which was once tidal, and some inland marshes subject to saline seepage have
the potential for the development of acid sulfate soils.
Possible visual indications of acid sulfate soils are as follows
a) iron staining or iron flocculation lining stream banks and water surfaces;
b) presence of dark grey clays, sands or peats;
c) soil profiles showing yellow mottles of jarosite and red and brown iron staining;
d) excessively clear or blue-green water in drains or streams;
e) poor plant growth or acid scalds;
f) the presence of acid resistant vegetation such as mangroves, ti-tree, marine couch, melaleuca,
casuarina and phragmites;
g) soil cracking;
h) badly corroded metal and concrete fixtures; and/or
i) fish kills.
10.4.3 Field pH Testing for Actual Acid Sulfate Soils
A soil pH test kit can be used to indicate the presence of actual acid sulfate soils. If the soils field pH (pHF) is
less than 4, oxidisation of pyrite has probably occurred in the past, indicating that actual acid sulfate soil is
present. The pHF test shall only be used as an indicator. Errors in this test procedure can occur due to the
severity of the soil acidity, the influence of salts in the soil and/or contamination of the indicator chemicals.
A calibrated electronic pH probe can be inserted directly into moist soil to measure the in situ pH of actual
acid sulfate soil or into dry soil moistened with deionised water.
Small samples can give a large variation in pH due to the uneven distribution of pyrite in the soil. The field
test therefore shall include at least 5 pH measurements in any one area to gauge the distribution of the
actual acid sulfate soil.
Saturated potential acid sulfate may exist below the actual acid sulfate soil layer. These field tests do not
account for any pyrite that has not yet been oxidised.
10.4.4 Field pH Testing for Potential Acid Sulfate Soils
The field test for determining the presence or absence of potential acid sulfate soils shall be performed as
follows
a) the soil sample shall be oxidised with 30% laboratory grade hydrogen peroxide, the pH of which has
been adjusted to 4.5 5.5;
b) if on oxidation there is an effervescent reaction with the soil, the pH after oxidation (pHFOX) is below
the pHF for the sample, and the pHFOX is less than 3, then the presence of potential acid sulfate soils is
indicated (the more exaggerated these effects, the more positive the presence of sulfides); and
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c) if the pHFOX is greater than 3 but the other two conditions still apply, further quantitative laboratory
assessment shall still be carried out (particularly in areas previously specified as having acid sulfate
soil problems, or potential areas identified by the Contractor during visual inspections).
10.4.5 Soil Sample Collection, Handling and Transport
All samples collected for laboratory analysis shall be placed in sealed sample containers which exclude air
and the containers shall be placed in an insulated container packed with dry ice or in a refrigerator. The
samples shall be transported to the laboratory within 24 hours of collection to reduce the possibility of
biologically catalysed oxidation.
If samples cannot be transported to the laboratory within 24 hours, they shall be managed to reduce the
oxidation of pyrite before laboratory analysis. Methods of minimising the oxidation of pyrite in soil include
a) oven drying at 80C to 85C in a forced draft, high capacity oven for 48 hours;
b) freezing the sample; and
c) refrigeration and storage in a sealed container (this is for short term only as oxidation still occurs).
Despite these precautions, samples taken from the actively oxidising layer of acid sulfate soil profiles can
contain ferrous iron which undergoes chemical oxidation. Laboratory determinations of the pH of these
samples will always show a significant decrease from the field determination.
Specific soil sampling methods shall be outlined in the Contractors Acid Sulfate Soil Management Plan.
10.5 Soil Treatment
Acid sulfate soils encountered below the base of excavations which will not be subjected to a change in
water and oxygen regime do not require treatment. However, the high water content of such materials can
be an issue for load bearing and subsidence.
Acid sulfate soils encountered as part of excavated materials and left exposed in cuttings or otherwise
subjected to a change in water and oxygen regime will require treatment by the methods detailed below.
The treatment of positively identified actual or potential acid sulfate soils shall be to neutralise their actual
and potential acidity as specified in the Sampling and Analysis Procedure before use or transport off the Site.
Methods of treatment shall be outlined in the Contractors Acid Sulfate Soil Management Plan.
Acid sulfate soils from within the nominated excavation lines shall generally be treated with lime during
placement in embankment as provided for in Clause 14.3.6.
Acid sulfate soils which cannot practically be neutralised for use on Site, or which are classed as Unsuitable
Material, shall be removed from the Site and treated in accordance with the Acid Sulfate Management Plan.
Acid sulfate soils outside the nominated excavation and drainage lines shall be treated by in situ stabilisation
with lime in accordance with Clause 12.2.3.
10.6 Water Treatment
Runoff from stockpiles of acid sulfate soil and exposed groundwater potentially contaminated by acid sulfate
soils shall be contained and managed within the boundary of the Site or treated to acceptable levels before
discharge to watercourses. Analysis shall be carried out for at least chloride, sulfate, aluminium, calcium and
iron content and pH and electrical conductivity. Water shall not be discharged unless it meets the standard
specified in Clause 5.6 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
Treatment shall generally consist of introduction of a lime slurry to the contaminated water prior to discharge.
Details of management and treatment methods and release parameters shall be included in the Contractors
Acid Sulfate Soil Management Plan.
10.7 Contractors Duty of Care
Nothing contained in this standard shall negate the Contractors general environmental duty of care if acid
sulfate soils are discovered on the Site or in borrow areas. In such cases, the Contractor shall immediately
notify the Administrator and take all appropriate action to limit any potential environmental effects.
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11 USE OF OR DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS AND UNSUITABLE MATERIAL

11.1 General
Clause 11 applies to the methods for use of and/or disposal of surplus material and Unsuitable Material.
Material suitable for an alternative use shall be used for that use if possible. Disposal of material shall be
either to on-site spoil areas or to spoil off the Site.
11.2 Disposal in Areas on the Site
Disposal in areas on the Site shall be permitted only at the locations specified in Clause 6 of Annexure
MRTS04.1. Where no such areas are specified in Clause 6 of Annexure MRTS04.1, all surplus material
and/or Unsuitable Material shall be removed from the Site in accordance with Clause 11.3.
Placement of surplus material and/or Unsuitable Material in areas on the Site shall be conditional on it being
placed in neat and uniform lines which will remain stable and free draining in the long term and compacted
by traversing with construction machinery. The finished surface of the material shall be treated by topsoiling
and grassing or other equivalent method so that it is not subject to erosion.
The following materials shall not be placed in disposal areas on the Site
a) material susceptible to spontaneous combustion;
b) untreated acid sulfate soils;
c) materials containing rubbish, construction materials, organic materials other than would be acceptable
as planting media and other deleterious, odorous or unsightly materials; and
d) contaminated materials and materials containing noxious weeds or other matter which may affect the
local environment or are considered environmentally hazardous.
11.3 Spoil to Off-Site Areas
Except as provided for in Clauses 11.1 and 11.2, materials excess to project requirements and Unsuitable
Materials shall be disposed of off the Site.
Such material shall be removed from the Site and disposed of in accordance with all relevant Statutory
Requirements.
12 GROUND SURFACE TREATMENT

12.1 General
Clause 12 applies to ground surface treatment where shown on the drawings or specified elsewhere in the
Contract. The requirements of Clause 12 shall apply following clearing and grubbing operations and the
stripping of topsoil where appropriate.
12.2 Construction
12.2.1 Ground Surface Treatment, Standard
12.2.1.1 Areas to be Treated
The requirements specified in Clause 12.2.1 are those to be carried out on the ground surface in all areas
beneath any part of a road embankment or road pavement, and any additional areas specified in Clause 7.1
of Annexure MRTS04.1, but excluding any areas of excavation and excluding any areas where a special
ground surface treatment or subgrade preparation is required.
12.2.1.2 Filling Holes and Localised Depressions
Any holes and localised depressions in the ground surface evident following clearing and grubbing and
stripping of topsoil shall be filled to the level of the surrounding ground surface. Fill material shall be material
similar to the surrounding ground material or material specified for the construction of embankments. The
material shall be placed in the holes and depressions and compacted in accordance with Clause 15.
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12.2.1.3 Compaction of Insitu Material Below Embankments

After any clearing and grubbing, stripping of topsoil and replacement of Unsuitable Material, the exposed
ground surface on which an embankment is to be placed shall, as a minimum, be scarified and re-
compacted to a depth of at least 150 mm in accordance with the requirements of Clause 15.
If the material below the ground surface on which an embankment is to be placed is too wet or too dry to
compact in accordance with Clause 15 and the material does not meet the requirements for Unsuitable
Material as specified in Clause 9, the moisture content shall be adjusted as necessary to the appropriate
depth to a maximum of 300 mm. Material below this depth shall be assessed under Clause 9.2.
This work may include tyning, adding water, mixing, draining, the addition of dry materials, removing and
replacing and/or other appropriate treatment.
Alternatively, in the interests of expediency, the Contractor may elect to remove wet material and replace it
with other material.
12.2.2 Ground Surface Treatment, Special
Project specific requirements for ground surface treatment shall be as specified in Clause 7.2 of Annexure
MRTS04.1.
12.2.3 Ground Surface Treatment In Situ Treatment of Acid Sulfate Soils
Where runoff or groundwater can leach from acid sulfate soils, it shall be tested and neutralised in
accordance with Clause 12.2.3
Testing of acid sulfate soils shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clause 10.
Lime shall to be added to neutralise acidity. Addition and mixing of lime shall be in accordance with the
requirements of MRTS07A In Situ Stabilised Subgrades Using Quicklime or Hydrated Lime with verification
of lime content carried out in accordance with the requirements of MRTS07A In Situ Stabilised Subgrades
Using Quicklime or Hydrated Lime.
Compaction shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clause 15.
12.2.4 Removal of Unsuitable Material
Procedures and processes for the identification, removal and replacement of Unsuitable Material shall
comply with the provisions of Clause 9.
13 EXCAVATION
13.1 General
Clause 13 applies to excavation where shown on the drawings or specified elsewhere in the Contract.
13.2 Blinding Concrete
Blinding concrete shall be concrete of minimum Class N20/20 complying with the provisions of
MRTS70 Concrete.
13.3 Construction
13.3.1 All Excavations
Excavations shall be constructed to the shapes, lines, dimensions and other requirements shown on the
drawings.
The areas detailed in Clause 8 of Annexure MRTS04.1 shall be lightly tyned.
The use of excavated material in the construction of embankments shall be subject to the requirements of
Clause 14.
Material within the lines of cuttings which is identified as Unsuitable Material in accordance with the
provisions of Clause 9.2 shall not be used in the construction of embankments.
Excavated material which is surplus to the project requirements shall be disposed of as stated in Clause 11.
All permanent excavation batters shall be finished in accordance with Clause 16.
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The bottom of excavations shall be trimmed to the tolerances specified in Clause 6 and any loose material
removed from the surface.
13.3.2 Special Requirements for Cuttings
13.3.2.1 Bottom of Excavation
When the level of excavation has reached subgrade level plus 100 mm, the Contractor shall carry out the
requirements of the relevant provisions of Clause 18.3.3 and cease excavation until the subgrade treatment
type has been determined in accordance with Clause 18.3.3. Hold Point 5
13.3.2.2 Unsuitable Material Below the Lines of Cuttings
Material below the finished lines and levels of cuttings, which is Unsuitable Material in accordance with the
provisions of Clause 9.2, shall be removed and disposed of in accordance with the provisions of Clause 9.3.
Where Unsuitable Material has been removed, the excavation shall be backfilled to the finished surface level
with appropriate fill material as specified on the drawings or in accordance with the provisions of Clause 14
or Clause 19 as appropriate (refer to Clause 9.3).
13.3.2.3 Pre-splitting
Where so stated in Clause 9 of Annexure MRTS04.1, batters of rock cuttings with a slope of 2 vertical to
1 horizontal or steeper shall be pre-split prior to burden blasts to ensure protection of the batters.
The spacing of pre-split drill holes shall not exceed 1000 mm centre to centre. The actual spacing shall be
determined by the Contractor.
13.3.2.4 Restoration of Batters
If any section of a batter has been over-excavated beyond the tolerance limit specified, the Contractor shall
re-form the batter to the average batter slope shown on the drawings using an approved rectification method.
13.3.2.5 Berm Drains
Berm drains shall be constructed where shown on the drawings.
Unless shown otherwise, berm drains shall have a nominal depth of 100 mm and shall be 2 metres wide.
Berm drains shall be concrete lined in accordance with the requirements of MRTS03 Drainage, Retaining
Structures and Protective Treatments.
13.3.3 Special Requirements for Confined Excavations
13.3.3.1 Dimensions of Excavations
Trench excavations and excavations for structures shall be carried out to the dimensions shown on the
drawings or, where not so shown, to the minimum dimensions necessary to accurately and safely construct
the work under the Contract.
13.3.3.2 Unsuitable Material in Confined Excavations
Material which is Unsuitable Material in accordance with the provisions of Clause 9.2 shall not be reused in
the Works but shall be removed and disposed of in accordance with the provisions of Clause 9.3.
13.3.3.3 Protection of Excavations
The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to protect an excavation and all personnel and
equipment in or about an excavation, including provision of all necessary temporary Works and equipment.
Upon completion of construction within an excavation, all temporary Works shall be removed in such a way
as not to damage any finished structure.
13.3.3.4 Bottom of Excavation
The material in the bottom of confined excavations shall comply with the density requirements of Clause 15.
Where the in situ material does not comply, it shall be compacted to a depth of at least 150 mm in
accordance with the requirements of Clause 15.
Where precast concrete items (end structures, walls, kerbs, kerb and channels etc) are to be placed in
excavation, a 50 mm layer of bedding material complying with the requirements of Clause 19.2.6 shall be
placed and compacted to provide continuous, even support to the structure.
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13.3.4 Special Requirements for Structure Foundations

13.3.4.1 Excavation for Load Bearing Footings
Excavation for foundations of structures shall be carried out to the dimensions and depths shown on the
drawings. All excavations for foundations shall be drained.
When the excavation has been carried out to the depth shown on the drawings (including blinding concrete
where appropriate), the Contractor shall notify the Administrator who will determine whether or not material
meeting the required bearing capacity has been reached. This material is defined as undisturbed natural
material which will safely carry the foundation bearing pressures shown on the Drawings. Hold Point 6
Excavation below the lines shown on the drawings shall be treated as excavation for Unsuitable Material in
accordance with Clause 13.3.3.2. Where Unsuitable Material has been removed, the excavation shall be
backfilled to foundation level with appropriate backfill material as specified on the drawings or directed by the
designer in accordance with the provisions of Clause 19.
When competent material has been reached at or below the depth shown on the drawings, the foundation
surface shall be trimmed to a generally horizontal plane or to generally horizontal steps as appropriate,
completely dewatered and presented for final inspection by the Designers RPEQ geotechnical engineer. No
work which will cover the surface of the foundation shall proceed until the foundation has been inspected and
approved by the Designers RPEQ geotechnical engineer. Hold Point 7
Where shown on the drawings or specified elsewhere, a layer of blinding concrete shall be placed over the
foundation material as soon as practical. The top surface of the blinding concrete shall be screeded neatly to
the shape and levels shown on the drawings.
If the foundation surface has deteriorated since the time the foundation was approved and before blinding
concrete or backfill material has been placed, additional material shall be removed until competent material
is reached as described above. The foundation shall be represented for further inspection and approval by
the Administrator. Hold Point 8
13.3.4.2 Excavation for Pile Caps
Excavation for pile caps shall be carried out to the dimensions and levels shown on the drawings.
13.3.5 Excavation to Clear Waterways
Excavation shall be carried out, where shown on the drawings, to clear the waterways at bridge abutments.
The surface so formed shall be sealed by using a smooth drum roller.
13.3.6 Special Requirements for Culverts
The widths of excavations for culverts shall be the minimum necessary for their construction and placement
of backfill against them, provided that nowhere shall such widths be more than those shown on DMR
Standard Drawing number 1359.
The material in the bottom of an excavation shall comply with the density requirements of Clause 15. Where
the in situ material does not comply, it shall be compacted to a depth of at least 150 mm in accordance with
the requirements of Clause 15.
13.3.7 Special Requirements for Drains
13.3.7.1 Culvert Inlet/Outlet Drains
Culvert inlet/outlet drains shall be constructed from the extremities of end structures to culverts and shall
transition smoothly to existing adjacent natural drainage channels or to the boundary of the Site, whichever
is the lesser.
13.3.7.2 Diversion Channels
Diversion channels shall be constructed to the details shown on the drawings.
13.3.7.3 Diversion Drains
Diversion drains shall be constructed to the details shown on the drawings or, where not shown, as detailed
on DMR Standard Drawing number 1178 and to any cross-sectional areas shown on the drawings.
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13.3.7.4 Catch Drains

Catch drains shall be constructed before or during the early stages of construction of the adjacent roadworks
and shall be located as close as practicable to the adjacent batter edges.
Where the transverse slope of the ground surface allows this, catch drains shall be turned out away from the
roadworks at frequent intervals in a manner which will minimise the scouring effect of any surface flows.
Catch drains shall, where practicable, be terminated at inlet/outlet drains to culverts.
13.3.7.5 Table Drains
Where table drains cross accesses to private properties and details of the crossings are not specified, the
drains shall be so constructed as to be trafficable to normal passenger vehicles.
13.3.7.6 Slope of Drains
All drains shall have a continuous positive drainage slope in the required direction.
13.3.8 Dewatering of Excavations
Where dewatering of excavations is required, it shall be carried out in compliance with the requirements of
the Environmental Management Plan. Under no circumstances shall water be disposed of to sanitary
sewers.
14 EMBANKMENTS
14.1 General
Clause 14 applies to embankments to the underside of the subgrade where shown on the drawings or
specified elsewhere in the Contract.
14.2 Materials
14.2.1 Introduction
Fill material used for the construction of road embankments shall be material sourced from general
excavations on the Site or from borrow.
Size limitations for stone shall apply where specified elsewhere in this standard.
Where fill material is required from borrow, borrow areas shall be developed, operated and reinstated in
accordance with the provisions of Clause 17.
14.2.2 General Fill Material
General fill material shall comply with the properties stated in Table 14.2.2 modified in accordance with any
requirements stated in Clause 10.1 of Annexure MRTS04.1. The requirements for percentage passing
0.075 mm AS sieve shall apply to the compacted material in place. General fill material shall be classified
into classes in accordance with the properties listed in Table 14.2.2.
Where it is suspected that general fill might be sodic, the Contractor shall test a representative sample of the
proposed fill as detailed in AS 1289.3.8.1 to obtain the Emerson Class Number. The proposed fill shall not
be used when the Emerson Class Number is 3 or lower except that it may be used in the core zone of a
zoned cross section.
Table 14.2.2. Embankment Material Properties
Material Description WPI PI (%) % passing 0.075 mm AS Sieve

General fill material Class A < 1200 7 15 30
General fill material Class B 1200 < 2200 - -
General fill material Class C 2200 < 3200 - -
General fill material Class D* 3200 < 4000 50 -
ii) * Material that is inferior to Class D is unsuitable material as per Clause 9.2 (d)
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14.2.3 Rock Fill

Rock fill shall comply with the properties stated in Table 14.2.3, in addition to Clause 19.2.13.
Table 14.2.3 Properties of Rock Fill
% Passing Sieve Aperture Size, mm

100 500
95 100 300
0 10 4.75
iii) Notes:
iv) Ten percent fines value (wet) as per Test Method Q205B shall be a
minimum of 50 kN.
v) Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu = D60/D10) shall be greater than or equal to 5.
14.2.4 Subgrade Fill Material

The material used for the construction of subgrade in road embankments and for treatment of subgrade in
cuttings, where directed, shall be general fill material which satisfies the following additional material
properties
a) the material shall be general fill material of Class A or Class B in accordance with the requirements of
Table 14.2.2 and shall comply with the additional requirements specified in Clause 10.2 of Annexure
MRTS04.1;
b) the material shall be suitable for placement using the compacted layer method in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 15.3; and
c) the maximum stone size shall be 75 mm.
14.2.5 Verge Material
Verge material shall be general fill material Class A complying with the properties stated in Clause 14.2.2.
14.2.6 Water Retaining Embankments
Fill material used for the construction of levee banks, catch banks and other water retaining embankments
shall be general fill material which complies with the requirements for Class A or Class B material in
accordance with Clause 14.2.2 and Table 14.2.2.
14.2.7 Geotextile
Geotextile shall be a material of the appropriate strength class and filtration class complying with the
requirements of MRTS27 Geotextiles.
14.2.8 Special Embankment Materials
Where special embankment materials are required to be used, the material requirements are specified in
Clause 10.3 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
14.3 Construction
14.3.1 General
Embankments shall be constructed to the shapes, zones and other requirements shown on the drawings or
otherwise as specified.
Where so stated in Clause 10.4 of Annexure MRTS04.1, general fill material shall be placed in zones as
shown in Figure 14.3.1. Where not shown as being placed in zones, general fill material shall be
homogeneous.
Embankment fill material shall be either general fill material or rock fill. Notwithstanding any other specific
requirement for fill material, material placed in an embankment above a height 600 mm below subgrade level
shall consist of material suitable for placement using the compacted layer method.
Page 18 of 37
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General fill material requirements for both homogeneous and zoned embankments and cover requirements
for zoned embankments depend on embankment height to subgrade level and rainfall zone. Unless shown
otherwise in Clause 10.5 of Annexure MRTS04.1, requirements shall be as shown in Table 14.3.1. The zone
definitions for the cross section and rainfall are shown in Figure 14.3.1 and Table 15.3-C respectively.
Table 14.3.1 Embankment Fill Properties (For embankments not containing any bound layers in
pavement)
Zoned Cross-Section
Homogeneous
Batter Rainfall Upper Zone General Fill Class 3
H (m) Cross-Section
Slope 'x' 1 Zone 2 Thickness Y 3,5
Upper Outer
(m)1 Core 1 1 1,5
Greater A, B,
Low/Medium -- A, B, C A, B, C, D4
than or C, D
Less than equal to 4 High 0.6
or equal A, B, C, D A, B, C A, B, C A, B, C
Greater Low/Medium 0.6
to 1.5
than or
equal to 2 & High 1.0 A, B, C A, B A, B
less than 4
Low/Medium 1.0 A, B, C
Greater 0.6 m when
than or Class C and
equal to 2.5 High
1.0 m when
Greater Class D in core
than 1.5 0.6 m when
and Less Class C and A, B, C, D A, B A, B
than or Greater Low/Medium A, B
1.0 m when
equal to 6 than or Class D in core
equal to 2 &
less than 1.0 m when
2.5 Class C and
High
1.5 m when
Class D in core
Greater Low/Medium A, B A, B A, B
than 6 1.5 m when
Greater
and Less Class C and
than or A, B, C, D
than or High 2.0 m when A, B A A
equal to 2
equal to Class D in core
10
Less than Greater
or equal than or Low High ROCK FILL
to 10 equal to 1.5
Greater
To be geotechnically designed
than 10
vi) Notes
vii) 1 Refer to Figure 14.3.1 for definitions of x, y and core, upper and outer zones.
viii) 2 Refer to Table 15.3-C for Rainfall.
ix) 3 Refer to Table 14.2.2 for definitions of Fill Classes A, B C and D.
x) 4 Specific pavement design requirements shall dictate the material class for the upper 300 mm across the entire
embankment cross section.
xi) 5 Where it is suspected that general fill may be sodic, the Contractor shall test a representative sample of the proposed fill
as detailed in AS 1289.3.8.1 to obtain the Emerson Class Number. The proposed fill shall not be used when the Emerson Class
Number is 3 or lower except that it may be used in the core zone of a zoned cross-section.
Where excess fill material is available from general excavations on the Site, care shall be taken to ensure
that material in classes with the highest WPI is disposed of progressively.
Page 19 of 37
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October 10
Care shall be taken when sourcing fill material so that sufficient Class A and Class B materials are available
to complete the embankment in accordance with the requirements of this standard.
The method of construction employed shall be the compacted layer method and/or the mechanical interlock
layer method in accordance with the requirements of Clause 15. Construction operations which involve
tipping of material over the sides of a constructed section of embankment shall not be permitted.
Compaction standards shall be as specified in Clause 15.
Permanent embankment batters shall be finished in accordance with Clause 16.
Figure 14.3.1 Embankment Zones
14.3.2 Geotextile at Changes in Material Type

Where fill material changes from material compacted by the mechanical interlock method to material
compacted by the compacted layer method and the voids in the previously placed coarse material are not
completely filled with fines (refer to Clause 15.4), a geotextile membrane shall be installed at the interface
between the coarse and fine fill materials.
Prior to installing the geotextile, the surface voids in the material at the interface shall be filled with smaller
stones and fines to provide effective support for the geotextile.
Installation of the geotextile shall comply with the provisions of MRTS27 Geotextiles (Separation and
Filtration).
14.3.3 Stepping the Ground Surface on Which Embankments are to be Constructed
Where the ground surface on which an embankment is to be constructed and the earthworks operations are
such that the uncompacted thickness of a layer is less than the minimum thickness specified in
Clause 15.3 or 15.4, horizontal steps shall be cut into the ground surface
a) where the ground surface has a transverse slope steeper than 1 in 8, a horizontal step not less than
300 mm high shall be cut into the ground surface at the toe of the embankment on the low side; and
b) where the ground has a transverse slope steeper than 1 on 4, a series of horizontal steps not less
than 300 mm high shall be cut into the ground surface to be covered by the embankment. Such steps
shall be continuous longitudinally and contiguous transversely.
14.3.4 Special Requirements for Diversion Blocks
Diversion blocks shall be constructed to the details shown on DMR Standard Drawing number 1178.
The volume of each diversion block shall be not less than 1 m3.
14.3.5 Special Requirements for Catch Banks
Catch banks shall be constructed before or during the early stages of construction of the adjacent roadworks
and shall be located as close as practicable to the adjacent batter edges of the roadworks.
Where the transverse slope of the ground surface allows this, catch banks shall be turned out away from the
roadworks at frequent intervals in a manner which will minimise the scouring effect of any surface flows.
Page 20 of 37
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October 10
Catch banks shall be terminated at inlet drains to culverts.

14.3.6 Special Requirements for Acid Sulfate Soil Materials
Testing of acid sulfate soils shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clause 10.
Where lime is to be added to embankment fill material to neutralise acidity, the addition and mixing of lime
shall be in accordance with the requirements of MRTS07A Insitu Stabilised Subgrades Using Quicklime or
Hydrated Lime with verification of lime content carried out in accordance with the requirements of
MRTS07A Insitu Stabilised Subgrades Using Quicklime or Hydrated Lime.
15 COMPACTION
15.1 General
Clause 15 applies to the requirements for compaction of all materials.
15.2 Method of Compaction and Testing
The method of compaction and the required methods for verifying compliance with density requirements are
dependent on the properties of the material being compacted. The categories of materials, their required
method of compaction and the method for determination of density shall be as summarised in Table 15.2.
Where the Contractor proposes to use materials other than those in the categories given in Table 15.2, the
Contractor shall submit the material and special compaction and testing methods to the Administrator for
acceptance.
Table 15.2 Compaction Method
Material Compaction Method Density Compliance Tests

Density Index where maximum
dry density test gives
Cohesionless sands Compacted layer method
meaningless answers,
otherwise relative compaction
Soils other than above which,
after compaction, have less than
Compacted layer method Relative compaction
20% of stone retained on the
37.5 mm sieve
Coarse grained soils with more
than 70% of stone retained on Mechanical interlock method Nil on material in general;
the 37.5 mm sieve
Soils other than above which, Relative compaction
after compaction, have more Compacted layer method
than 20%, but less than 70% of or Relative compaction where
stone retained on the 37.5 mm appropriate on materials
Mechanical interlock method completely infilling voids
sieve
15.3 Compacted Layer Method of Construction

Where the compacted layer method of construction is employed, the provisions of Clause 15.3 shall apply.
Where the fill material contains stone, the stone shall be of size not greater than two-thirds of the
uncompacted layer depth.
All general fill material shall be placed uniformly in layers. The allowable loose layer thickness for material
compacted using the compacted layer method shall be as specified in Table 15.3-A.
The maximum allowable loose layer thickness for general fill material in road embankment may be increased
if the Contractor can demonstrate that the proposed compaction plant and work procedure will achieve the
specified densities throughout the full depth of the compacted layer.
Page 21 of 37
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October 10
Table 15.3-A Layer Thickness for Compaction
Loose Layer Thickness (mm)

Material / Location
Minimum Maximum
General fill material in road embankment 150 300
Fill material in water retaining fills 150 200
Subgrade 100 200
Backfill except sand - 100
Backfill sand 150 300
Where the uncompacted thickness of a layer would otherwise be less than the minimum thickness specified
in Clause 15.3, a lesser thickness of newly placed fill material may be employed by loosening the underlying
material to give a total depth equal to the minimum thickness.
Density requirements for materials compacted using the compacted layer method shall be as specified in
Table 15.3-B. The characteristic value for relative compaction shall be calculated in accordance with the
provisions of Clause 13 of MRTS01 Introduction to Technical Standards.
Table 15.3-B Density Requirements
Location and Referenced Clauses Material Characteristic Value of

Relative Compaction1
Insitu material for placement of fill (other All materials 95% minimum
than subgrade) (12.2.1.2, 12.2.1.3, 12.2.3)
Bottom of excavations (other than All materials 95% minimum
subgrade) (13.3.3.4, 13.3.6)
Subgrade in cuttings (full treatment depth) Class A or B 97% minimum
(18.3.3) Class C or D 90% minimum
96% maximum
Class C or D 95% minimum
Low and medium rainfall zones
Subgrade on embankments Class A or B 97% minimum
High rainfall zone
Road embankment (other than subgrade) Class A or B 95% minimum
(14.3.1)
High rainfall zone 96% maximum
Low and medium rainfall zones
Levee embankment and other water Class A or B 97% minimum
retaining fills (14.3.1)
Backfill (other than subgrade) (19.3.1) Sand 70% minimum Density
Index4
Other than sand 95% minimum
xii) Notes
1
xiii) The density compliance test shall be relative compaction except for sand where density index shall be used.
2
xiv) Lower characteristic value.
3
xv) Upper characteristic value.
4
xvi) Q142E.
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The embankment and unbound subgrade material shall be placed and compacted at a moisture content
within the range given in Table 15.3-C where the values given are the relative moisture content (standard
compaction). The rainfall zone shall be as given in Clause 11 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
The moisture content of the compacted material shall be maintained within the specified range until covered
with subsequent layers.
At all times the Contractor shall ensure that no water is permitted to pond on or adjacent to an embankment
and that the surface of the embankment is free draining.
Table 15.3-C Moisture Content Range for Embankment and Unbound Subgrade Material
General Fill Material

Rainfall Median Annual Relative Moisture Content (%)
Zone Rainfall (mm)
Class A Class B Class C Class D
High > 800 50 80 60 90 100 140* 100 140*
Medium 500 800 50 80 60 90 80 100 80 100
Low < 500 50 80 60 80 60 80 60 80
xvii) * These limits apply to material without added water. Where water is added to achieve compaction, the limits shall be 85
110.
15.4 Mechanical Interlock Method of Construction

The mechanical interlock layer method of construction shall be employed for coarse granular soils as
specified in Clause 15.2, where mechanical interlock is relied upon for stability. All fill material shall be
placed and compacted uniformly in layers. The maximum thickness of an uncompacted layer shall be
determined from Table 15.4.
The module weights specified in Table 15.4 shall apply to drawn rollers and self-propelled single drum
rollers. The maximum layer thicknesses for module weights between the values listed shall be interpolated.
The layer thickness and compaction equipment shall be chosen such that the minimum thickness of
uncompacted layers is not less than one and a half times the maximum size of stone in the layer or 150 mm,
whichever is greater.
Each layer shall be rolled until no further reduction of the layer surface height occurs. Witness Point
Where the proportion of finer grained material is such as to completely fill the voids between rocks, the finer
grained portion shall be compacted to a characteristic value of the relative compaction as specified in
Clause 15.3.
Table 15.4 Maximum Thickness of Uncompacted Layers for Mechanical Interlock
Static Module Weight or Vibrating Drum Maximum Thickness of Uncompacted Layer (mm)
Equivalent (tonnes) Voids not filled Voids filled
5 400 300
10 600 400
15 900 600
20 1200 800
16 FINISHING BATTERS
Batters shall be free of loose material and shall be trimmed neatly to the shapes specified.
No portion of a batter shall project beyond the shape specified by more than 300 mm or one-third of the
height of the batter, whichever is the lesser.
No portion of a rock batter shall overhang the outside edge of a table drain.
Page 23 of 37
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October 10
Batters shall continue in regular lines around curves. Where treatment of batters with planting media or
vegetation is shown on the drawings or specified, the batters shall be prepared in accordance with the
following
a) where planting media is specified, cut batters shall be stepped to allow retention of planting media to
the depth specified;
b) where planting media is not specified, cut batters shall be stepped as shown on Standard Drawing
number 1045; and
c) fill batters shall be roughened.
Treatment of batters shall commence as soon as practicable, but not later than 14 days after substantial
completion of earthworks on each section of the Works.
17 BORROW OPERATIONS
17.1 General
Where material obtained from construction of excavations is insufficient for the construction of embankments
and other fills, suitable material may be borrowed from areas on or off the Site.
17.2 Borrowing Operations on the Site
Material may be borrowed on the Site from any areas stated in Clause 12.1 of Annexure MRTS04.1. Where
no areas are stated in Clause 12.1 of Annexure MRTS04.1, material shall not be borrowed from the Site.
Borrowing operations on the Site shall comply with any additional requirements stated in Clause 12.2 of
Annexure MRTS04.1.
Borrow areas on the Site shall be developed, operated and reinstated in accordance with the following
a) borrow areas shall be cleared and grubbed in accordance with the provisions of Clause 7;
b) the area shall be stripped of topsoil in accordance with the requirements of Clause 8.2 and the
resulting material shall be stockpiled in accordance with the requirements of Clause 8.4.4 for
subsequent reinstatement of the borrow area;
c) the edges of the excavations shall be at least 3 metres clear of the Works, property boundaries,
fences, Public Utility Plant, drainage lines and structures and any other installed components;
d) excavations shall not be deeper than 500 mm, shall have side slopes not steeper than 1 on 4, and
shall be graded to drain away from roadworks; and
e) on completion of borrowing operations, the area shall be trimmed to a neat and tidy shape and the
previously stockpiled topsoil shall be spread uniformly over the area.
Development, operation and reinstatement of borrow areas shall comply with the environmental
requirements of the Contract.
17.3 Borrowing Operations off the Site
Borrowing operations off the Site shall be carried out in compliance with all Statutory Requirements.
Borrow material shall not be sourced from contaminated land as defined in the Contaminated Land Act 1991.
Borrow material shall not contain acid sulfate soils.
18 SUBGRADE
18.1 General
Clause 18 applies to the preparation of subgrade in cuttings and in embankment where shown on the
drawings or specified elsewhere in the Contract.
18.2 Materials
18.2.1 Subgrade Fill Material
Subgrade fill material used for the construction of subgrade in road embankments and for treatment of
subgrade in cuttings shall comply with Clause 14.2.4.
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18.2.2 Unbound Pavement Material

Unbound pavement material shall conform with the requirements of MRTS05 Unbound Pavements and shall
be at least of the subtype specified in Clause 13.1 of Annexure MRTS04.1, or where no such subtype is
specified, at least subtype 2.4.
18.2.3 Unbound Drainage Layer Material
Material for an unbound drainage layer shall conform with the requirements of MRTS05 Unbound
Pavements and shall be at least of the subtype specified in Clause 13.2 of Annexure MRTS04.1, or where
no such subtype is specified, at least subtype 2.4. However, the particle size distribution of the material shall
comply with the limits stated in Table 18.2.3.
Table 18.2.3 Drainage Layer Particle Size Distribution
AS Sieve Size (mm) Percent Passing by Mass

53 100
37.5 100
26.5 90 100
19 75 100
9.5 50 65
4.75 30 45
2.36 20 30
0.425 6 13
0.075 25
18.2.4 Stabilising Agent for In Situ Stabilisation

The stabilising agent for in situ stabilisation of the existing subgrade material shall be one of the following
a) lime complying with the requirements of MRTS23 Supply of Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Road
Stabilisation; or
b) Type GB cement.
18.2.5 Stabilising Agent for Plant-Mixed Stabilisation
The stabilising agent for plant-mixed stabilisation shall be as specified in Clause 13.3 of Annexure
MRTS04.1. Where no such specification is provided, the stabilising agent shall be Type GB cement
incorporated at a rate of the greater of 2% or that which will achieve an unconfined compressive strength of
at least 2 MPa in 7 days.
18.2.6 Geotextile Filter Fabric
Geotextile for use in a drainage layer shall be of the appropriate strength class and filtration class in
accordance with the requirements specified in MRTS27 Geotextiles (Separation and Filtration).
18.3 Construction
18.3.1 General
The subgrade shall be constructed and tested to subgrade level in accordance with all standard
requirements prior to placement of the pavement. Hold Point 9
The material at subgrade level shall provide a stable, dense surface which displays no visible vertical
movement under the construction equipment nominated in Clause 13.4 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
Witness Point
18.3.2 Subgrade Treatment Type A
Subgrade treatment Type A applies to cuttings and embankments where the subgrade material is to be
trimmed and compacted in accordance with Clauses 18.3.3.4 and 18.3.5 respectively.
Page 25 of 37
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October 10
18.3.3 Subgrade in Cuttings

18.3.3.1 General
The provisions of Clause 18.3.3 shall apply to the construction of subgrade in cuttings when excavation has
progressed to subgrade level plus 100 mm in accordance with Clause 13.3.2.1.
The subgrade treatments are nominated in Clause 13.5 of Annexure MRTS04.1. In considering authorisation
to proceed past Hold Point 6 (refer to Clause 13.3.2.1), the Administrator will consider the actual subgrade
material and the nominated treatments.
If subgrade treatment is not specifically nominated in Clause 13.5 of Annexure MRTS04.1 or the drawings,
the Administrator will determine the subgrade treatment to be applied and such treatment shall be in
accordance with the provisions of one of Clauses 18.3.3.4 to 18.3.3.12, inclusive. The Administrators
determination of the required subgrade treatment will be based on at least the following
a) the material encountered in the bottom of the excavation;
b) the results of testing of the in situ material, if ordered; and
c) any adjustments to the pavement thickness considered necessary by the Administrator.
A summary of the various types of subgrade treatment is set out in Table 18.3.3.2.
Different subgrade treatments may be required in separate areas of any cutting.
Unless stated otherwise in Clause 18, the vertical tolerance on the bottom of any excavation required as part
of a subgrade treatment shall be 25 mm.
In general, material which is deemed to be Unsuitable Material, as defined in Clause 9, which is encountered
in the zone below any treated subgrade in accordance with Clause 18.3.3, shall be dealt with in accordance
with Clause 13.3.2.2.
Where the floor of the cutting cannot be trimmed with a grader to the specified tolerance for subgrade, the
allowable tolerance may be increased to + 25, - 75 mm. The Contractor shall clean out any loose material
and ensure the bottom of excavation is free draining. Alternatively, where a free draining state cannot be
achieved, any undrained depressions shall be filled to provide a free draining surface with a plant mixed
stabilised material in accordance with Clauses 18.2.2 and 18.2.5, mixed and placed in accordance with the
requirements of MRTS08 Plant-Mixed Stabilised Pavements. The material shall be compacted adequately.
18.3.3.2 Testing
Where so stated in Clause 13.6 of Annexure MRTS04.1, the Administrator may direct the Contractor to
select samples from the subgrade consistent with the testing frequency stated in Clause 13.7 of Annexure
MRTS04.1 and test each sample for
a) plastic limit;
b) liquid limit;
c) percent passing the AS 0.425 mm sieve;
d) WPI;
e) linear shrinkage; and
f) soaked or unsoaked CBR as appropriate.
The results of the testing described above shall be submitted to the Administrator to assist in determining the
need for any subgrade treatment.
Where subgrade treatment Type D in accordance with Clause 18.3.3.7 or Type G in accordance with
Clause 18.3.3.10 are to be used, the Contractor shall test the subgrade material or drainage layer material,
as applicable, to determine lime reaction and demand in accordance with Test Method Q133.
Page 26 of 37
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October 10
Table 18.3.3.2 Summary of Subgrade Treatments
Drainage Depth of
Treatment Clause Replacement Stabilisation
Description Layer Treatment
Type Reference Material Method
Required (mm) 1
Compact
A 18.3.3.4 No 150
existing
Replace with
General fill
B 18.3.3.5 general fill No 150
material
material
Replace with
Unbound
unbound
C 18.3.3.6 No pavement 150
pavement
material
material
In situ stabilise
D 18.3.3.7 No In situ 150
existing
Replace with
Unbound
plant-mixed
E 18.3.3.8 No pavement Plant-mixed 200
stabilised
material
material
Plant-mixed Unbound 200

stabilised upper pavement
layer and material
F 18.3.3.9 Yes Plant-mixed
unbound Unbound
drainage lower drainage 100
layer material
In situ Unbound
G 18.3.3.10 stabilised Yes drainage In situ 150
drainage layer material
Plant-mixed Unbound
H 18.3.3.11 stabilised Yes drainage Plant-mixed 150
drainage layer material
I 18.3.3.12 Special 2 2 2 2
1
xviii) Unless otherwise specified on the drawings.
2
xix) As specified on the drawings.
18.3.3.3 Period for Determination of Subgrade Treatment

Unless stated otherwise in Clause 18, the Contractor shall allow a period of 2 working days from the time
when the excavation reached subgrade level plus 100 mm for the Administrator to make a determination
regarding the subgrade treatment to be adopted.
Where subgrade testing has been directed in accordance with Clause 18.3.3.2, the period for determination
by the Administrator of the subgrade treatment to be adopted shall commence from the time the test results
are provided by the Contractor to the Administrator.
18.3.3.4 Subgrade Treatment Type A, Compact Existing
For Subgrade treatment Type A, excavation shall be completed to subgrade level in accordance with
Clause 13.3.1.
The material below subgrade level shall be constructed as specified in Clause 15.3 to a characteristic value
of relative compaction as specified in Table 15.3B.
The depth of compaction shall be as specified in Clause 13.5 of Annexure MRTS04.1 or, where no such
depth is specified, to a depth of 150 mm.
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October 10
18.3.3.5 Subgrade Treatment Type B, Replace with Fill Material

For Subgrade Treatment Type B, excavation shall be continued to a depth below subgrade level as specified
in Clause 13.5 of Annexure MRTS04.1 or, where no such depth is specified, to a depth of 150 mm.
Excavation shall comply with the provisions of Clause 13.3.1.
The excavation shall be backfilled to subgrade level with fill material in accordance with Clause 18.2.1 and
shall be constructed as specified in Clause 15.3 to a characteristic value of relative compaction as specified
in Table 15.3B.
18.3.3.6 Subgrade Treatment Type C, Replace with Unbound Pavement Material
For Subgrade treatment Type C, excavation shall be continued to a depth below subgrade level as specified
The excavation shall be backfilled to subgrade level with unbound pavement material, in accordance with
Clause 18.2.2, and shall be constructed as specified in MRTS05 Unbound Pavements to a characteristic
value of relative compaction of not less than that specified in Table 15.3B.
18.3.3.7 Subgrade Treatment Type D, In Situ Stabilise Existing
For Subgrade treatment Type D, excavation shall be completed to subgrade level in accordance with
Clause 13.3.1.
The depth below subgrade level as specified in Clause 13.5 of Annexure MRTS04.1, or, where no such
depth is specified, 150 mm below subgrade level shall be stabilised in accordance with the requirements of
the following
a) If lime reacts with the material, as determined by testing described in Clause 18.3.3.2, the stabilising
agent shall be lime, in accordance with Clause 18.2.4, at an application rate of the greater of 3% by
mass or the amount of lime required to satisfy lime demand. The material shall be stabilised as
specified in MRTS07A Insitu Stabilised Subgrades using Quicklime or Hydrated Lime; or
b) If lime does not react with the material, as determined by testing described in Clause 18.3.3.2, the
stabilising agent shall be Type GB cement, in accordance with Clause 18.2.4, incorporated at a rate of
the greater of 1.5% or that which will achieve an unconfined compressive strength of at least 1 MPa in
7 days. The material shall be stabilised as specified in MRTS07B Insitu Stabilised Pavements Using
Cement or Cementitious Blends.
The material shall be constructed to a characteristic value of relative compaction not less than that specified
in Table 16.3B.
18.3.3.8 Subgrade Treatment Type E, Replace with Plant-Mixed Stabilised Material
For Subgrade treatment Type E, excavation shall be continued to a depth below subgrade level as specified
The excavation shall be backfilled to subgrade level with plant-mixed stabilised pavement material, in
accordance with Clauses 18.2.2 and 18.2.5, mixed and placed in accordance with the requirements of
MRTS08 Plant-Mixed Stabilised Pavements. The material shall be compacted to a characteristic value of
relative compaction not less than that specified in Table 15.3B.
18.3.3.9 Subgrade Treatment Type F, Unbound Drainage Layer
For Subgrade treatment Type F, excavation shall be continued to a depth below subgrade level as specified
A 100 mm thick unbound drainage layer shall be constructed using material as specified in Clause 18.2.3. A
layer of geotextile as specified in Clause 18.2.6 shall be installed above and below the granular layer.
Installation of the geotextile shall comply with the provisions of MRTS27 Geotextiles (Separation and
Filtration).
Page 28 of 37
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October 10
The remainder of the excavation shall then be backfilled to subgrade level with plant mixed stabilised
material in accordance with Clauses 18.2.2 and 18.2.5 mixed and placed in accordance with MRTS08 Plant
Mixed Stabilised Pavements. The material shall be compacted to a characteristic value of relative
compaction not less than that specified in Table 15.3B.
18.3.3.10 Subgrade Treatment Type G, In Situ Stabilised Drainage Layer
For Subgrade treatment Type G, excavation shall be continued to a depth below subgrade level as specified
The excavation shall be backfilled to subgrade level with granular material, in accordance with Clause 18.2.3
placed and stabilised in accordance with the requirements of MRTS07A Insitu Stabilised Subgrades using
Quicklime or Hydrated Lime and the following
a) If lime reacts with the material, as determined by testing described in Clause 18.3.3.2, the stabilising
agent shall be lime, in accordance with Clause 18.2.4, at an application rate of the greater of 3% by
mass or the amount of lime required to satisfy lime demand. The material shall be stabilised as
specified in MRTS07A Insitu Stabilised Subgrades using Quicklime or Hydrated Lime; or
b) If lime does not react with the material, as determined by testing described in Clause 18.3.3.2, the
stabilising agent shall be Type GB cement, in accordance with Clause 18.2.4, incorporated at a rate of
the greater of 1.5% or that which will achieve an unconfined compressive strength of at least 1 MPa in
7 days. The material shall be stabilised as specified in MRTS07B Insitu Stabilised Pavements Using
Cement or Cementitious Blends.
The material shall be compacted to a characteristic value of relative compaction not less than that specified
in Table 15.3B.
18.3.3.11 Subgrade Treatment Type H, Plant-Mixed Stabilised Drainage Layer
For Subgrade treatment Type H, excavation shall be continued to a depth below subgrade level as specified
The excavation shall be backfilled to subgrade level with plant-mixed stabilised granular material, in
accordance with Clause 18.2.2 and 18.2.5, mixed and placed in accordance with the requirements of
MRTS08 Plant-Mixed Stabilised Pavements. The material shall be compacted to a characteristic value of
relative compaction not less than that specified in Table 15.3B.
18.3.3.12 Subgrade Treatment Type I, Special
Subgrade treatment Type I shall be in accordance with the provisions specified in Clause 13.8 of Annexure
MRTS04.1.
18.3.4 Earthworks Transition from Cut to Fill
18.3.4.1 General
At all such transitions, the embankment subgrade shall continue longitudinally up to the line where the
subgrade level intercepts the prepared ground surface unless stated otherwise in Clauses 18.3.4.2 and
18.3.4.3.
A schematic representation of the treatment required is shown in Figure 18.3.4.1.
Page 29 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
Figure 18.3.4.1 Longitudinal Section of Earthworks Transition from Fill to Cut
18.3.4.2 Near Grade Embankments

Where so stated in Clause 13.9 of Annexure MRTS04.1, the properties of the existing foundation material
beneath near-grade embankments shall be tested for compliance with the requirements of general fill
material Class A or B, as specified in Clause 14.2.2, within 450 mm of subgrade level. Existing foundation
material which does not comply with these requirements shall be treated as Unsuitable Material.
Backfilling of Unsuitable Material excavations under near-grade embankments shall be carried out using
general fill material Class A or B, as specified in Clause 14.2.2. Backfill shall be compacted to a
characteristic value of relative compaction not less than that specified in Table 15.3B for subgrade.
18.3.4.3 Additional Requirements

Where so stated in Clause 13.9 of Annexure MRTS04.1, the construction of transitions between cuttings and
embankments shall include the additional requirements specified in Clause 18.3.4.3.
Construction as a near-grade embankment in accordance with Clause 18.3.4.2 shall continue for a distance
of 10 metres into the cutting from the line of transition, transversely and longitudinally, where the transition
line is determined at subgrade level.
Page 30 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
18.3.5 Subgrade on Embankment

Subgrade on embankment shall be constructed from material complying with the requirements of
Clause 18.2.1.
Subgrade on embankment shall be placed and compacted using the compacted layer method as specified in
Clause 15.3. Subgrade depth shall be 150 mm unless stated otherwise on the drawings.
The subgrade material shall be compacted to a characteristic value of relative compaction not less than that
specified in Table 15.3B.
Stabilised sand, lean mix concrete and sand shall not be used in the subgrade except as shown on the
drawings or specified elsewhere in the Contract.
19 BACKFILL
19.1 General
Clause 19 applies to backfilling adjacent to structures, pipes, culverts, conduits, pits, access chambers,
gullies, sumps, end walls, etc where shown on the drawings or specified elsewhere in the Contract.
Clause 19 also applies to the backfilling of some excavations of Unsuitable Material in accordance with
Clause 9.3.
Large areas of filling not in the immediate vicinity of structures, culverts, pipes etc shall be placed using the
methods specified in Clause 14.
19.2 Materials
19.2.1 General
All backfill materials shall be free of any high concentrations of soluble salts, organic matter and other
deleterious matter.
19.2.2 General Backfill Material
General backfill material shall comply with the requirements of general fill material Class A or Class B
specified in Clause 14.2.2 except that 100% of the material shall pass an AS 25 mm sieve.
19.2.3 Select Backfill Material
Select backfill material shall be gravel or loam and shall have material properties as specified in
Table 19.2.3.
Page 31 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
Table 19.2.3 Select Backfill Properties
Percent (by mass) Passing Sieve

AS Sieve Size (mm)
Gravel Loam
37.5 100 100
9.5 60 85 100
2.36 25 70 70 100
0.425 10 40 10 40
0.075 3 30 3 30
Other Properties
Linear Shrinkage 8 maximum 6 maximum
xx) Material of size greater than 2.36 mm shall be stone.
19.2.4 Free Draining Granular Material

Free draining granular material shall be a non-cohesive well graded granular material comprising sound
sand and stone particles which do not break down under compaction, wetting or exposure to air. The
material properties shall comply with those specified in Table 19.2.4.
Table 19.2.4 Free Draining Granular Material Properties
Property Limit Value

Stone size maximum 20 mm
Percent passing 0.15 mm sieve maximum 5%
Plasticity index maximum 8
19.2.5 Sand
Sand shall be natural sand, manufactured sand, or a blend of natural and manufactured sands comprising
hard durable particles and with the properties specified in Table 19.2.5.
Table 19.2.5 Sand Properties
Blended and
Property Natural Sand
Manufactured Sand
Percent passing 2.36 mm AS sieve 100 100
Percent passing 0.075 mm AS sieve (maximum) 5 10
Plasticity Index (maximum) 5 10
19.2.6 Bedding Material

Bedding material for foundation bedding and haunch zones of drainage structures and services shall be
gravel, loam, sand or mixtures thereof and shall be free from soluble salts, organic matter and other
deleterious matter. The material shall have properties as set Table 19.2.6.
Table 19.2.6 Bedding Material Properties
AS Sieve Size (mm) % Passing By Mass

19 100
2.36 30 100
0.425 15 70
0.075 3 30
Page 32 of 37
MRTS04
October 10

Other Properties
Linear Shrinkage 6 maximum
19.2.7 Filter Material

Filter material shall be a natural or manufactured granular material free from organic matter with the grading
limits as set out in Table 19.2.7.
Additionally, where filter material is used adjacent to slotted drainage pipe or proprietary drainage media,
98% of the filter material shall be retained on the AS sieve size equal to or immediately greater than
1.5 times the slot width or opening diameter of the pipe or media.
Table 19.2.7 Grading Requirements for Filter Material

26.5 100
19 95 100
13.2 50 70
6.7 30 55
2.36 20 30
0.15 05
19.2.8 Cement Stabilised Pavement Material

Cement stabilised pavement material shall consist of at least subtype 2.3 unbound pavement material,
Grading C or D, as specified in MRTS05 Unbound Pavements. The material shall be stabilised with either
Type GP or Type GB cement at a rate of 3% by mass.
Cement stabilised pavement material shall be plant mixed in accordance with the requirements of MRTS08
Plant-Mixed Stabilised Pavements.
19.2.9 Stabilised Sand
Stabilised sand shall comprise sand meeting the requirements of Clause 19.2.5 in an intimate mixture of
12 parts sand and 1 part of either Type GP or Type GB cement mixed with the minimum quantity of water
sufficient to allow ease of placement and compaction using concrete placement techniques.
19.2.10 Dry Stabilised Sand
Dry stabilised sand shall comprise sand meeting the requirements of Clause 19.2.5 in an intimate mixture of
12 parts sand and 1 part of either Type GP or Type GB cement mixed with the minimum quantity of water to
obtain a moisture content which is optimum for field compaction using compacted layer techniques.
19.2.11 Lean Mix Concrete
Lean mix concrete used as a backfill material in confined excavations shall be Class 5 MPa/40 concrete in
accordance with the provisions of MRTS70 Concrete. The target slump shall be consistent with compacted
layer method of construction.
19.2.12 Backfill Material for Steel Culverts
Backfill material for culverts fabricated from steel shall be select backfill material in accordance with
Clause 19.2.3. Additionally, the material shall conform to the requirements for either Type 1 or Type 2 in
Table 19.2.12.
Page 33 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
Table 19.2.12 Properties of Backfill Material for Steel Culverts
Value
Property Unit
Type 1 Type 2
Electrical resistivity ohm m >50 10-50
pH - 5 10 5 10
Chloride content mg/kg - <200
Sulfate content mg/kg - <1000
19.2.13 Rock Fill Material

Rock fill material shall consist of sound igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary rock that will not disintegrate in
water or when exposed to the weather. Rock fill shall be free from overburden, spoil, shale and organic
matter. The largest dimension of any stone shall not be greater than 500 mm.
19.3 Construction
19.3.1 Backfilling General
Material for backfill shall be as shown on the drawings or as specified elsewhere in the Contract. Where not
so shown or specified, material shall be general backfill material complying with the requirements of
Clause 19.2.2. Witness Point
Unless specified otherwise in Clause 19.3 or elsewhere in the Contract, backfill shall be compacted using the
compacted layer method of construction in accordance with the requirements of Clause 15, except as may
be modified by the requirements of Clause 19.
Backfill which extends into the subgrade shall conform to the requirements of Clause 18.
Construction operations which involve puddling or jetting of material shall not be employed. Sand may be
compacted by flooding and the use of immersion vibrators provided that the process does not cause damage
to adjacent works.
Stabilised sand and lean mix concrete shall be placed in accordance with the provisions of
MRTS70 Concrete and compacted using an immersion vibrator.
Compaction standards shall comply with the requirements of Clause 15.3.
19.3.2 Backfill Beneath Structure Foundations
Backfill beneath structure foundations to replace over-excavation or excavation of Unsuitable Material shall
generally be cement stabilised pavement material complying with the requirements of Clause 19.2.8 or lean
mix concrete complying with the requirements of Clause 19.2.11 to satisfy the foundation requirements of
Clause 13.3.4.
19.3.3 Backfilling to In-Place Units
Placement and compaction operations around and adjacent to in-place units (culverts, structures, pipes,
conduits, pits, etc) shall not cause movement or damage to the units. Where backfill material is fluid,
precautions shall be taken against flotation of the units.
Where the backfill material is placed against precast structures, the operations shall be carried out in
accordance with the precast component manufacturers recommendations except as otherwise provided for
in the Contract.
Backfill material shall not be placed until culverts, structures, pipes, conduits, pits, etc have been completed
and inspected, and any specified curing periods have elapsed. Hold Point 10
Where the material is placed on opposite sides of a culvert, structure, pipe, conduit, pit, etc, the difference in
level of compacted material on the opposing sides shall not exceed 150 mm, unless shown otherwise on the
drawings.
19.3.4 Backfill Zones to Concrete Pipe Culverts
Foundation bedding, haunch, side and overlay zones for concrete pipe culverts shall be constructed as
shown on DMR Standard Drawing Number 1359.
Page 34 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
Materials for foundation bedding and haunch zones shall be bedding material complying with the
requirements of Clause 19.2.6.
Material for side zones shall be select backfill material complying with the requirements of Clause 19.2.3.
For overlay zones, material within 300 mm of the structure, culvert, pipe, etc shall be general backfill material
complying with the requirements of Clause 19.2.2. Elsewhere, overlay zone material may contain stone size
up to 150 mm maximum dimension.
19.3.5 Backfill to Soil Retaining Structures
Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, backfilling to all soil retaining structures, including all retaining
walls and bridge abutments, shall be carried out using free draining granular material complying with the
requirements of Clause 19.2.4.
Backfilling to soil retaining structures shall be to the extent shown on the drawings or, where no such extent
is shown on the drawings, to the minimum extent shown in Figure 19.3.5.
Figure 19.3.5 Minimum Extent of Free Draining Granular Material Behind Soil Retaining Structure
19.3.6 Special Requirements for Corrugated Pipe, Pipe-Arch and Arch Culverts
Backfilling against corrugated pipe, pipe-arch and arch culvert components shall be carried out so as to not
distort the components by more than 3% of the diameter, span or rise.
20 TURNOUTS, ENTRANCES AND STOPPING PLACES

20.1 General
Clause 20 applies to turnouts, entrances and pull-off areas where shown on the drawings or specified
elsewhere in the Contract.
20.2 Materials
Materials employed in the construction of turnouts, entrances to private properties and stopping places shall
comply with the relevant requirements specified in Clauses 13, 14 and 18.
20.3 Construction
Turnouts, entrances to private properties and stopping places shall be constructed to the shapes and other
requirements shown on the drawings. The finished level and grade shall join smoothly with the new
formation.
Construction of turnouts, entrances to private properties and stopping places shall comply with the provisions
of the following Clauses
Page 35 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
a) clearing and grubbing Clause 7;

b) topsoil stripping Clause 8;
c) ground surface treatment, standard Clause 12;
d) excavation Clause 13;
e) embankment construction Clause 14; and
f) subgrade Clause 18.
21 WIDENING OF EXISTING FORMATION TO SUBGRADE LEVEL

21.1 Introduction
Clause 21 applies to widening of the existing formation to subgrade level of the new pavement.
21.2 Description of Work
The existing formation is to be widened as shown on the drawings.
General earthworks shall be constructed as shown on the drawings and shall include the following
a) Ground Surface Treatment in accordance with Clause 12,
b) Road Excavation in accordance with Clause 13 including
Excavation of existing shoulders to subgrade level shown on the drawings;
Excavation below subgrade level, if necessary, to meet roadway embankment material quality
requirements;
Construction of table drains, diversion drains and catch drains; and
Cut batters;
c) Roadway Embankment in accordance with Clause 14 and requirements shown on the drawings, and
d) Subgrade treatment type A in accordance with Clause 18.
21.3 Construction
21.3.1 General
The formation is to be constructed as shown on the drawings for the entire length of the project.
Clearing and grubbing shall be carried out where earthworks are to be constructed, to the minimum width
required to construct the works, plus a margin of not more than two (2) metres.
Ground surface treatment is to be carried out on the existing ground surface in all areas beneath any part of
road embankment or road pavement.
Cut batters are to be constructed to the details shown on the drawings.
Road excavation as required shall be constructed to the details shown on the drawings to achieve the
required formation width.
Embankment material shall be placed to subgrade level as specified in Clause 15.3. The depth of subgrade
shall be 150 mm unless shown otherwise on the drawings.
Table drains shall be constructed to the details shown on the drawings. Where details are not shown on the
drawings, table drains shall be constructed parallel to the centreline of the road and evenly graded so as to
prevent obstruction to the flow of water.
At all culverts and at intervals not exceeding 120 m on grades up to 2%, 60 m on grades 2% to 4 %, 30 m on
grades 4% to 8%, and 15 m on grades over 8% (except in cuttings) and at the ends of cuttings, the table
drain shall be blocked by a diversion bank and the water diverted by means of a diversion drain as shown on
the drawings.
21.3.2 Materials
Materials shall comply with Clause 14.2.2 plus any additional requirements shown on the drawings.
Page 36 of 37
MRTS04
October 10
21.3.3 Horizontal Location

The horizontal location shall comply with Clause 6.2.
21.3.4 Subgrade Heights
Where control is by reduced height, the subgrade height shall be determined from the heights shown on the
drawings.
Where control is by pavement depth and crossfall, the calculated subgrade level shall provide for a minimum
total depth of pavement as shown on the drawings measured from the plane of the extension of the existing
pavement surface, with due allowance for the specified crossfall.
21.3.5 Tolerances
The primary vertical tolerances for embankment and subgrade are defined in Clause 6.3.
In addition to the requirements of Clause 6.3.2, the shape of the prepared subgrade shall be such that the
subgrade crossfalls shall not depart from the specified crossfalls by more than one-half of one per cent
(0.5%) absolute.
21.4 Compliance Testing
21.4.1 Materials
Testing of materials shall comply with Clause 5.4.
21.4.2 Geometrics
The horizontal location, vertical height and crossfall for the subgrade and all pavement layers shall be
measured at the intervals shown on the drawings. The vertical height shall be measured and recorded
adjacent to the cutback line for widening. The Contractor may use an approved and suitably calibrated
automatic reading level (e.g. Smart-level) on a 3 m straight edge to measure crossfalls.
22 SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
The requirements of MRTS04 General Earthworks are varied by the supplementary requirements given in
Clause 14 of Annexure MRTS04.1.
Page 37 of 37
MRTS04
October 10

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Main Roads

State of Queensland (Department of Transport and Main Roads) 2010

10.4.2 Visual Assessment of Potential Acid Sulfate Soils .................................................................... 11

17.2 Borrowing Operations on the Site ...................................................................................................24

Page iii of iii

4 STANDARD TEST METHODS

Property to be Tested Method No.

Property to be Tested Method No.

5 QUALITY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Clause Hold Point Witness Point

Clause Hold Point Witness Point

5.2 Construction Procedures

Location Tolerance (mm)

6.3.2 Additional Tolerances

7 CLEARING AND GRUBBING

7.2.6 Sugar Cane and Banana Plants

8.4.4 Stockpiling of Topsoil

9.3 Construction Requirements

10 ACID SULFATE SOILS

11 USE OF OR DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS AND UNSUITABLE MATERIAL

12 GROUND SURFACE TREATMENT

12.2.1.3 Compaction of Insitu Material Below Embankments

13.3.4 Special Requirements for Structure Foundations

13.3.7.4 Catch Drains

Material Description WPI PI (%) % passing 0.075 mm AS Sieve

14.2.3 Rock Fill

% Passing Sieve Aperture Size, mm

14.2.4 Subgrade Fill Material

14.3.2 Geotextile at Changes in Material Type

Catch banks shall be terminated at inlet drains to culverts.

Material Compaction Method Density Compliance Tests

15.3 Compacted Layer Method of Construction

Table 15.3-A Layer Thickness for Compaction

Loose Layer Thickness (mm)

Location and Referenced Clauses Material Characteristic Value of

General Fill Material

15.4 Mechanical Interlock Method of Construction

18.2.2 Unbound Pavement Material

AS Sieve Size (mm) Percent Passing by Mass

18.2.4 Stabilising Agent for In Situ Stabilisation

18.3.3 Subgrade in Cuttings

Table 18.3.3.2 Summary of Subgrade Treatments

Plant-mixed Unbound 200

18.3.3.3 Period for Determination of Subgrade Treatment

18.3.3.5 Subgrade Treatment Type B, Replace with Fill Material

Figure 18.3.4.1 Longitudinal Section of Earthworks Transition from Fill to Cut

18.3.4.2 Near Grade Embankments

18.3.4.3 Additional Requirements

Figure 18.3.4.3 Longitudinal Section of Earthworks Transition from Fill to Cut

18.3.5 Subgrade on Embankment

Table 19.2.3 Select Backfill Properties

Percent (by mass) Passing Sieve

19.2.4 Free Draining Granular Material

Property Limit Value

19.2.6 Bedding Material

AS Sieve Size (mm) % Passing By Mass