Ali and The Sahaba Vol 1

Ruam
Baynahum
By:
Shaykh Muammad Nfi

Transliteration key
- -
- -
- b -
- t -
- th - gh
- j - f
- - q
- kh - k
- d - l
- dh - m
- r - n
- z - w,
- s - h
- sh - y,
-
Contents
Introduction 13
The Title of the Book and its Subject Matter: 15
Preliminary Aspects 16
Verdicts of the Honourable Aimmah from Sh Sources: 19
Few References From Ahl al-Sunnah Sources 20
Core Discussions 23
Verse 1 23
Verse 2 23
Verse 3 24
Verse 4 24
Verse 5 25
Explanation of Verse 1 25
Substantiation of the Claim 31
iddq Section
Chapter One 33
The Wedding of Sayyidah Fimah 33
First Narration 33
Second Narration 35
Third Narration 37
The Services of Ab Bakr and Uthmn in Making Arrangements for the
Wedding of Fimah 39
Overview of the Narrations: 41
Manqib al-Khawrzim 42
Kashf al-Ghummah 42
Bir al-Anwr 43
Summary of the Narration: 43
An Analysis of the Position of Akhab al-Khawrizm 44
The Presence and Testifying of Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn in the
Nik of Fimah 51
First Type of Narrations 52
Summary of the Narration 52
Second type of Narrations 54
Few References From the Books of the Ahl al-Sunnah 55
The Invaluable Help that ishah and Umm Salamah had Rendered During the
Reception of Fimah 58
First Narration 58
The Summary of the Narrations 60
Relations Between Fimah and ishah 61
1. ishah praises Fimah 61
2. Instructions of Nab H to Fimah to Revere ishah 63
3. The Mutual Understanding and Reliance of ishah and Fimah 64
4. Fimah Informs ishah of a Very Crucial Secret 66
Summary of This Incident 68
The Relationship Between ishah and Al 69
1. ishah Approbates the Verdicts of Al 69
2. Another Example of Rendering Assistance to Each Other 70
Deductions from This Narration 71
Important Observations 72
3. ishah Commends Al and Supplicates for him 73
Abd Allh ibn Abbs Gives Glad Tidings to ishah 74
The Secured Monetary Rights of the Family of Raslullh H During the
Khilfah of Ab Bakr al-iddq 75
Summary of all Three Narrations 76
Conclusions of the Narrations 77
The Share of the Dh al-Qurb (the Family of Raslullh H) and Their
Right in Khums, During the Khilfah of Ab Bakr 78
Summary of Both Narrations 78
Deductions From the Narrations 79
The Wealth of fay and the Family of Nab H During the Reign of
the Three Khulaf 79
Deductions From the Previous Narrations 82
The Ahl al-Bayt Sanctioned the Undertakings of Ab Bakr and Umar L in
This Regard 82
Approbation of Imm Muammad al-Bqir 82
Deductions From This Narration 84
Approbation of Zayd ibn Al ibn usayn 85
Deductions From the Statement of Imm Zayd 86
Few More Corroborative Narrations 86
First Narration 87
Second Narration 87
Third Narration 88
Fourth Narration 88
Conclusion of These Narrations 88
A Reasonable Objection and an Apt Answer 89
Answer 90
Another Reasonable Objection 91
A Fitting Answer 92
Clarifying the Narrations 94
Concluding Remarks 97
Deductions From This Narration 97
Treatise Regarding the Narration Pertaining to the Demand of Fimah 98
1. an al-Rw (assumption of the narrator) 98
2. Idrj al-Rw (additions made by a narrator) 100
Narrations in Which He Said Appears 102
The Position of Ab Bakr al-Jowhar 105
Some Important Notes Regarding Al-Zuhr 107
A Counter Argument to the Misconception 111
First Narration 111
Second Narration 112
Third Narration 113
Fourth Narration 114
An Interesting Point Regarding This adth 116
Counter Reply 116
The Narration of abaqt Ibn Sad 116
Narration of al-Sunan al-Kubr 117
The Narration of Imm al-Awz 118
Narrations from Sh Sources 119
The Summary of the Narrations 121
The Wife of Ab Bakr, Asm bint Umays, and Fimah 121
A Brief Insight into Life of Asm and her Relationship With the Ban Hshim 122
The Services of Asm in the Final Moments 123
The Bequest of Fimah and her Final Moments 128
Benefits of These Narrations 130
The Contention Around the Funeral Prayer of Fimah 131
Narrations Which Establish his Presence in the Funeral 132
Deductions From These Narrations 135
The Ruling in Islam With Regard to Being the Leader in alh 137
Historical Evidence Corroborating This Ruling 140
Few Pertinent Aspects for the Benefit of the Scholars 146
The Addition of al-Zuhr and him Being Alone in Narrating This Narration 147
A Valid Interpretation of the Narration 147
Giving Preference To One of The Two Types of Narrations 148
The Importance of the Narration of Ibn Abbs 150
Chapter Two 153

Al Pledging Allegiance to Ab Bakr 155
Narrations That Establish the Bayah 155
A Few More Narrations 162
Answering the False Allegations of the Shah 165
The Addition of al-Zuhr in Light of the Views of the Scholars of adth 170
The Research of fi Ibn Kathr 174
A Corroborative Narration 175
The Benefits Derived from this Narration 176
A Few Narrations That Require Clarification 176
Narrations that Corroborate the Immediate Bayah 179
The Summary of all These Narrations 185
Corroboration from Sh references 186
Benefits of the Narration 190
The Benefits of this Narration 191
Als Performance of alh Behind Ab Bakr 195
Sh References 196
A Doubt and its Elimination 198
Summary of Chapter Two 200
Chapter Three 203

Al Would also Issue Formal Legal Opinions and Would Pronounce
Jurisprudential Rulings 203
Summary of the Narrations 204
Al was a Close Advisor to Ab Bakr 205
Benefits of These Narrations 207
The Benefits of These Narrations 210
Al Gladly Accepted Bonuses, Booty and Gifts From Ab Bakr 211
Conclusion 215
Summary 218
Corroborative Narrations from Sh Sources 218
The Gift of Ab Bakr 219
The Conclusion of the Third Theme 219
Al was Instrumental in Executing the udd 220
Summary of all Four Themes 222
An Incident 222
The Lessons Derived From This Narration 223
Chapter Four 225

Praise of Ab Bakr and Umar by Al 225
Theme One: Narrations Regarding the Virtues of Ab Bakr andUmar 225
A letter of Al Wherein he Commends Ab Bakr and Umar 229
Benefits of This Narration 229
Theme Two: The Status of Ab Bakr and Umar L in Light of the
Statements of Al 230
Theme Three: Ab Bakr the one who Excelled in Every Avenue of Good 230
The Conclusion of the Third Theme in Light of the Statements of Al 232
Theme Four: The companionship of Ab Bakr al-iddq During the Hijrah
and the Divine Help of the Angels 232
Theme Five: The first to Compile the Qurn was Ab Bakr al-iddq 233
Theme Six: Ab Bakr and Umar will be the Leaders of the Middle Aged
People in Jannah 234
Theme Seven: Al Accepted the Narrations of Ab Bakr Without any
Investigation 237
Lessons Derived From These Narrations 238
Last Word 239
Theme Eight: Als Satisfaction With the Superiority of Ab Bakr in This World and
the Hereafter 240
The Crux of the Narrations 242
A Sh Narration 243
Theme Nine: Als Grief on Demise of Ab Bakr 243
Narrations in Which he Conceded the Merits of Ab Bakr 245
Conclusion 246
Theme Ten: The Conduct of Ab Bakr and Umar was in Total Conformity With the
Conduct of Raslullh H 246
Crux of These Narrations 249
Theme Eleven: The Approbation of Ab Bakr by Al From the Mimbar 249
A Brief Account of the Life of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah 250
1. The narration of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah 251
2. The Narrations of Abd Khayr 251
3. The Narrations of Ab Juayfah 255
4. Narrations of Scattered Narrators 258
Conclusion of Theme Eleven 263
Theme Twelve: The Attitude of Al Towards Those who Denigrate Ab Bakr
and Umar 263
A Sh Narration 271
The Narrations and the Amount of Narrators 272
The Attitude of the Shah Toward the Statements of Al 273
An Incident Worthy of Reflection 273
Chapter Five 275
1. The Stories of Imm asan ibn Al and his Offspring 276
asan I 276
Abd Allh ibn asan 278
Muammad ibn Abd Allh ibn asan 278
2. Muammad ibn anafiyyah and his Incidents 279
Deductions From These Narrations 280
3. The Incidents of Abbs ibn Abd al-Mualib, Ibn Abbs and
Abd Allh ibn Jafar al-ayyr 281
Abbs ibn Abd al-Mualib 281
Ibn Abbs 282
Abd Allh ibn Jafar al-ayyr 284
4. The Commendation of Ab Bakr by Al Zayn al-bidn and his Son, Zayd 284
Al Zayn al-bidn 284
Zayd ibn Al 285
The Benefits of These Narrations 286
5. The Incidents of Muammad al-Bqir, Jafar al-diq and Ms al-Kim 287
a. Muammad al-Bqir 287
The Substantiation of Muhammad al-Bqir from the Nik of Umm Kulthm, the
Daughter of Al 288
The Incident of Al Cauterising Ab Bakr 289
Substantiation of Muammad al-Bqir in Religious Affairs 290
The Obligation of a Ritual Bath 290
Deductions From the Narration 290
Farming contract 290
Dying the Beard 291
Adorning the Sword with Jewellery 292
A Treacherous Endeavour 293
Conceding the Superiority of Ab Bakr 294
b. Jafar al-diq 294
Sh Narrations 298
c. Ms al-Kim 299
6. Kinship between the Ban Hshim (the family of Ab lib) and the Tribe of Ab
Bakr I 300
1. ishah 300
2. Asm bint Umays 301
3. Abd al-Ramn ibn Ab Bakr 303
4. Qsim ibn Muammad ibn Ab Bakr and Al ibn usayn ibn Al 304
5. Jafar al-diq 306
Now from the Sh Sources: 308
The Summary of all the Above Cited Narrations 309
7. The Children of Al Named After Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn 311
The Children of Al 311
The Children of asan 313
The Son of Zayn al-bidn 313
The Name of the Three Khulaf Given to the Family Members of Al 314
The Children of asan who had the name of Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn 317
Ab Bakr in the Children of usayn 317
The Name ishah in the Children of Al ibn Ab lib 318
Closing remarks 319

Introduction
When the forces of falsehood became weak before the overwhelming progress of
Islam, and they were unable to combat its ever growing strength and might, they
resolved to plot against it covertly. Their hypocrisy was a destruc tive tool in their
favour which proved useful in dismantling the unity of the ummah. They had
no opportunity to achieve their ends during the khilfah of Ab Bakr and Umar
L. During the khilfah of Umar I, while on the one hand their frustration
and animosity blazed like the pits of hell due to the abundant blessings during
his reign on the other hand it became easy for them to conspire (against the
Muslims) in its vast and wide lands; These conspiracies surfaced as soon as the
reign of Umar I terminated and were instigated by Abd Allh ibn Saba.
They created doubt in the minds of people by forging narrations regarding the
oppression and deprivation Al I and the Ahl al-Bayt (the family of the
Rasl H). This group of hypocrites had woven such a web of propaganda
into which many vulnerable Muslims became ensnared, and ever since, the doors
of disunity amidst the ummah have been impossible to shut.
After extensive study and research, the author of the book, entitled Ruam
Baynahum, has unveiled the reality of this foreign doctrine, and has exposed the
conspiracies, its origins, founders and the manner in which this contemptible
movement started, that cleave at the brotherhood and unity of Islam. He has also
highlighted the manner in which Sayyidun Al I and the Ahl al-Bayt, with
earnestness, had disassociated themselves from this erroneous ideology.
The author of this book, Mouln Muammad Nfi has explained in detail the
reciprocal assistance, bond, and kinship that existed between Abu Bakr, Umar,
Uthmn, and Al and his offspring M, quoting from more than 200 old and
contemporary texts. It would not be incorrect to claim that this is the first well
established book written in basic and simple Urdu in these times.
13
This book plays a fundamental and primary role with regard to the unity of the
Muslims and the Muslim world, because the author has unequivocally pinpointed
the ploys of causing disunity in ummah, and rendered them impotent. While
reading this book will leave one entirely convinced that all the abah M
were in harmony with the Ahl al-Bayt, it will also, simultaneously, make establish
in the minds of the reader that falsehood was never capable of standing its
ground before the truthfulness, veracity, might, and comprehensive nature of
Islam. Since such deceptive means always fail, inevitably the weapon of disunity
is employed as a last resort.
Just as the Jews had avenged their defeat in battle by sowing disunity the seeds
of disunity amongst the Muslims so too have the forces of falsehood in our times
used the very same tool to weaken the strength of Islam. It is the responsibility of
every sincere and concerned Muslim to be well acquainted with this agenda and
endeavour to save the ummah from dissent and discord.
This volume of the book is regarding Sayyidun Ab Bakr I, the sections

pertaining to Umar and Uthmn L have also been compiled and have been
published as well. The answer to the allegation of nepotism against Sayyidun
Uthmn I has also been published as the fourth volume of this book. This
book, Ruam Baynahum is the most detailed and well substantiated book
regarding a pertinent topic in the history of Islam, and many doubts will be
cleared from the minds of the impartial, and any obscurity regarding the nature
of the relations that existed between the abah in the initial stages of Islam
will be removed.
May Allah tal make this book a means of benefit for the entire ummah, mn.
14

After this introductory sermon, this unworthy one, Muammad Nfi (may
Allah pardon him) the son of Mouln Abd al-Ghafr, the son of Mouln Abd
al-Ramn (may Allah have mercy upon them), a resident of the Muammad
village (adjacent to Jamiah Muammad, District Jhang, state Punjab, Pakistan)
wishes to state: the thought of compiling a book on the relationships that existed
between the close abah of Raslullh H especially the first three
khulaf and Sayyidun Al I had been on my mind for some time now.
The humble author despite his incompetence and meagre knowledge has strived
constantly to accomplish this goal, and with the grace and mercy of Allah was
able to gather some material, and shall now take the courage of presenting it.
The Title of the Book and its Subject Matter:

The title of this book has been taken form the noble Qurn and it has been named
Ruam Baynahum. Its theme is evident from the name, and there remains no need
for further elaboration (i.e. the abah of Raslullh H are compassionate
amongst themselves).
The sequence in which the book has been written is as follows:
1. In the beginning some prefatory issues have been discussed

wherefrom all subsequent discussions will be drawn. The definitive
and core discussions thereafter have been divided into three
volumes.
15
2. In the first volume, the love and affinity that existed between the
family of Ab Bakr I and the family of Al I will be examined;
this volume can be called the iddq section.
3. In the second volume, the bond and connection between Umar

I and the family of Al I will be examined; this volume can
be envisioned as the Frq section.
4. In the same vein, in the third volume, the relation between Uthmn
I and Al I will be explained; this volume can be classified
as the Uthmn section.
First study the preliminary issues; thereafter the definitive topics will be
presented.
Preliminary Aspects
1. All the issues that we are to discuss in this work are directed towards
our brethren of the Ahl al-Sunnah and have been primarily written for
laymen, the scholars are already aware of these issues.
Our brothers from the other sect are requested to read and consider with
justice and impartiality, and accept whatever seems to be harmonious with
sheer reality. The references have been prepared with complete honesty
and truthfulness, and the citation of correct historical facts has been taken
into full consideration. However, a human being is full of flaws, may Allah
forgive me for anything that has been misinterpreted unwittingly and I
would be appreciative to any person who brings that to my attention.
I have adhered to quoting from the works of authentic and earlier scholars
and supporting it with the works of later scholars as well. However,
wherever I was unable to locate the reference from the earlier scholars, but
the latter scholars mentioned it, I still quoted such narrations. But it should
16
be borne in mind that these latter scholars reported it with reference to
the earlier scholars. In some instances, I have also quoted the texts of the
Shah in some discussions so that each sect can reflect better over them.
2. Some academic discussions also appear in this book which might be

difficult for the laymen to understand, but by means of them many
accusations and heinous matters are eliminated, hence, it was deemed
inappropriate to leave out such discussions. In such instances, footnotes
have been added to some important discussions, and in some places this
discussion is suitable for scholars only has been added. In this manner
the learned and the layman will not experience any difficulty and each
one will benefit according to his capacity.
3. The theme prepared in the book Ruam Baynahum is a theme upon which
the previous scholars of the ummah have also worked, such as:
Than al-abah al al-Qarbah wa Than al-Qarbah al al-abah

of fi Drqun (d. 375 A.H).
Al-Muwfaqah Bayn Ahl-al-bayt wa al-abah of Ab Sad Isml ibn
Al ibn Al-asan al-Sammn (d. 445 A.H).
Al-Muwfaqah Bayn Ahl al-Bayt wa al-abah of Allmah Ab al-
Qsim Mamd ibn Amr al-Zamakhshar (d. 538 A.H).
These books have coincidently, by the will of Allah, become scarce, and
in fact unheard of in this country. Despite my research and enquiries I
was unable to attain any of them, however, a brief summary in Urdu of
the last book of Allmah Zamakhshar has been published in India which
was without the Arabic text of the original book and had no references
whatsoever. It is stated in the introduction of this book, This is a
translation of the Kitb al-Muwfaqah of al-Zamakhshar, but I did not rely
upon it and nor have I quoted any text from it. My intention initially was
to compile a book basing it upon the works of these early scholars, but due
17
to them being scarce I endeavoured to elaborate on these connections
by gathering material from easily accessible books, and have selected a
unique sequence of chapters from my side. May Allah most benevolent
accept it and make it a means of success and forgiveness for me in the
hereafter. mn Rab al-lamn.
I have according to my inadequate study brought to the fore these few

incidents, for no one can possibly do justice to these sacred topics and
cover them all.
4. The most essential evidence that we have about the issue of affinity
among the abah and the Ahl al-Bayt is the glorious Qurn. The
Qurn in its plain expression informs us that the abah M are a
clear manifestation of the mercy and compassion of Allah Tal. They
are all innately kind to one another and their hearts have been filled
with compassion and tenderness, the bonds of Islamic brotherhood and
spiritual support has always been within them.
Besides the verses of the Qurn, all other narrations, historical facts,
incidents and unanimously agreed upon matters that will be cited, serve
as collaboration to the proof of the Qurn and will not constitute any
evidence by themselves. All readers should make a mental note of this, for
this is an established principle.
5. When the primary proof for our claim is the verses of the noble Qurn,
then only those adth1 will be accepted which are coherent with the
Qurn and authentically reported narrations, wherein the mutual
affection, tenderness, attachment and brotherhood of the abah are
described.
And contrary to this, all adth in which the image of discord, dispute, antagonism
and disunity among the abah is portrayed will not be accepted in these
1 Plural of adth
18
discussions, and to debate by means of them will be invalid. The reason being
that both groups the Ahl al-Sunnah and Shah unanimously concur that
any adth which contradicts any verse of the Qurn or an undeniably authentic
adth, and which has no valid interpretation nor is reconciliation possible, will
be rejected. Few quotations from the books of both sects will be cited to further
illustrate this principle:
Verdicts of the Honourable Aimmah1 from Sh Sources:
1. Imm Muammad al-Bqir V whilst mentioning the sermon delivered

by Raslullh H during the ajjat al-Wad, narrates that Raslullh
H said:
When a adth reaches you, verify its authenticity first by examining it

through the Book of Allah and my Sunnah, then practise upon whatever is
in accordance with them and reject whatever is incongruous with them.2
2. Mughrah ibn Sad was a deceitful person. He would fabricate many

adth and ascribe them to Imm Muammad al-Bqir V. Therefore,
Imm Jafar al-diq when mentioning his tendency of forging narrations,
warned the people and said:
Fear Allah and do not accept everything that is ascribed to us and is against
the word of our Rabb and the sunnah of our Nab Muammad H.3
1 Plural of Imm
2 Itjj al-abars, pg. 229
3 Rijl al-Kashsh, Mughrah ibn Sad, pg. 146 (Mumbai print), pg. 221 (Tehran print)
19
I have quoted many statements of the honourable Aimmah in this regard
in my book adth al-Thaqalayn, but will suffice here with mention of these
two.
3. The very same rule is found in the al-Aml of Shaykh al-adq on the
authority of Imm Jafar al-diq and Imm Muammad al-Bqir that Al
I said:
Take whatever is in accordance with the book of Allah and leave whatever
contradicts it.1
4. The exact same principle is quoted with reference to Imm Muammad

al-Bqir in the Aml of Shaykh Muammad ibn asan al-s:
Be wary in our matter and in whatever reaches you from our side, if you
find it harmonious with the Qurn, accept it, and if you find it to be
extraneous, reject it.2
Few References From Ahl al-Sunnah Sources
Just as this is an undisputable principle according to the Shah that any tradition
which is in conflict with the Qurn and sunnah is unacceptable, it is a principle
well adhered to by us the Ahl al-Sunnah as well.
1. Hence in Ul al-Sarakhs, a famous book on Ul al-fiqh (principles of

Islamic jurisprudence), in the chapter regarding the reasons for a adth
being disrupted, it is stated:
1 Al-Aml of adq pg. 221, discourse: 58

2 Al-Aml of Shaykh al-s pg. 237
20
" : ,

.
And this is emphatic regarding the invalidity of any adth that is in

contradiction with the Book of Allah, the Nab H said: Adth will
be quoted excessively to you after my demise, therefore, when any adth
is mentioned before you, examine it through the Book of Allah and accept
whatever is congruous with it and know well that it is from me, and reject
whatever is incongruent with it and understand that I am free from every
such fabrication.1
2. In another book of Ul al-fiqh, al-Taw wa al-Talw, in the chapter

pertaining to sunnah, under the sub-chapter regarding discontinuity in
adth, after the above stated adth, it is mentioned:
This adth indicates that any narration which is against the Book of Allah
is not in essence the adth of Raslullh H, instead it is a forgery.
3. Al-Khab al-Baghdd has quoted a reliable adth on the authority of Ab

Hurayrah I in this regard in his book, al-Kifyah f Ilm al-Riwyah:
:
.
Ab Hurayrah I reports that Raslullh H said: Several different

narrations that are ascribed to me will reach you, therefore those adth
which are congruous with the Book of Allah and my teachings are from
me, and I am free of all narrations which are incongruous with the Book of
Allah and my teachings.
1 vol. 1 pg .365
21
It has become obvious from the stance of both sects that any narration which is
against the Qurn and sunnah is unacceptable even if extracted from the books
of adth, history, or books of feats and merits.
These invaluable principles are found in books of both parties, and only by
implementing them can our faith and religion be secured, and the requirement of
religious and national solidarity is nothing but that we adhere to these principles,
so that both parties are safeguarded against the tragedy of disunity and conflict.
Lastly it would be suitable to mention a rule unanimously accepted by the

scholars of adth, which Allmah al-Dhahab has made mention of in his book
Tadhkirat al-uff whilst commenting on the life of Al I. He has first quoted
the saying of Al I upon which he has expounded sincerely from his side:

:
.
Ab ufayl I narrates that Al I said: Quote well known and widely

accepted matters and do not quote reprehensible and dubious ones, would
you like that Allah and his messenger be belied?
Al-Dhahab said: Imm Al I has prohibited us from quoting rare and

reprehensible adth and has encouraged us to report well-known and widely
accepted ones. This the major principle with regards to abstaining from reporting
adth which have no basis whatsoever and are contradictory, whether they be
concerning aqid (beliefs), fail (merits), or riqq (adth of motivation).1
Hence it is necessary for us all to adhere to this rule.
1 Tadhkirat al-uff, vol. 1 pg. 12, Kanz al-Umml, vol. 5 pg. 242
22
Core Discussions
We now begin the definitive discussions with the help of Allah Tal.
Amongst the many remarkable attributes of the believers, of which Allah has made
mention in the Noble Qurn, is the brotherhood, love, compassion, tenderness of
heart, mutual help, unity and reciprocal veneration that were deeply entrenched
within them and which they exuded perfectly, hence the coming verses allude to
this emphatically:
Verse 1
Muslims are but brothers to one another so reconcile between your

brothers, and fear Allah so that mercy may be shown to you.1
Verse 2
And hold on firmly to the rope of Allah altogether and do not separate,
and recollect the favour of Allah upon you when you were enemies and he
united your hearts subsequent to which you became brothers through his
grace. You were on the edge of an abyss of hellfire and he emancipated
you from it, in this way does Allah make his signs clear to you so that you
are rightly guided. 2
Shh Abd al-Qdir mentions in his book Fawid Mi al-Qurn:
1 Srah al-ujurt: 10
2 Srah l Imrn: 103
23
Allah Tal is warning the believers not to be deceived and is instructing
them to cherish the unity that they enjoy and refrain from sectarianism
and corruption like that of the Jews.
Verse 3
He is the one who assisted you through his divine help and the believers,
and he united their hearts. If you were to spend all that is in the earth, you
would not have succeeded in uniting their hearts, but Allah created a bond
of love between them, verily he is mighty and wise.1
In Fawid Mi al-Qurn, Shh Abd al-Qdir has stated:
The Arabs were at logger heads with one another and were thirsty for each
others blood but Allah united them and made them brothers after the
advent of Nab H.
Verse 4
Without doubt those who embraced mn migrated and strove in the path
of Allah with their wealth and lives, and those who gave them shelter and
aided them, they are guardians of each other.2
1 Srah al-Anfl: 63
2 Srah al-Anfl: 72
24
Verse 5

Muammad H is the Rasl of Allah and those who are with him are
stern against the disbelievers and compassionate amongst themselves.
You will see them at times bowing and at times prostrating seeking
the grace and pleasure of Allah. Their signs are apparent on their faces
because of excessive prostration. This is their description in the Torh.
And their description in the Injl is like that of a plant that spouts its shoot
and strengthens it after which it becomes strong and stands on its stem,
pleasing the farmer so that the disbelievers are enraged because of them.
Allah has promised forgiveness and a handsome reward for those from
among them who have mn and do righteous deeds.1
Shh Abd al-Qdir in Fawid Mi al-Qurn has mentioned that the signs on
their faces refers to the radiance of their faces due to performing nocturnal
prayers, and on account of it they would stand out amongst the people. The
illustration of the plant refers to the believers being few in number initially and
then gradually growing in number and strength in the time of Rasl H and
the khulaf M. The abah of Nab H were all flag bearers of mn and
were embodiments of virtuous deeds, but Allah Tal does not give his bondsmen
such glad tidings because of which they become complacent, therefore the glad
tiding mentioned in the verse is exclusive to those who have a pleasant end (on
mn), but this type of a glad tiding itself is a great merit.
Explanation of Verse 1
There are many verses of this nature in the Qurn, I have sufficed here on the
1 Srah al-Fat: 29
25
mention of five, their meanings are apparent, i.e. brotherhood and mutual love are
firmly grounded in the people of mn and it is necessary to constantly preserve
them, the fear of Allah should be the driving force behind these attributes in
order to secure his mercy and protection at all times.
The believers should firmly hold on to the rope of Allah and should never
forget this great bounty of Allah which he has bestowed on them, Allah Tal
changed their deep rooted hostility into unity and supplanted their everlasting
antagonism into affinity, now everyone is a brother to the next person, Allah
Tal, Most Merciful saved them from the dreadful consequences of enmity and
hatred, which tantamount to entry into hell fire.
The discussion in the first two verses was regarding the believers in general, in
the third verse specific mention is made of those who accepted mn at the hands
of Rasl H, and he is reminded by Allah of His favour which He granted him
and the support by means of the believers whose hearts were filled with love and
unity and( he is also reminded of the fact) that he would not have been able to
bring about unity amongst them even if he were to spend all the treasures of the
world but Allah through his power and wisdom united them.
In the fourth verse, Allah Tal refers to these people more specifically that
they strive, migrate, and spend all that they have for the cause of Allahs dn
(the Muhjirn) and among them is a group that assists and accommodates the
immigrants (who are the Anr), and that they are all friends and brothers.
Allah E in this verse has unequivocally stated the mutual friendship and
beneficence that were widespread in the lives of abah M.
26
In the fifth verse, Allah E has described them in much more detail that these
pure souls who were the companions of the Nab H are:
1. Stern against the disbelievers and are not awe struck by them at all.
2. Benevolent and affectionate to one another and do not hold grudges

against each other.
3. Always engaged in the worship of Allah E, they do not do anything

for the pomp and fame of this world; instead they do whatever they do for
the pleasure of their Rabb.
The first two qualities are pertaining to their social interactions with friends
and foe, the third quality is with regards to themselves i.e. regarding their
righteousness deeds and asceticism (therefore it can safely be said that
directing repugnant accusations towards the abah M is a symptom
of wickedness and direct slur of this verse of the glorious Qurn).
4. The fourth attribute of this group mentioned in the noble Qurn is that
the signs of piety and godliness are discernable on their faces, the radiance
and light of the pious can never possibly be seen on the faces of people
who are wretched and tend to do things to please others. These splendid
feats of the abah M are not only mentioned in the Qurn but are
also mentioned in previous divine scriptures such as the Torh and the
Injl.
Then Allah E informs us by way of illustration of the progressive

advancement of Islam and the Muslims which will most definitely materialise,
it will remain unobstructed and will continue to flourish unremittingly till it
reaches its culmination. All the issues of contention can be easily resolved by
analysing the harmony between the example and those referred to by it.
27
The last portion of this verse informs us of the good end and pleasant outcome
of this group of people, it first informs us of their prosperity in this worldly life
and then of their triumph and reward in the hereafter, thus it is mentioned that
Allah will absolve them of their shortcomings and will recompense them for their
virtuous deeds.
The summary of this verse is that Allah E has first mentioned the
thoroughness of their faith, the perfection of their devotions, their sincerity
and their gradual development, and then Allah E has announced their
marvellous end result by assuring them of his forgiveness and a great reward.
Ahead we shall mention some commentaries of the scholars of tafsr (Qurn

exegesis) regarding this verse:

.

)( .
A distinct attribute of the abah of Raslullh H is that they are

harsh against the disbelievers and are genial to their brethren, they
express sombre faces to the nonbelievers and cheerful ones to their
brothers, just as Allah has commanded in another verse of the Qurn:
O you who believe! Fight those people of disbelief who are near you and
they should notice severity in you. And Raslullh H is reported
to have said: The example of the believers in their mutual affinity and
reciprocal compassion is like that of a body, the entire body is afflicted
with restlessness and pain due to the ailment of one limb. He has also
stated: A believer is like a building each part of which is supported and
upheld by the next, to another believer, Rasl H then entwined both
his hands for further elaboration.1
1 Tafsr ibn Kathr, under the commentary of this verse.
28
.

) (
The scholars of tafsr have written that the sternness of abah M
towards the kuffr was of such a degree that they would be very cautious
of not letting the clothes and bodies of the disbelievers touch their clothes
and bodies, and their cordialness towards the believers was of such a
nature that they would shake hands and embrace whenever they would
run into one another.1

.
.
)(
They have also written that Allah E after mentioning the sternness
of abah M towards the infidels has made mention of their
softheartedness amongst themselves, because if mention of the first
attribute was to be made specifically then it would seem as if they were
only harsh and knew no kindness. Allah E dispelled this possibility by
mentioning their leniency as well; similar to the verse: humble toward
the believers, powerful against the disbelievers, (hence they possessed
the ultimate of both these outstanding qualities).2
(
)
The right of a believer is that all Muslims to live by these qualities i.e. they
should be stern towards disbelievers and kind towards believers.3
1 Tafsr Madrik , under the commentary of this verse.

2 R al-Man, under the commentary of this verse.
3 Tafsr Gharib al-Qurn, under the commentary of this verse.
29

) (
According to Ibn Abbs I those with him refers to the abah only
to the veterans of the truce of udaybiyyah, while the majority are of the
view that it refers to all of the abah M.1
A brief commentary of the verse, and those who are with him are stern against
the disbelievers and compassionate amongst themselves, has been presented before
you. Volumes are required to elaborate on each of the magnificent traits of the
abah M mentioned in this verse, at this juncture I wish to only expound a
little on the quality compassionate amongst themselves.
Allah E had sent Rasl H as a mercy for the whole of mankind and he
had granted his close companions, students, those who were willing to sacrifice
their lives for his sake and those who were around him at any given time; the
very same mercy and kindness that he had sent his Rasl H with. Thus
they were cordial and merciful amongst themselves. Furthermore, this attribute
of mercy was not only in a select few from among them rather it was prevalent
in them all, just as they had always been scrupulous regarding observance of fast,
establishing of alh, discharging of zakh, performance of ajj, enjoining good,
preventing evil, conscious of Allah, sincerity etc., so too were they meticulous
about displaying mercy and compassion to one another. This is supported by a
verse of the Noble Qurn, Allah E says about the abah M:
And he (Allah) made the word of piety inseparable from them as they were
worthy of it and most deserving of it, and Allah E is omniscient.2
1 Bar al-Mu and R al-Man

2 Srah al-Fat: 26
30
Substantiation of the Claim
Now I endeavour to substantiate my claim by making it evident to the readers that
the afore mentioned characteristic i.e. compassionate amongst themselves was
a characteristic deep rooted in every ab I, whether he belonged to the
Muhjirn or the Anr, and whether he lived in Makkah or in Madnah, whether
he be from the Quraysh or not. The books on Islamic history are replete with
narratives and tales of the geniality, well-wishing, sympathy and empathy of
these illustrious souls and there is not the slightest of suspicion in this regard,
however, in this work I only intend to bring to the fore the love, understanding,
compassion and mercy that existed between the three khulaf and Al M,
the reason being that much has been circulated in the public about the alleged
contempt, disunity, antagonism and frustration that existed between them; this
propaganda has been brought into play with a lot of effort to misguide the common
masses into believing that they (the three khulaf) were enemies of Al I,
they had grave differences with him, vigorously opposed him, oppressed him,
usurped his privileges and rights, and they similarly tyrannized the household
of Nab H, in a manner inconceivable and indescribable. Therefore I have
intended to:
1. Prove the love, friendship and unity that existed between them,
whereas people always spread the contrary.
2. Present the blood relations that connected them all, whereas

people write and publish strange stories about their contempt for
each other.
3. Reproduce incidents which inform us of the kindness, mutual

sympathy and understanding that existed between them whereas
on the contrary some people forge stories regarding their
disturbances and misunderstandings.1
1 It would have been appropriate to cite some incidents that they have fabricated regarding the
alleged enmity of the abah M verbatim from their sources, contiued ......
31
4. In essence I will endeavour to highlight how they venerated, loved,
sympathised, and dealt justly with one another. And refute all the
incidents these well-wishers fabricate and report to the people,
with the help of Allah E.
As it was previously mentioned, the first volume of this book will be the iddq
section, the second volume will be the Frq section and the third volume will
be the Uthmn section, hence we will now commence the first volume in which
there are five chapters.1
continued from page 31

1but this was not possible due to time constraints. In these times which are filled with different
trials and tribulations it is of paramount importance to develop the atmosphere of unity and
reconciliation among Muslims, and the fire of discord and disunity should not be ignited. I have
therefore refrained from quoting such incidents. If any person is keen on really learning of these
dreadful reports, then he does not have to read many books, it will be sufficient for him to simply
read the anam Quraysh supplication, this supplication according to them is the greatest solution
to the severest of hardships, it has been ascribed to Al I and is easily found in all their books, for
example mention of it is made in afah Alawiyyah and Iqq al-aqq (of Qa Nr Allh Shostar).
It would not be without benefit to mention that in the old texts of our friends, the so called demerits
of the abah M are mentioned under one chapter, now they have progressed and have started
publishing independent books regarding this topic e.g.
1. arat Umar 2nd volume, by Sayyid Al aydar ibn Sayyid Al (head of the Il
newspaper) khajwa, Bihar.
2. in-e Madh-hab Sunn by Dr. Nr usayn of Jhang.
3. Mahiyyat-e Muwiyah by Amad Al Karbal
4. Kaleed-e Munzarah by Barkat Al, etc.
32
iddq Section
Chapter One
In this chapter I shall present before you the relationship that existed between
Ab Bakr I and the fourth daughter of Raslullh H, the queen of the
women of Jannah, Fimah al-Zahra J, such as the help that Ab Bakr I
offered at the occasion of the wedding of Al I to her, the bond that existed
between ishah J, the daughter of Ab Bakr I, and herself, the issue
of Fadak, the monitory rights of the immediate family of Nab H and her
happiness, her fatal illness and the wife of Ab Bakr I, Asm bint Umays,
J nursing her and being of service to her, her will, her demise and her burial
etc.
In all these topics that have been discussed the warm relationship of Ab Bakr and
Al L is mentioned clearly without any ambiguity and the harmony between
him and Fimah J is also cited in several places.
Now I begin to present before you whatever I could source regarding the wedding
of Fimah J, first from the texts of the Shah themselves and then from our
sources for further substantiation and collaboration.
The Wedding of Sayyidah Fimah
First Narration
Mull Muammad Bqir Majlis has written in his book Jil al-Uyn under the
chapter regarding the wedding of Amr al-Muminn Al I to Fimah J:
"

33

( )

"
On one occasion Ab Bakr, Umar and Sad ibn Mudh were sitting in
Masjid Nabaw and a discussion about the marriage of Fimah ensued. Ab
Bakr said: Eminent people of the Quraysh tribe have spoken to Raslullh
H regarding Fimah and he responded by saying that her matter is
in the hands of her Rabb and He will give her in marriage to whomsoever
He wishes. Al ibn Ab lib has not spoken to Raslullh H regarding
her nor has anyone put a word in for him, and according to me the only
predicament because of which he is hesitant in proposing for her is his
poverty, but Rasl H has reserved her marriage to him. Ab Bakr
then said to Umar and Sad ibn Mudh: Come let us go to Al ibn Ab
lib and prepare him for the proposal and grant him monetary assistance
if poverty is proving to be a hindrance for him. Sad replied that this was
an excellent suggestion. They stood up immediately and headed to the
residence of Amr al-Muminn, Al was not home at that time instead he
was at an orchard belonging to an Anr ab drawing out water from
a well for him in lieu of a specific wage, these three gentlemen headed
towards that orchard to meet him. Al I enquired about the reason for
their visit and Ab Bakr answered: You have surpassed many people with
your outstanding traits and you are a close relative of Raslullh H
and have had the good fortune of accompanying him at all times, so what
is it that prevents you from proposing for Fimah? I believe that Allah
34
E and His Rasl H have secured this relation for you and have
kept it out of the reach of others. Upon hearing this Al began weeping
and said: O Ab Bakr you have refreshed my grief and have rekindled
the passionate desire of my heart, who would ever step back from such a
proposal but I feel timid to ask for her on account of my poverty. Hence
they motivated him to proceed to the Rasl of Allah H and propose.
He untied his camel, came home adorned himself and headed towards the
house of Raslullh H.1
Second Narration
A similar narrative is cited in Aml of Shaykh al-ifah Abu Jafar al-s:
" " ,

................

........
".
( 38 )
Mull Bqir Majlis has translated this very same text in his book, Jil al-Uyn,
as follows:
1 Jil al-Uyn of Mull Bqir Majlis, pg. 121, 122, chapter regarding the marriage of Amr al-Muminn
to Fimah. Bir al-Anwr of Mull Bqir, under the same topic pg. 37/38, vol. 10.
35

!

(
) 1334 120
ak ibn Muzim states:
I heard Al saying: Ab Bakr and Umar approached me and told me that

it would be most appropriate for me to go to the Nab H and ask for
the hand of Fimah. Al says I went to Raslullh H, he smiled as
soon as he saw me and asked me why had I come, I first mentioned my
kinship with him, my early acceptance of Islam, my service to the dn of
Allah and my participation in the campaigns of jihd upon which he said:
You are way better then what you have just mentioned. Thus I requested
him to give Fimah to me in marriage he said: O Al wait here till I
return. He returned home, and Fimah stood as soon as she saw him.
He then sat down, she removed his shawl and his slippers, brought water
and performed wu for him by herself and washed his feet and then set
before him. Thereafter the Rasl of Allah H said: O Fimah! She
replied: I am present, O Rasl of Allah, command me as you wish, he said:
Al has proposed for you so how do you feel? She remained silent but did
not display any dislike nor did she turn her face away. Raslullh stood up
saying: Allah is the greatest! Her silence is sufficient for her consent.1
1 Kitb al-Aml of Shaykh Ab Jafar al-s, vol. 1 pg. 38. The book Aml of Shaykh Ab Jafar
Muammad ibn asan al-s (d. 460 A.H) is considered to be an authentic and extremely reliable
book by the Shah and it has been published in recent times by a Sh bookstore in Najaf, Iraq. Ab
Jafar al-s is known as Shaykh al-ifah (leader of the sect) and is the author of Tahdhb al-Akm,
al- Istibr, Talkh al-Shf and many other books. Hence he is one of the authors of the four classical
books of the Shah and each one of his books has a chain of transmission.
Jil al-Uyn is a book authored by Mull Bqir Majlis (d. 1111 A.H). Fil Majlis has in the introduction
of this book written the following regarding its authenticity: Only authentic narrations have been
cited in this work. All his books, Bir al-Anwr, ayt al-Qulb, Mirt al-Uql, aqq al-Yaqn etc., are all
reliable according to the Sh scholars. For further satisfaction one can refer to the books containing
the biographies of the Sh scholars.
36
Note:-
Bqir Majlis has slightly altered the translation of the above Arabic text and I
intend to reveal that to the readers, the translation of the coming sentence is
completely clear:
Which translates as, Fimah brought water and performed a wu for Nab
H and washed his feet. Thus the ruling of washing the feet in wu (and
not just wiping a wet hand over them) is clearly understood from this narration
(and contradicts the practice of the Shah), this is why Bqir Majlis has altered the
translation to she washed his hands and feet. This is but a small illustration
of their treachery. I have cited the Arabic text and its translation in Persian so
that the readers can judge by themselves.
Third Narration
Just as the narration of Ab Bakr and Umar L urging Al I to ask for the
hand of Fimah J from Raslullh H is mentioned in the Aml Shaykh
Ab Jafar al-s and Jil al-Uyn, many renowned Sh scholars, authors and
poets have made mention of it likewise. Hence Mirza Raf Bdhil of Iran has cited
this incident in great detail in his poem, amlah aydar, few verses are quoted
below:
37

61 (
) 1627
When a few days had passed to this affair, there came one day to Al I
A few friends of his who said to him: O the illumination of our
confraternity!
What is keeping you behind from proposing, you are the most suitable
person of all.
Go to the master of all the ambiy and ask him to bestow upon you the
most virtuous lady.
Hence the master of our faith (Al) said: There are two predicaments that
prevent me from going ahead:
Firstly I feel timid to ask him for her and secondly my poverty compels me
to remain silent.
They thus said: O our dear friend do not think of any of these things!
Your relationship with Nab H is of a different nature. You can ask him
for whatever you desire.
Do not worry about your poverty because he will demand nothing from
you (he does not desire anything of yours).
With the motivation of his friends, Al proceeded the next day to propose
to Nab H.
The following aspects can be deduced from the few references (Aml of Shaykh
Ab Jafar al-s, Jilal-Uyn and amlah aydar) that I have presented regarding
the proposal for Fimah J:
1. Ab Bakr and Umar L were the first to encourage Al I to propose

for the hand of Fimah J, which is clear evidence of their reciprocal
benevolence.
38
2. Wealth is considered to be an external factor in nik. They had comforted
him in this regard as well; this is by itself proof of the love and affection
they displayed for each other.
3. The mere fact that Al I accepted their suggestion and was prepared
to undertake this noble task is sufficient proof of their sincerity and the
value they had for each other, for the suggestions of ones enemies are not
to be accepted however sincere they appear to be.
4. The sentence Her silence is sufficient for her consent, holds an intricate
meaning and an interpretation worthy of contemplation, but it would be
fitting to mention it under our response to She did not speak to him till
she passed away.
The Services of Ab Bakr and Uthmn in Making Arrangements for the

Wedding of Fimah
In the previous pages, Ab Bakr and Umar L encouraging Al I to propose
was the centre of the discussion, wherein the advice and well-wishing of Abu
Bakr and Umar L had been cited at length. In this chapter I now present
to you the arrangements for the wedding and the preparation of the home of
Fimah J. In this regard the services of Ab Bakr and the conferring of gifts
by Uthmn L are of vital importance. In Aml of Shaykh Ab Jafar al-s,
Manqib Khawrzim, Manqib Ibn Shar shb, Kashf al-Ghummah of Abu s Arbl,
Bir al-Anwr, Jil al-Uyn (both of Mull Bqir al-Majlis) and many other Sh
books, this has been discussed in detail. Of all the above mentioned references it
is the Aml of Shaykh al-s, which is considered most authentic. Therefore, I
shall begin quoting from it first. Hence, Shaykh al-ifah cites from the infallible
Imm Al I:
39

( ............ 39 .1
)
Mull Bqir Majlis has translated the above mentioned narration in Persian, in
his book Jil al-Uyn, which I shall cite here for corroboration and thereafter
present the summary in order to make apparent to the readers the bond that
existed between Ab Bakr and Al L.
"

"
( 126 )
Muammad ibn Al ibn Shar shb al-Marw al-Mrzindarni (d. 588 A.H), a
renowned Sh scholar, has condensed the above quoted narration of Aml in his
famous book, Manqib:

( 20.4 , )
40
Overview of the Narrations:
Al I mentions:
The Nab H instructed me to sell my shield so that arrangements

could be made for the expenses of the wedding. I went and sold it and
returned with the money I had received and placed it in his lap. The Nab
H did not ask me how much it was nor did I inform him of the amount.
Thereupon he called Bill I, gave him a handful of dirhams (silver coins)

and instructed him to purchase perfume for Fimah J. He then filled
both his hands with dirhams, handed them over to Ab Bakr I and
instructed him to buy clothing and household items for her, he had also
instructed Ammr ibn Ysir and several other Sahabah M to accompany
him. Only when Ab Bakr I approved of what the others intended to
purchase did they purchase it, and they would not lay hands on anything
that appealed to them. The list of the articles they had purchased at that
time is as follows: a cloak for seven dirhams, a scarf for four dirhams, a
shawl from Khayber, a woven bedstead, two cushions, one was filled with
the bark of date palms and the other with the wool of sheep, one pillow
the filling of which was lemon grass, a garment of wool, a water bag made
of leather, a wooden bowl for milk, a greenish clay pot and few small bowls
made of sand. When they had completed purchasing, Ab Bakr I carried
some of the things and the remaining Sahabah M carried the rest and
presented them to the Nab H. He took them in his blessed hands and
supplicated thus: O Allah place blessings in these for the Ahl al-Bayt.
To further elaborate on this issue, I shall cite another narration from their books
in which mention is made of the fact that Al I had sold his shield to Uthmn
ibn Affn I, who in return had paid him for it and had given it back to him as
a gift, the Nab H had prayed for him due to the kindness and generosity he
had displayed. In the previous narrations this was not clearly stated, however, it
is evident in the narrations to follow.
I shall cite this narration from the Manqib of Akhab al-Khawrzim (d. 568
A.H). Al ibn s al-Arbl (d. 687 A.H) in his book Kashf al-Ghummah has cited
41
this narration verbatim and Bqir al-Majlis, the Mujtahid (a scholar who is
independent in passing a legal or theological ruling) of the eleventh century has
likewise made mention of it in the tenth volume of his book Bir al-Anwr, under
the chapter pertaining to the wedding of Al I to Fimah J. I shall refer
to all of the above mentioned books. I have sourced this narration from the actual
books, therefore no doubts should linger in anyones mind about alterations
occurring due to excessive transmission; I am responsible for their validity.
Manqib al-Khawrzim
"

..........
( ".
568 253-252
. . 1385 1965/)
Kashf al-Ghummah
The exact same narration is cited in the first volume of Kashf al-Ghummah f Marifat
al-Aimmah, under the chapter regarding his (Al I) wedding to Fimah J
on pg. 485 and pg. 486. This is a book authored by Ab s al-Arbl (d. 687 A.H).
It has been published in Tehran (Iran) in three volumes with its translation in
Persian.
42
Bir al-Anwr
Likewise this narration has been quoted verbatim by Bqir al-Majlis in the tenth
volume of his book, Bir al-Anwr, under the chapter pertaining to the wedding
of Fimah to Al L on pg. 439 of the old Iranian publication. One can gain
satisfaction by studying these references.
Summary of the Narration:
Al I states:
The Nab H approached me and ordered me to sell my shield and give

him the money I receive for it, so that he may make adequate arrangements
for the articles Fimah J and I needed. I took my shield and set off for the
market. I sold it to Uthmn ibn Affn I in lieu of four hundred dirhams.
Uthmn I said to me after I had taken possession of the dirhams and
he of the shield: O Ab al-asan! Have I not become the rightful owner
of this shield and are you not more deserving of the dirhams? I replied
in the affirmative upon which he said: Well then, I now confer the shield
to you as a gift, you can have it for yourself. I returned to the Nab H
with both, the shield and the dirhams, placed it before him and informed
him of what had transpired. He prayed in favour of Uthmn I. He then
summoned Ab Bakr I, gave him a handful of dirhams and ordered him
to purchase household items which would be of need, for Fimah J, he
had ordered Salmn al-Frs and Bill ibn Rab L to accompany him
to the bazaar to assist in carrying whatever was to be bought. Ab Bakr
relates: Sixty-three dirhams was the total sum of what the Nab H
had given me, I had bought the following articles with it: an Egyptian
bedspread, a leather cushion, a leather pillow the filling of which was the
bark of a date palm, a sheet from Khaybar, a leather bag for water, few
small bowls, clay pots, a utensil to be used for ritual ablutions and a fine
garment of wool. Salmn, Bill and I, each one of us, carried some of these.
We brought it and presented it to the Nab H.
43
There are several things here that are worthy of being noted:
It is very obvious from all of the above references that all the articles
procured to prepare the home of Fimah J were procured with the
money that Uthmn I had given to Al I as a gift. All the expenses
of the wedding were met with it. The Nab H had supplicated for him
that he be blessed in all his affairs. This is undeniable evidence of the fact
that affinity and harmony existed between Al and Uthmn L, such
sacrifice and generosity is impossible to fathom if hatred existed between
them. The assistance which Ab Bakr I had rendered, likewise, cannot
be overlooked for it is more ostensible than the sun.
All the books that I have referred to in the discussions above are considered
reliable and common amongst the Sh scholars; there is no suspicion
whatsoever in their authenticity. However, the Shah can generate
suspicion among the common masses, if they debate regarding the author
of Manqib, Akhab al-Khawrzim, being a Sh or not; whereas according
to the leading scholars of the Ahl al-Sunnah there exists not the slightest of
doubts regarding him being a Sh. Just the mere that fact that the authors
of Kashf al-Ghummah and Bir al-Anwr have quoted this narration in their
books referencing it from his book without any criticism is sufficient proof
of this, that his narrations are widely accepted in the Shism. This piece
of evidence is enough for the general people; however, for the benefit of
those of our scholars who are unaware of this issue, I see it opportune
for me to present before them a brief exposition regarding his position
according to the Ahl al-Sunnah.
An Analysis of the Position of Akhab al-Khawrizm
In the books of Tarjim (books dealing with the biographies of those who were
engaged in the transmission of adth), the name Akhab al-Khawrizm appears
in two ways:
44
a. Muwaffaq ibn Amad ibn Sad Ab al-Muayyidh.
b. Amad ibn Muammad Muwaffaq al-Dn al-Akhab al-Khawrizm

(d. 568/571 A.H). He was a renowned scholar of Khawrzim
(presently situated in Iran).
Before acquiring this book of his (Manqib Akhab al-Khawrizm), I had relied
totally on the research of fi Ibn Taymiyyah and Shah Abd al-Azz al-Dehlaw
in believing that he was a Sh, now that I have obtained a copy of the book for
myself, my belief regarding him being a Sh has increased manifold. Only a person
who is unaware of his works and his propensity of having double standards will
consider him to be part of the Ahl al-Sunnah.
fi Ibn Taymiyyah has written the following regarding him in his book, Minhj
al-Sunnah:
"

".
He has written a book on the merits (of Al I) wherein there are many
traditions that are forgeries, which can be easily identified not only by
scholars of adth but by a person who has a little knowledge regarding
it as well, he is not a scholar of adth nor is he a point of reference in it
whatsoever.
Shh Abd al-Azz al-Dehlaw has expressed his personal opinion regarding him
in several places in Tufah Ithn Ashariyyah; by way of illustration I shall quote
some of his remarks:
1. In Tufah, under adth no. 7 of the twelve adth dealing with Immah,
he has written:
45

) (
Akhab al-Khawrizm is an extremist Zayd Sh. The scholars of adth

of the Ahl al-Sunnah are unanimous that his narrations are mostly
from unknown and weak sources, and many of his reports are either
reprehensible or fabricated, therefore the jurists of the Ahl al-Sunnah have
not used them as evidence ever.
2. Similarly in Tufah, under strategy no. 81, he mentions:

( )
)81 (
At times the Shah quote narrations which are in harmony with their
doctrine from authors who some of our people perceive to be from the Ahl
al-Sunnah, whereas they have nothing to do with them, hence Ibn Aqdah
was a Jrd Sh, Ibn Qutaybah (referring to the author of al-Immah wa al-
Siysah) was a fanatic adherent of Shism and Akhab al-Khawrizm was
an extremist Zayd Sh.
3. In Tufah, under strategy no. 23, he states that Sh scholars present the
narrations of the following scholars to the Ahl al-Sunnah after ascribing
them to the Ahl alSunnah; whereas this is against reality for they are not
from them:
( )

)23 (
For example: al-Zamakhshar- the author of Kasshf (and Rab al-Abrr)

was a Mutazil and a Tafl Sh, Akhab al-Khawrizm was a staunch
46
Zayd Sh, Ibn Qutaybah was a Muqarrir Sh, Ibn Ab al-add, the
commentator of Nahj al-Balghah, had combined between Shism and
Itizl, Hishm al-Kalb, a scholar of Qurn exegeses, was a fanatic Sh,
likewise is the situation of al-Masd the author of Murj al-Dhahab, and
Ab al-Faraj al-Ifahn the author of Kitb al-Aghn, etc..
After presenting the views of fi Ibn Taymiyyah and Shh Abd al-Azz, I
now endeavour to reveal the ideology of Akhab from his very book, Manqib al-
Khawrizm, which has been published in Najaf, Iraq.
1. The first thing that draws ones attention towards him being affiliated to
this particular ideology is the signs alluding to this on the first page of the
book:
A Sh scholar by the name of Muammad Ri al-Msaw al-

Khursn has penned its footnotes and has written its introduction
in which he commends Akhab and classifies him as reliable.
Those who have published it are: Muammad Kim and

Muammad diq both of whom are Shah and are the owners of
the aydariyyah bookstore; they had published it in the year 1385
A.H/ 1965. This is written on the cover page.
It is obvious from the above that this booklet is in harmony with their
ideology, which is why we find Sh scholars and businessmen publishing
it for a second time; the first time it was published was in the year 1313 A.H.
Due to certain personal motives they have now begun to add al-Makk al-
anaf to his name.
2. Another factor which is of significant importance is the list of the books

authored by Akhab given in the beginning of the booklet, it is worthy of
being studied:
47
Al-Manqib (regarding the merits of Amr al-Muminn Al)
Al-Arban f Manqib al-Nab al-Amn wa Wayih Amr al-Muminn

(Forty adth with regards to the merits of the Nab and his
successor, Amr al-Muminn)
Qay Amr al-Muminn ( The decisions of Amr al-Muminn)
Radd al-Shams l Amr al-Muminn ( The bringing back of the sun for
Amr al-Muminn)
Maqtal Amr al-Muminn (The assassination of Amr al-Muminn)
Maqtal al-Imm al-uayn (The assassination of Imm usayn)
Such issues, which the author has expounded on, are the primary objective
of all such people who prescribe to the doctrine of Shism. The scholars
of the Ahl al-Sunnah whilst considering them to be important do not
perceive them to be the fundamental reason around which they would
base all their efforts.
The book Manqib al-Imm Ab anfah (published by Dirah al-Marif,

Dakan, Pakistan) has been included in the above mentioned list, regarding
which I shall mention few pertinent things in the coming pages.
3. A third factor that one should take note of in this regard is that all the
narrations of this book are harmonious with the Sh point of view. I shall
present two narrations for the benefit of the readers which should suffice
in proving the above mentioned claim.
a. It is narrated from Ibn Abbs L with a lengthy chain of

transmission that the Nab H has mentioned:
"
.
48
If all the trees are turned into pens and all the oceans into ink, and the
jinn assume the task of enumeration, and humanity are to pen down
the virtues of Al S; they would not succeed in doing so.1
b. After a long chain of transmission, it is reported on the authority

of Ibn Masd I:
"

".
The Nab of Allah H said: O Abd Allah an angel came to me and

said: O Muammad ask those of my messengers whom I had sent before
you of the mission with which I had sent them. He then said: With (the
task of) befriending you (the Nab H) and befriending Al ibn Ab
lib.2
After analysing these two narrations one can decide for himself whether
or not Akhab was Sh.
Now all that remains is the contention surrounding a book on the merits of Imm
Ab anfah, consisting of two volumes, which has been attributed to Akhab.
There are certain details that one has to analyse in order to eliminate any doubts
in this regard. The scholars have mentioned five different possibilities regarding
books of this nature and they are:
1. In some instances certain books which in reality are not the books of a
reputable Sunn scholar are ascribed to him e.g. Sirr al-lamn is ascribed
to Imm al-Ghazl whereas he had not written such a book.
2. At times coincidently the name of an unreliable scholar happens to be the

same as that of a well-reputed scholar and because of their names being
1 Manqib al-Khawrzim pg. 2, virtues of Al al-Murta

2 Manqib al-Khawrzim, pg. 221, chapter miscellaneous merits
49
alike, the book of the former is attributed to the latter, due to which many
people become puzzled. An example of this is Adab al-Ktib, which is a
book written by a well reputed scholar whose name is Ibn Qutaybah, but
we find that the book al-Immah wa al-Siysah is attributed to him; whereas
in reality its author is a staunch Sh whose name is also Ibn Qutaybah.
There are many disparaging remarks made about the abah M in
it, therefore it can never possibly be a book written by the famous Ibn
Qutaybah.
3. Sometimes the book of a renowned scholar is interpolated, like the literary

works of Shaykh Akbar ibn al-Arab had been interpolated (Shaykh Abd
al-Wahhb al-Sharn has made mention of this in the beginning of his
book al-Yawqt wa al-Jawhir), likewise Rowat al-Abb, a book penned by
Shaykh Sayyid Jaml al-Dn, had been changed (mention of this is made
by Shah Abd al-Azz on pg. 18 of his book al-Ujlah al-Nfiah under the
term Jmi).
4. Many a time the author is a ib al-Layl1, i.e. he gathers all sorts of

traditions, strong and weak, valid and invalid and thus his book is void of
authenticity. Examples of such books are Musnad al-Firdows of al-Daylam,
some literary works of Ibn Askir and Marij al-Nubuwwah etc.
5. Sometimes it so happens that the author has a tendency of being two-

faced; when with Sunns he pretends to be a Sunn and when with Shah
he feigns a Sh persona, e.g. al-Sib ibn al-Jowz (when looking at his
books and traditions), Wi al-Kshif, the author of Rowat al-Shuhad,
Mr Khnid, the author of Rowat al-af. Or he happens to be a faithful
adherent of Shism but remains unknown to the general masses, who thus
believe him to be a Sunn, e.g. Shaykh Muammad ibn Yusuf al-Kanj, the
author of Kifyat al-lib, Shaykh Sulaymn al-Qandarz al-Malanj, the
1 A person who collects firewood at night and on account of the darkness picks up a snake, thinking
it to be wood.
50
writer of Yanb al-Mawaddah, Amad ibn Atham al-Kf, the author of
Trkh Atham al-Kf, al-Masd, the author of Murj al-Dhahab and Ibn
Abd Rabbih, the author of Iqd al-Fard, etc..
After presenting these details, I call upon the bearers of knowledge to decide.
(From the five possibilities mentioned above) There are two that can fit here:
a. Coincidently the name of both the authors being the same, meaning the
author of Manqib al-Imm Ab anfah is a Sunn scholar whose name is
Akhab al-Khawrizm (as he is classified reliable and described in the
books of Tarjim), who shares the same name as that of the author of
Manqib al-Khawrizm.
b. A Sh scholar has authored this book (Manqib) which he subsequently

ascribed to this Sunn scholar.
In essence there is no doubt that the author of Manqib al-Khawrizm being a

Sh.
The Presence and Testifying of Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn in the Nik
of Fimah
The subject of the past chapter was the preparations for the wedding of Fimah
J and the arranging of her home. In this regard the services of Ab Bakr and
Uthmn L had been mentioned. In this chapter I shall introduce a new subject:
the presence of Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn M at this blessed wedding and
them being made to testify therein.
There are many narrations in both Sunn and Sh sources that establish this
particular subject. I find it fit to first quote two types of narrations from Sh
sources. Thereafter to corroborate them, I shall cite few narrations from Sunn
sources.
51
First Type of Narrations
1. The coming narration in quoted in Manqib al-Khawrizm (pg. 251-252)

under the section, the Nab H marrying Fimah J to Al I:
"

.

".
This narration has been quoted verbatim in:
Kashf al-Ghummah of al-Arbl in the first volume on pg. 483-484 (of

the new publication) under the section: his wedding to the queen
of all women.
Bir al-Anwr of Mull Bqir al-Majlis in the tenth volume on pg.

38-39 under the section regarding her wedding.
Summary of the Narration
Al I mentions:
I was extremely elated after talking with the Nab H regarding my

marriage to Fimah J. Upon leaving the house of the Nab H I
met Ab Bakr and Umar L. They asked me: What happened? I
informed them that the Nab H told me that Allah had solemnised
my marriage to Fimah J in the heavens and that soon the Nab H
was intending to emerge from his home and break the news to everyone.
They became exultant upon hearing this and immediately accompanied
52
me to the masjid. We had barely reached the centre of the masjid before
the Nab H cheerfully entered the masjid behind us; his blessed face
was radiant with joy. He then called Bill I and ordered him: Gather the
Muhjirn and the Anr M. When they had congregated he ascended
the pulpit and after glorifying Allah E said: O Muslims! Jibrl S had
just come to me and informed me that Allah E had gathered all the
angels at al-Bayt al-Mamr (a place resembling the Kabah directly above
it in the seventh heaven) and had made them attest that he has married
Fimah J, the daughter of the Nab H, to his servant, Al ibn Ab
lib I, and has commanded me to solemnise his marriage to her on
earth and make you witness it.
2. Mull Bqir al-Majlis has cited this narration, with some additions, in
his book, Jil al-Uyn, under the discussion regarding the marriage of
Al I to Fimah J. Ostensibly the only reason why he has altered
this narration is to tarnish the mutual sincerity and connection that was
prevalent amongst the abah M. Nevertheless, I shall present it in
Persian as is, so that the readers examine it for themselves:

" )
125 )
It is reported in many books that the Rasl H said: O Ab al-asan

go outside, I am on my way behind you to the masjid and I am going to
53
solemnise your marriage to Fimah J in the presence of a group of
people; I am going to mention for your sake that which will be of benefit
to you and your friends in this world and the hereafter. Amr al-Muminn
says: After leaving the house of the Rasl H I immediately proceeded
to the masjid. I cannot describe the jubilancy I was experiencing at the
time. Ab Bakr and Umar L had sent Al I and were eager to learn
of what had transpired, they were thus waiting for him outside on the road
and enquired about what had happened as soon as he emerged from the
house of Nab H. Al I said: Rasl Allah H intends to perform
my nik to his daughter Fimah J, and has informed me that Allah
E has arranged my marriage with her in the heavens. He is going
to perform my nik to her in presence of the people. They outwardly
expressed their happiness upon hearing this
Second type of Narrations
The above mentioned narrations have been cited from four popular Sh sources.
I shall now present a different type of narrations from their sources to establish
the subject.
1. Ab s al-Arbl has quoted the following narration in his book Kashf al-
Ghummah f Marifat al-Aimmah:
:
. "

.......
, 472-471 ( .......
) . .
This narration has been quoted in Bir al-Anwr of Mull Bqir Majlis,
(vol. 10, pg. 37-38): chapter regarding her marriage to Al J. It has
been cited without any criticism.
54
Manqib al-Khawrizm, 246: chapter regarding Rasl H performing the
nik of Fimah J. It has been cited with its chain of transmission.
Anas I mentions:
I was present in the company of Nab H while revelation was

descending upon him. After the revelation had ended he said to me: O
Anas do you have any idea what Jibrl S brought from the King of
the Mighty throne? I said: Allah and his Rasl know best. He said: I
have been commanded to perform the nik of Fimah J to Al I.
Therefore go and call Ab Bakr, Umar, Uthmn, Al, alah and Zubayr
M. And call the same number of people from the Anr M. Anas I
says: I went and I called all of them. When they came and took their places
before Rasl Allah H, he recited the khubah after which he said: I
make you all testify that I have performed the nik of Fimah J to Al
I in lieu of four hundred Mithqls1 of silver.
The following conclusions can be drawn from this narration:
1. Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn M were invited to the wedding of

Fimah J.
2. They were made to testify at this auspicious occasion.
Both these aspects are clear signs of the mutual love and reciprocal understanding
that existed between them. One will most certainly not invite people with whom
he has hatred to such a joyous occasion.
Few References From the Books of the Ahl al-Sunnah

To further expound in this regard, I shall cite few references of the Ahl al-Sunnah
so that the subject under discussion becomes completely clear.
1 Mithkl: A unit of measurement equal to approximately 4.3 grams.
55
1. Anas I reports that Nab H said:

.
:
....

694 ( (.
) :30 )
2. Muibb al-Dn al-abar has cited this narration verbatim in Riy al-
Nairah f Manqib al-Asharah al-Mubashsharah (vol. 2 pg. 241), another
literary work of his, under the chapter regarding the marriage of Fimah
J to Al I, with reference to Ab al-Khayr al-Qazwn al-kim,
Amad ibn Isml ibn Ysuf.
Anas I mentions that Nab H instructed him: Call Ab Bakr,

Umar, Uthmn, Abd al-Ramn ibn Awf, Sad ibn Ab Waqq, alah,
Zubayr and a few of the Anr M for me. He called all of them. When
they all came in the presence of Nab H they sat in their respective
places. Al I at the time was gone out on an errand for Nab H.
Nab H recited the khubah of nik and then said: Allah E
has instructed me to give Fimah J in marriage to Al ibn Ab lib

I. Therefore testify that I have performed her nik to him in lieu of
four hundred mithqls of silver. After that he asked for a tray of dates to
be brought and said: Eat, hence we began consuming the dates. In the
mean while Al I had returned from his errand. Nab H upon
seeing him smiled, then said: Allah E has instructed me to perform
56
the nik of Fimah J to you in lieu of four hundred mithqls, do you
consent? Al I said, I consent, O Rasl Allah.
3. Similarly the details of the marriage of Fimah J have been cited at

great length in the second volume of Mawhib al-Ladunniyyah of Qasaln
on pg. 6-7: chapter regarding the marriage of Al I to Fimah J.
However, these narrations cover many aspects which were not mentioned
in the previously quoted narration such as: Ab Bakr and Umar L
inducing Al I to propose for Fimah J, him accepting their

advice and going to propose for her, selling his armour to Uthmn I
in order to make preparations for the wedding, Uthmn I conferring
it and the money that he had given as a gift, Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn
M being invited for the wedding and being asked to testify at this
momentous occasion. In order not to prolong the book, I have not cited
these narrations and have sufficed on alluding to its reference. Those
who desire to study them should source them from the above mentioned
reference.
Note:-
One aspect mentioned in the details of the wedding of Fimah J was that
Nab H said: Allah has instructed me to perform the nik of Fimah to
Al. At this juncture I deem it appropriate to remind the readers of the narration
in which mention is made of the marriage of Uthmn I to the daughter of
Rasl Allah H, Umm Kulthm J, there as well the same sentiments had
been expressed, hence Imm al-Bukhr I has cited the following narration
with its chain of transmission in: al-Trkh al-Kabr (vol. 2 pg. 281)
The Rasl of Allah said: I did not give Umm Kulthm in marriage to
Uthmn but by means of divine revelation.
57
Just as the former wedding had been arranged divinely so was the latter wedding
arranged in the heavens. There are no discrepancies whatsoever in the validity
of both weddings.
The Invaluable Help that ishah and Umm Salamah had Rendered During
the Reception of Fimah
In the previous chapters the services of the three khulaf, Ab Bakr, Umar
and Uthmn M, their presence in the nik and testifying therein, was
mentioned in detail. Now remains the aspect of the reception of Fimah J
and the preparation of her home. The books of both the Shah and the Ahl al-
Sunnah state that the organising of her home was undertaken by ishah and
Umm Salamah L. ishah and Umm Salamah L had plastered, cleaned,
and seen to the other household requirements of the house that Nab H
had bestowed Fimah J with.
In order to encompass all angles relating to this issue, i.e. the marriage of Fimah
J, I shall cite texts from the books of both sects.
The first narration is cited in Manqib al-Khawrizm, the second in Aml of al-
Shaykh Ab Jafar al-s and the third in Ibn Mjah.
First Narration
Umm Ayman J narrates that she called Al I to come to Nab H,
upon which he came. He mentions the narrative as follows:

...
When I entered upon Nab H, he was at the home of ishah J.
When I arrived all the Ummaht al-Muminn, the noble consorts of Nab
H, left and went to the other room. I set with my head lowered before
him, out of modesty. Nab H asked: Would you like that your wife,
58
Fimah, be sent to your home? I said: May my parents be sacrificed upon
you, indeed it would be ideal. Nab H said: Tonight, if Allah E
wills, we shall send her to your home. As I was leaving the residence of
Raslullh H elated and happy he said to the Ummaht al-Muminn:
Prepare Fimah J, dress her with the best of clothing, apply fragrance
to her and prepare her bedding at her new home. Hence they did so
accordingly.1
Further details in this regard are found in Aml of Shaykh Ab Jafar al-s. The
narration goes as follows:

.
.
Nab H when addressing his pure wives inquired: Who is present

here? Umm Salamah J replied: I am present and so is Zaynab and so is
so-and-so and so-and-so (referring to ishah and afah L. Thereupon
Nab H said: Arrange an abode in one of my homes for my daughter
Fimah and my cousin Al. Umm Salamah J asked: In which of your
homes, O Nab of Allah? In your home, said Nab H and instructed
them to embellish it as well.2
After analysing these two Sh narrations one should study the narration of Ibn
Mjah, a source of the Ahl al-Sunnah, in order to envision the scenario in its
entirety:
1 Manqib Al-Khawrizm pg. 245: chapter regarding the marriage.

2 Aml vol. 1 pg. 40
59
Shab relates from Masrq who relates from ishah and Umm Salamah
L that Nab H had instructed them to make preparations to send
Fimah J to Al I. They mention:
We plastered her matrimonial home with pliable soil which was sought
from the valley of Ba and then cleaned it. Thereafter we made two
pillows by filling them with the bark of date palms. Subsequent to that
we prepared a snack of dates and raisins and provided sweet water. And
lastly we plunged a long stick into the ground so as to facilitate the
hanging of clothing and a leather bag. We did not witness a wedding
better than that of Fimah J.1
Finally it would be apt to cite that narration of Aml from which we can determine
the date of this noble union:
Fimah J was sent off to her matrimonial home sixteen days after the
demise of her sister, Ruqayyah J, this was after the Battle of Badr after
a few days of Shawwl had passed. (The Battle of Badr took place in the
second year after hijrah).2
Another aspect worthy of notice here is that this narration of Aml has proven
that Ruqayyah J was the biological sister of Fimah J. She was the wife
of Uthmn I, and she passed away during the Battle of Badr.
The Summary of the Narrations
1. The discussions with regard to the sending of Fimah J to her

matrimonial home were conducted in the house of ishah J.
1 Ibn Mjah: chapter on nik

2 Aml vol. 1 pg. 42
60
2. Nab H had ordered ishah and Ummu Salamah L to make all
the necessary arrangements.
3. All the arrangements, i.e. cleaning the house, plastering it, making pillows,
preparing a snack of dates and raisins, providing sweet water and plunging
a stick for hanging clothing etc., were all made by them. They had praised
her wedding in the most amiable of ways.
By analysing these narrations with fairness one can conclude that there existed
sound relationships between ishah and Fimah J. Love and empathy
existed between the two of them. There was no enmity or jealousy between them.
All the narrations depicting them to be hostile towards one another are baseless
and are based on lies.
Relations Between Fimah and ishah

Thus far several narrations have been cited regarding the wedding of Fimah
J. Ahead I shall cite a few narrations that inform us of the reciprocal love,
respect and understanding that was prevalent among them. The claims of those
who portray them to have disputes amongst themselves are unfounded.
1. ishah praises Fimah
I shall start with citing the commendation of Fimah by ishah L. There are
many narrations in this regard. I shall suffice on the mention of one particular
narration. The authors of Mustadrak and al-Istb quote:
61
ishah J is reported to have said: I have not seen anyone who
resembles the speech and manner of conduct of Raslullh H more
than Fimah J. He would stand up to meet her, kiss her and welcome
her whenever she came to visit him and she would treat him in the exact
same manner.1
She is reported to have mentioned as well: I have not seen anyone more
truthful then Fimah J besides her father H.2
The Sh scholars have documented a narration of ishah J which very

much resembles the abovementioned one. Shaykh Abbs al-Qumm has cited this
narration in his book Muntah al-ml:
Shaykh al-s has narrated ishah J to have said: I have not seen
anyone more similar in speech and conduct to Raslullh H than
Fimah J. He would welcome her as soon as she would enter, kiss her
hand and make her sit in his place. When he would visit her at her place
she would rise from her place, welcome him and kiss his hand.3
Likewise Ab Nuaym al-Ifahn has mentioned in ilyat al-Awliy:
ishah J mentions: I have never seen anyone more truthful than

Fimah J besides her father.4
1 Al-Mustadrak vol. 1 pg. 154, 160, 161

2 Al-Istb, Al-Ibah, biography of Fimah J
3 Muntah al-ml vol. 1: chapter regarding the merits of Fimah J
4 ilyat al-Awliy vol. 2: chapter regarding Fimah J
62
Nr al-Dn al-Haytham has mentioned a narration of ishah J through the
transmission of Amr ibn Dnr in Majma al-Zawid. fi Ibn ajar al-Asqaln
has cited the very same narration in al-Ibah (vol. 4):
ishah J states: I have not seen anyone better than Fimah J after
her father.1
One can easily understand the value, reverence and appreciation the beloved
consorts of Nab H had for his endeared daughters.
2. Instructions of Nab H to Fimah to Revere ishah
I intend sharing another adth with the readers in which Raslullh H
has instructed Fimah J to honour ishah J. This narration appears

in Muslim. The Arabic text of the narration with its translation will be presented
below. Imm al-Nas has reported this narration with slight variations in his
book, Sunan al-Nas, under the chapter pertaining to interaction with women:
ishah J narrates:
On one occasion the pure spouses of Nab H sent Fimah J to him.

She came and sought permission to enter. Raslullh H was resting
1 Majma al-Zawid chapter 9 regarding the merits of Fimah J
63
at my residence. Permission was granted and she came in. She said: O
Raslullh your spouses have sent me to ask you for fairness of treatment
between them and the daughter of Ibn Ab Qufah. ishah J says that
she remained silent. Nab H said: O my beloved daughter! Do you
not love those whom I love? She replied in the affirmative. He then said:
Then love her! ishah J states that she left thereafter and returned
to them and informed them of what had happened. They said: You have
not achieved anything for us, therefore go back to him and present our
request to him one more time. She said: I take an oath I will not speak to
him in this regard.1
This narration clearly spells out that Fimah J had conceded the merits and
feats of ishah J just as she, ishah J, had loved her and venerated her.
To love ishah J was her responsibility due to her being one of the Ummaht
al-Muminn, but this order of Raslullh H emphasised loving her. There
exists not even the slightest of doubts regarding the love Fimah J had for
ishah J.
3. The Mutual Understanding and Reliance of ishah and Fimah
Under this subheading I shall present another narration which denotes the
mutual trust and understanding of ishah J with Al and Fimah J.
This narration also indicates that they would experience no dejectedness in

asking each other rulings of certain issues etc.
1 Muslim vol. 2: chapter regarding the virtues of ishah J, a similar statement to the last portion
of this narration: I take an oath I will not speak to him in this regard. appears in the narration
wherein Fimah J had demanded her share of Fadak. It is stated in that narration: She did not
speak (about this) until she passed away, if this portion of the narration is considered to be part of
the actual narration and not an addition from the narrator then its meaning can be determined by
the above cited narration, i.e. she did not speak to Ab Bakr I regarding the issue of Fadak again
just as is understood from this narration that she never spoke to Nab H regarding ishah J
again.
64
This narration appears in Musnad Amad:
Ummu Sulaymn mentions:
I went to ishah J to enquire from her regarding the meat of animals

slaughtered at the occasion of d and she said: Raslullh H had
initially prohibited us from consuming it, thereafter he allowed us to have
it. The reason being that Al I once returned from a journey and Fimah
J presented the meat of a slaughtered animal to him. He asked her: Did
not the Raslullh prohibit us from its consumption? She replied: He

has now granted us permission to have it. Al I thus proceeded to the
masjid and asked Nab H. He said: Eat from one Dh al-ijjah to the
other.1
ishah J inferred the permissibility of the meat of slaughtered animals from

the incident of Al and Fimah L. This proves that there existed no rancour
and disillusionment between them. Instead they relied upon one another and
interacted sincerely.
Let us analyse another narration that very explicitly tells us of their unsullied
feelings for one another. This narration appears in Bukhr and Musnad Ab Dwd
al-aylis:
1 Musnad Amad vol. 6 pg. 282
65

Ibn Ab Layl mentions:
Al I informed me that Fimah J once complained of having blisters

on her hands because of operating the mill. She came to the home of Nab
H only to discover that he was not there. Hence she informed ishah
J of her need. When he returned home ishah J informed him

that Fimah had come with a need to see you. He immediately headed
to her home, and we had already retired for the night. We intended to get
up when we noticed him coming. He said: Remain in your places, and
then set between us. I could feel the coolness of his feet upon my chest.
Thereafter he said: Should I not give you something which would prove
more beneficial for you then a slave? Before you retire to bed recite Allh
Akbar 34 times, Subn Allh 33 times and al-amd Lillh 33 times. This is
better for you then a servant.1
This narration is clear evidence of the fact that these pure souls did not entertain
malicious feelings for each other and that their hearts were clean from all sorts
of dirty and ill sentiments.
It should be remembered that this particular dhikr is known as al-Tasb al-Fim.

Fortunate are those who are endowed with the ability to recite it. The adhkr
(plural of dhikr) of the blessed household of Nab H should be kept alive in
the ummah, so as to acquire it benefits and blessings continuously. The scholars
have also written that Allah will remove all the fatigue of a person who recites
this dhikr before retiring to bed.
4. Fimah Informs ishah of a Very Crucial Secret
Here I shall cite a narration in which it is stated that Fimah J communicated

an extremely important secret to ishah J. This secret which is in reality one
1 Bukhr vol. 1 pg. 439, vol. 2 pg. 807, Musnad Ab Dwd vol. 1 pg. 16
66
of the outstanding merits of Fimah J was than transmitted to the ummah
via the medium of ishah J. This narration is documented in Muslim:
Masrq narrates from ishah J that on one occasion Nab H was

present amidst his pure spouses. Fimah J came to visit at the time.
Her walk was an exact imitation of the walk of Nab H. When he saw
her, he welcomed her and made her sit beside him. Then he whispered
something in her ear because of which she began to weep profusely. Seeing
her distress he again confided in her after which she smiled. I said to her:
What makes you weep when Raslullh H has chosen you to confide
in from amongst all his wives? When he left the gathering I asked her
what had Raslullh H whispered in her ear? She replied: I do not
feel comfortable divulging his secret. After he had passed on I once again
asked her: I stress upon you because of my right over you to inform me of
the secret. She said: I do not mind informing you about it now. The first
time when he confided in me he told me that Jibrl S informed him of
his death drawing close. I thus cried as you had noticed. He then asked me,
O Fimah! Are you not pleased to be the queen of the women of Jannah
or (he said) the women of this ummah? thereupon I smiled as you had
seen.1
1 Muslim vol. 2 pg. 290, Al-Istb pg. 343,344, Al-Ibah vol. 4, ilyat al-Awliy vol. 2 pg. 39,40
67
It should be remembered that very similar narrations to the above cited one are
documented by Sh scholars in their books with slight variations. The core theme
of both narrations is however congruent. Just the mere fact that the Sh scholars
have cited these narrations without any criticism is evidence of its authenticity
according to their standards. Due to fear of prolongation I shall not cite those
narrations here; rather I shall suffice on their references. They are as follows:
1. Ab Jafar al-s: Aml vol. 2 pg. 14

2. Ibn Shahar shb: Manqib Ibn Shahar shb vol. 4 pg. 25
There are many other Sh scholars who have made mention of them as well.
Summary of This Incident
The following are the aspects that can be drawn from these narrations which are
accepted by both parties:
1. Just as Fimah J and the beloved wives of Nab H visited each

other whilst he was alive so did they visit each other after his demise? This
is a sign of their mutual affinity and sublime conduct.
2. Similarly they venerated each other after the demise of Nab H as

was their practice during his lifetime.
3. The secret communication which took place between Nab H and his
daughter Fimah J was of paramount importance to ishah J.
That is why she stressed on her to inform her of the secret and thereafter
transmitted this great secret of hers to the ummah.
4. ishah J is the only person who imparted this meritorious feat of

Fimah J to the entire ummah.
In conclusion, these two noble ladies revered, valued and cared for each other as
long as they lived; and they passed on with these remarkable qualities of affection
and care.
68
The Relationship Between ishah and Al
In the previous pages light was shed upon the relationship that existed between
ishah and Fimah L. Now I shall throw light on how ishah and Al L
displayed confidence in each other in matters of knowledge and on the manner
in which they revered one other
1. ishah Approbates the Verdicts of Al
Imm Amad ibn ambal V has cited the coming narration in several places
in his book, Musnad Amad. Imm Muslim has likewise made mention of it in his
a:
Shuray I states: I inquired of ishah regarding masa upon leather

socks. She referred me to Al and said, Ask Al in this regard, he has more
knowledge than me for He accompanied Nab H on his journeys. I thus
went and asked him about the ruling. He said: Nab H has stipulated
three days and nights for a traveller and one day and one night for one
who is at home.1
Another issue in which ishah J displayed confidence in Al I, was the

issue of fasting on the day of shur (10 Muarram). Al I instructed the
people to fast on this day. ishah J inquired of who had passed this ruling
and she was told that Al I had. She thereupon said: He is well acquainted
with the sunnah of Nab H.2 Below the Arabic text is cited for the benefit
of the readers:
1 Musnad Amad vol. 1 pg. 96, Muslim vol. 1 pg. 135, Muannaf Abd al-Razzq vol. 1 pg. 203
2 Al-Istb vol. 3 pg. 40, Kanz al-Umml vol. 4 pg. 343, quoting Ibn Jarr abar
69
.
.
. :
It is clear from these reports that there was no grievance between ishah J
and Al I. They were conscientious when it came to respecting one another.
They would never have displayed such reverence for one another had hatred
tainted their lives, as is the claim of the Shah.
One should also bear in mind the narration of Muannaf Abd al-Razzq in which
mention is made of ishah J referring the question of how much should a
woman cover herself during alh to Al J, and her approval of his answer
when informed of it. This narration appears on page 128 in the third volume of
the above mentioned book.
2. Another Example of Rendering Assistance to Each Other
Prior to this many narrations pertaining to Als I wife were quoted. Now
a narration with regards to his mothers final moments and her death will be
presented.
Als I mothers name was Fimah bint Asad. She was blessed with the good
fortune of accepting Islam and migrating to Madnah Munawwarah. She passed
away during the lifetime of Nab H. At the time of her demise just as other
abah M proffered a helping hand to Al I, so did Ab Bakr and Umar
L assist him as well. Al-abarn has made mention of this narration in his
books Mujam al-Kabr and Mujam al-Aws. Al-Haytham has cited this narration
eliciting it from the works of al-abarn in his book Majma al-Zawid and so has
the author of Jam al-Fawid:
( )
...........
70

Anas I reports that when the mother of Al I, Fimah bint Asad

J, passed away then the Rasl H came and set by her head and said:
You were a mother to me after my mother he had taken his garment off
and given it for her so that she may be enshrouded with before burial. He
thereafter summoned Usmah, Ab Ayyb al-Anr, Umar ibn al-Khab
and a dark skinned slave to dig a grave. Hence they dug a grave for her. As
they were digging the grave, Nab H removed some of its sand and took
it in his hands. When they had completed digging the grave, he descended
into the grave and sat in it for a while supplicating to Allah E: O Allah,
the Being Who gives life and death, the One who will live forever and will
never taste death, forgive Fimah bint Asad, inspire her with the correct
answers and widen her grave for her by means of my blessings and the
blessings of the ambiy before me. O the Most Merciful. Subsequent to
that he performed her funeral prayer and then he himself together with
Abbs and Ab Bakr L lowered her into the grave.1
Deductions from This Narration
1. Raslullh H performed her funeral prayer with four takbrs and

the four khulaf were present.
2. Umar I had assisted in digging the grave.
3. Ab Bakr I had helped in lowering her into the grave.
All of the above mentioned aspects speak volumes of the sound milieu of the
abah M.
1 Majma al-Zawid vol. 9 pg. 256, 257, Jam al-Fawid vol. 2 pg. 408
71
Important Observations
Those who endeavour to prove hostility, disillusionment and grievances amidst

the abah M try to do so by citing such which contain the following
discrepancies:
1. They are narrated by inveterate liars, deceitful narrators whose narrations

have been discarded by the scholars of adth and narrators who narrate
reprehensible material.
2. Even if they are, hypothetically, considered to be sound narrations

transmitted by reliable narrators, they are not to be accepted, for these
people alter the actual meanings of such narrations. The proverbs:
Slogans of truth chanted for evil reasons.
Interpretations of the verdicts of others which they themselves would not

accept (if they were to become aware of it)
fits this category of people like a glove.
3. At times a narrations chain of transmission is sound and the text is also

fine, but the narrators at times make additions to these narrations. These
additions can only be identified by the experts in adth. These additions
at times soil the meaning of the rest of the narration and hence render it
unacceptable.
When narrations depicting the abah to be antagonistic towards one

another are cited by those who revile them, one should not hasten in
believing them, rather one should contemplate over the Word of Allah
72
E in which he commends the abah and portrays them to be
brothers to one another. These distorted narrations and historical
facts hold no weight when compared to the flawless Book of Allah, the
Almighty.
3. ishah Commends Al and Supplicates for him
ishah J on a particular occasion praised Al I. The details of this are

mentioned in the fourth coming narration which appears in Musnad Amad.
The narrator of this narration reports that Abd Allh ibn Shaddd came to visit
ishah J, and many others including him were present. Abd Allh ibn
Shaddd had come in the days when Al I had just been assassinated:
ishah said: I am going to ask certain questions regarding the assassins

of Al I, I demand you to answer them with all honesty. He replied:
Most definitely. I shall answer with utmost honesty. Thereupon she
said: Relate some of his incidents. Ibn Shaddd said: When Al and
Muwiyah decided to negotiate and they appointed two persons, one
from each of their parties, as arbitrators, eight thousand people at the
time separated and decided to go their own way. They proceeded to
arur and established an opposition camp there. Eventually they were
subdued through war. He mentioned many more details as well. ishah
further enquired: What were the remarks of Al I upon learning of
their rebellion? He said: I heard him saying: Allah and his Rasl have
spoken the truth. ishah J asked him for a second time to reassure if
he really heard him saying only that. These were the only words I heard
him uttering, he replied. Upon this she remarked: May Allah be pleased
with him and may he shower his mercy upon him. It was his habit to make
such remarks whenever he noticed something extraordinary or peculiar
73
cropping up. The people of Iraq have now started to fabricate things and
ascribe them to him and they have likewise begun distorting his narrations
and making additions therein.1
This narration has made it clear in no uncertain terms that Al and ishah L
cherished and venerated one another. The amazing thing though is that this
happened in those times when conflict was on the rise in the ummah; the Battles
of iffn and Jamal took place in these very times. Therefore there remains not
the slightest of possibilities of them being hostile towards one another.
Abd Allh ibn Abbs Gives Glad Tidings to ishah
Abd Allh ibn Abbs L was the cousin of Al I and was an renowned
personality of the Ban Hshim. In the final illness of ishah J he visited her
and brought to her glad tidings. She supplicated for him in return. The details are
mentioned in the following narration:
Abd Allh ibn Abbs L sought permission from ishah J to visit

her in her fatal ailment. I am in a lot of distress and pain therefore please
leave, was the response she conveyed. He said: I am not going to leave till
I am granted permission to come in. Hence she allowed him to enter. She
then said: I am in a lot of distress and am very afraid of what is to happen
after I pass away. In an effort to console her he said: I have heard Nab
H saying, ishah will be my spouse in Jannah. The status of Nab
H in the sight of Allah E is beyond this that Allah would give in
marriage to him a flame from the flames of Jahannam. You have alleviated
my concern, may Allah E alleviate yours as well, was her reply.2
1 Musnad Amad vol. 1 pg. 86, 87

2 Jmi Masnd al-Imm al-Aam vol. 1 pg. 215, Musnad Imm Ab anfah pg. 179
74
This happened after the Battle of Jamal. Therefore it is obvious proof of the fact
that they accepted each others virtues and merits, and recognised the status of
each other.
The Secured Monetary Rights of the Family of Raslullh H During

the Khilfah of Ab Bakr al-iddq
I consider it of paramount importance to now expound more extensively on the
type of connections that were prevalent between Ab Bakr I and the Ahl al-
Bayt. In the past chapters all the covered issues were with regard to the ceremonial
or household assistance he and his family offered to the family of Raslullh
H during his lifetime. In this chapter I shall touch on their relations being
sound and rosy after he had passed on, during the khilfah of Ab Bakr I. The
reason being that many a people have popularised false accusations regarding
the first and the second khalfah, Ab Bakr and Umar L, oppressing the Ahl
al-Bayt and expropriating their rights and privileges. I shall first touch on the
issue of their monetary rights.
Raslullh H had fulfilled the rights of his family and relatives. Ab Bakr
I had likewise seen to their needs and fulfilled their rights. One considers his
friends beloveds to be his beloveds. A true friend, keeping in mind the friendship
he enjoyed with his friend, will go out of his way in taking care of his friends
family and will consider it his moral responsibility to satisfy their needs. Ab
Bakr I outstandingly epitomised this. He had with love and care looked after
the Ahl al-Bayt and fulfilled every right of theirs.
In this regard I shall cite a few narrations that satisfy the criterion of authenticity
according to the scholars of adth:
Narration 1:
75

1
.
Narration 2:
:

2
.
Narration 3:

.

3
.
Summary of all Three Narrations
ishah J narrates that Fimah and Abbs L came to Ab Bakr I to

demand their inheritance from the left over assets of Raslullh H, viz. the
alms of Madnah (Munawwarah), the income of Fadak and the Khums (a fifth of
the booty) of Khaybar. Ab Bakr I said: I have heard Nab H saying, We
the ambiy are not inherited from, whatever we leave behind is adaqah. He
further added: The needs and requirements of the family of Raslullh H,
such as food, clothing and allowances, will most definitely be met from these
1 Al-Bukhr: a al-Bukhr 1/526, chapter regarding the merits of the family of Rasl Allah H
2 Al-Bukhr: a al-Bukhr 2/576, chapter regarding Ban al-Nar
3 Al-aw: Shar Man al-thr 1/290, chapter regarding the adaqah of Ban Hshim
76
assets just as they were met from them whilst Raslullh H was living, I
will not make the slightest of changes in the manner in which Raslullh H
seen to your needs (however, your demand of inheritance cannot be accepted).
Al I thereafter came and after testifying to the oneness of Allah E and
the nubuwwah of Nab H, said: We acknowledge your excellence, O Ab
Bakr! and talked of the unique relation that he, Ab Bakr I, enjoyed with
Nab H. Ab Bakr I thereupon remarked: I take an oath in the name
of Allah E to maintain relations with the family of Nab H is more
beloved to me than maintaining relations with my own family.
Conclusions of the Narrations
1. It is evident from these narrations that the monetary rights of the Ahl
al-Bayt were fulfilled by Ab Bakr I from the alms of Madnah
Munawwarah, the income of Fadak and the booty of Khaybar during
his khilfah. However, these assets were not handed over to them in
inheritance due to the edict of Nab H.
2. It is also understood from these narrations that Ab Bakr I did not

use his own discretion in fulfilling their monetary rights and hence did
not expropriate their rights, rather he fulfilled them exactly as Raslullh
H did when he was alive.
3. These narrations also establish that he gave preference to the Ahl al-Bayt
in (maintaining relations with them, being loyal to them and fulfilling their
rights) over himself and his family. He cannot be belied in this regard, for
he had taken a solemn oath. He gave more credence to them than anyone
else. This is undeniable evidence of the veneration, love and care that he
had for them which cannot be denied by the impartial and just.
77
The Share of the Dh al-Qurb (the Family of Raslullh H) and Their
Right in Khums, During the Khilfah of Ab Bakr
A share of the Khums being given to the Ahl al-Bayt was mentioned in the above
mentioned narrations along many others. I shall further elaborate in detail on
this particular issue, i.e. the share of the Ahl al-Bayt in Khums. I shall illustrate by
means of narrations that they received their allotted share during the khilfah of
both Ab Bakr and Umar L and that Al I was the one entrusted with the
duty of distributing it. Al I himself narrates the coming narration:

1
.
Similarly another narration very similar to this one is narrated by Al I. This

narration is cited in Kitb al-Kharj of Imm Ab Yusuf I:
:

2
.
Summary of Both Narrations
Al states that he, in the presence of Abbs, Fimah and Zayd ibn rithah M
said to Nab H: O Raslullh, it would be ideal for you to entrust me with
the responsibility of distributing our share of the Khums during your lifetime
so that no one disputes with us over it after your demise. Raslullh H
1 Sulaymn ibn Ashath: Sunan Ab Dwd 2/61, Kitb al-Kharj

2 Ab Yusuf: Kitb al-Kharj pg. 20, chapter regarding distributing booty
78
thus entrusted him with the duty. Hence he assumed the responsibility of its
distribution amongst the Ban Hshim whilst he was alive, during the khilfah of
Ab Bakr I and for the entire duration of the khilfah of Umar I. Toward
the end of Umars I reign, spoils of war poured into Madnah. At that time, as
usual, he set aside their share of the Khums and sent it to Al with someone and
ordered him to distribute it. Al says: I told him, We are now self-sufficient. The
poor are more in need of it than us, therefore, distribute it amongst them. hence
he ordered for it to be distributed amongst the poor.
Deductions From the Narrations
1. It is clearly understood from these reports that during the khilfah of Ab

Bakr and Umar L the Ban Hshim were receiving their share of the
Khums on a regular bases. These khulaf had not expropriated their share
nor had they stolen it or taken it for themselves.
2. Another pertinent aspect that is understood is that Al I was entrusted

with the duty of distributing the Khums. So accusations depicting Ab
Bakr and Umar L as usurpers can only be deemed baseless.
3. These reports also imply that the underlying reason for them having a
share in the Khums was their poverty as mentioned by the theologians.
The evidence for this is the statement of Al I and his practice.1
4. And lastly dealings of such a nature definitely denote the affinity and bond
that they had. Such interactions are unknown to hostile relations.
The Wealth of fay and the Family of Nab H During the Reign of the
Three Khulaf
After presenting the aspect of the distribution of Khums, I consider it important
to elaborate on the aspect of the wealth of Fay.
1 For further details one can refer to Hidyah, Kitb al-Siyar: chapter regarding the manner of
distribution; al-Mabs of al-Sarakhs: pg. 1009: Kitb al-Siyar.
79
It is necessary that one bear in mind the difference between Ghanmah and Fay.
Ghanmah in Sharah refers to that booty which is attained by fighting the enemy
and defeating them. Khums (one fifth) is taken out from this type of booty and is
than further distributed into five portions. Fay refers to that booty which the
Muslims attain without war. This type of booty is distributed in many portions,
viz. a portion for Allah and his Rasl H, a portion for the family of Rasl
H, a portion for the orphans, a portion for the destitute and a portion for
the travellers. This is mentioned in the 28th juz of the glorious Qurn.
One should also bear in mind that wherever mention is made of the alms of
Madnah, the wealth (which was taken as Fay) of the Ban al-Nair, a Jewish tribe
near Madnah, is also generally mentioned.
After presenting these preliminary aspects I now wish to state that the family
of Raslullh H received their share from the wealth of Fay just as they
received their share from the Khums of Khaybar and Fadak as was cited earlier.
Al I was made in charge of the distribution of this particular share as well.
A narration in this regard is mentioned in a al-Bukhr, Musnad Ab Awnah,
al-Sunan al-Kubr and Waf al-Waf. The last part of the narration is cited below
in which it is clearly stated that the family of Raslullh H was entrusted
with the duty of distributing the wealth of Fay:
The share of the family of Raslullh H from the land of Ban al-Nar
(which was attained as Fay) was under the administration of Al I.
Al and Abbs L were disputing over it for some time1. Umar I
1 This part is the last part of the narration. The beginning of the narration states that they were
disputing regarding the administration and appropriation of the funds of the land which was received
as Fay, the land of Ban al-Nar. On the one hand was Al I and on the other was Abbs I, the
uncle of Nab H. The dispute was thus raised several times to Umar I. In trying to end the
80
had decided not to distribute it among the two of them. Subsequent to
which Abbs I relinquished his demand. Hence it thereafter remained
under the administration of Al, then asan ibn Al, then usayn ibn Al,
then Imm Zayn al-bidn and asan ibn asan and then Zayd ibn asan
M. This was most certainly the alms of Nab H.1
The Sh scholars have also conceded in their writings that Al I was in charge
of the administration of these properties. The author of Nahj al-Balghah, Ibn Ab
al-add, has cited a narration alluding to this under the discussion pertaining
to Fadak. It is stated therein that Al I had said to one of his governors whose
name was Uthmn ibn anf: Fadak was definitely in our possession2. Under
this specific statement Ibn Ab al-add has formed three sub-chapters and has
cited many reliable reports reported by Ab Bakr al-Jowhar in the first of them.
He has time and again conceded that Al I, and his children after him were in
charge of the administration of these properties. I shall cite one report by way
of example:

dispute, they suggested that Umar I distribute these properties between them equally and grant
each of them the authority to see over the funds of the portion given to him, but Umar I refused
to divide the land in this manner and said: You will receive your share from them just as you had
been receiving it during the lifetime of Nab H and the khilfah of Ab Bakr I, but they will
not be divided according to your request. The scholars mention that the reason why Umar I had
not distributed it among them is so that is does smack of the distribution of the inheritance of Nab
H. Nab H mentioned: We the group of ambiy are not inherited from
1Al-Bukhr: a al-Bukhr 2/5-6, chapter regarding the Ban al-Nar,

Yaqb ibn Isq al-Asfarn: Musnad Ab Awnah, vol. 4
Al-Bayhaq: Al-Sunan al-Kubr 6/ 299, chapter regarding the distributions of Fay
Nr al-Dn al-Samhd: Waf al-Waf, chapter 6: subchapter 2 regarding the alms of Nab H
2 The Arabic text goes as follows:

81
Al I overpowered Abbs I. It thus remained under his administration
then the administration of asan then usayn then Al ibn al-usayn then
asan ibn al-asan then Zayd ibn al-asan.1
Deductions From the Previous Narrations
1. The share of the Dh al-Qurb from the wealth of Fay was given to them
in the reign of the three khulaf
2. Al I was in charge of their share.
3. Based on these narrations we can undoubtedly conclude that all the

narrations portraying the Ahl al-Bayt to be deprived and oppressed are
fallacies.
The Ahl al-Bayt Sanctioned the Undertakings of Ab Bakr and Umar L

in This Regard
It has been presented in the previous pages that the three khulaf employed
the very same method that was employed by Nab H in administering the
income of the lands of Fay and Khums and in distributing them to the Ahl al-
Bayt.
Further I shall present the approbation of acclaimed members of the Ahl al-Bayt
regarding their undertaking. It would thereafter become clear in no uncertain
terms that the slogans that are chanted by a particular people are false, and
baseless and are intended to create confusion in the ummah thereby fragmenting
it and destroying its unity.
Approbation of Imm Muammad al-Bqir
1. Ab lib al-Ashr has stated in his book, Kitb Fail Ab Bakr al- iddq:
1 Ibn Ab al-add: Shar Nahj al-Balghah: 4/118
82

.
Kathr al-Naw says: I asked Ab Jafar (al-Bqir) to inform me whether

Ab Bakr and Umar had deprived them of their rights or not. He said: I
say in the name of the one who revealed the Qurn upon his servant, they
did not deprive us from not even that which is equal to mustard seed.1
2. Shaykh Nr al-Dn al-Samhd has cited the following statement of

Muammad al-Bqir V in his book Waf al-Waf. This narration is more
detailed then the narration of Ab lib al-Ashr. The narration is as
follows:
Kathr al-Naw states that he asked Imm Muammad al-Bqir: May my

life be sacrificed upon you please tell me, did Ab Bakr and Umar usurp
your rights? He replied: I take an oath in that being who has revealed
the glorious Qurn upon his servant they have not usurped our rights not
even to the extent of a mustard seed. I further inquired: Should I love
them or disassociate myself from them? He said: Love them in this world
and in the hereafter. I am responsible if you happen to incur harm because
of loving them. He then said: May Allah curse Mughrah and Bannn for
ascribing such lies to us the Ahl al-Bayt.2
After presenting two references of the Ahl al-Sunnah I shall present the very
same theme from the books of the Shah. Ibn Ab al-add has cited a narration
from Imm Muammad al-Bqir, via the transmission of Ab Bakr al-Jowhar,
whose Sh credentials are undoubted. The narration is as follows:
1 Ab lib al-Ashr: Kitb Fail Ab Bakr al- iddq

2 Waf al-Waf 3/1001, chapter regarding the adaqt of Nab H
83

1
.
(Translation same as above) In essence both Sunn and Sh scholars have narrated
this statement of Imm Muammad al-Bqir V.
Deductions From This Narration
1. This statement of Imm Muammad al-Bqir V has made it evident

that Ab Bakr I had not oppressed the Ahl al-Bayt.
2. Ab Bakr and Umar L had fulfilled all the rights of the Ahl al-Bayt and
had not usurped any of them.
3. Imm Muammad al-Bqir V encouraged the inquirer to love and

venerate Ab Bakr and Umar L.
4. All narratives and narrations portraying them to be oppressors and

usurpers are the fabrications of Mughrah ibn Sad and Bannn. Both of
who are incorrigible liars.2
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah 4/113, discussion regarding Fadak

2 They are unreliable sources even according to Sh scholars. The Sh scholars have cited their
Aimmah cursing these narrators because of them being fabricators and liars. Hence it is mentioned
in Rijl al-Kashsh:
...
...
It is reported from Imm al-Bqir V that he said: May the curse of Allah e upon
Bannn, verily Bannn, may the curse of Allah be upon him, would attribute lies to
my father.
It is reported that Imm Jafar al-diq V said: May the curse of Allah be upon
Mughrah ibn Sad, he would attribute lies to my father.
In conclusion they are deemed unreliable according to both the Ahl al-Sunnah and the Shah.
There are many other Sh authors who likewise deem them as unreliable, such as al-Ardabl in his
book Jmi al-Ruwat, al-Qahb in his book Majma al-Rijl and the author of Muntah al-Maql.
84
5. It has also been established that there was no constant conflict between
Ab Bakr and Umar L and the Ahl al-Bayt. Imm Muammad al-Bqir
V would not have ordered the inquirer to love them had it been that way.
Approbation of Zayd ibn Al ibn usayn
After presenting the approbation of Imm Muammad al-Bqir V, I now

present before you the approbation of his biological brother, Zayd V, the son
of Imm Zayn al-bidn V. The truthfulness, reliability, angelic propriety,
and pure nature of these noble personalities is beyond doubt according to the
majority of the ummah. Therefore, whatever they said is definitely accurate and
should readily be accepted. They are not known to be prevaricators. Dissimulation
does not befit them; it is not behoving of these lions of Allah to conceal the truth
or avoid it evasively. Hence the opinion of Imm Zayd I undoubtedly holds
weight in this regard.
He has so succinctly clarified these contentions that if one has to analyse his
statement all doubts and disputes in this regard will automatically be dispelled.
On condition he does so putting aside all prejudices,
Imm al-Bayhaq V and fi Ibn Kathr V have cited the following

narration:
Imm Zayd ibn Al V is reported to have said: If I were the khalfah in

place of Ab Bakr, I would administer the income of Fadak in the exact
same manner he had. 1 (Imm al-Bayhaq has cited this narration through
the transmission of Fuayl ibn Marzq.)
1 Al-Itiqd al Madh-hab al-Salaf 181, al-Sunan al-Kubr 6/302, chapter regarding the spending of the
shares of Fay after the demise of Nab H, al-Baidyah wa al-Nihyah 5/290
85
It should be remembered that the Sh scholars have also cited this narration
in their writings. Hence Ibn Ab al-add has in his book, Shar Nahj al-Balghah,
cited the following narration:
1
.
By the oath of Allah, if I were given the option of administering these funds
I would adopt the same method as Ab Bakr.
Deductions From the Statement of Imm Zayd
1. One aspect that is clearly understood is that the method of Ab Bakr I

in seeing to the rights of the Ahl al-Bayt and satisfying their needs through
the land of Fadak was totally correct. He had not erred in his decision (even
though he had refused to distribute it among the Ahl al-Bayt) as attested
to by Imm Zayd V.
2. This narration also establishes that he had administered the other rights
of the Ahl al-Bayt such as the share of Dh al-Qurb, a share of the Khums
and their share wealth of Fay accurately. This is because if he had not
erred in the administration of Fadak then most certainly he had not erred
in the rest as well.
3. One can also draw that these Aimmah valued and venerated Ab Bakr
I; they had no reservations against him. If they had, then they would
not have sanctioned his decisions in any circumstances.
Few More Corroborative Narrations
To further authenticate the theme of these narrations, I shall now present four
narrations that appear in the books Sh scholars. These narrations will eliminate
the doubts of any person who analyses them with fairness and deliberation.
1 Sharh Nahj al-Balghah 4/113, narrations regarding Fadak. Narration narrated through the
transmission of Ab Bakr al-Jowhar.
86
First Narration
Ibn Ab al-add1 has stated the following in Nahj al-Balghah:
....
.
Ab Bakr would grant them enough to satisfy their needs from the income
of Fadak and would distribute the rest among the poor. Umar had done the
same after him and so had Uthmn and Al.2
Second Narration
Ibn Maytham al-Barn3 has likewise stated the following in his commentary of
Nahj al-Balghah:
Ab Bakr would, from the funds of Fadak, give the Ahl al-Bayt enough to
fulfil their needs and the khulaf after him had followed in his footsteps.4
1 Ibn Ab al-add: his complete name is Bah al-Dn Muammad ibn Muammad ibn al-usayn Ab
al-add al-Madin. He was born in 586 A.H. He had authored this book in 646 A.H. he passed away
in 656 A.H. He was a Sh and a Mutazil scholar. He had written this book for Ibn Alqam who was
Sh minister because of which he was rewarded greatly. The details of this incident are mentioned
in the Rijl books of the Shah.
2 Shar Nahj al-Balghah 2/ 292, Shar Nahj al-Balghah 4/111, chapter regarding Fadak
3 Ibn Maytham Barn: (d. 676 A.H) has written eighteen different notes regarding the letter Al
I had written to his governor, Uthmn ibn anf. Under the 8th note he has cited this narration
which I have cited word for word above. The scholars should bear in mind that he has not criticised
this narration after citing it. This narration and the likes of it are widely circulated among Sh
scholars. However, they avoid mentioning it to the commonality for their own personal motives; if
the narration was hypothetically considered a narration of the Ahl al-Sunnah they would at least
allude to that and refer to its Sunn source.
To narrate all such incidents which oppose their doctrine and are found in their books with words
connoting its weakness is their habit.
4 Ibn Maytham al-Barn: Shar Nahj al-Balghah 5/107
87
Third Narration
The third corroborative narration appears in al-Durrah al-Najafyah, a commentary

of Nahj al-Balghah written by Ibrhm ibn j al-usayn ibn Al ibn al-Ghaffr
al-Danbal. He has cited the following narration under the commentary of the
letter written by Al I to his governor Uthmn Ibn anf:
He would, from the funds of Fadak, give the Ahl al-Bayt enough to fulfil
their needs and the khulaf after him had followed in his footsteps.1
Fourth Narration
Al al-Naq Fay al-Islm, the Mujtahid of this century according to the Shah,
has stated the following in his Persian commentary of Nahj al-Balghah:
Ab Bakr would give the Ahl al-Bayt enough to fulfil their needs, and the
khulaf after him had followed in his footsteps.2
Conclusion of These Narrations
1. The Sh scholars have conceded in their writings that Ab Bakr I
had fulfilled the rights of the Ahl al-Bayt from the assets of Nab H,
especially Fadak.
2. The method of all the khulaf who succeeded Ab Bakr I was the same
as that of Ab Bakr I in seeing to the rights of the Ahl al-Bayt
3. It can therefore safely be said that Ab Bakr I was not an expropriator

nor an oppressor just as he was free from being disloyalty and maliciousness
1 Al-Durrah al-Najafyah pg. 332

2 Commentary in Persian of Nahj al-Balghah 5/ 960
88
to the Ahl al-Bayt. He was very meticulous with regard to fulfilling their
rights and the promises he made to them. He was likewise very scrupulous
about maintaining healthy and sound relations with them. Where on the
one hand he had fulfilled the rights of all the Muslims under his reign and
had been very compassionate and benevolent toward them he had on the
other hand treated the Ahl al-Bayt in the exact same manner.
4. It is obvious from all these narrations that there existed brotherhood,

mutual understanding, veneration, assistance and benevolence between
Ab Bakr I and the Ahl al-Bayt. For they interacted with each other;
the Ahl al-Bayt received their share of Fay and Khums. A share from the
land of Fadak was kept aside for them. If, hypothetically speaking, they
were at logger heads with one another they would never have interacted
with each other and nor would the Ahl al-Bayt ever have received their
rights from Ab Bakr I.
A Reasonable Objection and an Apt Answer
There are many narrations that prove the diametrically opposite of the above
cited narrations, whilst it is clearly understood from these narrations that
Ab Bakr I had fulfilled the rights of the Ahl al-Bayt, it is at the same time
understood from other narrations of the i that he had not fulfilled their
rights, for example:
. /
Ab Bakr I had refused to satisfy the demands of Fimah and did not
give anything to her.
Therefore the question that arises is how do we reconcile between these two
types of narrations?
89
Answer
By analysing all the narrations in which Fimah J demanded the left over
assets of Nab H from Ab Bakr I one comes to the conclusion that Ab
Bakr I refused to hand them over to her as inheritance, not that he refused to
fulfil her rights and satisfy her needs from those assets. In simple words it can be
said that Fimah I was demanding the assets of Nab H as inheritance
and Ab Bakr was not willing to give them to her as inheritance due to the edict of
Nab H: We the ambiy are not inherited from, whatever we leave behind
is adaqah. He did not deny her the fulfilment of her rights from these assets.
By contemplating over the narrations it is easily understood:
1. It is stated in the narrations that Ab Bakr I said: The family of

Muammad H will definitely benefit from these assets.
2. It is also stated that Ab Bakr I had with a lot of emphasis mentioned

that he will administer these assets in the very way Nab H had
during his lifetime.
3. He is also reported to have said that maintaining relations with the family
of Raslullh H is dearer to him than maintaining relations with his
own relatives. This could have only materialised if he seen to their needs
and fulfilled their rights.
The entire ummah unanimously concurs that Ab Bakr I was a man of his
word. He was truthful and loyal. It was for this reason that he was given the title
of Al-iddq (the most truthful). Whoever concedes that he was truthful, loyal
and painstaking about his word cannot deny that he fulfilled their rights. He had
most certainly lived up to the promises he made to them, rather he had given
preference to them over anyone else. Nevertheless, he had refused to give these
assets to them as inheritance but he most certainly satisfied their needs and
rights.
90
Furthermore one should take note of the fact that the three khulaf M had
sustained the policy of Ab Bakr I with regard to the administration of
these assets. To the extent that Al I had in his reign dealt with these assets
accordingly.
When some people had suggested to Al I to reclaim the land of Fadak for
himself and the Ahl al-Bayt, he responded by saying: I feel ashamed before
Allah to reclaim that land which Ab Bakr had decided not to distribute and his
decision regarding it was thereafter sanctioned by Umar. 1 The Arabic text reads
as follows:
In essence two Sh scholars, namely al-Sayyid al-Murta and Ibn Ab al-add,

have cited this statement of Al I in their writings; which explicitly states
that Al I was pleased with the decision of Ab Bakr and Umar L. Al
I sustaining the policy of Ab Bakr I during his khilfah is more than
sufficient evidence of the fact that he approved of it. Can there be any evidence
more compelling than this to prove that he had not oppressed the Ahl al-Bayt and
nor had he usurped their rights?
Another Reasonable Objection
What is clearly understood from these narrations is that the interactions and
dealings between Ab Bakr I and the Ahl al-Bayt were rosy and sound. They
had valued each other and had been loyal to each other. However, a narration
appears in a al-Bukhr and many other books in which mention is made of
the fact that Fimah J became somewhat distraught when Ab Bakr I
had refused to give her share of inheritance from the left over assets of Raslullh
H. This narration reads as follows:
1 Al-Sayyid Murta: al-Shf f al-Immah, pg. 231, chapter regarding his response to those objecting
on Ab Bakr I; Shar Nahj al-Balghah, 4/ 130, chapter regarding Fadak.
91
.
Fimah became angry. Hence she avoided him and did not converse with
him till she passed away.
This narration explicitly states that things were not as good as they are understood
to be from the previous narrations; there existed severe conflict between Ab
Bakr I and Fimah J, and this had lasted till the final moments of her
life. If things went wrong toward the end of her life than all sound relations and
affairs that existed before do not really hold any value.
A Fitting Answer
Before delving into the answer itself a few points should be born in mind:
1. The issue of Fadak is a very sensitive one. Throughout our history the
ulam have delved into it and discussed it at great lengths. My honourable
teacher Mowln Sayyid Amad Shh Bukhr V has likewise written a
book regarding this particular issue. It is a book unparalleled by any other
in these contemporary times. The ulam and the commonality should
both derive benefit from it. In preparing my discussion around Fadak, I
have also extracted substantial amount of details from his book and have
further endeavoured to cover all angles thereof. May Allah E, crown
it with acceptance.
2. I assume it would be appropriate to split this answer into two sections

by presenting a very basic and simple answer for the commonality in the
actual text of the book and a more detailed and intricate answer for the
ulam in the footnotes. I am confident that the ulam will cherish my
research, Allah willing, and will notify me if I happened to falter at any
juncture.
3. And lastly it should be remembered that the response of Ab Bakr I to

the demand of Fimah J regarding inheritance was that of a adth of
92
her father the Rasl of Allah H, i.e. We the ambiy are not inherited
from, whatever we leave behind is adaqah.
The thought provoking aspect here is that was it really possible for Fimah J
to become angry upon this response of Ab Bakr I or not?
Firstly, it is inappropriate to display dejectedness upon hearing a adth of

Raslullh H. In this regard, Let us analyse these coming verses of the
Noble Qurn:

It is not for a believing man or a believing woman, when Allah and His
Messenger have decided a matter, that they should [thereafter] have any
choice about their affair. And whoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger
has certainly strayed into clear error.1
But no, by your Rabb, they will not (truly) believe until they make you,
(O Muammad), judge concerning that over which they dispute among
themselves and then find within themselves no discomfort from what you
have judged and submit in (full, willing) submission.2
Secondly, to believe that the children of Raslullh H refused to accept his

own adth and became dejected; defies religious principles and rationality. No
sound mind can ever accept that.
1 Srah al-Azb: 36
2 Srah al-Nis: 65
93
When according to religious principles and rationality every Muslim man and
woman is duty-bound to submit before the decree of Allah E and his Rasl
H, it would be logically sound to say that Fimah J was also duty-
bound to do the same. Based on this, it is only correct to conclude that Fimah
J after hearing the adth of Rasl Allah H regarding the ambiy not
leaving behind any inheritance was not dejected and after grasping the reality
of the issue opted to remain silent and not make any further demands.
I intend illustrating this by way of a narration. However, before that I intend

dispelling all doubts regarding those narrations in which mention is made of her
displaying displeasure upon the response of Ab Bakr I. Thereafter, it will
become evident that there existed no ill feelings between them. Rather they tried
to maintain a rapport with one another.
Clarifying the Narrations
The procedure deployed by the scholars of adth in order to reach the core of
any discussion is that they gather all the narrations related to that particular
discussion. They then analyse them and make definitive conclusions. By adopting
this procedure all angles of the discussion are covered, and any additions, mistakes
or alterations that the narrators might have perhaps made are easily discovered.
This has always been the procedure adopted by the scholars. The people of
knowledge understand this very well. I have, however, made mention of it here
so that it may serve as an introduction for the laymen reading this book.
After presenting this introductory aspect I now wish to state the following:
First of all, I have tried my level best to procure all the different narrations in
which mention is made of Fimah J becoming angry with Ab Bakr I
and avoiding him for the rest of her life from all the prevailing works on adth
and history. I have managed to procure them from sixteen different works. By
studying these different narrations (in which mention is made of the displeasure
94
of Fimah J) one learns that they have all been narrated through the
transmission of Muammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Shihb al-Zuhr.
Besides him, no other narrator who reports this incident has mentioned this
particular aspect. This is the conclusion a person will reach after a detailed study
of these narrations.
Secondly, the response that Fimah J gave to Ab Bakr I, when he

informed her of the adth of Nab H, we the ambiy are not inherited
from, whatever we leave behind is adaqah, is quoted in the following words:
He said: Fimah avoided him and did not converse with him till she
passed away.
This basically implies that this portion of the narration is not part of the actual
narration whose narrator is ishah J, rather it is an addition made by a
narrator. The reason being that the verb means he said in Arabic, and
hence cannot be the statement of a female, and is therefore not the statement of
ishah J; for had it been her statement than according to the rules of Arabic
morphology the verb should have been which means she said and not
. The narrator who has made this addition is Ibn Shihb al-Zuhr as it has been
discussed earlier that he is the only narrator who narrates this particular aspect.
Thirdly, Fimah J was pleased by the response of Ab Bakr I and therefore

opted to remain silent and make no further demands. This is what had really
happened as opined by fi Ibn Kathr V in al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah:
The narrations inform us that Fimah had initially substantiated her claim
of inheritance by means of the general ruling in the Qurn regarding it,
95
and by way of rational reasoning. Ab Bakr had, however, supported his
stance by stating that Nab H was exempted from this ruling because
of the adth (We the ambiy are not inherited from) and thus the laws
of inheritance did not apply to him. Fimah accepted his response and
thereafter decided to remain silent. This is the stance we should choose
with regard to the position of Fimah J in this issue.
Imm al-Zuhr V has, however, assumed the silence of Fimah J to be the

outcome of her displeasure and therefore has stated as an addition from his side
that she avoided him and did not speak to him till she passed away. Whereas at
times silence suggests acquiescence and pleasure, as goes the famous proverb
well known to everyone:
Silence is half the approval.
According to the scholars of adth this is termed as an al-Rw, meaning: the

assumption of a narrator. In each of the sixteen different narrations of this
incident all the words such as she became furious, she was distraught or she
forsook him are all the aftermath of the assumptions of al-Zuhr.
Furthermore in six of these sixteen narrations the words he said are explicitly
stated. And in the remaining ten they have been omitted by the students of al-
Zuhr. By doing an in-depth study of these narrations one will realise that the
words that suggest that she was distraught and that she forsook him are only
stated after the words he said. For the benefit of the scholars I have pointed out
all these areas in a treatise which I will shortly present in the pages to come.
The crux of the matter is that Fimah J was not disillusioned whatsoever upon
learning of the response of Ab Bakr I. Instead she was satisfied and opted
thus to remain silent. As for those portions of certain narrations that suggest that
she was disillusioned, they are not purely part of the actual narrations, but they
are additions made by al-Zuhr, who is the only narrator of these portions.
96
Concluding Remarks
I had promised to enlighten you with a narration from which it is understood

that Fimah J was satisfied with the response of Ab Bakr I. Therefore,
I shall present before you the coming narration which appears in Musnad Imm
Amad under the section relating to the narrations narrated by Fimah J:
Fimah came to visit Ab Bakr and said: Raslullh H informed me

that I will be the first to join him after his demise from his family. 1
Deductions From This Narration
1. There was no enmity between these two great personalities, otherwise

they would not have visited each other and socialised.
2. Fimah J had not visited Ab Bakr I for just a casual discussion. She
rather visited him to relay to him a adth of Raslullh H. Discussing
the adth of Raslullh H amongst one another was not considered
to be an ordinary thing; it was considered to be pivotal and crucial. This
is also manifest evidence of the veneration they had for one another.
3. Furthermore the adth which she told him was not a general one, instead
it was a secret that Nab H had told her. Had there been any type of
rift between the two of them, she would never have told him this secret. But
knowing that he was a dear friend of Nab H she informed him of it.
4. Similarly this narration discredits all those narrations that suggest that
she had not spoken to him till her demise, for it informs us of their warm
conversations and meetings. Those narrations as was mentioned earlier
were altered and additions were made in them.
1 Imm Amad: Musnad Imm Amad 6/283, narrations of Fimah J
97
Treatise Regarding the Narration Pertaining to the Demand of Fimah
The following narration appears in Bukhr:
Fimah became angry and therefore avoided him (Ab Bakr), and did not
speak to him till she passed away.
This narration is cited to prove that Fimah J was unhappy with Ab Bakr
I and that he had expropriated her rights and the rights of the family of
Raslullh H, by those who revile the abah M and oppose them.
This group of people have by means of this narration instigated a colossal mess
throughout the entire country, the likes of which is inconceivable. Consequently,
there was a need to response to these false allegations. I have therefore gathered
a few different aspects which I wish to present ahead for the enlightenment of
the scholars. If you find it to be of benefit you can accept it otherwise you can
overlook it.
1. an al-Rw (assumption of the narrator)
Firstly, the words: Ghaab (anger), Wajd (disillusionment), Hijrn (avoidance) and
Adam al-Takallum (not wanting to talk), are not part of the actual narration. They
fall under an al-Rw. This is stated by many a scholars. For example, Mowln
Rashd Amad Gangoh has mentioned the following in Lmi al-Darr al al-
Bukhr, his commentary on Bukhr:
....
The statement, Fimah became angry is the assumption of the narrator,

for he understood her silence to be a sign of her displeasure.1
1 Lmi al-Darr 2/500, chapter regarding Jihad; sub-chapter regarding Khums.
98
Similarly Mowln Ashraf Al Thnw has stated in his book Fatw Imddyah:
The Muaqqiqn have mentioned that the meaning of She did not speak
is that she did not speak to him regarding that particular issue (and not that
she did not speak to him at all). Even if we take it to be in its literal sense
there is no evidence to prove that she had done so out of disappointment.
And if there is any explicit mention regarding her avoidance then that will
be considered an addition by the narrator based on his assumption.1
A question might arise here, and that is: is it possible for a narration, altered
by a narrator due to his assumption, to appear in one the aayn (Bukhr and
Muslim) when they are the most authentic of canonical adth works?
In this regard the scholars have mentioned that the majority of the narrations in
the aayn are authentic and free from any discrepancies, however, there are
few narrations in which we find some discrepancies, and one such discrepancy is
an al-Rw. Hence, it is mentioned in Fay al-Br, the commentary of Mowln
Anwar Shah Kashmr on Bukhr:
()

How can we place complete reliance on sources of history when the

aain are not free from discrepancies, to the extent that special books
were dedicated to solve them? Then where is the reliability of history, a
major portion of which is narrated through hearsay and the assumptions
of historians which have no chains of transmission or any other supporting
material.2
1 Fatw Imddyah 4/ 132, chapter regarding controversy

2 Fay al-Br 4/ 77, chapter regarding the nubuwwah of Nab H
99
Now remains the issue of who is the narrator on whose assumption these
additions were made.
According to my research this narrator is Ibn Shihb al-Zuhr. The proof for this is
that the displeasure of Fimah J is cited only in narrations that are narrated
through him. Her displeasure has not been cited through the transmission of
any other narrator who narrates this incident i.e. the incident of her demanding
inheritance from Ab Bakr I and a share of Fadak and Khums.
2. Idrj al-Rw (additions made by a narrator)
Another way of analysing this narration and others of its nature is that there
were additions made in them by a narrator. Simply because, in some narrations
of this incident the aspect of Fimah J becoming disillusioned is mentioned
after the words he said and is thus an addition made by a narrator and not part
of the actual narration reported by ishah J.
Furthermore it would now be crucial to know in which narrations are the words
he said found, and in which books of adth and history do these narrations
appear. To elaborate on these aspects, I shall present a brief chart in which I shall
present all the books in which these narrations appear and how many times they
appear as well.
No. Names of Books Times Mentioned

1 Bukhr Sharf 5
2 Muslim Sharf 2
3 Ab Dwd Sharf 4
4 Nas Sharf 1
5 Tirmidh Sharf 2
6 Al-Sunan al-Kubr 6
7 Musnad Imm Amad 5
8 Musnad Ab Awnah 3
9 Al-Muannaf li Abd al-Razzq 1
100
10 Shar Man al-thr 1
11 Mushkil al-thr 1
12 abaqt Ibn Sad 2
13 Trkh al-Umam wa al-Mulk 1
14 Al-Muntaq li Ibn Jrd 1
15 Fut al-Buldn 1
Some of the narrations of this incident are emphatic whilst others are not. And
by doing a comprehensive study of all of them, I have reached the following
conclusions:
1. Out of the total thirty six narrations, eleven are narrated from other
abah besides ishah J. For example, Ab Hurayrah, Ab al-ufayl
mir ibn Wthilah and Umm Hni M etc. Similarly, they are narrated
from other narrators besides Ibn Shihb al-Zuhr, and in none of them is
there any mention of Fimahs J displeasure.
2. The remaining twenty-five narrations are narrated by ishah J and

through the transmission of Ibn Shihb al-Zuhr. They are of two types:
a. Nine of the twenty five narrations make no mention whatsoever of

her displeasure.
b. The balance of them, which is sixteen narrations, make mention of

her displeasure.
3. Furthermore in the narrations that I am going to present below her

displeasure has been mentioned after the words he said and not after
the words she said which means that the additions to come are not from
ishah J rather they are of a narrator who has narrated this incident
from her.
101
Narrations in Which He Said Appears
According to my research the words he said appear in the following

narrations1:
1. fi Ab Bakr Abd al-Razzq ibn Humm has cited the following in his
compilation of adth, al-Muannaf:
ishah narrates that Fimah and Abbs came to Ab Bakr to demand the
inheritance of Rasl Allah H. They came at that time to demand his
land of Fadak and his share from the spoils of Khaybar. Ab Bakr said to
them: I have heard Raslullh H saying, We are not inherited from,
whatever we leave behind is adaqah. Yes, the family of Muammad will
benefit from them (the assets of Nab H). And by the oath of Allah I
shall not forsake the method of Raslullh H. I shall do whatever he
had done in these assets. He said: Fimah thus avoided him and did
not talk to him till she passed away. And when she passed away Al
buried her by night and did not inform Ab Bakr. 2
2. Imam Bukhr V has cited the coming narration in his book a al-
Bukhr:
1 All the narrations to be cited are very similar in word and exactly the same in their content. I shall
therefore suffice on translating one narration only.
2 Al-Muannaf li Abd al-Razzq 5/472-473, chapter regarding the dispute of Al and Abbs L
102

.
3. The following narration is cited in Musnad Ab Awnah:

1
.
4. Imm Ab Bakr ibn al-usayn al-Bayhaq has mentioned the following

narration in his book al-Sunan al-Kubr:

2
.
5. The following narration is cited in Muslim:
..............
.3..
(The rest of the narration is just as that of the above cited narrations with
minor changes. Nevertheless the aspect of the displeasure of Fimah
J is cited after he said here as well).
1 Musnad Ab Awnah 4/145-146, chapter regarding the administration of the wealth of Fay
2 Al-Sunan al-Kubr 6/300, chapter regarding the distribution of Fay and Ghanmah
3 Muslim 2/91-92, chapter regarding the ruling of Fay
103
6. Ab Jafar Muammad ibn Jarr al-abar has cited the following narration
in his book, Trkh al-Umam wa al-Mulk:

1
...
fi Imd al-Dn ibn Kathr has cited the narration of Bukhr in his book
al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah with the words he said (not omitting them as
was cited in the beginning of the treatise). This narration is also cited
through the transmission of al-Zuhr:
7. The six references that were presented above were from the books of the
Ahl al-Sunnah. I shall now present a Sh reference in which this incident
has been narrated in the exact same manner as that of the previously cited
ones.
Ibn Ab al-add is a renowned Sh and Mutazil2 scholar he is one of

the famous commentators of Nahj al-Balghah has in his commentary
went into a detailed discussion about Fadak and has divided the entire
discussion into three subchapters. In the first of these he has cited a
lengthy narration through the transmission of Ab Bakr al-Jowhar. In this
narration as well the words he said appear, after which the displeasure
of Fimah J is cited. The narration reads as follows:
1 Trkh al-Umam wa al-Mulk 3/201-202, under the adth pertaining to Saqfah

2 Name of theological school which introduced speculative dogmatism to Islam.
104

1
.
Some people claim that Ab Bakr al-Jowhar was a Sunn and not a Sh, therefore,
this narration cannot be held as evidence against the Shah. To dispel this false
claim of theirs I present before you a brief exposition regarding his affiliations.
The Position of Ab Bakr al-Jowhar
1. Ibn Ab al-add has filled his commentary on Nahj al-Balghah with

the narrations of Ab Bakr al-Jowhar. His narrations are found in the
beginning, middle and end of his book. And this narration that I have cited
from his book is from those three subchapters which he has dedicated to
the detailed discussion of Fadak.
He has emphatically stated the following before initiating the discussion:
All the narrations that I am to cite regarding the issues of Fadak, Saqfah
and the severe conflicts that had ensued after the demise of Nab H, are
sourced from the book of Ab Bakr Amad ibn Abd al-Azz al-Jowhar.
2. Ab Bakr al-Jowhar has also written a book named Kitb al-Saqfah. This is
open evidence of his Sh affiliations. The Ahl al-Sunnah never experienced
the need to write a book exclusively regarding what had transpired at
Saqfah Ban Sadah just as they seen no need to write books regarding
the incident of the pond of Khum.
3. He also appears in Fur al-Kf, one of the four primary sources of the Sh
doctrine. He features as a narrator in many of its narrations. For example,
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah 4/ 112, discussion regarding Fadak after the demise of Nab H
105
he appears in Kitb al-alh (chapter regarding alh) of the first volume.1
He likewise appears in Tahdhb al-Akm, another primary source of the
Shah. Here as well he features in the chapter pertaining to the method
in which alh should be performed2. Hence he is a reliable narrator
according to the Shah.
4. When studying the Sh books of rijl (books dealing with the biographies
of adth narrators) one will notice that they have classified him as an
authentic reliable narrator; there is no criticism regarding him at all. If
he was a Sunn, they would have criticised him and deemed his narrations
worthy of being discarded. A few quotations from these books are cited
below:
Muammad al-Ardabl has stated in his book Jmi al-Ruwt:
Al-Jowhar, from Kfah, has written a book on the issue of Saqfah.3
Khawnsr al-Msaw has stated in his book Rowt al-Jannt:
From amongst them is Amad ibn Abd al-Azz al-Jowhar. The outstanding
scholar of the early years. Ibn Ab al-add and many others have, relying
upon his works, quoted him. 4
Mowl Inyat Allah al-Qahb has stated the following in his book
Majma al-Rijl:
1 Fur al-Kf 1/ 191, Kitb al-alh: chapter regarding prostration and the glorification of Allah.
2 Tahdhb al-Akm 1/172
3 Jmi al-Ruwt 1/52
4 Rowt al-Jannt, p. 111
106
.
Amad ibn Sad al-Jowhar: He has authored a book regarding the issue
of Saqfah.1
In conclusion, Ab Bakr al-Jowhar was a passionate Sh. There can be no two

opinions about that. Therefore, his narrations cannot be ascribed to the Ahl al-
Sunnah.
Now, returning back to the actual discussion, I once again opine that there are
additions made in these narrations with the words he said. It is not possible
that they appear coincidently. They were added to the narrations intentionally.
Hopefully those who are inclined toward the truth and support it leaving aside
all prejudices from amongst the scholars will accept this treatise that I have
presented.
The only contention that stands currently is who is the subject of he said? Is it
al-Zuhr or is it someone else?
My answer to that is that it is al-Zuhr without doubt. This is not a claim I am

making without concrete evidence. There are many factual evidences and
subtleties to establish this which I am to present in the forthcoming pages. The
readers are advised to analyse them thoughtfully.
Some Important Notes Regarding Al-Zuhr
His name is: Ab Bakr Muammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Shihb
al-Zuhr (d 124 A.H). At the very outset it should be clear that in the books of
biographies of the Ahl al-Sunnah he has been commended abundantly. He was
a great adth scholar of his time. There is no doubt regarding his reliability. All
that I wish to present ahead is his method in terms of narrating adth.
1 Majma al-Rijl 1/123
107
First of all, as I had mentioned before that all the narrations that highlight the
demand of Fimah J regarding Fadak, a share of the Khums of Khaybar
etc., in which mention is made of her displeasure, are narrated through the
transmission of al-Zuhr; no other narrator beside him has narrated the aspect of
her displeasure. This is undeniable proof of the fact that he is the subject of the
verb he said not anyone else.
It is stated regarding al-Zuhr, in some books, that the style of al-Zuhr is that in
order to explain the adth he would add explanatory notes or his opinions to the
adth. At times he would add these notes by means of words and phrases that
would make them distinct from the actual adth and at times without doing so.
Allmah al-Sakhw has made mention of this in his commentary of Alfyah al-
Irq, entitled Fat al-Mughth. Ibn ajar has likewise made mention of the same
in his book al-Nukat al Ibn al-al:
It was the habit of al-Zuhr to add explanatory notes to adth from his
side. And at times he would omit the words and phrases that separated
those notes from the actual adth. To the extent that some of his
contemporaries would often say to him, Why do you not separate your
opinions from the adth of Raslullh H?
To further elaborate on the method implemented by Imm al-Zuhr, I shall cite

a few more narrations. By means of these narrations his method will become
crystal clear. And the colleague of al-Zuhr who had advised him to separate his
opinions from the adth of Nab H will likewise be revealed.
1. Imm al-Bukhr has cited the discussion of Rabah with al-Zuhr through
the transmission of Imm Mlik in his book al-Trkh al-Kabr. It reads as
follows:
108
"

Abd al-Azz ibn Abd Allah states that Mlik narrated to us that Rabah
would say to al-Zuhr: My method and your method is not the same; I
voice my opinion in my own words, whoever wants to accept it will accept
it (and whoever does not want to, will reject it). But you attribute your
opinion to the Nab of Allah H and therefore it gets documented as
his words. 1
2. Al-Khab al-Baghdd has cited two narrations with their chains of

transmission in his book al-faqh wa al-Mutafaqqih under the chapter, the
decorum of a jurist with his students. By studying these narrations, if
Allah wills, the method of al-Zuhr will become evident. In these narrations
the detailed conversation of Rabah with al-Zuhr is documented.
) a
"
".
Rabah said to Ibn Shihb (al-Zuhr): When you inform the people of you
opinion then let them know that it is your opinion, and when you narrate
some aspect of sunnah to them then let them know that it is a adth of
Raslullh H, so that they may not consider it to be your opinion.
) b
"

Rabah said to Ibn Shihb: When you voice your opinion before people
then inform them that it is your opinion.2
1 Al-Trkh al-Kabr 2/262

2 Al-Faqh wa al-Mutafaqqih p. 148, chapter regarding the decorum of a jurist with his students
109
3. fi Shams al-Dn al-Dhahab has in his book, Trkh al-Islm wa abaqt
al-Mashhr wa al-Alm, cited the conversation of Rabah with Imm al-
Zuhr in the following manner:
" " " " "

Rabah often said to al-Zuhr: My condition is very different from

yours. He asked: How? Rabah replied: I inform people of my opinion.
Consequently, whoever wants to accept it will accept it and whoever wants
to reject it will reject it. And you, on the other hand attribute your opinion
to Raslullh H and it is therefore documented as sunnah. (Whereas
people in reality, are unaware of the fact that it is your opinion).1
In essence the person who al-Sakhw V had indicated towards in his writings
was Rabah al-Ray. He had advised al-Zuhr to keep his opinions distinct from
the adth of Nab H so that people do not confuse them to be part of the
aadth of Raslullh H.
It is obvious that al-Zuhr would associate his opinions to the adth of Raslullh
H, which is why his colleagues had to advise him not to do that.
I would like to bring to the attention of the scholars that the additions of Imm
al-Zuhr are widespread in the books of adth. Many great scholars of adth,
viz. al-Dr Qun, al-aw, Ibn Abd al-Barr, al-Bayhaq, Ab Bakr al-zim,
Imm al-Nawaw, Jaml al-Dn al-Zayla, Ibn Kathr, Ibn ajar al-Asqaln, Jall
al-Dn al-Suy and Mull Al al-Qr, have discovered them and have stated that
there are his additions. I have gathered all their statements in this regard.
The result of the entire discussion is that all questions and misconceptions will be
dissolved if we consider the aspect of the displeasure of Fimah J to be the
addition of al-Zuhr and his assumption. The entire incident will be harmonious
with reality and rationality.
1 Trkh al-Islm 5/248, under the biography of Rab`ah al-Ray
110
My honourable teacher Mowln Sayyid Amad Shh Ujnlw V had touched
on this discussion in his book Taqq-e Fadak, I have according to my humble
research added some more references in the discussion and have presented it
before you. Hopefully those who are inclined towards the truth will support my
discussion and they will overlook any shortcomings that they come across whilst
studying it.
A Counter Argument to the Misconception
The actual answer to the misconception had been presented in the previous
pages. But, usually coupled with the original answers, counter arguments are
given also. I therefore intend presenting one before you for this misconception
as well.
Just as the mention of Fimah J becoming disillusioned with Ab Bakr is

found in many narrations, so is the mention of her becoming disillusioned with
Al I found in many narrations; which are recorded in several authentic books
of the Shah. Our answer for the former will be the exact same answer they are
willing to give for the latter. Ahead I will cite few narrations which highlight her
displeasure with Al I.
First Narration
Shaykh al-adq, a famous Sh scholar, has written the following in his book Ilal
al-Shari1:
Ab Dhar al-Ghaffr mentions that he returned with Jafar ibn Ab lib,

the brother of Al, from Abyssinia. Upon his return, Jafar had given Al a
slave girl as a gift which someone had given him as a gift. Her value was
four thousand Dirhams. She would carry out domestic chores in the very
house in which Fimah resided.
1 The translation of the narration is given ahead without the actual Arabic text.
111
On one occasion Fimah saw Al being very informal with this slave girl;
she saw him lying in her lap. Gripped by possessiveness she remarked:
If this is what you have done then I am going to my fathers house. He
in return said: You can go. She thus took hold of her shawl wore her
scarf and began to go. In the meantime Jibrl descended with revelation
upon Raslullh H informing him that Fimah was coming with a
complaint regarding Al. Allah E is invoking his mercy upon you
and is commanding you not to pay attention to her complaint regarding
him eventually Nab H sent her back to her home. And Al had on
the other hand, to comfort her, freed the slave girl and together with that
distributed four hundred dirhams in charity. This is how the matter was
resolved.1
Second Narration
Mull Bqir al-Majlis has quoted the following narration in his book Bir al-
Anwr:
The abah mention that Raslullh H one morning led them in the
Fajr alh. That morning he was very distraught. After alh he proceeded
to the house of Fimah and they accompanied him. Upon reaching her
home he noticed that Al was lying outside by the door. Nab H went
to him dusted the dust off him with his blessed hands and said: Stand, O
Ab Trb! Subsequently, he entered the home with Al and they waited
outside. After a short while Nab H returned elated. They inquired:
O Rasl Allah! You entered the home distraught and you came out to us
elated, what is the reason for this? He said: Why should I not be elated
when I have reconciled between two such people who are most loved in
the heavens.2
It is obvious that they were disconcerted with one another, then only did Nab
H reconcile between them and return happy.
1 Ilal al-Shari, p. 163-164, chapter: 13; Bir al-Anwr 10/43-44, chapter regarding her companionship
with Al
2 Bir al-Anwr 10/43-44, chapter regarding her companionship with Al
112
Third Narration
When the demand of Fimah J that she made regarding the inheritance of
Nab H was declined by Ab Bakr I she returned home disillusioned
and said the following to Al I:
...
O the son of Ab lib! You have concealed yourself in a shawl just as a

foetus is concealed in the womb of his mother. And you have chosen to
remain at home just as a person convicted of a crime opts to do1
This incident has been recorded in much more detail in the book of Mull Bqir
Majlis, aq al-Yaqn. It goes as follows:
"

Al was anticipating her return. She returned home and reproached Al

in a very stern manner: You are hiding yourself like that foetus which
is hidden in the womb of his mother! You remain at home like those who
are losers. You fought the great warriors of your time and defeated them
but you are unable to stand up against failures. The son of Ab Qufah
is expropriating the inheritance of my father and the livelihood of my
children. He is quarrelling with me in a loud voice yet the Anr are not
1 Aml of Shaykh Ab Jafar al-s 2/295-296; al-Itijj of al-abars p. 59, the argument of Fimah
with the people when they turned down her demand of Fadak; Nsikh al-Tawrkh 4/129- 130; Bir
al-Anwr 10/43-44, chapter regarding her companionship with Al
113
willing to help me and the Muhjirn have stepped aside and do not want
to get involved; everyone is just bypassing this matter. I have no one to
defend me, to assist me and to intercede on my behalf. I left furious and I
returned distraught. We have become victims of disgrace since the time
you stopped displaying your pomp and awe. The tyrants are roaring and
you are doing nothing whatsoever. I wish I never lived to see this day. How
sad that my pillar of support is now vanquished and my helper is now
fatigued. Now my complaint is to my father alone and my argument is in
the hands of my Rabb.
Fourth Narration
Al-adq ibn Bbwayh, has cited the following incident in his book, Ilal al-
Shari:
On one occasion a person came to Fimah and informed her that Al was
intending to get married to the daughter of Ab Jahal and that he had
already proposed for her. Allah E has made possessiveness, jealousy,
intrinsic to the nature of women. She thus became furious. She spent
the entire day in this state; in the evening she came to her fathers home
bringing along with her asan, usayn and Umm Kulthm, her three
children. Al upon returning home noticed that the queen of the women of
Jannah and her children are not home. Consequently he was disillusioned,
he, nevertheless, went to rest in the masjid.
On the other side Nab H learnt of the displeasure of Fimah and

discerned it from her face. He proceeded to the masjid and supplicated to
Allah that He alleviate the resentment that had ensued between the two of
them. He then took Fimah and the children and headed for Al who was
asleep at the time. Nab H tapped him on his feet and said: O Ab al-
Trb! You have disrupted the rhythm of things, you have put those who
were at ease in distress. Go, go and call Ab Bakr, Umar, and alah. He
went and called them all. When they came and appeared in the gathering
of Rasl Allah H, he said to Al: Do you not know that Fimah is
114
part of me; whoever causes distress to her indeed causes distress to me,
and whoever causes distress to me has invoked the punishment of Allah
upon himself? He responded: I definitely know that, O Raslullh! Al
subsequent to that asked her to pardon him and said that he no longer had
such intentions1
Note:-
The incident of Al I proposing for the daughter of Ab Jahal appears in our

books as well. The Shah have, however, altered the entire incident and made
many additions therein. The long and short of the story according to our sources
is that Fimah J upon learning of this became distraught and went away to
Nab H. Nab H was very much hurt when he got know of it as well.
He ascended the pulpit and made the following remarks: I can never consent to
this; if Al intends getting married to her then he should divorce my daughter,
because the daughter of the enemy of Allah and the daughter of the Nab of
Allah cannot be in the wedlock of one person. Fimah is a part of me, whatever
disturbs her disturbs me equally and whatever causes grief to her causes grief to
me as well.2 After hearing these words of Nab H Al I opted not to go
ahead with the matter.
It is established from all these narrations that Fimah J on several occasions

had been disillusioned with Al I. Raslullh H had also because of
her disillusionment become upset. The answer that the Shah are willing to give
for these narrations is the answer we will give for all those narrations in which
mention is made of her becoming disillusioned with Ab Bakr I. In conclusion
I present the following proverb:
This is a crime commited in your town as well.
1 Ilal al-Shari p. 185-186, chapter: 148; Jil al-Uyn p. 163-164, chapter regarding the fitnah of the
hypocrites.
2 Bukhr 1/528, 2/787
115
An Interesting Point Regarding This adth
The warning, Fimah is a part of me whatever causes grief to her, causes grief
to me in the adth was directed toward Al I. The Shah have, however,
purported it to be directed toward Ab Bakr I. We, therefore, will notice that
in all the writings of the Shah and their talks they will always mention this
warning in connection with Ab Bakr I. Subn Allah! How intense is their
cunning!
For the benefit of the scholars the following text is presented:
If this is a warning that is most certainly to implicate the one doer then it
will most certainly implicate Al. And if it does not implicate the doer then
Ab Bakr is far more distant from it than Al.1
Counter Reply
At the end of this discussion I intend to present before you a hypothetical answer,
which is if we for a moment to consider that Fimah J in actual fact was
displeased with Ab Bakr I then there are many narrations in the books
of both the Ahl al-Sunnah and the Shah that establish that the resentment
between them did not last. They displayed veneration and appreciation for one
another which in essence is a sign of pure mn and an encapsulation of Allah-
consciousness. I shall first present narrations from our books and thereafter from
the books of the Shah that highlight this particular aspect.
The Narration of abaqt Ibn Sad
1 Al-Muntaq (Mukhtaar Minhj al-Sunnah), p. 206-207.
116

.
mir al-Shab narrates that Fimah fell ill. Ab Bakr came to visit her
and sought permission to enter. Al asked her: Ab Bakr is at the door and
is seeking permission to enter. Do you give him permission to come in?
She said: Are you fine with him coming in? He said: Yes Subsequently
he entered and he apologised and spoke with her until she eventually she
became pleased.1
Narration of al-Sunan al-Kubr
When Fimah fell ill Ab Bakr came to visit her and sought permission to
enter. Al asked her: Ab Bakr is at the door, he is seeking permission to
enter, do you want him to come in? She asked: Is it ok with you if I give
him permission to enter? He said: Yes Hence he was granted permission
to enter. He came in and, in an event to please her, said: By the oath of
Allah! I sacrificed my house, wealth, family and tribe only in order to
achieve the pleasure of Allah, his Rasl and you the Ahl al-Bayt. He then
tried to satisfy her till she eventually became pleased.2
1 abaqt Ibn Sad 8/17, mention of Fimah; al-Srah al-alabyah 3/399, mention of the conditions
after the demise of Nab H.
2 Al-Sunan al-Kubr 6/301; al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-Salaf pg. 181. Imm Bayhaq has himself classified
this mursal narration as sound. And the following scholars of adth have cited this narration in their
books and have deemed it authentic:
1. fi Ibn Kathr d 774 A.H has stated the following in al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah: This is an
authentic chain of transmission and ostensibly mir al-Shab heard this narration directly
from Al I or from someone who heard it from Al I. He has likewise stated the
following in the sixth volume on p 333: This is an inconsistent narration the chain of
transmission of which is acceptable. continued.....
117
The Narration of Imm al-Awz
The previous two narrations had been cited through the transmission of mir
al-Shab. Ahead the narration of Allmah al-Awz is presented. This narration
has been cited with its chain of transmission by al-Shaykh Ibn al-Sammn in his
book Kitb al-Muwfaqah. I do not have access to the book, however, Ab Jafar
Muibb al-Dn al-abar, the renowned scholar of the seventh century, has, in his
book Riy al-Naarah f Manqib al-Asharah al-Mubashsharah, cited this narration
eliciting it from Kitb al-Muwfaqah:
It is reported on the authority of al-Awz (Abd al-Ramn ibn Amr al-

Dimashq) that Ab Bakr came to the house of Fimah. It was extremely
hot that day. He vowed not to move from his place unless Fimah became
pleased with him. Al thus entreated her to become pleased with him. She
eventually became pleased with him.1

2. fi Ibn ajar al-Asqaln d 852 A.H has stated the following in Fat al-Br: The chain of
narrators even though is inconsistent this narration from al-Shab is acceptable. (6/151,
chapter regarding Khums).
3. fi Badr al-Dn al-Ayn d 855 A.H has mentioned the following in Umdat al-Qr: This is
a sound and acceptable narration. Al-Shab has apparently heard it from Al I or from
someone who heard it from Al I (15/20, chapter regarding the stipulation of Khums).
4. fi Shams al-Dn al-Dhahab d 748 A.H has cited this narration in his book Siyar Alm
al-Nubal (2/89-94) and has thereafter commented on it in the following manner: The
narrator who has affected the inconsistency in this narration is al-Shab. He is a famous
reliable narrator from amongst those who met the abah. According to the scholars of
adth he had met Al I as is proven from the text of Mustadrak al-kim (4/365).
This is an accepted rule by both the sects that a Mursal narration of a reliable narrator is definitely
accepted. Consequently, there is no doubt in the authenticity of this narration due to the above
quoted judgments of the scholars.
1 Riy al-Naarah F Manqib al-Asharah al-Mubashsharah 1/156-157, chapter regarding Fimah not
leaving this world but pleased with Ab Bakr; Tufah Ithn Asharyah: answer to the 16th allegation.
Shh Abd al-Azz has translated this narration in Persian. This narration is a well-known narration
according to the scholars. The roots of it is al-Awz and those who narrate it from him are countless.
118
These narrations spell out that the resentment that might have ensued between
the two of them ended, and her dejectedness was replaced with pleasure. There
remained no dispute between them. They had reconciled and forgiven one
another as this has always been the distinguishing mark of the pious.
Narrations from Sh Sources
Our Sh friends might raise an objection here and say that these narrations
that we have cited appear in our books and hence they cannot serve as evidence
against them. I, therefore, shall now present narrations from their books that
highlight this aspect.
Before I present the narrations I would like to say that if we collectively for a
while leave aside all our biases and apply ourselves with impartiality keeping the
fear of Allah in our conscience, then by combining the narrations (drawn from
the books of both sects) this contention will be completely alleviated.
If we have to search for these narrations in the works of the Shah we will find
that their scholars have cited them without any criticism which is a sign of these
narrations being authentic and sound according to them. It will thus become
clear that this issue that is raised, i.e. the resentment that had occurred between
Ab Bakr and Fimah, is baseless.
1. Ibn Maytham al-Barn, an acclaimed Sh scholar, has cited the following

narration in his commentary on Nahj al-Balghah:

...
Ab Bakr said to Fimah: You deserve the same rights as your father; he
would take stipend enough for your expenses from the property of Fadak
and then would distribute the rest and spend it in purchasing conveyances
for those who were going out in the path of Allah. I pledge to you that
119
I shall deal with the property of Fadak just as Rasl Allah H did.
Fimah upon hearing this became exultant and she further affirmed this
pledge of Ab Bakr.1
2. The following narration is cited in Durrah Najafiyyah, another commentary

of Nahj al-Balghah by Ibrhm ibn j usayn:
.....

Translation same as above.2
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah (Old Iranian publication) 35/543, new publication 5/107
There are few things that should be borne in mind here:

1. The complete name of the author is: Kaml al-Dn ibn Maytham ibn Al ibn Maytham al-
Barn. He passed away in the year 679 A.H.
2. He had written this commentary in the year 677 A.H. This commentary had been published
several times; it was published for the first time in one thick volume comprising of 35
sections. Therefore in alluding to the narration in this publication the reference 35/ 543
is written. The second time it was published in Tehran in the year 1384 A.H, this time it
was published in five volumes and hence when alluding to the new publication 5/107 is
written. The name of this commentary according to the author of Kashf al-unn is Mib
al-Slikn. However, in Tufah Ithn Asharyah, because of the writing errors of the scribes the
name of this commentary has been documented as Mijj al-Slikn.
3. He has at this juncture commented in great depth. He has established eighteen different
points. And he has cited this narration under the 8th one; he has cited this narration as
an explanation of the lengthy letter Al ibn lib had written to Uthmn ibn unayf, the
governor of Barah.
4. This is purely a Sh narration but the Sh scholar, nevertheless, will never let it reach the
ears of the laymen so as not to hinder the dispute and contention that is going on for years
between the Sh and the Ahl al-Sunnah. Had this narration been a Sunn narration they
would have immediately identified it and would deem it unacceptable.
5. Hence it is also important to remember at this point that the Sh scholars and Mujtahidn
have not criticised this narration whatsoever. Rather they have left it as is. This is a sign of
this narration being reliable according to their standards.
2 Durrah Najafyah (published in Iran in the year 1261 A.H), p 331-332
120
The Summary of the Narrations
By analysing these narrations we can draw the coming conclusions:
1. Fimah J was satisfied with the stance Ab Bakr I had taken

regarding Fadak and she was pleased with him in this regard.
2. There was no difference in the method implemented by Rasl Allah

H in overseeing Fadak and the method of Ab Bakr I.
3. Ab Bakr I would give the Ahl al-Bayt their share from the land of
Fadak and would fulfil their needs therefrom.
With the grace of Allah the contention that had been raised through the adth of
Bukhr has been dissolved. A detailed felicitous answer, an inculpatory answer
and a hypothetical answer were presented to resolve this misconception. Now
we return to the actual theme of this section (and that is the ceremonial and
domestic services offered to the Ahl al-Bayt by Ab Bakr I and his family).
The Wife of Ab Bakr, Asm bint Umays, and Fimah

From the many incidents that indicate that the relations between the family of
Ab Bakr I and the Ahl al-Bayt were sound is the helping hand and the caring
service offered by Asm bint Umays J during the final moments of the life of
Fimah J. From the nursing of Fimah J till her demise to bathing her
and enshrouding her in the kafan after that; is this not the most splendid sign of
the love and union that existed in these two families? They maintained healthy
relations till the last.
Before presenting the narrations that spell out the role of Asm J during the
final moments of Fimah J I would first like to shed light on the relationship
that Asm J had with the Ban Hshim.
121
A Brief Insight into Life of Asm and her Relationship With the Ban
Hshim
1. Her name is: Asm bint Umays. She hailed from the Ban Khatham tribe.
She was a very noble, pious and caring woman. She had been blessed with
Islam very soon after its inception.
2. The genealogist state that she was the sister of the wives of Nab H
and his uncle Abbs ibn Abd al-Mualib I; she was the uterine sister
of Maymnah bint al-rith and Umm al-Fal, the wife of Nab H
and his uncle Abbs respectively. In other words she was the sister-in-law
of Nab H and Abbs I. Ab Bakr had married her. That makes
Nab H, Abbs, and him brothers-in-law. They were nine uterine
sisters altogether. Their mothers name was Hind bint Awf. Asm J
was likewise the sister-in-law of amzah I, the uncle of Nab H,

for he was married to her sister Salm bint Umays.1
3. She was first married to Als I brother Jafar al-ayyr. Husband

and wife both had migrated to Abyssinia along with other Muslims in
the initial stages of Islam. This migration is recorded as a great feat in
favour of all those who migrated. They subsequently, came to Madnah
Munawwarah after spending a good few years in Abyssinia. Asm bore
two of his children, namely, Abd Allh and Muammad.
4. Ab Bakr I had married her after Jafar I had been martyred in the
battle of Mtah which took place in the eighth year A.H. Just the mere fact
that he married her suggests that there was mutual understanding and
appreciation between the two families. They had one child whose name
was Muammad ibn Ab Bakr.2
Now I shall present those narrations that spell out the assistance that she had
provided during the final moments of the life of Fimah J.
1 Usd al-Ghbah, 5: 396.

2 Kitb al-Muabbar p. 442; al-Istb 4/231, mention of Asm; Usd al-Ghbah 5/395, mention of Asm
122
The Services of Asm in the Final Moments
1. Asm J would always enquire regarding the wellbeing of Fimah

J. She had in the final moments of Fimah J served her and
nursed her. Imm Zayn al-bidn has narrated the following narration
from Ibn Abbs L in this regard:
When Fimah J was drawing closer to her final moments she said to
Asm: You are seeing that my time is drawing closer, will my bier be
carried without being veiled? No, rather I will cover your bier just as
the biers (of women) in Abyssinia are covered, Asm replied. She said:
Prepare a bier of this sort and show it to me. Asm J hence asked
for thin branches of date palms to be gathered from Aswf, a place in the
surroundings of Madnah, and made a canopy like covering over the bier.
This was the first time such a bier was prepared. Fimah J became
jubilant upon seeing it. This was the first time she was seen happy since
the demise of Rasl Allah H. After she passed on we carried her in the
very same bier and buried her by night.1
2. The Sh scholars have also cited narrations that indicate that Asm J
had nursed Fimah J and served her a great deal.
a. It is mentioned in Aml of Shaykh Ab Jafar al-s:
Al would nurse her and Asm bint Umays would constantly help him in
seeing to her.2
b. Mull Bqir al-Majlis has cited something very similar to this in his
book Jil al-Uyn:
1 Mustadrak kim 3/162; abaqt Ibn Sad 8/18, mention of Asm J.

2 Aml, 1: 107.
123

Al had carried out her bequest, he had himself paid attention to her
nursing and Asm bint Umays had helped him in seeing to her.1
c. Mull Bqir has also written the following:

:

"
Shaykh al-s has narrated with a reliable chain of transmission that the
first bier to ever be made in Islam was the bier of Fimah J. The reason
that prompted this was that when the sickness that claimed her life befell
her she said to Asm bint Umays J: O Asm! I have become very weak
and sickly and I am beginning to lose a lot of weight, is there anything
that you can make for me that will cover my body from it being seen by
men (after I pass away)? She said: I noticed the people of Abyssinia doing
something during my stay there, I can do the very same for you as well
if you want. Fimah replied in the positive. She subsequently brought
planks of wood and placed them on the floor, then she asked for branches
of date palms to be brought and placed them on top of those planks and
thereafter covered it (the bier that she made) with material (forming a
canopy like covering over the bier). She said to Fimah: This is what I seen
them doing in Abyssinia. Fimah said: Can you make something similar
to this for me as well and cover my body from the gazes of men falling
upon it so that Allah may save your body from the fire of Jahannam? 2
1 Jil al-Uyn, 172: conversation of Abbs and Al L

2 Jil al-Uyn, p175: chapter regarding Asm J making a covered bier for Fimah J; Tarjamah
Jafaryt Aw al-AshAthyt, p205: chapter regarding the initiation of making a covered bier.
124
3. Likewise in another narration which highlights the final moments of the
life of Fimah J in which mention is made of the camphor of Jannah
being of three types, mention is also made of Fimah J talking to Asm
J in her last moments, informing her of her bequest, subsequently
Asm J carrying out her bequest and informing asan and usayn
L of the demise of their mother when they return home; all these
things happened in those final moments. The author of Akhbr Mtam,
a renowned Sh scholar, has made mention of this narration in his book
under the discussion of the demise of Fimah J.1 I have presented the
reference for those who are keen on visiting it. Similarly this narration
has also been cited in Kashf al-Ghummah, a famous book in Sh literature,
with all its details.2 One can refer to it there.
4. After her demise the aspect of bathing her cropped up. The rule in Islamic
law is that a deceased person should be bathed before his or her funeral
prayer is performed. At this stage as well Asm J was present and
offering a helping hand. Normally only the close relatives of the deceased
and dear ones are present at such times.
One should bear in mind that three individuals had bathed Fimah J; Al
I and two ladies; One was Asm bint Umays and the other was Salm J,
the wife of the slave of Rasl Allah H whose name was Ab Rfi. This is
stated in al-Istb of Ibn Abd al-Barr, Usd al-Ghbah of Ibn ajar and al-Muannaf
of Abd al-Razzq.3
Sh scholars have likewise stated in their works that Asm J had assisted
in bathing Fimah J. This can be sourced from the following works of the
Shah:
1 Akhbr Mtam (Mabaah usain, Rampur) p. 101, discussion regarding the demise of Fimah J
2 Kashf al-Ghummah 2/62, chapter pertaining to the fatal illness of Fimah J, her bequest and her
demise.
3 Al-Istb 4/322, Mention of Salm; Usd al-Ghbah 5/478, Mention of Salm; al-Muannaf li Abd al-
Razzq 3/410
125
1. Manqib Ibn Shahr shob, vol. 4, chapter regarding her demise
2. Kashf al-Ghummah (new Iranian publication) 2/61
In essence Asm J is indisputably accepted as being part of those who had

offered a helping hand during the last moments of Fimah J.
The summary of her services at the time is presented below:
1. She had prepared the bier of Fimah J with a canopy like covering as
was her desire.
2. She had cared for her in her final moments.
3. She had fulfilled the bequest of Fimah J as was mentioned previously

with reference to Akhbr Mtam.
4. She had participated in bathing her after her demise.
By analysing all these aspects there remains no question of there being enmity
and misunderstandings between the family of Ab Bakr I and Al I. Had
there been any, they would not have assisted one another in times of dire need.
Some ill-natured people claim that Asm J had done all of this by herself
without any encouragement from Ab Bakr I or she done all of this without
his permission or that she would contrive an excuse to leave the house and
subsequently would go to the house of Fimah J and see to her. However,
whats interesting here is that this was not an affair of just a few hours, rather
there were many days and nights that she spent in caring for her. Is it really
conceivable that for this entire period she pulled wool over the eyes of her
husband, Ab Bakr, or that she had disobeyed him for such a long time? Any person
with sound understanding and a healthy disposition can answer that for himself.
Nevertheless, the scholars have written the following regarding Asm J.
This will most certainly debunk all these doubts and misconceptions. Allmah
126
Turkumn has stated:
The piety of Asm would never allow her not to take permission from her
husband.1
I am going to now present before you another incident of Asm J in which

the status of Ab Bakr I is established and the appreciation that Al I had
for him is understood.
After the demise of Ab Bakr I, Al I had married Asm J. She bore

one child for him whose name was Yay ibn Al.
Allmah Ibn al-Sakan has narrated the coming narration with a sound chain of
transmission:
"

.
Al married Asm bint Umays. On one occasion their children, Muammad

ibn Jafar al-ayyr and Muammad ibn Ab Bakr2, each of the two, began
boasting of his linage and said: My father was better than your father.
Al said to Asm: Pronounce your judgement regarding this contention!
Hence she said: I have not seen a youngster better then Jafar and nor
have I seen a middle-aged man more virtuous than Ab Bakr I. Al thus
said: You have left nothing for me to add.3
1 Al-Jowhar al-Naq al al-Sunan li al-Bayhaq 3/396

2 Muammad ibn Jafar was the son of Asm J from her first husband Jafar al-ayyr and
Muammad ibn Ab Bakr was her son from second husband Ab Bakr I. Al I was her third
husband and therefore the two boys were his step sons.
3 abaqt Ibn Sad 8/208; ilyat al-Awliy 2/75-76, mention of Asm bint Umays; Siyar Alm al-Nubal
1/152, chapter regarding Jafar ibn Ab lib; al-Ibah 4/226, mention of Asm bint Umays
127
Imm al-Dhahab has quoted the following response of Al I to the answer
that Asm J had given:
"
Al said to her: You have not left anything for me to say. Had you given
any answer besides this I would have despised you.
In conclusion, there are many anecdotes that inform us that they were
embodiments of mutual love and veneration, I have presented just one of them.
The Bequest of Fimah and her Final Moments

1. One of the bequests that Fimah J had made to Al I was that he
should get married to Ummah bint Ab al-, the daughter of Zaynab
J who was the sister of Fimah J: For she will care for my children
after I pass away just like I had cared for them, Fimah J said.1
We find mention of this particular bequest in the books of the Shah as

well. I will suffice on referring to one book specifically. This bequest is
recorded in the following words:
I advise to get married to the daughter of my sister2, Zaynab, for she will be
1 Al-Ibah wa al-Istb, mention of Ummah bint al-

2 There few things here that should not go unnoticed:
1. Zaynab J was the eldest daughter of Nab H. She was the biological sister of Fimah
J and hence the sister-in-law of Al I. She was in the wedlock of Ab al- ibn Rab.
The linage of Ab al- meets up with the linage of Nab H and Al I in the fourth
grandfather. His linage goes as follows: Ab al- ibn Rab ibn Abd al-Uzz ibn Abd al-
Shams ibn Abd Manf. This is his relationship with Nab H from his fathers side.
His relation with Nab H from his mothers side is that he was the son of Hlah bint
Khuwaylid, the sister of Khadjah J. continued......
128
caring for my children like me.1
2. The Sh scholars have also written that during the last moments of
Fimah J when Al I would come to the masjid to perform alh,
Ab Bakr and Umar L would enquire regarding her health. This has
been narrated by Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hill al-Sh, a close student of Al
I, in his book. The narration reads as follows:

....
And Al would perform the five times daily alh in the masjid. When he
would complete his alh Ab Bakr and Umar would ask him: How is the
daughter of Raslullh H doing?2

In other words he was the nephew of Khadjah J and the maternal cousin to Fimah and
Zaynab L. Allah had granted him the honour of marrying Zaynab J and thus becoming
like a brother of Al I in the sense that they both married two sisters. Thereafter he
became the father-in-law of Al I. (al-Istb and Usd al-Ghbah)
2. The ulam have written that he had travelled to Yemen with Al I. Al I had made
him his deputy in Yemen when he intended to return to Madnah. And he was present with
Al I the day Ab Bakr I was nominated as the Khalfah. (Ibah wa Istb 4/122,
mention of Ab al-)
3. The ulam state that his real name was Laq and some suggest that it was Miqsam. He had
one daughter from Zaynab J; her name was Ummah and one son whose name was Al.
He passed away before reaching the age of puberty.
4. I intend to dispel a misconception here, viz. the Shah say that Zaynab J was not the
biological daughter of Nab H, rather she was the daughter of Khadjah J from her
previous husband which makes her the step daughter of Nab H. They substantiate
this claim by means of some texts in which the words Rabbah al-Nab i.e. one under the
guardianship of the Nab, appear. Ibn Athr al-Jazr has stated that Rabbah al-Nab refers to
Zaynab the daughter of Umm Salamah J whose biological father was Ab Salamah I;
not to Zaynab the daughter of Nab H. For she was the biological daughter of Nab
H from his wife Khadjah J. (Usd al-Ghbah 5/468, chapter regarding the Zaynabs)
1 Kitb Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hill al-Sh (published in Najaf, Iraq), p. 226
2 Kitb Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hill al-Sh, p. 224-225
129
Note:-
The Shah have made many alterations to this narration and have added
malicious statements to it. Nevertheless, the following aspects are obvious
from this narration:
a. Al I would perform his five times daily alh in the masjid

with the abah M behind Ab Bakr I.
b. Ab Bakr and Umar L knew of the ailment of Fimah J
and would every now and then ask regarding her well-being and
health.
c. There existed no ill feelings that obstructed them from socialising

with one another. They would constantly ask regarding each others
well-being.
3. The Shah have also written that Ab Bakr and Umar L had come to
offer their condolences to Al I after the demise of Fimah J. It is
narrated on the authority of Ibn Abbs L:
All the men and women of Madnah were profusely crying the day Fimah
passed away. And the people were just as flummoxed as they were at
the demise of Nab H. Ab Bakr and Umar came to offer their
condolences to Al and said: O Al! Do not perform the funeral prayer of
Fimah without us.1
Benefits of These Narrations
1. Zaynab J was the biological sister of Fimah J for she was the real
daughter of Nab H and not his step daughter. Fimah J dearly
1 Kitb Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hill al-Sh, p. 226
130
loved her (Zaynabs) children. We should also have a similar sentiment for
the sisters of Fimah J.
2. Ab Bakr and Umar L had always honoured their relationship with

Raslullh H by caring for Fimah J and enquiring from Al
I regarding her health till her very last moments.
3. Al I would perform all his prayers in the masjid. There was no

animosity whatsoever.
4. Ab Bakr and Umar L had consoled Al I at the demise of Fimah

J and had requested him not to hasten in performing the funeral
prayer so that they could all perform it collectively.
All these narrations prove that the relationship between the two families were
healthy and sound even though the Shah have time and again endeavoured
to sketch a different image altogether of them being at logger heads with one
another.
The Contention Around the Funeral Prayer of Fimah

The next issue before us is the alt al-Janzah of Fimah J. I have tried
to present the alt al-Janzah itself and all aspects related to it all together,
eliciting them from different sources. Hopefully the readers will appreciate the
discussion and supplicate for me before Allah E.
It has been spread amongst people that Fimah J was unhappy with Ab
Bakr I and that she had bequeathed to Al I in her final moments that
he should not participate in her alt al-Janzah. Al I had, in carrying out
this bequest of hers, performed her alt al-Janzah and then buried her by night
without informing Ab Bakr I.1
This issue around the funeral of Fimah J is raised on the bases of a few
narrations. A terrible picture of enmity and dejectedness has been sketched and
1 This is what appears in some narrations.
131
made popular amongst people. Hence, there was a need to clear this contention all
together and unveil the truth and reality in light of sound and authentic evidence,
because the participation of Ab Bakr I in the funeral of Fimah J is
undeniable proof of their mutual appreciation. In doing so, if the discussion is
prolonged the readers are requested not to consider it a burden, for whatever is
to be said is said due to certain reasons.
The format of the discussion is as follows: first the narrations that prove that
Ab Bakr I was present at her funeral will be quoted. Then, some Islamic
principles that support his participation will be presented. Subsequently, few
historical facts which highlight the norm of the Ban Hshim at the occasion of
funerals will be cited. And lastly, the questions and misconceptions around the
issue will be addressed (Allah willing).
Narrations Which Establish his Presence in the Funeral
1. The following narration has been cited by the author of abaqt Ibn Sad:
Ibrhm al-Nakha has stated that Ab Bakr led the alt al-Janzah of
Fimah and recited the takbr four times.1
2. A second narration in abaqt suggests the very same. It read as follows:
Shab has mentioned that Ab Bakr lead her alt al-Janzah. May Allah
E, be pleased with him and with her.2
1 abaqt Ibn Sad 8/19, mention of Fimah J

2 abaqt Ibn Sad 8/16, mention of Fimah J
132
3. The third narration in this regard appears in al-Sunan al-Kubr of Imm
Bayhaq. He writes:
When Fimah passed away Al buried her by night and caught hold of the
arms of Ab Bakr and urged him to lead the alt al-Janzah.1
4. Al al-Muttaq al-Hind, the author of Kanz al-Umml, has, with reference

to al-Khab al-Baghdd cited the following narration, the narrator of
which is Imm Muammad al-Bqir:
Imm Jafar narrates from his father, Imm Muammad al-Bqir: When
Fimah the daughter of Raslullh H passed away, Ab Bakr and
Umar came to perform her alt al-Janzah. Ab Bakr said to Al: Go
ahead and lead the alh. He said: It is unbecoming of me to lead the
alh when you are the successor of Raslullh H. Ab Bakr hence
went forward and led the alt al-Janzah.2
5. Muibb al-Dn al-abar has cited the following narration, narrated by

Imm Zayn al-bidn, in his book Riy al-Naarah f Manqib al-Asharah
al-Mubashsharah:
1 Al-Sunan al-Kubr 4/29, chapter regarding funerals; Kanz al-Umml 7/114, chapter of virtues (with
reference to al-Bayhaq)
2 Kanz al-Umml 6/318 adth: 5299, chapter regarding the virtues of al-iddq.
133

.) ( .
Imm Jafar al-diq narrates from his father, Imm Muammad al-Bqir,
who narrates from his father, Imm Al Zayn al-bidn: Fimah passed
away between the Maghrib and Ish prayers. Ab Bakr, Umar, Uthmn,
Zubayr and Abd al-Ramn ibn Awf came for her alt al-Janzah. Hence
Al said to Ab Bakr: Go ahead and perform the alh. He asked: Whilst
you are present here O Ab al-asan? Yes! Go ahead! For no one besides
you, by the oath of Allah, is going to lead the alh today. Consequently
Ab Bakr led them in her alt al-Janzah (May Allah be pleased with them
all). She was buried by night.1
6. Shah Abd al-Azz has quoted a very similar narration to this in his book,
Tufah Ithn Asharyah, eliciting it from the book Fal al-Khib. This
narration is presented below in order to support the narration of Riy
al-Naarah:

) 11(

The narration of Fal al-Khib states that Ab bakr, Uthmn, Abd al-
Ramn ibn Awf, Zubayr ibn Awwm came at the time of the Ish alh.
Fimah had passed away between Maghrib and Ish on Tuesday night
the third of Raman, six months after the demise of the master of the
world. She was thirty eight years of age at the time. Ab Bakr had led the
alt al-Janzah with the order of Al with four takbrs.2
1 Riy al-Naarah f Manqib al-Asharah al-Mubashsharah 1/156, chapter regarding the demise of
Fimah J
2 Tufah pg. 445, accusations against Ab Bakr I
Mowln Shams al-aq al-Afghn has stated the following:
.
The alt al-Janzah of Fimah was performed by Ab Bakr I upon the insistence of Al
I. This is what is in harmony with the narrations and the principles of dn. continued....
134
7. fi Ab Nuaym al-Ifahn has narrated the following with his consistent
chain of transmission:
Ibn Abbs narrates that once Nab H performed the alt al-Janzah
of a deceased person with four Takbrs and said: The angels read four
takbrs upon dam S. Ab Bakr will read four Takbrs upon Fimah.
Umar will read four takbrs upon Ab Bakr and uhaib will read four
Takbrs upon Umar.1
Deductions From These Narrations
Seven narrations were presented before you in the past pages. Three of these
narrations are narrated from members of Ahl al-Bayt (Abd Allh ibn Abbs,
Imm Zayn al-bidn and Imm Muammad al-Bqir) and the remaining four
narrations are narrated from others beside them. These narration allude to the
following aspects:

Note:- Al-Sayyid Alam al-Murta, a famous Sh scholar and Mujtahid, has in trying to refute the
narration of al-Mughn, written the following in his book Kitb al-Shf:

...
You are the only person who makes mention of this (Ab Bakr performing the alt al-
Janzah of Fimah with four takbrs). You have learnt this narration from some fanatic
person. Otherwise, the famous narrations and books of adth make no mention of this
whatsoever. (this is quoted in Shar Nahj al-Balghah of Ibn Ab al-add as well).
After presenting so many mursal and musnad narrations in the previous pages the readers can decide
for themselves whether or not this statement of al-Sayyid is al-Murta is based on honesty and
fairness and to what extent is it acceptable.
1 ilyat al-Awliy 4/96
135
1. Many prominent abah, including Ab Bakr I, had learnt of the
demise of Fimah J. There is no way Ab Bakr I would not have
learnt of her demise, because his wife, Asm bint Umays J, was
nursing Fimah J and seeing to her in her final moments. It would
be irrational to think that she done so without informing Ab Bakr I.
Everyone was aware of this grievous incident.
2. All the abah M had participated in the alt al-Janzah of Fimah

J, including Ab Bakr and Umar L. They attended the alh and
spoke to Al I as well. They had discussed the issue of who should lead
the alh and eventually with the decision of Al I, Ab Bakr I had
led the alh.
It is as if there was consensus amongst the abah (and the Ban Hshim)
on the fact that no one is eligible of leading the alt al-Janzah and the
five times daily alh besides the khalfah of the Muslims.
3. Furthermore, these narrations establish that Ab Bakr I had performed

the alh with four takbrs only, not five. And that Nab H would also
perform the alt al-Janzah with four takbrs only. The alt al-Janzah
of dam S, Ab Bakr and Umar L were also with four takbrs.
Together with this it should be remembered that when Al I was

martyred Sayyidun asan I had performed his alt al-Janzah. He
had likewise sufficed on four takbrs.1 Nab H had performed the
alt al-Janzah of Fimah bint Asad, the mother of Al I with four
takbrs.2 The alt al-Janzah of them all were performed with four takbrs
only. Hence, this is what should be practiced.
4. Another aspect highlighted in these reports is that Fimah J was

buried at night. This was not so that Ab Bakr and Umar L remain
1 Mustadrak al-kim, 3: 143.

2 Jam al-Fawid, 2: 408. (with reference to abrn Kabr and Awsa)
136
unaware of her demise (Saying that she was buried by night for this reason
is a fallacy which will soon be dispelled in the pages to come). But it was
because she passed away between Maghrib and Ish and according to
the teachings of sharah a deceased person should be buried without any
delay. Similarly in burying her at night there was more concealment; it was
her desire and bequest that her body be protected from the gaze of man.
5. The focal point of this entire section is to prove the love, veneration and
good relations that existed between Al I his family and Ab Bakr
I. This is also evident from these narrations. Nevertheless, the people
who despise the abah and oppose them consider it their religious
obligation to misinterpret facts and alter historical records in order to
prove the contrary. And in doing so they do not fear Allah in the least. Our
complaint is to Allah alone!
The Ruling in Islam With Regard to Being the Leader in alh

This entire contention will become very easy to resolve if we first analyse the
ruling in sharah with regard to the one who is most deserving of leading the
alh.
The ruling regarding the five times alh and the alt al-Janzah is that the
khalfah of the time is most deserving of leading the Muslims in them, and in his
absence second to him in this right is his deputy. The entire ummah unanimously
agrees upon this and Islamic history and literature ratifies this.
There is no need to prove this from our sources.1 However, several references
which prove the very same will be presented from the literature of the Shah so
as to satisfy them and persuade them in this regard.
1 If anyone is interested in the details of this particular subject he can refer to the chapters pertaining
to Immah (being a leader in prayers) in the books of Islamic jurisprudence.
137
1. People had asked Imm Jafar al-diq V as to who is most deserving of
leading the congregation in alh. He gave the following response:
Verily the Rasl of Allah H has stated: The one who is most fluent in
terms of reciting the Qurn should lead the people in prayers. If they all
happen to be equal in the recitation of the Qurn, then the one who was
the first to migrate. And if they are equal in that as well, then the one who
is of most senior age.1
2. The following has been cited in Aml of Shaykh al-adq:
The most deserving of leading the congregation in prayers is the one who
reads the Qurn most fluently, then the one who was the first to migrate
and then the one who is most advanced in age.2
3. The following is the edict the Shah have passed in this regard:
....
...
.
If they are all equal in knowledge and recitation of the Qurn then the
earliest emigrant from a non-Muslim state to a Muslim one will be most
deserving... If they are unvarying in this as well, then the eldest will be
most rightful. And the fixed Imm of a masjid is more deserving then all
of them. Likewise, the house-lord will have more right (to lead the prayer)
1 Fur al-Kf 1/225, chapter of alh

2 Aml of Shaykh al-adq p. 382
138
than them all, including the Imm of the masjid. And the khalfah of a
people, in this regard, is superior to all of those who were mentioned.1
4. Imm Jafar al-diq V has stated the following:
The khalfah is most deserving of leading the congregation in the alt al-
Janzah when he is present.2
5. Al I himself is reported to have said:
The governor has a greater right of leading the alt al-Janzah than the
close relatives of the deceased.3
All the above quoted texts of the Shah indicate that in the presence of the
khalfah of the Muslims no one has the right to lead the prayers, be it the five
times daily prayers or the funeral prayer.
In light of the above mentioned quotations the sequence of right to leading the
people in alh is evident. Let us now return to the contention around the alt
al-Janzah of Fimah J and examine, keeping in mind the sequence given in
these quotations, who was most deserving of performing her alt al-Janzah?
From all those who were present for the funeral of Fimah J Ab Bakr I
was:
1 Shar Lamah 1/101, chapter of alh

2 Fur al-Kf 1/93 chapter of funerals
3 Qurb al-Isnd Ma al-Ashathyat p. 210, chapter regarding who is most deserving of leading the
funeral prayer
139
1. The earliest emigrant.
2. He was the most advanced in age from all those present.
3. He was the Imm of the local masjid of Al I and Fimah J.
4. He was the Khalfah of the Muslims at the time.
5. And lastly, at her demise he was present in Madnah Munawwarah
and was not out on journey. He learnt of her death and attended
her funeral. This was the decree of Allah that he was the only one
who fitted the criterion from all perspectives.
It is now up to you to decide who was most rightful of leading the alt al-Janzah
and who eventually led the people in it. Fairness will compel you to decide that it
was no one other than Ab Bakr I.
Historical Evidence Corroborating This Ruling

I have thus far presented seven narrations (wherefrom we learn that Ab Bakr
had led the funeral prayer of Fimah) and have stated the ruling of the sharah
with regard to the one who is most rightful of leading the Muslims in prayer in
light of the quotations of the Shah.
Now I shall present evidence from history that will provide us with information
regarding the practice of the Ban Hshim when it came to the alt al-Janzah
of those who passed on from amongst them. The questions regarding who led
the alt al-Janzah of the deceased of the Ban Hshim and whether or not they
believed in the khalfah of the time being most deserving of leading the Muslims
at these occasions, will be answered.
I have done a little research in this regard which I am to present before the
readers. By studying it, it will become evident that the alt al-Janzah of the
Ban Hshim was always led by the khulaf of the time. A few funerals of the
members of the Ban Hshim are presented from the history of Islam.
140
1. Nowfal ibn rith ibn Abd al-Mualib ibn Hshim passed away in the year
15 A.H. during the reign of Umar I in Madnah Munawwarah. Umar
I had performed his alt al-Janzah and he was subsequently buried
in al-Baq:
Nowfal ibn rith passed away a year and three months after Umar ibn
al-Khab was elected as the khalfah, hence Umar performed his alt al-
Janzah and then went till al-Baq with the funeral where he was buried.1
2. Ab Sufyn ibn al-rith ibn Abd al-Mualib ibn Hshim was the foster
brother of Nab H; almah Sadyah had suckled them. The following
is written regarding him:
Ab Sufyn passed away in the year 20 A.H. Umar ibn al-Khab performed
his alt al-Janzah, and it is said that he passed away four months after
the demise of his brother Nowfal in Madnah.2
3. The third member of the Ahl al-Bayt who passed away was Abbs ibn Abd
al-Mualib. The following has been recorded regarding him:
Abbs passed away two years before the assassination of Uthmn on

Friday in Madnah. Uthmn performed his alt al-Janzah. He was then
buried in al-Baq. He was eighty-eight years of age at that time.3
1 abaqt ibn Sad 2/31-32, mention of Nowfal ibn rith

2 Usd al-Ghbah 5/214-215, mention of Ab Sufyn
3 Al-Istb ma Ibah 3/100-101, Mention of Abbs I
141
Note:- Al I was present in all these funerals, even then the khulaf
led the alt al-Janzah.
4. The fourth funeral is that of Imm asan I. According to some scholars

he passed away in Madnah in the year 50 A.H. The Khalfah, Muwiyah
I, was in Syria at the time. Sad ibn al- al-Umaw was the governor
in Madnah during his rule. Imm usayn was present in Madnah, yet he
urged Sad ibn al- to lead the alt al-Janzah:
usayn nudged Sad ibn al- to go ahead and perform the alt (al-
Janzah) and said: If this was not the sunnah I would not have put you
forward.1
Note:- This is a narration sourced from Sh texts. This statement also

appears in the books of the Ahl al-Sunnah. I will suffice on presenting
the reference material rather than presenting the narrations so as to
circumvent the prolongation of the discussion. In the references I am to
present this sentence appears as it appears in the Sh sources: Had it not
been for the sunnah I would not have put you forward.
Al-Trkh al-aghr p. 54
Al-Istb ma al-Ibah 1/373, mention of Imm asan
Kanz al-Umml 8/114
Al-Sunan al-Kubr 4/29, chapter of the funerals
Al-Muannaf li Abd al-Razzq 3/476
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah 4/25, mention of the demise of asan and his burial; Muqbil al-libn 1/51,
mention of Imm al-asan. (This book is written by a Sh scholar by the name Ab al-Faraj Al ibn
al-usayn ibn Muammad al-Ifahn. He died in the year 356 A.H.
142
Note:-
Shah Abd al-Azz has added an explanatory note to this statement in his
book Tufah Ithn Asharyah. I present it below for the benefit of the
scholars:
From this we understand that Fimah had not made such a bequest (that
Ab Bakr should not attend her funeral and nor should he know of it),
because if that was the case, then usayn would never have violated the
bequest of his mother. For Sad ibn al- was much inferior to Ab Bakr in
terms of the right of leading the prayer; yet he still requested him to lead
the prayer.
5. With regard to the funeral of Abd Allah ibn Jafar al-ayyr it is

mentioned:
Most of the historians opine that he passed away in the year 80 A.H, Abn
ibn Uthmn ibn Affn was the governor of Madnah at that time(during
the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwn). He performed the alt al-Janzah.
That year was known as the year of the floods.1
Note:-
The Sh scholars have also made mention of this in their books:
1 Kitb Nasab Quraysh p. 82, mention of Jafar ibn Ab lib; al-Istb 2/267, mention of Abd Allah ibn
Jafar; Usd al-Ghbah 3/135, mention of Abd Allah
143
.
Abd Allah passed away in the year 80 A.H, Abn ibn Uthmn ibn Affn
performed his alt al-Janzah. He was thereafter buried in al-Baq.1
Hence it is mentioned in Muntah al-ml of Shaykh Abbs al-Qumm:
80

Abd Allah passed away in the year 80 A.H, Abn ibn Uthmn ibn Affn
performed his alt al-Janzah. He was thereafter buried in al-Baq.2
6. Muammad ibn al-Hanafyah, the son of Al ibn Ab lib I, passed

away in the year 81 A.H. His sons said to Abn ibn Uthmn, the governor
of Madnah Munawwarh at that time under the Umayyad rule:
...
We know that the governor is most deserving of leading the prayer. If that
had not been the case we would not have put you forward.3
7. Ab Al Muammad ibn Muammad ibn al-Ashath al-kf has stated the

following:

. ,
Imm Jafar al-diq reports from Imm Muammad al-Bqir that when the
daughter of Amr al-Muminn Al, Umm Kulthm, passed away, Marwn
1 Umdat al-lib f Ansb l Ab lib p. 38, discussion regarding Jafar al-ayyr.

2 Muntah al-ml 1/205
3 abaqt ibn Sad 5/86, mention of Muammad ibn al-anafyah
144
Ibn al-akam (who was the governor of Madnah) attended her alt al-
Janzah. Thereupon usayn I said: Had it not been for the sunnah I
would not have let him perform her alt al-Janzah.1
Note:-
This narration has been cited from a Sh source. According to the Ahl
al-Sunnah, however, there are different narrations regarding her funeral.
Nevertheless, I have cited this narration for the gratification of our friends.
Hopefully it will suffice to satisfy them.
In conclusion, if a person has to scan the pages of history he will find many
other members of the Ban Hshim whose funeral prayers were performed
by the khulaf and governors of the time, e.g. the children of Abbs ibn
Abd al-Mualib, namely, Fal ibn Abbs, Quthum ibn Abbs, and Ubayd
Allh ibn Abbs etc. Therefore we can only conclude to say that they had
accepted this ruling of the sharah and had practiced upon it all along.
By analysing just this brief discussion in which, for the sake of illustration,
a few funerals of the Ban Hshim were presented, it is evident that the
Ban Hshim had approbated this ruling by their practice. The ruling of
the khalfah or the governor being most deserving of leading the people in
prayers can now be considered to be brighter than the sun.
I hope that the readers will need no further clarification and elaboration
as to who performed the alt al-Janzah of Fimah J. Ab Bakr
I was the only person who was most deserving from all perspectives;
he was the khalfah of the Muslims and the Imm of the local masjid in
Madnah. And therefore, it could only be him who led the alt al-Janzah
of Fimah J.
1 Kitb al-Jafaryt p. 210, who is most deserving of leading the funeral prayer
145
Few Pertinent Aspects for the Benefit of the Scholars
At the end of the discussion surrounding the alt al-Janzah of Fimah J
there are certain doubts that require clarification. Without the clarification of
these lingering doubts the discussion will remain incomplete. Therefore, I find
it pertinent to throw light on them. However, to grasp these issues is beyond the
understanding capacity of the commonality, and they are requested to bear with
me in this regard. I will try to elucidate these issues in the simplest of ways.
After analysing the detailed discussion around the alt al-Janzah of Fimah
J, which included seven narrations, the ruling of Immah in light of the
sharah and the undeniable practice of the Ahl al-Bayt in this regard, those who
have knowledge regarding adth and prophetic traditions, will protest that
these are inharmonious with one narration. This narration appears in books of
both authentic and unauthentic adth. It reads as follows:
And her husband Al buried her by night. He did not inform Ab Bakr and
he performed her funeral prayer.
This is the only narration that they are able to present. This narration establishes
three things:
1. Fimah J was buried by night.
2. Al I had not informed Ab Bakr I of this tragic incident.
3. Al I himself performed the alt al-Janzah.
This suggests that there was disconcertion between them till the very end. The
answer to this narration is presented ahead.
146
The Addition of al-Zuhr and him Being Alone in Narrating This
Narration
I have a list of books wherefrom I have sourced this particular narration. This
narration has been narrated through the transmission of Ibn Shihb al-Zuhr
only; this is what I have picked up regarding this narration in the books of adth
wherein it appears :I have not come across a single narration in which mention
is made of Al I not informing Ab Bakr I regarding the demise of
Fimah J, etc., narrated by another narrator beside Ibn Shihb al-Zuhr; the
narrations of those besides al-Zuhr in this regard have no mention whatsoever
of this particular aspect. We had already seen in the previous contention around
the demand of Fimah J of inheritance, that there as well all the narrations
suggesting that she became disconcerted with Ab Bakr, did not talk to him and
renounced him, are all narrated through the transmission of al-Zuhr alone. And
as we go along I shall single out many a narrations that highlight some sort of
controversy and are narrated by none other than al-Zuhr. This is something to
take cognisance of; we will find a certain incident narrated from many narrators.
But, from among all of them al-Zuhr will be the only one who will narrate that
particular incident with words that suggest some sort of contention. Allah
alone knows whether al-Zuhr had done so knowingly or unwittingly. These
narrations can cause colossal consternation for people who do not possess in-
depth knowledge of adth. May Allah E forgive him and may he protect us
from becoming victims of these misconceptions. For these aspects can cause us
to entertain evil thoughts regarding the abah M.
A Valid Interpretation of the Narration

The commentators of adth have mentioned an appropriate interpretation of
this narration which makes it coherent with the other narrations. fi Ibn ajar
has written the following regarding this narration in his book, Fat al-Br:
( )

147
She was buried at night because of her bequest so that her body remain
thoroughly covered. And it is highly possible that Al did not inform Ab
Bakr of her demise because he assumed that this would not have remained
unknown to him. There is nothing in the narration that suggests that he
(Ab Bakr) did not know of her demise and did not participate in her alt
al-Janzah.1
In other words, Al I saw no need to inform Ab Bakr I of her death. For

he had already known everything regarding Fimah J from his wife Asm
bint Umays J. Likewise, even if we agree that Al I had performed her
alt al-Janzah then also it does not in any way suggest that Ab Bakr I
did not lead the people therein. Hence, there is no contradiction between the
narrations that establish that Ab Bakr I led her alt al-Janzah and this
narration, on condition we are cognisant of piety and impartiality.
Giving Preference To One of The Two Types of Narrations

The experts of adth have set out certain rules wherefrom the credibility or
invalidity, acceptance or rejection and the selection of one of the conflicting
narrations and the Akhbr al-d2, can be determined.
I shall present some of these rules ahead and I implore all the readers to apply
them. These rules are mentioned with much more detail in the books of adth
and fiqh.
1. Al-Khab al-Baghdd has made mention of two rules in his book al-
Kifyah. He writes:
1 Fat al-Br, 7: 397: battle of Khaybar.

2 Narrations reported by one narrator only, its singular is Khabar Wid.
148
Any Khabar Wid which contradicts rational reasoning, the categorical
verses of the Qurn, or a widespread and well-known sunnah, or any
action that is equivalent to a sunnah and any undeniable evidence will not
be accepted.1
2. Al-Khab al-Baghdd has mentioned another rule as well under the

chapter regarding the acceptance and rejection of Akhbr al-d. He
states:
Every Khabar Wid that is supported by rational reasoning, the Qurn,

authentic traditions, consensus of the ummah or sound evidence the
validity of which is certain, if contradicted by another narration, then
it will be necessary to practice upon it and discard the narration that
is contradicting it. For practicing upon the well-known narration is
incumbent in all conditions.2
After analysing these two principles one can decide between the two
diverse types of narrations that had passed in the previous pages. One
type comprises of those six narrations that suggest that Ab Bakr I
had performed the alt al-Janzah of Fimah J, and the other is those
narrations in which it is stated that Al I had performed her alt al-
Janzah and buried her by night without informing Ab Bakr I.
The narrations that conform to the widespread and well-known sunnah

will be worthy of selection over those narrations that do not conform to it.
In this regard the sunnah has always been that the khalfah of the Muslims
was the one most deserving of leading the alt al-Janzah. Therefore
1 Kitb al-Kifyah p. 432, chapter regarding the acceptance and rejection of Akhbr al-d.
2Kitb al-Kifyah p. 434, chapter regarding the acceptance and rejection of Akhbr al-d
149
those narrations that conform to this are to be accepted and those that do
not are to be rejected.
It becomes obvious that Ab Bakr I had performed the alt al-Janzah

of Fimah J for it was solely his right. He had displayed splendid
conduct with the children of Rasl Allah H at all times.
3. Similarly another point that is worth noting here is that although all the
narrations that establish that Ab Bakr I had performed the alt al-
Janzah are Khabar Wid narrated through the transmission of just a
few narrators, and therefore only give the benefit of an (assumption)
however when coupled with the practice of the ummah and specifically
the practice of the Ban Hshim these very narrations reach the level of
Shuhrah (commonness and popularity) and are hence give the benefit of
certainty. The contention thus of Al I performing her alt al-Janzah
and burying her by night is totally dissolved.
4. Al-Zuhr is the only narrator who reports the absence of Ab Bakr I

from the funeral of Fimah J and not being aware of her death. This
is his mere assumption which is not supported by the view or the report
of any ab. Instead the report of the abah who were present is
contrary to that as narrated by Ibn Abbs L. Therefore the latter will
be given preference over the former.
The Importance of the Narration of Ibn Abbs

I had presented six narrations regarding Ab Bakr I leading the alt al-
Janzah of Fimah J. Three of the six are the Mursal narrations of Ibrhm
al-Nakha and mir al-Shab. They both are reliable and sound narrators of the
Tbin, those who succeeded the abah. Their Mursal narrations are given the
position of marf narrations because of their high calibre. To the extent that in
the books of fiqh it is mentioned that at times an Mursal narration is selected
over a marf one (when the narrators of the former are authentic and those of
150
the latter lesser in credibility). It should be noted that mir al-Shab had met Al
I1 and that makes his Mursal narration even more strong. I had then presented
the Mursal reports of Imm Muammad al-Bqir and Imm Al Zayn al-bidn
both of who are acclaimed and reliable personalities according to both, the Ahl
al-Sunnah and the Shah, then their narrations are accepted without doubt.
Lastly I had presented the marf narration of Ibn Abbs L.2 Before I came
across this narration of Ibn Abbs L I had relied completely upon the previous
five narrations. Now that I have learnt of it I find that, due to it, our argument in
this regard gains much more strength. This is for the following reasons:
1. Ibn Abbs L was the cousin of Rasl Allah H and he was a ab

as well. He was fifteen years of age back then.
2. His position of being a ab is sufficient for his credibility, however

together with that he was from the Ban Hshim as well, and being from
the Ban Hshim, he obviously had more information of the happenings
at that time.
3. He cannot be discredited by saying that he was an adversary of the Ahl al-

Bayt, because the Shah have displayed their reliance and trust upon his
piety, reliability and vastness of knowledge in their classical and primary
sources. I will cite two quotations from their sources so that the position
of Ibn Abbs L becomes crystal clear before us:
i. Ab Jafar al-s, commonly known as Shaykh al-ifah, has

mentioned the following in his Aml:
()

1 See Mustadrak al-kim 4/365

2 The narration appears with its complete chain of transmission in ilyat al-Awliy of Ab Nuaym
al-Ifahn.
151
Ibn Abbs said: I always accompanied Al in the manner
Rasl Allah H had instructed me and stressed upon me
to love him. And according to me this is my greatest deed.1
ii. Similarly the following has been mentioned in the very same source
as well:
Ibn Abbs L mentions: Al dispensed knowledge to me, and

his knowledge was sourced from Rasl Allah H, and the
knowledge of Rasl Allah H was from above the Arsh, the
mighty throne of Allah. So the knowledge of Nab H was from
Allah E and the knowledge of Al was from Nab H and
my knowledge was derived from Al. 2
Hence Ibn Abbs L is an accepted personality according to both sects.

Maymn Ibn Mahrn had heard adth from him (he narrates this particular
narration from Ibn Abbs L and the narration is therefore consistent.3
The only reason this is being mentioned here is that this is an answer to a
question that might be lingering in the minds of many people (i.e. is the narration
authentic or not). All praise belongs to Allah, Who inspired me to write on
this issue in detail. This is the last issue I have presented before we move in to the
next section.
1 Aml of Shaykh al-s 1/104

2 Aml of Shaykh al-s 1/11
3 For further details refer to al-Trkh al-Kabr of Imm al-Bukhr, vol. 4, Aml of Shaykh al-s
2/104; there many narrations therein that show that Maymn had met Ibn Abbs L.
152
Chapter Two
In the first part of the iddq section the majority of the discussions were centred
on Fimah J. In the second part I wish to expound on two topics:
1. Al I had immediately pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr I
just like all the other abah and had accepted the khilfah of
Ab Bakr I, He had accepted him to be the rightful successor of
Raslullh H.
2. Al I would perform his five times daily alh in the masjid

behind Ab Bakr I. He would not read his prayers by himself
nor would he form his own congregation to perform them.
I have thereafter brought a chapter titled summary and conclusion. In

this chapter I have presented the crux of this entire part whereupon it will
culminate.
Both these discussions will make one realise that there existed no enmity and
hatred amongst these pious bondsmen of Allah. They supported one another
and had unity and love amongst themselves. They were the epitomes of Ruam
Baynahum.
153
154
Al Pledging Allegiance to Ab Bakr
Narrations That Establish the Bayah

Al I had pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr I after the demise of Raslullh
H without any delay, i.e. he had pledged allegiance to him within three
days from the death of Raslullh H. The claims that Al I had not
pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr I at all, or that he only pledged allegiance to
Ab Bakr I six months after the demise of Fimah J, or that he had
because of being coerced by others outwardly pledged allegiance without any
willingness from his side; are erroneous. These claims are contrary to reality and
are the result of the additions of some of the narrators. Furthermore, those who
have raised these claims have dramatized them a great deal before popularising
them among the people.
Ahead I shall present before you a few narrations that appear in the books of
adth and the books of history. These narrations have been cited by the scholars
in substantiation of the immediate bayah of Al I.
fi Ibn Kathr has presented the forthcoming narrations in his book al-Bidyah
wa al-Nihyah:
1 .1
....

.
155
All the abah, including Al and al-Zubayr, had unanimously accepted
the khilfah of Ab Bakr. The proof of this is the narration cited by Imm
al-Bayhaq which reads as follows:
Ab Sad al-Khudr narrates that after the demise of Raslullh H

the people had convened at the residence of Sad ibn Ubdah. Amongst
them were Ab Bakr and Umar as well. A person from the Anr stood
up and said, Do you realise that the Rasl of Allah H was from
the Muhjirn, and we were his Anr, supporters, therefore, we shall
be the supporters of his successor as well. Umar thereupon stood up
and remarked, Behold! Your speaker has spoken the truth. If you (the
Anr) said anything other than this we would never have pledged
allegiance to you. He then held the hand of Ab Bakr and said, Here
is your companion! So pledge your allegiance to him. Hence, Umar
pledged his allegiance to him and so did the Muhjirn and the Anr.
Ab Bakr then came to the masjid settled on the pulpit and glanced
at the congregation. He did not find al-Zubayr. He thus called for him.
Al-Zubayr came. Ab Bakr said to him, You are the son of the aunt of
Raslullh and his close companion, do you intend to destroy the unity
of the Muslims? He responded, O Khalfah of Raslullh! I am not to
be reproached (for I have come to pledge my allegiance). He thereafter
stood up and pledged his allegiance to Ab Bakr I. Ab Bakr again
gazed at the congregation and did not find Al. He summoned him, and
when he came, said to him, You are the son of the uncle of Raslullh
and his son-in-law, do you wish to destroy the unity of the Muslims?
Al said, O Khalfah of Raslullh! I am not to be reproached. He then
stood up and pledged his allegiance to Ab Bakr.1
2 .2
()
.
1 Al-Sunan al-Kubr 8/143, chapter regarding fighting the rebels; al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-Salaf, p. 178;
al-Bidyah 5/249; Kanz al-Umml 2/131.
156
Ab Al al-fi al-Nspr mentions: I heard Muammad ibn Isq ibn
Khuzaymah say, Muslim ibn ajjj al-Qushayr came to me and asked me
about this narration, so I wrote it for him on a piece of paper and read it to
him. He remarked, This adth is as valuable as a camel of sacrifice. I said,
Instead it is as valuable as a bag filled with a hundred silver coins.1
3 .3
Imm Amad has cited a condensed version of this narration via the
transmission of Wuhayb.2
4 .4
Al-kim has cited the lengthy version of this narration in his Mustadrak
through the transmission of Wuhayb.3
The summary of the narration which appears in Mustadrak al-kim

is presented ahead:
Ab Sad al-Khudr reports that when Raslullh H passed away

the orators of the Anr stood up and one of them said, O Muhjirn!
When Raslullh H would send one of you as his governor (or his
representative to collect the zakh of the Muslims) then he would send
one of us with you as well. The khilfah, likewise, should be bilateral; a
leader from us and leader from you.
Ab Sad mentions that all the orators of the Anr spoke along the same
lines. Thereafter Zayd ibn Thbit stood up and said, Most certainly the
Rasl of Allah H was a Muhjir and the leader should thus be from the
1 Al-Sunan al-Kubr 8/143; al-Bidyah 5/249.

2 Musnad Amad, vol. 5, the chapter containing the consistent narrations of Zayd ibn Thbit; al-
Bidyah 5/249.
3Al-Bidyah 5/249; 6/302. This narration can be found in Mustadrak al-kim vol. 3 p. 76, under the
chapter regarding knowing the abah.
157
Muhjirn and just as we the Anr had supported him during his lifetime
we will support his successor as well. Ab Bakr thereupon stood up and
remarked, O the Anr! May Allah compensate you with good. Your speaker
Zayd ibn Thbit has given a good suggestion. He further added, we were not
going to enter into any sort of agreement had you suggested anything other
than this. Zayd ibn Thbit was the first to advance towards Ab Bakr and
pledge his allegiance. He said, This is your leader so pledge your allegiance
to him. after pledging their allegiance to Ab Bakr they all dispersed.
Ab Bakr had later ascended the pulpit. He could not spot Al at the time.
He therefore, asked about him. A few Anr had gone to the house of Al
and they brought him along. Ab Bakr said to him, You are the son of
the uncle of Raslullh H and his son-in-law. Do you want that the
unity of the Muslims be shattered? he replied, I am not to be reproached
(because I have presented myself to pledge allegiance).
Similarly he had enquired about the absence of Zubayr ibn al-Awwm. A

few people went and brought him along with them. Ab Bakr had likewise
said to him, You are the son of the aunt of Raslullh H and his close
associate! Do you want to shatter the unity of the Muslims? He replied
in the same way, O Khalfah of Raslullh! I am not to be reprimanded.
Thereafter they both pledged their allegiance to Ab Bakr.1
5 .5
.
Ibn Kathr mentions: This narration has reached us through the

transmission of al-Mumil. He narrates from al-Qsim from Sad ibn al-
Musayyib from im from al-arr from Ab Narah from Ab Sad al-
Khudr. The content of the narration is just as the previous narration that
Al and al-Zubayr had pledged allegiance on the very same day.2
1 Mustadrak al-kim 3/76, chapter regarding knowing the abah; al-Sunan al-Kubr 8/143, chapter
regarding combating the rebels; Kanz al-Umml 3/131.
2 Kanz al-Umml 3/137
158
:

.
Ibn Kathr states: This chain of transmission of al-Mumil is authentic

and preserved through the transmission of Ab Narah al-Mundhir ibn
Mlik ibn Qiah, the narrator from Ab Sad al-Khudr. In this narration
there is a very pertinent point; viz. Al had pledged allegiance to Ab
Bakr one or two days after the demise of Raslullh H. This is the
truth in this regard. Al did not remain aloof from Ab Bakr at any time,
to the extent that he would not miss the five times daily prayers with him.
Similarly Al had accompanied Ab Bakr when he waged war against the
people of Dh al-Qaah when they had denounced the faith of Islam.1
6 .6

. .
Ms ibn Uqbah has mentioned in his Maghz (battles fought in Islam):

My father informed me that his father, Abd al-Ramn ibn Awf, was with
Muammad ibn Maslamah and Umar. Muammad ibn Maslamah took
hold of the sword of Zubayr and broke it (so as to prevent pandemonium).
Ab Bakr then addressed the people, begged their pardon and said,
O people I had never desired leadership for myself; not a single day
and not a single night, nor had I sought it openly or clandestinely. The
Muhjirn conceded what he said. Al and Zubayr remarked, We were
only disillusioned because our advice was not sought.2 Most certainly we
1 Al-Bidyah 5/246-248
2 Note:- The words we were only disillusioned because our advice was not sought ostensibly appears to
be very harsh; and might hint that a grievous conflict had ensued. All I would want to say is that by doing
an all-encompassing study of the narrations related to a particular event, a person will realise that many a
times in some narrations/versions of the event there will be somewhat exaggeration added by a narrator.
159
consider Ab Bakr the most apt person for leadership. He is the companion
of the cave, the second of the two and Raslullh H had ordered him
to lead the congregation in prayer during his lifetime.1
fi Ibn Kathr while commenting of this narration mentions:
This is what is behoving of Al I and is supported by many a

narrations that inform us of his performance of prayers with
Ab Bakr I, going out with him to Dh al-Qaah (to fight the
This is exactly what has happened in this narration of Ab Sad. The cause being that in all the other
narrations beside the narration of Ab Sad the words we were only dejected do not feature. This
shows that one of the narrators of this particular narration has related this in his own words.
It is beyond doubt that Al I was not present at Saqfah Ban Sidah where the abah had
convened and elected the khalfah. And for Al I to be dejected because of not being part of this
great occurrence is not far-fetched; rather it is absolutely normal. This was a misunderstanding that
had transpired due to their divergence in opinion which is not condemned at all by the people of
understanding and knowledge. Furthermore, this conflict had been resolved when Al I pledged
his allegiance to Ab Bakr I within one or two days from his appointment as the khalfah. The
narrators have portrayed this minor conflict to be an outrageous one, whereas in actual fact it is not.
The narration itself tells us that Al I considered Ab Bakr I to be most deserving of the khilfah
and that he had expounded upon the reasons for his worthiness as well. This is unequivocal evidence
of the fact that this was a short-lived dispute and that it had not engendered enmity between them.
Hypothetically speaking, the scholars also mention that disconcertion is of two types: 1) caused
because of love and 2) engendered because of hate. The second type does not require any explanation.
However, the first one usually occurs when a friend does something against the desire of his friend
or unexpected by him. This is exactly what had happened in the incident of the election of Ab
Bakr as the khalfah; Al and Zubayr L had not expected the abah to go ahead with such an
important issue without their presence because of their intimate relationship with one another. Their
disconcertion was on this basis and not on the basis of hatred.
1 Mustadrak al-kim 3/66, al-Sunan al-Kubr 8/152-153, al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-Salaf p. 179, al-Bidyah
5/250; 6/302.
160
renegades) after the demise of Raslullh H, dispensing sound
advice to Ab Bakr and engaging in consultation with him.1
After presenting these six narrations I shall now present before you a
narration that appears in Ansb al-Ashrf of Amad ibn Yay al-Baldhur.
This narration proves in no uncertain terms that Al I had immediately
pledged allegiance:
Al and Zubayr had remained aloof from Ab Bakr when the people had
pledged their allegiance to him. He sent Umar ibn al-Khab and Zayd ibn
Thbit toward them. They came to the house of Al and knocked on the
door. Zubayr had a brief look and said to Al, these are man of paradise
and it does not behove us to show resistance against them. He said, allow
them in. Thereafter Al and Zubayr accompanied them and came to Ab
Bakr. Ab Bakr addressed Al and said, You are the cousin of Raslullh
H and his son-in-law and you might therefore be thinking that you
are most deserving of this matter. By the oath of Allah I have more right
than you in this regard. He responded, I should not be reproached, O
Khalfah of Raslullh! Proffer your hand so that I may pledge allegiance.
Ab Bakr extended his hand and he pledged his allegiance. He thereafter
said to Zubayr, you might be saying that I am the cousin of Raslullh, his
intimate associate and his horseman, therefore, I have a greater right in
this matter. He replied, there should be no blame upon me, O Khalfah of
Raslullh! Extend your hand. He thus extended his hand after which he
pledged his allegiance.2
1 Al-Bidyah 6/302, under the events of the 11 A.H.

2 Ansb al-Ashrf 1/585.
161
All these narrations unequivocally establish that Al I had pledged his
allegiance to Ab Bakr I immediately after his election as the khalfah. As for
some narrations that indicate that he had only done so after six months, those
are the assumptions of the narrators and are against shear reality. Again we shall
notice that in all the narrations that establish his immediate bayah, Ibn Shihb
al-Zuhr does not feature anywhere. In the very same vein, all the narrations that
suggest that he had only pledged allegiance six months later are narrated only
through the transmission of al-Zuhr. This will be elucidated in much depth in
the fourth coming pages. The readers should take cognisance of this aspect.
I would like to mention here that the narration of Ms ibn Uqbah which was
cited earlier has been cited verbatim by the renowned Sh scholar, Ibn Ab al-
add in his commentary of Nahj al-Balghah. He writes:

. ...
Al and al-Zubayr said: We were only disillusioned because our opinion

was not sought. And we assert that Ab Bakr is the most deserving of it;
he is the companion of the cave. We concede his seniority in age And
Raslullh H had instructed him to lead the alh during his lifetime.1
The gist of all the narrations is that Al I had, within one or two days of
the demise of Raslullh H, pledged his allegiance to Ab Bakr I and
that he had done so conceding his superiority. He had definitely not delayed the
pledge till six months.
A Few More Narrations
There many other narrations pertaining to the bayah of Al I. Some of them

indicate that he had immediately pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr I, and
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah 1/154, discussion regarding Saqfah and the dispute of the people after the
death of Rasl Allah H.
162
others indicate that he had delayed his pledge initially and then within two days
pledged allegiance. I shall present one narration from each of the two types of
narrations very briefly by way of illustration.
1. Ibn Jarr al-abar has mentioned the following in his book Trkh al-
abar:
abb ibn Ab Thbit narrates: Al was at home when he was informed

that Ab Bakr was sitting to accept the bayah of the people. Hence, he
very quickly emerged from his house with nothing but a long garb in order
not to delay in pledging allegiance, hence, he pledged his allegiance to Ab
Bakr and subsequently sat in his gathering. He then asked for his additional
clothing to be brought, clad himself with them and remained seated.1
It is unequivocally established from this narration that Al I had not

delayed whatsoever in pledging allegiance to Ab Bakr I.
2. Some narrations mention that Al I was immersed in the compilation

of the glorious Qurn and hence was unable to pledge his allegiance
immediately. This narration has been cited in al-Istb of Ibn Abd al-Barr.
It reads as follows:
When Ab Bakr was nominated as the khalfah, Al delayed in pledging his

allegiance to him. Consequently, Ab Bakr sent for him and said, What is
1 Trkh Ibn Jarr al-abar 3/201, chapter regarding Saqfah.
163
it that is keeping you behind from pledging your allegiance to me? Are you
uneasy about my leadership? Al said, I am not disgruntled because of
your leadership, however I have taken an oath not to wear my shawl till I
do not compile the entire Qurn1 but with the exception of alh.2
This narration indicates that he had delayed in giving his bayah because of being
preoccupied in the compilation of the Qurn. Hypothetically speaking, if we
deem the narration of the compilation of the Qurn to be credible then too can
we reconcile between it and the previous narration. And that is in the following
manner: Al I had initially, after the demise of Raslullh H, assumed
that the compilation of the Qurn and its preservation is the need of the hour,
later, when brought to his attention, he realised that pledging allegiance is of
greater pertinence, and ultimately joined all the other abah M in pledging
allegiance. This is understood from other versions of this narration, for it is stated
therein that he then proceeded towards Ab Bakr and pledged his allegiance.
1 The following is for the attention of the scholars. This narration ostensibly is inharmonious with the
other narrations that I have presented regarding the bayah. It should be noted that: this narration is
mostly narrated by Ibn Srn. Al-Suy has, with reference to Ibn ajar, stated the following regarding
this narration in his book al-Itqn:
Ibn ajar has mentioned: This narration is unauthentic because of its inconsistency. And
the meaning would be preserving it in his bosom, if we deem it to be authentic.
This narration is also narrated through the transmission of Ikrimah. However it is inconsistent as
well because Ikrimah did not meet Al I as is stated by Ibn Ab tim al-Rz in his book Kitb
al-Marsl, p. 101.
Ibn ajar has likewise made mention of this judgement of Ibn Ab tim in his book al-Tahdhb; he has
cited it under the biography of Ikrimah.
In conclusion, the consistent and authentic narrations in this regard are to be given preference over
the unauthentic and inconsistence ones.
2 Al-Istb vol. 2; Al-Ibah 2/244.
164
Answering the False Allegations of the Shah
In this chapter I shall try to reconcile between all the narrations regarding the
bayah, or I shall give preference to some over the other in a very concise manner.
There will therefore, be many scholarly terminologies used which will be beyond
the understanding of the commonality. Hence, I hope that the discussion is not
a cause of boredom for them. It is as though this chapter is exclusively for the
scholars. Anything which is against thorough research and is worthy of being
corrected should be brought to my attention. Remember me in your supplications
as well.
In the previous chapter it had been established through various narrations that
Al I had immediately pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr I. In this regard the
narrations of al-Sunan al-Kubr of al-Bayhaq, Mustadrak of al-kim, the Trkh
of Ibn Jarr al-abar, and al-Bidyah of Ibn Kathr, etc., had been presented. That
was the positive angle to the discussion. The negative impression cast upon it are
the narrations alluding that Al I did not pledge allegiance for a while after
the demise of the Rasl H. Therefore, it is pivotal for us now to identify
the reliable narrations from the unreliable ones. Are these narrations authentic
or not? If not then they are to be discarded; and if they are authentic then what
should their correct interpretation be, and what position do they hold in light of
the rules of adth criticism.
A few aspects will be presented in light of the explanations of the leading scholars.
After studying them I hope that this entire issue will become totally clear.
From amongst the narrations that reject the immediate bayah, the narrations
which state that Al I did not pledge allegiance as long as Fimah J
was alive i.e. six months are of crucial importance. Furthermore, in some
narrations it is stated that none of the Ban Hshim had also pledged their
allegiance to Ab Bakr I. Hence, it would be apt to firstly clear the contention
around these narrations.
165
The narrations that suggest that the bayah took place after six months appear
in the following books: al-Bukhr vol. 2, Muslim vol. 2, Musnad Ab Awnah vol. 4,
al-Sunan al-Kubr, Trkh Ibn Jarr al-abar vol. 3 (under the discussion of Saqfah),
Ansb al-Ashrf vol. 1, and many other books as well. The link of Ibn Shihb al-Zuhr
is found in each of the chains of transmission of the narrations which appear in
the above quoted references. By contemplating over these narrations one comes
to realise that additions had been made in them by some of the narrators. One
such addition is the aspect of Al I not pledging allegiance as long as Fimah
J was alive. And in some narrations it is mentioned to this extent that none
of the Ban Hshim pledged allegiance as well. These narrations are presented
below:
1 .1
1
.
2
. 2 .2
3
. 3 .3
4 .4
4
.
The crux of all the above quoted narrations is that Al I had reunited with
Ab Bakr I and pledged allegiance to him only after the demise of Fimah
J and that was six months after the demise of the Rasl H. The Ban
Hshim had likewise not pledge their allegiance in this period.
Contemplate over the wording of the different variations of the incident. The
texts quoted above are portions from the narration of ishah J. Whilst the
1 Al-Bukhr, vol. 2, at the end of the discussion of Khaybar; Muslim, vol. 2, chapter regarding the ruling
of Fay.
2 Ansb al-Ashrf, 1/586.
3 Trkh Ibn Jarr: Discussion of Saqfah; Musnad Ab Awnah, 4/142.
4 Al-Sunan al-Kubr, 6/300: chapter regarding the distribution of Fay and Ghanmah.
166
narrator (al-Zuhr) is narrating the narration he is asked a question to which he
responds from his own side and says, no, nor did any of the Ban Hshim pledge
allegiance in those six months. This is most certainly not the words of ishah
J. This is the assumption of the narrator and his addition. There is a distinct
difference between he said and she said. There is no need for any other proof
in this regard.
The only difference between the variations of al-Bukhr and Muslim and the other
sources viz. Musnad Ab Awnah, Trkh al-abar, al-Sunan al-Kubr, etc., is that in
the former the words a person said to al-Zuhr or I said to al-Zuhr have been
omitted due to the narrator wanting to condense the narration; and in the latter
these words are explicitly mentioned which make it clear in no uncertain terms
that the aspect of the delayed bayah is the assumption of al-Zuhr.
In Muslim (vol. 2), there are many things worth noting regarding al-Zuhr. Making
mention of them will prove fruitful. These are presented ahead.
1. In Muslim in the chapter regarding Wayah (bequests) we find an addition

made by al-Zuhr in the narration. It reads as follows:

.....
Sad said, Rasl H came to visit me
The concluding words of the narration are worth noticing:
He said, Rasl Allah H lamented over him because he passed away

in Makkah.
Imm al-Nawaw while commentating on this adth in his commentary

of a Muslim states:
167
.
This is the statement of the narrator and not part of the actual tradition
of the Rasl H.
Thereafter he has mentioned the variant opinions of the scholars as to

who is this narrator and subsequently he states:
Q Iy has stated that most scholars are of the opinion that this is the
speech of al-Zuhr.1
2. Another aspect worthy of mention is that Imm Muslim in Kitb al-Aymn wa

al-Nudhr has stated that Ibn Shihb al-Zuhr at times exclusively narrates
traditions with very high chains of transmission; no other narrator co-
narrates them with him. These are the comments of Imm Muslim:
( ) ( )

.
Imm Muslim states, this portion (come) is not narrated by anyone

besides al-Zuhr. He narrates plus minus ninety narrations exclusively
with sound chains of transmission without any other narrator.2
3. In Muslim (vol. 2), chapter regarding the merits of Rasl Allah H:
subchapter regarding the names of Rasl Allah H the following

narration appears:
1 Muslim ( publication of Nr Muammady), 4/40: Kitb al-Wayah

2 Muslim, vol. 2, Kitb al-Aymn wa al-Nudhr: prohibition of taking an oath in the name of anyone
other than Allah.
168

.
I am Muammad, Amad, M, the one through who Allah will dispel

disbelief, shir, the one after who all will be resurrected, and qib, the
one after who there shall be no prophet.
In the third variation of this narration it is mentioned:
He said, I asked al-Zuhr, what is al-qib? he replied, the one after who
there is no nab.1
The Ulam have classified this as the addition of al-Zuhr. Allmah Al-
Sy has stated the following in his commentary of Muwaa al-Imm
Mlik (vol. 3) under this particular narration:
Al-qib; the one after who there is no nab, this is the statement of al-
Zuhr.2
These few aspects that have been highlighted are only from Muslim. Some scholars
have proven the additions of al-Zuhr in al-Bukhr as well.
Should a person require more satisfaction in this regard he should refer to the
detailed discussion on Fadak. There I have presented few points regarding Ibn
Shihb al-Zuhr from several sources such as al-Trkh al-Kabr of Imm al-Bukhr,
1 Muslim, 2/261, chapter regarding the merits of Rasl Allah H: subchapter regarding the names
of Rasl Allah H.
2 Tanwr al-lik (Egyptian publication), 3/163.
169
Fat al-Mughth of al-Sakhw, al-Faqh wa al-Mutafaqqih of al-Khab al-Baghdd,
etc.
It is clearly understood from the above details that the aspect of Al I pledging
allegiance only six month after the demise of the Rasl H is not part of the
actual narrations, rather it is an addition made by Ibn Shihb al-Zuhr.
Now remains the issue of whether the scholars of adth have accepted this
assumption and addition of al-Zuhr or have they critically analysed it and
rejected it.
I pray that the readers will support the truth after studying the forth coming
details.
The Addition of al-Zuhr in Light of the Views of the Scholars of adth
A large number of scholars have classified this particular addition of al-Zuhr to

be weak and thus worth being discarded. Hence, I present before you the views of
the various scholars in this regard:
1. Imm al-Bayhaq has stated the following in his epic work al-Sunan al-
Kubr (vol. 6):
The statement of al-Zuhr regarding Al not pledging his allegiance to

Ab Bakr till the demise of Fimah is inconsistent. And the narration of
Ab Sad al-Khudr in which mention is made of his immediate pledge is
sounder.1
Note:- The narration of Ab Sad al-Khudr I to which reference is

being made in the text above has already been cited in the first chapter
1 Al-Sunan al-Kubr, 6/308: chapter regarding the distribution of Fay and Ghanmah.
170
on the authority of al-Bidyah, Mustadrak, etc. Imm Muslim and Ibn
Khuzaymah have classified it as sound.
It should also be remembered that Imm al-Bayhaq has clarified this

matter in much more unequivocal terms in his book al-Itiqd. He has
stated therein that this statement of Ibn Shihb is inconsistent and it is
not part of the narration of ishah J. He writes:
And that which is narrated that Al had not given his bayah for six months
is not the statement of ishah J, rather it is the statement of al-Zuhr.
One of the narrators have included it as part of the narration of ishah
regarding the story of Fimah. And Mamar, on the hand, secured the
narration with all its details and clarified that this is the statement of al-
Zuhr which is totally separate from the narration of ishah. And we have
narrated the consistent narration of Ab Sad wherein it is mentioned that
he had given his bayah with everyone else after Saqfah.1
2. In Fat al-Br (vol. 7), the battle of Khaybar, fi Ibn ajar al-Asqaln
had stated the following:
Ibn ibbn and many other scholars have authenticated the narration of
Ab Sad al-Khudr in which mention is made of his immediate pledging
of allegiance. As for the narration which appears in Muslim which states
1 Al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-Salaf (Egyptian publication): p 180.
171
that someone said to al-Zuhr, Al did not pledge his allegiance till the
demise of Fimah? to which he responded by saying, No and nor did any
of the Ban Hshim. Imm al-Bayhaq has classified the narration as weak
because al-Zuhr has not narrated it with consistency thus the consistent
narration is sounder.1
3. fi al-Qasaln has stated verbatim what Ibn ajar al-Asqaln has

under the chapter pertaining to the Battle of Khaybar in his commentary
of al-Bukhr (8/158):

...
It is as if Qasaln has quoted Ibn ajar verbatim. This further means

that al-Bayhaq is not alone in his research. Rather the ulam of the later
centuries also concur with him in this regard.
1 Fat al-Br, 7/ 399. Note:- Ml Shams al-aq al-Afghn has stated the following:
:
. 1 .1
. 2 .2
3 .3
4 .4

The narration of Ab Sad al-Khudr is sounder due to these reasons:
1. Because it is consistent and the narration of al-Zuhr is inconsistent and the former
always takes precedence over the latter.
2. Because it is a statement of a ab and al-Zuhr is a junior Tbi. The Statement of
a ab naturally takes precedence.
3. Al had accepted the Immah of Ab Bakr in alh due to the order of the Rasl
H so why would he be tentative in accepting his khilfah?
4. After the assassination of Uthmn he had reluctantly accepted khilfah whereas

there was no one parallel to him in merit so why would he be desirous of it in the
presence of Ab Bakr?
Irshd al-Sr, 8/ 158 (translation same as above).
172
I shall now present the research of Mowln Fay bd which he has presented
in his famous book Muntah al-Kalm:
() 1 .1

The narrations of the abah that were present at that time will be take
preference over the narration of ishah. Due to the adth in which it is
stated that information is not equal to witnessing with the eye. It is obvious
that ishah J was definitely not present during that time.
Note:- This is a hypothetical answer based on the statements under

debate being the statements of ishah J.
2 .2

The narration regarding the bayah occurring after six months is basically
denying immediate bayah and the narrations of the various abah are
establishing it; it is an accepted rule that establishing something takes
precedence over its negation. Hence the narrations that establish the
immediate bayah will be accepted.
Note:- Mowln aydar Al is not the only person who has

expressed this view. fi Ibn Kathr has stated the exact same
under this discussion in al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah.1
3 .3

It is stated in many narrations that acknowledging the Imm of the time

and accepting his leadership is pivotal; whoever does not do so will die
1 Al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah, 5/286.
173
a death of ignorance. This supports the view that Al had not delayed in
giving his bayah (so that he does not become the direct recipient of this
warning).1
He concludes his discussion by making reference to the commentaries of Bukhr.

He says:
4 .4

The narration in which mention is made of the bayah occurring after six
months is narrated through the transmission of al-Zuhr. It is inconsistent
and thus weak and unworthy of being accepted. And the narration of
Ab Sad al-Khudr in which mention is made of Al and Zubayr pledging
allegiance immediately is consistent and thus sound and acceptable.
There remains no need after this explanation to say that he had pledged
his allegiance twice; initially discreetly and thereafter overtly after six
months.2
The Research of fi Ibn Kathr
After presenting the above cited references I find it to be of paramount importance

to cite a view of Ibn Kathr with regard to the issue of bayah. It is quite clear
in this regard. Although I had cited it before but I intend to cite it again at the
culmination of this discussion so that it may serve as a reminder for us:
1 Muntah al-Kalm, p 56.

2 Ibid, p 57.
174
Al had pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr either the first or second day after
the demise of the Rasl H; this is the sheer truth because he had not
parted from Ab Bakr at any time, not had he missed any alh behind Ab
Bakr as we will mention ahead. Similarly he had accompanied him to Dh
al-Qiah when he left with his sword unsheathed in order to combat those
who had denounced Islam.1
All this is unequivocal evidence of the fact that he had immediately pledged
allegiance to Ab Bakr I. He had not delayed whatsoever in doing so.
If hypothetically speaking we consider that he had not pledged immediate

allegiance to Ab Bakr I then why did he accompany him to fight and subdue
the renegades?
A Corroborative Narration
In the previous pages the answer to the six months narration was given in light
of the views of great Muaddithn and acclaimed scholars.
Ahead I present before you a narration of the ab Sad ibn Zayd I wherein
he very explicitly states that none of the abah had delayed in giving their
bayah to Ab Bakr I. This narration appears in the Trkh of Ibn Jarr al-
abar. It reads as follows:
!!

!
. !
Amr ibn urayth asked Sad ibn Zayd, Were you present at the demise
of the Rasl H? He said, Yes. He inquired, When was Ab Bakr
nominated as the khalfah of the Muslims after the demise of Rasl Allah
1 Al-Bidyah, 5/248-249, Discussion regarding Saqfah.
175
H? He said, The very day he passed on, because they disliked
staying even a portion of a day without unity. He further asked, Did
anyone oppose him? He said, no one save the renegades or those who
were on the verge of becoming renegades from amongst the Anr had
Allah not saved them. He lastly asked, Did any of the Muhjirn refuse to
pledge allegiance? He replied, No the Muhjirn had hastened in doing
so without him even telling them.1
The Benefits Derived from this Narration
1. Sad ibn Zayd was a ab and was present at the time of the demise of
Rasl Allah H.
2. The abah had not delayed in giving their bayah to Ab Bakr I.
3. The abah were not ready to spend a day without a leader (let alone
delaying for a few months).
4. Besides those who had turned apostate everyone else had readily accepted
the khilfah.
5. Allah had saved the Anr from disunity.
6. All the Muhjirn had pledged their allegiance and none had hesitated in
doing so.
7. This narration supports the narration of Ab Sad al-Khudr I in which

mention is made of the immediate bayah of Al I.
A Few Narrations That Require Clarification
A few narrations which appear in sources other than the i al-Sittah (the
six canonical works in adth) suggest that the abah had burnt the house
of Fimah J. I shall first present one such narration by way of illustration.
Thereafter, I shall expound on a few aspects regarding the narration and its likes.
1 Trkh Ibn Jarr, 3/ 201, Discussion regarding Saqfah.
176
And this will be the culmination of the second chapter. The narration reads as
follows:
Umar came to the house of Al and alah, al-Zubayr and a few Muhjirn
were there. He exclaimed, by the oath of Allah if you do not give your
bayah I shall set fire to this house. Zubayr thus advanced towards him
with his sword unsheathed after which he slipped and the sword fell from
his hand. Hence, they jumped upon him and caught him.
What Mowln aydar Al has mentioned in Muntah al-Kalm is very apt

regarding this narration and its likes. He states:
All these accusations are levelled by the Jews of an and the fire
worshipers of Iran for the pain allegedly caused by al-Frq. And they
have long been sowing the seeds of animosity in their hearts. Soon you
will learn that Umar was immediately ready to support Ab Bakr when he
demanded to discipline those who had withheld their zakh so that they
pay it and he realised that what Ab Bakr was demanding was the truth. So
what do you think the reaction of the ascetic members of the Ahl al-Bayt
ought to be upon the appointment of Ab Bakr?1
Furthermore it should be remembered that:
1. This type of narrations has been found to be Shdh2 in its content and
inconsistent in its chain of transmission. Thus these narrations are to
1 Muntah al-Kalm, p 53.

2 A narration the narrator of which opposes the narrations of those who are better than him in
preservation of adth.
177
be discarded when opposed by narrations which have consistent chains
of transmission, e.g. Zayd ibn Aslam and his father Aslam or Ziyd ibn
Kulayb, few of the links in the chain of transmission, were not present
at that time. Similarly, Ibn umayd, the narrator of this narration, was
notorious liar.
2. These narrations are against sound narrations and the rule regarding such
is the following:
Every Khabar Wid1 tradition upon the soundness and authenticity of

which there is evidence from rational reasoning, Qurn, confirmed
authentic narrations, consensus of the ummah or any other sound
evidence, if opposed by another narration, the latter will be discarded and
the former will take precedence.2
3. Regarding all these narrations what Allmah Fakhr al-Dn al-Rz has
mentioned in his al-Arban should also be remembered. He states:
The evidence that we have presented regarding the rightfulness of the

khilfah of Ab Bakr is concrete and the accusations that you have made
mention of is a mere possibility. And that which is concrete cannot be
opposed by that which is just a possibility.3
4. The ulam have mentioned a golden principle regarding all such

narrations that deal with the disputes of the abah. Mull Al al-Qr has
1 A tradition which is narrated by 1, 2, 3 or a limited group of people.

2 Al-Khab al-Baghdd, al-Kifyah, p 434.
3 Al-Arban, p 464.
178
made mention of this with reference to Ibn Daqq al-d in his commentary
of al-Fiqh al-Akbar:

-
) (-
Ibn Daqq al-d has mentioned is his Aqdah that the narrations which
discuss the disputes amongst the abah; amongst them some are
pure lies and hence should not be given any importance. Whatever is
authentic should be interpreted with descent interpretations because
Allahs commendation of the abah takes preference. And whatever has
been conveyed to us occurred afterwards and is open to interpretation.
Therefore, that which is established and is concrete cannot be obliterated
because of that which is doubtful and reprehensive.1
Narrations that Corroborate the Immediate Bayah

In the third section, I intend to present those narrations that support the
immediate bayah of Al I. In these narrations mention is made of the manner
in which he conducted himself. After analysing them it will make utterly manifest
that Al I had pledged allegiance within one or two days. He had not delayed
much in doing so, just as it will become evident that there existed amongst them
piety, godliness and healthy relations.
I will suffice on making mention of the narrations along with their translations.
There should be no need for further elaboration.
1. Narration one:
1 Shar al-Fiqh al-Akbar, 87-88.
179
Al left his home to pledge allegiance to Ab Bakr. He heard some of the
Anr talking about the bayah. He thus remarked, Who from amongst
you is bold enough to push aside the person whom the Rasl H had
put forward? Sad ibn al-Musayyib says, Al said that which none of
them had said.1
2. Ibn Abd al-Barr al-Qurub has cited a very similar narration in his book
al-Tamhd. Unfortunately I was unable to procure a full copy of the book.
However, I shall suffice on making reference to it from his other work al-
Istb. He states:

-

.
( )
Qays states that Al said to him, the Rasl H remained ill for a several
days towards the end of his life. Whenever the adhn would be called out
for alh he would say, instruct Ab Bakr to lead the congregation in
prayer! When he passed on I thought to myself that alh is a symbol of
Islam and a means of the establishment of dn. I thus was pleased for my
worldly matters with the one whom the Rasl H was pleased with for
my dn. Hence, I pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr.2
3. Narration three:
Ab al-Jaf narrates that when the people had given their bayah to Ab
Bakr he stood up amongst them and said, O people I have relinquished
1 Ab lib al-Ashr, Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq, p. 50; Kanz al-Umml, 3/141: narrations no. 2342.
2 Al-Istb, 2/ 242: mention of Ab Bakr al-iddq.
180
the leadership that you have accorded me. Thereupon Al remarked, we
do not accept your abdication and nor will we ever demand that from you!
Rasl H put you forward in alh so who is there who can hinder your
leadership.1
4. Narration Four:
Zayd ibn Al narrates from his fathers that Ab Bakr one day stood upon
the pulpit of the Rasl H and announced, is there anyone who
despises my leadership, (he should come forward) so that I my excuse
him. He repeated this thrice. Al thus remarked, by the oath of Allah, we
will never dismiss you nor will we ever demand that from you. Can anyone
possibly push you aside when the Rasl of Allah has put you forward?2
5. Ab lib al-Ashr has narrated the coming narration with its chain of
transmission:

-
.
Abd al-Ramn Ibn Ab Bakrah states that Al came to visit him when
he had taken ill. He said, the Rasl H passed away and Ab Bakr
was nominated as the khalfah. I pledged allegiance at his hands and
was satisfied. Then Ab Bakr passed on and Umar was appointed as the
khalfah. I pledged allegiance to him as well and was pleased. Thereafter
he passed on and left the issue of khilfah pending upon the decision of the
1 Ansb al-Ashrf, 1/587; Riy al-Nairah, 1/226.

2 Kanz al-Umml, 3/140.
181
shr after which Uthmn was appointed as the khalfah. Hence, I pledged
my allegiance to him and was pleased.1
6. Narration six:
Qays ibn Ubdah states that Al said, by the oath of the being who split the
seed and created the soul, had the Rasl H promised me succession
after his demise I would have fought for it and would not have allowed Ab
Bakr to step upon this pulpit of his (the Rasl H).2
7. After having studied these narrations one should also have a look at the
narration narrated from Al I at the Battle of Jamal:
It is narrated from Al that he said at the occasion of Jamal, Rasl H

had not bequeathed anything regarding leadership for us by means of
which we would be most deserving of it. Rather, it was something that
we decided by ourselves. If our decision was right then it was from Allah.
Hence, Ab Bakr was nominated as the khalfah, may Allahs mercy descend
upon him. He established dn and upon it did he practice. Thereafter, Umar
was appointed as the khalfah, may Allahs mercy descend upon him. He
likewise established dn and practiced upon it himself till it became firmly
grounded.3
1 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq, p. 5.

2 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq, p. 5; Kanz al-Umml, 3/141.
3 Musnad al-Imm Amad, 1/114: chapter regarding the narrations of Al; al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-
Salaf, p. 184; Kanz al-Umml, 3/141.
182
8. Narration eight:
Ibn Umar mentions that when Al took charge of the reigns of khilfah
a person came to him and asked, How did the Muhjirn evade you and
pledge allegiance to Ab Bakr when you hold more merit than him and
had surpassed him in many a things in the initial stages of Islam? He
)responded, had Allah not saved Amr al-Muminn (referring to himself
from slaying you he would have slayed you by now. If you are to live you will
definitely experience overwhelming fear from my side. May you be doomed
to destruction! Ab Bakr surpassed me in four feats which I was unable
to do nor was I able to match them with any other accomplishments: in
companionship in the cave, early migration, I accepted Islam in my childhood
whereas he accepted Islm in his old age and in establishment of alh.
9. Final narration :

...

183

.
asan mentions that when Al came to Barah to settle the contention

with alah and his people, Abd Allah ibn al-Kaww and Ibn Abbd
came to him and inquired, Inform us regarding this trip of yours. Is this
because the Rasl H had bequeathed to you (that you are the rightful
of khalfah) or had he promised that to you or is it just an opinion that
you deem to be appropriate when the ummah has fallen apart and its
unity has become shattered? He responded, I do not want to be the
first person to forge a lie against the Rasl H. By the oath of Allah
he did not die a sudden death nor was he assassinated. Whilst he was ill
whenever the muadh-dhin would come and inform him of alh he would
say, Instruct Ab Bakr to lead the people in alh. He knew my position
yet he did not instruct me. Had he promised me leadership I would have
protested for it Thereafter when the Rasl H passed on, the Muslims
deliberated their affairs; they thus saw that the Rasl H made Ab
Bakr in charge of their religious affairs so they gave him charge over their
worldly affairs. Hence, the Muslims pledged allegiance to him and so did I.
I would thereafter join military expeditions when he demanded and would
accept whatever bonuses he would grant me and I was his lash in carrying
out the penal laws of Islam. Had there been any favouritism at the time
of his death he would have kept it (leadership) exclusive to his children,
but he appointed Umar and he had not compromise (the well-being of
the Muslims in his decision). The Muslims pledged allegiance to him and
so did I. I would thereafter join military expeditions when he demanded
and would accept whatever bonuses he would grant me and I was his lash
in carrying out the penal laws of Islam. Had there been any favouritism
at the time of his death he would have kept it (leadership) exclusive to
his children. He did not appoint a specific person of the Quraysh to take
charge of the affairs of the ummah in order not to be taken to task if there
would be any injustice after his demise. Therefore, he chose six men from
amongst us, I was one among them, so that we may appoint a khalfah.
184
Abd al-Ramn ibn Awf relinquished his share on condition that we would
all give him the authority to choose the khalfah from the five that now
remained. We agreed. He, thereafter, held the hand of Uthmn and pledged
allegiance to him. I was a little disturbed by this but when I deliberated, I
realised that my agreement took precedence over being given the bayah.
Therefore, I pledged allegiance to him and submitted. I would thereafter
join military expeditions when he demanded and would accept whatever
bonuses he would grant me and I was his lash in carrying out the penal
laws of Islam. When Uthmn was martyred I contemplated again. I came
to the conclusion that the loyalty that I owed Ab Bakr and Umar was no
more required and that I had lived up to my agreement with Uthmn1
The Summary of all These Narrations
1. Ab Bakr was put forward by the Rasl of Allah H to lead the alh. It
was with this in mind that Al I said, Who can possibly push you aside
when the Rasl H has put you forward?
2. Al I said, We chose for our worldly affairs the person who the Rasl
H had chosen for our religious affairs, i.e. we accept him as our
leader.
3. When Ab Bakr I had, out of his humility, suggested that he relinquish

his position of leadership it was Al I who had not allowed him to do so.
4. These narrations also suggest that he had willingly pledged allegiance to

Ab Bakr Umar and Uthmn M. He had most certainly not been coerced
against his choice to pledge. The fact of the matter is that the lions of Allah
do not know what Taqiyyah (dissimulation) is.
5. It is also undeniably evident that he was an assistant and advisor during

khilfah of all three khulaf. He, himself, verbally and physically attested
to the consolidation and uplifting of dn during the reigns of the respected
khulaf.
1 Al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-Salaf, p. 193, 194; Kanz al-Umml, 6/82: chapter regarding Fitan.
185
Corroboration from Sh references
In conclusion to this section I wish to present before you a few references from
Sh sources that support the view of the immediate bayah of Al I. We the
Ahl al-Sunnah were always of the opinion. However, now the support of this view
from a Sh perspective is presented ahead.
Before we present the narrations, it should be noted that in order to harmonise

the narrations with their viewpoint, the Shah have interpreted the immediate
bayah of Al I, wherever it occurs in their sources, in different ways (despite
how farfetched it may be from the truth):
a. He was forced into pledging allegiance to Ab Bakr.
b. He had outwardly pledged allegiance though he despised it, just so

that the ummah is safe from dissent and in house fighting.
c. He had done so seeing it to be the only appropriate strategy in the

face of the difficulties that came his way at the time.
d. The immediate bayah transpired only in order to live up to the

agreement.
1. Narration 1:
....
They refused to pledge allegiance till the time when Amr al-Muminn was
forcefully brought and he pledged allegiance.1
2. Narration 2:
1 Fur al-Kf, 3/115, Kitb al-Rowah/Kitb al-Rowah of al-Kf, 2/ 85; Rijl al-Kashsh, p. 4, p. 12.
186
It was on this basis that Al kept his matter confidential and outwardly
pledged allegiance, because he did not have any supporters.1
1 Fur al-Kf, Kitb al-Rowah, 3/139, 2/179
For the benefit of the scholars I mention the following: To what extent is the claim of the Shah
that Al I had no support and assistance therefore he unwillingly pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr
I, correct? If we pass just a cursory glance through the books of Rijl of the Shah we will find the
following people to be shown as the supporters of Al I at that time:
From amongst the Ban Hshim there were many:
1. Aql ibn Ab lib

2. Abbs ibn Abd al-Mualib
3. Fal Ibn Abbs
4. Rabah ibn al-rith ibn Abd al-Mualib
5. Ab Sufyn ibn al-rith
6. Nowfal ibn al-rith
7. Sad ibn al-rith
There were other people of the Ban Hshim as well. I have presented a few names by way of
illustration.
From amongst the supporters of Al I besides the Ban Hshim the following names appear:
1. Ab Dhar al-Ghifr
2. Miqdd ibn al-Aswad
3. Ammr ibn Ysir
4. Salmn al-Fris
5. Usmah ibn Zayd
6. Ab al- ibn Rab
7. Khlid ibn Sad ibn al-
8. Buraydah ibn uayb
9. Zubayr ibn al-Awwm
10. Bar ibn zib
11. Ubay ibn Kab, etc.
As we can see, according to their own sources there was such a large group of supporters who
supported Al I. How can we then ever accept the statement that he had pledged allegiance
because of having no support? For further reference the scholars can refer to Majlis al-Muminn
(third section) and Trkh Yaqb Sh, 2/ 124 (chapter regarding Saqfah).
187
3. Al-Sayyid al-Murta Alam al-Hud, a famous Sh Mujtahid, has written
a book named: Kitb al-Shf. Ab Jafar al-s, also known as Shaykh al-
ifah, has abridged it. In the abridged version Shaykh al-ifah has
written the following:
He then stretched his hand and gave his bayah.1
4. The renowned Sh Mujtahid, Ab Manr Amad ibn Al al-abars, has

cited a narration on the strength of Imm Muammad al-Bqir in his
prominent book al-Itijj. It reads as follows:
When the letter reached Usmah he returned with all those who were
with him till they entered Madnah. When noticing that the people had
pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr he headed off to Al and asked, What is
this? This is what you see, was his response. Usmah further inquired,
Did you pledge allegiance to him? He said, Yes.2
5. Q Nr Allah Shstar has made mention of the following in his book

Majlis al-Muminn under Majlis no.3, under the mention of Khlid ibn
Sad:
Amr al-Muminn and the Ban Hshim had unwillingly pledged their
allegiance to Ab Bakr. They had placed their hands in his hand. Khlid and
his brothers had also pledged their allegiance in compliance with them.3
1 Kitb Talkh al-Shf, p 398-399.

2 Al-Itijj (published in Iraq), p50.
3 Majlis al-Muminn, Majlis no. 3: Mention of Khlid ibn Sad.
188
6. The noted Sh Mujtahid, al-Sayyid al-Murta Alam al-Hud, states in his
book al-Shf:
It is obvious that he had pledged allegiance in order to repulse evil and

avoid civil strife.1
7. Mirz Muammad Taq (also known as Lisn al-Mulk), a famous Sh

historian, has transmitted a letter of Al I the contents of which are
as follows:
Thereupon I headed toward Ab Bakr and pledged. I resolutely arose to

combat the different problems, till falsehood perished and the word of
Allah reigned supreme despite the detestation of the disbelievers. Hence,
Ab Bakr took charge. He followed the straight path, simplified things for
people, was always close to the truth and dealt with moderation. I thus
accompanied him as an advisor to him and obeyed him to the best of my
ability in all that in which he obeyed Allah.2
8. The comments of Al I cited in Nahj al-Balghah make this issue very

clear. The narrations goes as follows:
1 Kitb al-Shf, p. 209.

2 Nsikh al-Tawrkh, 3/532; Manr al-Hud (book written by Al al-Barn), 373: under the sermon
of Amr al-Muminn.
189
We were pleased with the decree of Allah and submitted before his
command. Do you think that I would forge a lie and attribute it to the Rasl
of Allah H. By the oath of Allah, I was the first to embrace his message
and hence will not be the first to lie against him. I contemplated over my
matter and concluded that, my submission to the khilfah predominated
my opportunity of leadership. And the pledge had already become
incumbent upon for someone else (Ab Bakr).1
Benefits of the Narration
There was satisfaction on the side of Al I with regard to the

leadership of Ab Bakr I.
This narration shows that all the narrations that inform us of him
being coerced, are baseless.
All those narrations that suggest that he had delayed his bayah
till six months are likewise unfounded. This is understood from
my submission to the khilfah predominated my opportunity of
leadership.
In the same vein, he had pledged allegiance based on the covenant

(of submission which was taken from the abah) and not due to
being compelled.
9. I present before you another narration which I came across which leaves us
without any doubt that he had willingly pledged allegiance. It is, however,
crucial to understand its background.
After the Battle of Jamal the party that was defeated convened and
regretted what they had done. They, thereafter, proceeded to Al I to
apologise and wished to say a few things. Al I stopped the speaker
and said the following:
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah (written by Ibn Maytham al-Barn), 2/93, 10/156; al-Durrah al-Najafyah,
p. 99.
190
() ...

.
Al said, You pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr and turned away from me.
I, thus, pledged allegiance to him, disliking shattering the unity of the
Muslims and severing their unity. Ab Bakr then left it (khilfah) in the
hands of Umar. And you very well knew that I was the closest to the Rasl
of Allah H and to the people after him. I, however, pledged allegiance
to him just as you had and lived up to my pledge. When he was martyred
he appointed me as the sixth of the six. I happily accepted his decision and
did what was required of me. Hence, you pledged allegiance to Uthmn
and I followed in your path. Thereafter, you came to me when I was at my
residence. I had not called you nor had I forced anyone to come to me.
You pledged at my hands just as you had previously at the hands of Ab
Bakr Umar and Uthmn. What propelled you to live up to your covenants
with them and conversely made you rebel against me? They said, Be like
the pious servant of Allah who said, there is no censure upon you, may
Allah forgive you for he is the most merciful of those who show mercy.
And that is exactly what he said, may Allah forgive you for He the Most
Merciful. 1
The Benefits of this Narration
I pledged allegiance just as you had, clearly establishes the

bayah of Al I to Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn. This is not the
statement of any scholar or Mujtahid. It is rather the statement of
the Lion of Allah himself.
1 Aml al-Shaikh s, 2/121.
191
He had given his bayah in resemblance to that of the people. It is
obvious that the people had not forcibly pledged allegiance to any
of the three khulaf. This shows that Al I had, likewise, not
pledged allegiance forcibly. He had pledged allegiance happily.
Umar I had appointed him as one of the six members of the

shr committee. He would not do that unless he trusted Al
I completely. Furthermore, Al I accepted to be part of
this committee, this too proves that there existed mutual love,
reverence, and connection among them. People who are at logger
heads with one another do not usually give or accept responsibilities
from each other.
10. There are countless references of this nature in Sh literature. I will,

however, suffice on these ten. Ahead is the last reference that I am to
present.
Ab Muammad Hasan ibn Ms al-Nowbakht, an acclaimed Sh scholar

of the third century, has authored a well-renowned book, Firaq al-Shah (a
book discussing the variant sects that took form among the Shah till the
third century). Therein he mentions the following details regarding the
beliefs of the Batryah sect with regard to the issue under discussion. He
states:
They belief that Al was the most rightful of leadership after the Rasl
Allah H due to his excellence, his advancement in virtue and his
knowledge. He was the best of people, the most generous, the most god-
fearing and the most disinclined about this world. Despite this, they deem
192
the khilfah of Ab Bakr and Umar as legitimate and consider them to be
eligible of it. They also say, Al had submitted to their rule happily and
pledged allegiance to them willingly without any coercion. Hence we are
happy with what Allah was pleased with for the Muslims, for him and for
those to whom he pledged allegiance. It is not permissible for any of us to
believe anything contrary to this. The khilfah of Ab Bakr was a means
of guidance and direction because of the submission of Al. Had he not
submitted and was not pleased, Ab Bakr would have been in utter dismay
and misguidance.1
It is therefore evident that not all the Shah are of the opinion that the khilfah
of Ab Bakr was illegitimate. According to some the bayah of Al I at the
hands of Ab Bakr was valid, not forgetting that he was pleased with Ab Bakr
I. Therefore, we should also be pleased.
Concluding Remarks
Despite my endeavour to keep the discussion brief it somehow got prolonged.
However, in conclusion, I would just wish to pre-empt a very important aspect
that the Shah might raise. This is so that the Shah do not have to go through
the difficulty of answering again.
Since it has been established that Al I had pledged allegiance to Ab Bakr

I from numerous sources of both the Ahl al-Sunnah and the Shah, they,
nevertheless, tend to say that he had outwardly pledged allegiance even though
he was not pleased with it. I wish to say a few things in this regard:
Firstly, We always knew that Allah E is Omniscient and knows all

the secrets of the heart but now we come to learn that the Shah also
have knowledge of the unseen, i.e. how did the Shah discover that Al
I had merely pledged allegiance overtly. If we have to categorise all
the practices and statements of Al I in this manner then which action
statement of his actually will we deem reliable and which of them will we
1 Firaq al-Shah, p. 42.
193
consider to be transient due to some motives. By treading this path we
are, in fact, opening the door to soiling his reputation. We can, therefore,
never accept such interpretations. May Allah save the ummah from such
baseless assumptions and guide the Shah to understanding the grave
repercussions of what they are saying.
Secondly, the answer to this interpretation of the Shah can be given

through Nahj al-Balghah. When Zubayr intended to violate his allegiance
to Al I. Al I said:
Zubayr claims that he had only pledged allegiance outwardly, not in

earnestness. He has indeed confessed to allegiance by means of this
statement of his. He should, therefore, furnish discernible evidence or
reconsider the pact that he had made.1
Fay al-Islm al-Sayyid Al al-Naq, a leading Sh scholar of recent times, has

elaborated on this narration in Persian. He states:

( )

The translation of this text is very similar to the above.2
We have now completed this discussion. Just a little fairness is required to accept
the truth. Now we will move on to the next issue. I will try to condense it to the
best of my capacity.
1 Nahj al-Balghah, 1/ 42.

2 Tarjamah wa Tashr Frs, 1/ 51.
194
Als Performance of alh Behind Ab Bakr
When beginning chapter two I promised to discuss two issues, viz. Als I
immediate pledge and his performance of alh behind Ab Bakr I. I have

shed light on the former in the previous pages. Now I present before you the
latter.
The Ahl al-Sunnah wa l-Jamah unanimously agree that Al I would always

offer his alh in congregation behind Ab Bakr I. There is no need to prove
this from a Sunn perspective for there are many historical evidences that support
this view. However, for the satisfaction of the readers I shall present the comments
of Ibn Kathr which he has recorded in his book al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah:
Ibn Kathr states, And this is the truth. For Al ibn Ab lib had not
detached himself from Ab Bakr at any given time, nor had he fallen short
in following him in any of the alah.1
Similarly he states:
And this is what is befitting of the profile of Al and is alluded to in many a

narrations, i.e. his observance of alh with Ab Bakr and setting out with
him to subdue the renegades in Dh al-Qiah.2
1 Al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah, 5/249.

2 Ibid
195
Sh References
Many Sh scholars have touched upon this issue in their works. Ahead I present a
few references in order to thoroughly elaborate upon this issue from the sources
of both parties.
1. Maqbl Amad al-Dehlaw has written a translation of the Qurn with

its commentary. A booklet of his has been attached at the end of this
translation. Therein, on page 45, he writes:
( )

Then he arose, performed wu with the intention of alh and proceeded

to the Masjid and performed alh behind Ab Bakr.
2. Mirz Raf Bdhil has stated the very same in his well-known book amlah
aydar which is in poetic form. He states:
When the people of dn formed rows behind Ab Bakr then Al, the lion of
Allah, also joined them.1
3. Mull Bqir al-Majlis, the famous Sh Mujtahid of the eleventh century,

has very emphatically written the following in his book Mirt al-Uql
Shar al-Ul:
He came to the masjid and performed alh behind Ab Bakr.2
1 amlah aydar, 2/259.

2 Mirt al-Uql Shar al-Ul, p. 388: chapter regarding the merits of Fimah J and the incident
of Fadak.
196
4. Narration four:
He thereupon stood up, prepared for alh, came to the masjid, stood
behind Ab Bakr and read his own alh.1
5. The following is documented in al-Itijj of al-abars:
He stood up, prepared for alh and read alh behind Ab Bakr.2
6. Similarly Shaykh al-ifah has conceded the following in his book Talkh
al-Shf:
Als overt performance of alh behind Ab Bakr is a well-accepted fact

because it is obvious.3
7. The following is written in the book of Sulaym ibn Qays:
Al would perform his five times alh in the masjid.4
i. The words would and five times alh clearly suggest that he
would always perform alh in the masjid.
1 Tafsr al-Qumm, p. 295: under the verse: and give your relatives.
2 Al-Itijj p. 53: discussion around the dispute of Al, Ab Bakr and Umar.
3 Talkh al-Shf, p. 354.
4 The book of Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hill p. 224.
197
ii. It should likewise be remembered that the house of Al I was
adjacent to al-Masjid al-Nabaw; his house was east of the masjid.
It would thus only be appropriate to assume that he performed all
his alh in the masjid in the respective eras of all three khulaf,
Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn M. He would never have missed
a alh in the masjid without a valid excuse recognised by the
sharah. Hence the narration of Sulaym ibn Qays is in accordance
with factuality.
A Doubt and its Elimination
The only answer the Shah have in response to these narrations and its likes is
that Al I would overtly follow Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn M in alh
and would covertly intend to perform his own, i.e. he would perform his own
alh even though he would ostensibly be standing behind them (bearing in mind
that this applies to the alh of twenty four years).
Our rebuttal to this is as follows:
1. Through which divine unseen sources have you learnt that Al would only
outwardly join the congregation and thereafter perform his own alh
without following the Imm.
Friends! Sharah is based on outward performance, upon which rulings

and judgments are formulated. No rulings can be formulated upon interior
intentions and covert agendas. In this instance as well it is only correct for
us to judge upon what has reached us from the outward practices of Al
I, for Allah alone is the knower of the secrets of hearts.
2. If the Shah protest that where is it clearly stated by Al that he said, I

followed this Imm. Present before us evidence in which this is clearly
mentioned.
198
We say to them, What is the need for all these intricacies and complexities?
Leave aside your biases for a while and reflect over the following aspects a little
and the entire contention will be dispelled.
A. To claim that Al I would perform alh overtly with the

congregation and would come home and then repeat it again
requires evidence and cannot to be accepted verbatim, especially if
you claim that this is what he did on a regular basis.
B. Likewise, in order to prove that he would outwardly join the

congregation and inwardly perform his own alh also requires
evidence. Not forgetting that for this claim too, the specific
clarification of Al I is required, as to what was really his
practice in this regard. Without his direct words any interpretation
of his actions is just a mere assumption which cannot aid in the
least in justifying the claim and resolving the contention.
C. Besides, if this was really the case then how can we ever rely upon
anything done or said by Al I, because we would not succeed
in differentiating between actions that he carried out because of
temporary strategy, having a secret agenda or due a transient need
and those that he done purely out of sincerity. This will result in
the most preposterous of slanders against the personality of Al
I. I, therefore, request my Shah brethren to come up with
better answers and to refrain from such answers which portray the
lion of Allah, Al I, to be two faced and a person with double
standards.
D. Similarly this would naturally imply that he had not performed

alh for plus minus twenty four years in congregation. He would
thus become a direct recipient of all those traditions in which
warnings have been sounded for abandoning alh in congregation.
All this is the aftermath of these interpretations, the Shah term
these practices as Taqiyyah Maryah (preferred dissimulation).
199
E. In the same vein, if he was practicing Taqiyyah in his alh all this
time then what would the state of the rest his actions and devotions
be, such as: proclamation of the shahdah, observance of fast in
the month of Raman, ajj, charity, striving in the path of Allah,
enjoining good and forbidding evil. Was he practicing Taqiyyah in all
these actions or was he sincere. Mull over this and decide for yourself.
Summary of Chapter Two

I have presented two issues in the second chapter from the books of the Shah
and the Ahl-Sunnah. The Unity of Al and the abah M in such significant
affairs is concrete evidence of the religious brotherhood and mutual assistance
that they displayed for the upliftment of the dn of Allah E. It is likewise
categorical proof of the following as well:
1. The religion of Al I and the rest of the abah fraternity in

general and Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn in specific was one.
2. They did not have diverse beliefs.
3. Their practices were the same; not different.
4. They had one Kalimah (proclamation of faith in specific words) and

the words Al is the friend of Allah were not part of the Kalimah.
5. There was only one Qurn at that time; no one had an exclusive
Qurn (which was unique) for himself.
6. They all would perform ablution in the same manner, and the
ablution in which Masa (passing wet hands) over the feet instead
of washing the feet did not exist.
7. There was only one adhn in their times in which a third Shahdah
did not feature after the first two.
8. They would all perform alh in an identical way. They would not
perform alh with their hands to their sides or upon a stone.
200
9. In those blessed days the manner of sending salutations upon
Raslullh H was the same; they would not send salutations
without the words .
10. They would hasten in breaking their fasts. Delaying was not their
wont.
11. Only one type of nik was prevalent in that era; the nik which
was in compliance with the teachings of Raslullh H. In
other words, Mutah was not practiced.
In essence, they had uniformity in all that they believed and practiced. This is
unequivocal evidence of their sincerity, honest interactions, compassion and
reciprocal empathy. May Allah E, grant us unity, love and understanding as
well through the blessings of these pure souls.
201
202
Chapter Three
A few themes have been discussed in this part. These themes clearly indicate
that Al and Ab Bakr L were on good terms with one another. The reference
material for these themes is scattered in both Sunn and Sh sources. I, with
my little efforts, have endeavoured to put together a few excerpts from both.
I hope that the readers will analyse them with impartiality and embrace them
open heartedly.
The themes that I will be covering in this part are the following:
1. Among other learned abah, Al I would also issue formal legal

opinions and would pronounce jurisprudential rulings during the reign
of Ab Bakr I.
2. Similarly, he was a close advisor to Ab Bakr in warfare; he would assist in
overseeing the different expeditions that were sent out, just as he was an
active member in civil defence.
3. He, likewise, gladly accepted bonuses, booty and gifts that came his way
from Ab Bakr I.
4. Lastly, he was passionately instrumental in executing the udd (penal
law of Islam) during the khilfah of Ab Bakr and Umar L.
Al Would also Issue Formal Legal Opinions and Would Pronounce

Jurisprudential Rulings
During the Khilfah of Ab Bakr and Umar L, Al I was deemed a
competent authority in jurisprudential rulings. The narration of abaqt Ibn Sad
is very clear in this regard:

.

.
203
Whenever a matter of concern would befall Ab Bakr (regarding which
he would usually consult the people of objective reasoning and thorough
knowledge), he would summon a few of the Muhjirn and the Anr,
namely, Umar, Uthmn, Al, Abd al-Ramn ibn Awf, Mudh ibn Jabal,
Ubay ibn Kab and Zayd ibn Thbit. These were the people who presided
over the post of issuing legal rulings during his time. Ab Bakr dealt in
this manner. After him Umar was elected as the ruler. He would likewise,
summon these same people.1
Many Sh historians have also regarded Al I to be a jurist and mufti (one

who issues legal rulings) during the era of Ab Bakr I. Hence, they write:
From amongst those who were references for authoritative knowledge

during the reign of Ab Bakr were: Al ibn Ab lib, Umar ibn al-Khab,
Mudh ibn Jabal, Ubay Ibn Kab, Zayd ibn Thbit and Abd Allah ibn Masd. 2
Summary of the Narrations
1. It was the norm of the khulaf to always consult with the learned class of
the abah in matters of the khilfah.
2. The khalfah would treat the Muhjirn and the Anr with honour and
reverence.
3. Al I was part of the elite group of the abah who would be

summoned for advice.
4. Al I was an advisor, strategist and Muft under the reigns of Ab Bakr

and Umar L.
All this is clear cut evidence of the mutual love and bond that they enjoyed.
1 abaqt Ibn Sad 2/109: chapter regarding the scholars amongst the abah.
2 Amad ibn Ab Yaqb, Trkh Yaqb, 2/138.
204
Al was a Close Advisor to Ab Bakr
During the khilfah of Ab Bakr I whenever there would be a battle at hand
he would consult the abah M and they would equally be of support and
assistance to him. Among his councillors was Al I. In order to prove this I
shall present ahead a few historical narrations:
1. Narration

.) (
It is narrated from Al that Ab Bakr had sought his opinion with regards
to fighting the apostates after he had consulted the rest of the abah.
Ab Bakr said, What is your opinion, O Ab al-asan? He responded,
if you allow them not to pay any of that which Raslullh H would
collect from them then you are indeed going against his Sunnah. Having
said this, I will fight them even if it be for a cord (used to tie a camel),
exclaimed Ab Bakr.1
2. Narration
ishah reports, with his sword unsheathed, my father emerged upon his
conveyance to subdue the people of Dh al-Qaah. Al, upon seeing this,
came, took hold of the reigns of his conveyance and asked, where are you
headed to, O Khalfah of Raslullh H? I say to you what Raslullh
H had said to you on the Day of Uud, sheath your sword and do not
1 Dhakhir al-Uqb, p. 97.
205
cause us grief with your loss. For Islam will suffer disorder if we have to
lose you today. He thus returned and dispatched an army in his stead.1
Similarly, the Sh scholars have documented the remarks of Al I
wherein there is substantial proof of the fact that he was part of the
pertinent events that took place during the initial stages of the khilfah of
Ab Bakr I. To the extent that he says, we united against the opposition
till dn became firmly grounded and began flourishing peacefully.
Ahead a few snippets from some Sh narrations will be presented:
Sh Narration 1
I rose to those challenges till falsehood vanished and truth calmly grounded
itself and settled.2
Sh Narration 2
Those incidents that transpired among the Arabs till the termination of
falsehood and the establishment of Dn and its flourishment.3
Sh Narration 3
It was as if the stability of the dn was imbalanced. It, thereafter, became

tranquil and regained its equilibrium.4
1 Riy al-Nairah 1/130: Chapter regarding his sternness against those who had turned apostate in
the Arabs after the demise of Raslullh H; al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah 6/315; Kanz al-Umml 3/142-
143; al-awiq al-Muriqah p. 15: third section of the first chapter.
2 Shar Nahj al-Balghah of Ibn Ab al-Hadd
3 Shar Nahj al-Balghah of Ibn Maytham al-Barn
4 Nahj al-Balghah 2/119: a letter of Al I to the people of Egypt which he sent with Mlik al-Ashtar.
206
I likewise, present before you the explanatory notes of Mull Fat Allah
al-Qshn, a Sh scholar and commentator of Nahj al-Balghah1, which
he has added upon the letter of Al I, which he wrote to the people of
Egypt and is documented in Nahj al-Balghah. He states:
During the times of Ab Bakr many a people had denounced Islam and
had turned rebellious. The abah were dismayed and helpless. Al
upon seeing this state of affairs comforted his companions and gave them
courage. Thereafter, through his might he sent the renegades to the abyss
of hell fire and the order of dn was reinstated.2
Benefits of These Narrations
a. Al I was in favour of the khilfah of Ab Bakr I. His khilfah

was not illegitimate. If it was illegitimate then Al I would most
certainly have protested against it and endeavoured to take charge
of it just as he, through his might, had subdued the renegades of
the time (as alluded to in the last reference).
b. Al I had very fervently sided with Ab Bakr I in

withstanding the challenges of the time which indeed is a mark of
his sincerity.
c. It is likewise evident that Al I was not at logger heads with

the khulaf. Rather he was united with and closely associated to
them.
1 Mull Fat Allah al-Qshn d 988 A.H. was a leading Sh scholar of the 9th century. The commentary
is in Persian. Its name is Tanbh al-Ghfiln wa Tadhkr al-rifn. He is also the author of Manhaj al-diqn
and its abridged form Khulah al-Manhaj. (Rawt al-Jannt, p. 486)
2 Shar Nahj al-Balghah: commentary of a letter of Al I to the people of Egypt which he sent with
Mlik al-Ashtar.
207
3. It is likewise recorded in the books of both parties that Al I had given
Ab Bakr I glad tidings regarding a battle which he was to wage against
Rome and Syria.
It is reported on the authority of Abd Allah ibn Awf that when Ab Bakr
had intended to declare war against Rome he summoned the elite from
among the Muhjirn and the Anr. Al, Umar, Uthmn, Abd al-Ramn
ibn Awf, Sad ibn Ab Waqq, Sad ibn Zayd and Ab Ubaidah availed
themselves. Thereupon he consulted them. They all gave their opinions:
!

.
Al was seated silently among the people and had not as yet said anything.
Ab Bakr said to him, What is your view, O Ab al-asan? He said, If Allah
wills you will be victorious regardless of whether you advance toward
them by yourself or dispatch an army. May Allah E make good come
your way, how do you know this? asked Ab Bakr. He remarked, I heard
Raslullh H saying, this dn and its people will always reign supreme
over anyone who plots evil against it till Qiymah. Thereupon Ab Bakr
said, Pure is Allah! How wonderful is this adth. You have made me happy
may Allah keep you happy as well.1
Our Sh friends have also made brief mention of this incident in their
books. I present two references before you:
a. Amad ibn Yaqb, a scribe of the Abbsid era, writes the following in
his book al-Trkh al-Yaqb:
1 Kanz al-Umml, 3/143-144: chapter regarding Khilfah and leadership.
208
Ab Bakr intended to wage war against the Romans so he consulted a
group amongst the abah of Raslullh H. Some said he should go
forward with it and others suggested that he postpone it for some other
time. He then sought the opinion of Al ibn Ab lib. l suggested that he
go ahead with the attack and said, You will definitely be victorious if you
do so. Ab Bakr said, Indeed you are a bearer of good news. 1
b. The author of Nsikh al-Tawrkh, Muammad Taq Lisn al-Mulk, has

also made mention of this story in his book. He writes:
Ab Bakr sought the suggestion of Al, (and he said :) Victory awaits

you whether you go by yourself of you send an army. Upon this Ab Bakr
remarked, May Allah, always bring glad tidings your way. On what basis
are you saying this? The Rasl of Allah H had informed us of this,
replied Al. Ab Bakr said, You have pleased me with this information of
yours. O Muslims! Whoever doubts this is out of the fold of Islam.2
4. During the Khilfah of Ab Bakr I the Muslims were speculating that an

attack will be launched upon Madnah by the enemies of Islm. Naturally,
in such tough times there was need for civil defence. Al I actively
participated in securing Madnah from any danger at that time. Different
strategies were devised by Ab Bakr I which were implemented by the
abah. Study the narration below:
1 Trkh Yaqb, p. 132: Days of Ab Bakr.

2 Nsikh al-Tawrkh 2/158: Chapter regarding Ab Bakr firmly intending to fight the Romans and
subdue them.
209
Ab Bakr had appointed Al, Zubayr, alah and Abd Allh ibn Masd
as the leaders of the different contingents which he had fixed upon the
various entrances into Madnah. He then gathered the rest of the people
of Madnah and addressed them saying, O Muslims! The enemies have
conceived you to be little in number. You have no idea as to whether they
will attack you by night or by day. The closest to you from among them is
only a bard (12-14 miles) away.1
This incident is also recorded in al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah and the Trkh of

Ibn Khaldn in the following manner:
Ab Bakr designated surveillance troops at the different entrances into

Madnah who would spend their nights with their contingents. Some of
the leaders of these contingents were: Al ibn Ab lib, Zubayr ibn al-
Awwm, alah ibn Ubayd Allh, Sad ibn Ab Waqq Abd al-Ramn ibn
Awf and Abd Allh ibn Masd.2
The Benefits of These Narrations
a. During the khilfah of Ab Bakr al-iddq I whenever advice was

required regarding pertinent issues that confronted the state the
suggestions of Al ibn Ab lib I were sought and were held in great
esteem. This is also indicative towards the sincerity, affection and love
that they exuded for one another.
b. Al I would call Ab Bakr I with the title Khalfah of Raslullh.

He perceived the participation of Ab Bakr I in the battles which posed
a potential threat to his life to be great loss for the Muslims.
1 Trkh Ibn Jarr al-abar 3/223: events of the eleventh year after hijrah. Shar Nahj al-Balghah
4/228.
2 Al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah 6/311: chapter regarding the preparation of Ab Bakr I to combat the
renegades; Trkh Ibn Khaldn 2/858: Islamic Khilfah.
210
c. Als I notifying Ab Bakr I of the victory promised to the Muslims
and subsequent to that their mutual elation thereupon is an open sign of
the love and veneration they had for each other.
d. Likewise, his participation in civil defence under the instructions of Ab

Bakr I is indicative toward the same.
e. All this is indubitable evidence of the fact that he perceived the khilfah
of Ab Bakr to be legitimate.
If, hypothetically speaking, Ab Bakrs I khilfah was illegitimate

then rather than availing himself for the different challenges of the time
it was his responsibility to remonstrate against him and overthrow his
rule. But we find all the narrations to be diametrically opposite to this; for
he is portrayed to be a proponent of his leadership, a friend, advisor and a
helper. This, in the view of the impartial, is termed unity.
Al Gladly Accepted Bonuses, Booty and Gifts From Ab Bakr

The books of adth and history attest to the fact that Ab Bakr I would grant
Al I monetary gifts and monthly stipends which he would very gladly accept
irrespective of whether they were derived from the one fifth of Booty, from his
(Als) share of the wealth of Fay or were just given as a gift. Nevertheless, this
is categorical proof of the healthy connection that existed between them. In
substantiation of this theme, I present before you a few incidents which I hope
will win the hearts of the readers.
The coming narration appears in al-Sunan al-Kubr of al-Bayhaq:

.........
.
211
Abd al-Ramn ibn Ab Layl mentions that he heard Al saying,
Raslullh H appointed me as the administrator of the Khums
(which was the share of the Ahl al-Bayt) from the Khums (one fifth) of
the booty. I distributed it to its rightful beneficiaries during the lifetime of
Raslullh H, the khilfah of Ab Bakr and that of Umar I Once
wealth was brought to Umar I, he thus called me and instructed me to
take my share. I told him that I did not want it anymore. He insisted and
said, Take it for you have most right to it. I told him that we have become
independent of it. He thus placed it in the Bayt al-Ml (public treasury).1
A similar narration to this appears in Musnad Amad. It reads as follows:
The translation is same as that of the above narration.2
a. Prior to this it had been mentioned in the first part that when the family
of Al I became affluent they refrained from taking their share. The
first and the second khalfah had not fallen short in fulfilling their due
right.
This narration also establishes that Umar I, upon the refusal of Al

I, had not taken the wealth for himself nor had he usurped it. Rather
he entrusted it to the public treasury.
b. Similarly, Al I had, during his khilfah, administered the share of

Khums and the wealth of Fay in exactly the same manner as Ab Bakr
I had in his times. This is proof of the fact that the khilfah of Ab Bakr
I was legitimate according to him. Ibn Abd al-Barr whilst commenting
in this in al-Istb has written:
1 Al-Sunan al-Kubr, 6/343: Share of the Dh al-Qurb.

2 Musnad al-Imm Amad 1/84: the consistent narrations of Al I.
212

.
And Al would distribute the fay just as Ab Bakr would. Whenever any
wealth came to him he would at once distribute it and would not spare
anything for the public treasury besides that which he was at times unable
to distribute that day.1
c. It should likewise be remembered that there are many a narrations that

suggest that he would receive slave girls as his share of the booty. I present
a few narrations of this nature ahead:
The first incident has been reported by Imm al-Bqir:
Ab Bakr gave Al a slave girl. Umm Ayman at the time came to visit
Fimah. She discerned disconcertion upon her. She inquired, What is
wrong? Fimah did not say anything. She asked for a second time, What
is wrong? Your father would not keep anything away from me. Thereupon
she said, A concubine that has been gifted to Ab al-asan. Umm Ayman
thus came out and called out by the door of the house wherein Al was
and said, As for Raslullh, he would take good care of his family. Al a
bit bemused at what she said, asked, What are you talking about? The
slave girl that Ab Bakr sent to you, she said. Al responded, I gift her to
Fimah.2
1 Al-Istb 3/47: chapter regarding the mention of Al I.

2 Muannaf Abd al-Razzq (written copy) 3/138: chapter regarding possessiveness/printed copy, 7/
303-304; Kanz al-Umml 7/112.
213
The second incident in which Ab Bakr I gifted a concubine to Al I
is that Ab Bakr I had sent Khlid ibn al-Wald to the tribes of Ban
Taghlib with an army. After attaining victory, they had amassed booty in
which there were concubines as well. One of them was gifted to Al I.
This incident has been documented by historians, such as the author of
al-Ansb and the author of abaqt. Many Sh scholars have also conceded
that Al I received a concubine by the name of al-ahb as a gift. But
they have interpreted the incident, as is their wont, very incongruously.
It should be remembered that Umar ibn Al and Ruqayyah bint Al were
born to her, who were twins.
This incident will first be presented from our sources and then from the
sources of our Sh friends.
1. The following narration appears in abaqt ibn Sad regarding Umar

al-Akbar ibn Al ibn Ab lib:
..........

Umar al-Akbar ibn Al ibn Ab lib: his mother was al-ahb; her name
was Umm abb bint Rabah She was taken as a captive by Khlid ibn al-
Wald when he attacked and defeated Ban Taghlib at Ayn al-Tamr.1
2. Ab Abd Allah Muab al-Zubayr, in his book Nasab Quraysh, has

mentioned the following under the discussion regarding the
children of Al ibn lib I:
Umar ibn Al ibn Ab lib and Ruqayyah: they were twins; their mother
was al-ahb. It is said that her name was Umm abb bint Rabah, of
1 abaqt ibn Sad 5/86: chapter regarding Umar.
214
the Ban Taghlib tribe. She was taken as a captive by Khlid ibn al-Wald.
Umar was the youngest of the children of Al.1
3. Khalfah ibn Khayy has stated the following in his book Kitb al-
abaqt:
Umar ibn Al ibn Ab lib: his mother was al-ahb bint Abbd. During
the wars against apostasy, Khlid ibn al-Wald had imprisoned her. He
(Umar) passed away in 79 A.H. He was killed with Muab ibn al-Zubayr
during the days of Mukhtr.2
4. It is mentioned in Fut al-Buldn:
The news had reached Khlid that a group of the Ban Taghlib which was
based in Ma and uayd had denounced the creed of Islam and had
nominated Rabah ibn Bujayr as their leader. Consequently, he waged war
against them, defeated them and collected abundant booty. He thereafter
sent it to Ab Bakr. Umm abb al-ahb bint abb ibn Bujayr was part
of it.3
Conclusion
The conclusion of all these narrations is that al-ahb, Umm abb Bint
Rabah, was the mother of the children of Al I namely, Umar ibn Al
1 Nasab Quraish 2/42: children of Al I.

2 Kitb al-abaqt p. 23.
3 Fut al-Buldn, p. 117: the embarkation of Khlid ibn al-Wald the journey towards Syria and his
conquests en route.
215
and Ruqayyah Bint Al. She was captured by Khlid ibn al-Wald I when
he conquered the areas of the Ban Taghlib during the khilfah of Ab Bakr
I. She was then gifted to Al I by Ab Bakr I. These two siblings
were twins and the youngest of the children of Al I.
The Shah have also conceded this incident in their writings and have written
the following in this regard:
i. Ibn Ab al-Hadd writes in his Shar Nahj al-Balghah:
As for Umar and Ruqayyah, their mother was a captive of Ban Taghlib
whose name was al-ahb. She was taken as a captive during the khilfah
of Ab Bakr by Khlid ibn al-Wald at Ayn al-Tamr.1
ii. Ibn Inabah has also acknowledged this in his book Umdat al-lib:
His mother was al-ahb al-Thalabiyyah. And it is said that she was a
captive of Khlid ibn al-Wald from a place called Ayn al-Tamr.2
The third concubine that Al I received as a gift from Ab Bakr I

was Khowlah bint Jafar ibn Qays. She was captured after the Battle of
Yammah in which the Muslims were victorious. This battle was likewise
fought under the command of Khlid ibn al-Wald I. She was the
mother of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah, one of the sons of Al I.
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah p. 718: the details regarding the children of Al ibn Ab lib.
2Umdat al-lib F Ansb l Ab lib p. 361.
216
In order to substantiate this I shall first present a few references from our
sources and thereafter I shall present corroborative narrations from the Sh
scholars.
1. In abaqt Ibn Sad, the following is mentioned under the biography of

Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah:
. /
A slave girl from the captives of Yammah who fell in the share of Al ibn Ab
lib/Ab Bakr gave Al the mother of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah.1
2. Ab Muammad Abd Allah ibn Muslim ibn Qutaybah al-Dnawar

states the following in his book al-Marif:
Her name is Khowlah bint Jafar ibn Qays. It is said that she was one of the
captives of Yammah. She fell in the share of Al ibn Ab lib. Previously,
she was a slave girl of the Ban anfah (the people of Yammah) tribe but
did not belong to its kin. Khalid ibn al-Wald had only granted amnesty to
the slaves and not to the people of Ban anfah.2
3. Ibn Khallikn was a renowned historian. He writes the following

under the biography of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah:
And Al shared a fathered a child from a concubine from the captives of

Ban anfah. She thus gave birth to Muammad ibn Al, also known as
Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah.3
1 abaqt Ibn Sad 5/66: Biography of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah.

2 Al-Marif p. 91: Chapter regarding the Khilfah of Al ibn Ab lib.
3 Trkh ibn Khallikn 1/449: biography of Al ibn Ab lib.
217
4. fi Ibn Kathr has written the following under the chapter
pertaining to the wives and children of Al I in his magnum
opus al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah:
.....
.
And as for his son Muammad, the eldest, he was Muammad ibn al-
anafiyyah. Al-anafiyyahs name was Khowlah bint Jafar ibn Qays
Khlid ibn al-Wald had taken her as a captive from the Ban anfah clan
during the days of apostasy. She fell in the share of Al ibn Ab lib and
thus begot to Muammad.1
Summary
The summary of the aforementioned narrations is that Khowlah bint Jafar

was from Ban anfah. She was among those who Khlid ibn al-Wald had
captured and subsequently enslaved. Ab Bakr I then gifted her to Al
I. Amongst the children that she bore for him was Muammad ibn al-
anafiyyah who was famous for his merits and knowledge.
Corroborative Narrations from Sh Sources
i. The following narration is documented by the famous Sh

Genealogist Jaml al-Dn ibn Inabah in his book Umdat al-lib:
.........

....
He is famously known as Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah. His mother was

Khowlah bint Jafar ibn Qays She was one of the captives captured from
1 Al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah, 7, 331.
218
the renegades. Her son was known by this name as is narrated to me by al-
Shaykh al-Sharaf Ab al-asan Muammad ibn Ab Jafar al-Ubayd from
Ab al-Nar al-Bukhr.1
ii. Mull Muammad Bqir al-Majlis has stated the following in his
book aq al-Yaqn:
It appears in many Sh narrations that when the captives were brought

to Ab Bakr the mother of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah was amongst
them.2
The Gift of Ab Bakr
Ab Bakr I had given usayn ibn Al L, a very costly shawl as a present.

This incident has been narrated by Baldhur in his book Fut al-Buldn:
( )
.
Khlid ibn al-Wald had sent a shawl and a thousand dirhams with the
booty of irah. Ab Bakr had gifted that shawl to usayn ibn Al.3
The Conclusion of the Third Theme
1. During the khilfah of Ab Bakr and Umar L, Al I was entrusted

with the distribution of Khums.
2. The aforementioned abah M dealt with the wealth of Fay in one

and the same manner.
1 Umdah al-lib, p 352-353.

2 aq al-Yaqn: the sixth criticism against Ab Bakr.
3 Fut al-Buldn, p 254: chapter regarding the conquest of the rural areas of Iraq during the time of
Ab Bakr.
219
3. Al I had received a few concubines as gifts from Ab Bakr I.
4. usayn I received a shawl as a present.
The aforementioned aspects are an attestation to the strong bond and the splendid
decorum that was prevalent among them. Naturally, they were not antagonistic
towards one another.
Al was Instrumental in Executing the udd

Hereunder I would like to establish that Al I, just like the rest of the abah,
was very instrumental in carrying out the udd (penal law) of Allah. There are
many a narrations that allude to this. I present a few before you:
1. Narrration 1

.

.
Muammad ibn al-Munkadir narrates that Khlid ibn al-Wald wrote to

Ab Bakr informing him that he found a person who is accustomed to
sodomy. Ab Bakr thereupon consulted the senior abah of Raslullh
H, a whom was Al ibn Ab lib. He suggested, No nation had ever
indulged in such a heinous crime besides one and you all are aware of how
Allah had dealt with them. Therefore, I suggest that he be incinerated.
Subsequently this is what they agreed upon. Consequently, Khlid had him
incinerated.1
Note:- For the consolation of the scholars, the following is mentioned in

Mirqt, the commentary of Mishkt:
1 Al-Sunan al-Kubr 8/232: Chapter on penal law; al-Targhb wa al-Tarhb, Chapter on penal law; Kanz
al-Umml, 3/99; al-Zawjir an Iqtirf al-Kabair, 2/119.
220

And incineration even though is prohibited as is stated by Ibn Abbs.

However, when intended to inflict severe or exemplary punishment upon
the disbelievers it is allowed like mutilation.1
2. Imm Ab Yusuf has cited the following narration in his Kitb al-Kharj
under the chapter pertaining to penal law. By means of this narration the
practice of these illustrious people becomes evident:
usayn narrates from Al that Raslullh H had lashed a person

who had consumed wine forty lashes. So did Ab Bakr. Thereafter, Umar
had increased the punishment and made it eighty lashes. And this is all
Sunnah.2
Likewise, Al I would during his reign apply the same punishment upon those
who would consume wine. This further corroborates the practice of Ab Bakr and
Umar L and also alludes to the unity that they enjoyed.
In order to satisfy the readers I present before you the practice of Al I in this
regard from Fur al-Kf of al-Kulayn. The narration reads as follows:
One of the instructions of Al underlined in his letter was: a consumer of

wine should be lashed eighty times.3
1 Mirqt, 7: 104.
2 Kitb al-Kharj, 165; al-Muannaf li Abd al-Razzq, 7: 379.
3 Fur al-Kf, 3: 117.
221
Summary of all Four Themes
The most robust of evidences with regard to the unity and harmony of Al I
and the abah, including Ab Bakr I is the fact that he played an integral
role in the above mentioned aspects. Similarly his participation is clear proof of
the legitimacy of the Khilfah of Ab Bakr I and that it was free from any sort
of oppression and vice.
If the Khilfah of Ab Bakr I was unjust and based upon transgression, then
how can it ever be conceivable that Al I supported such an invalid rule his
entire life despite the command of Allah E to do the exact opposite. Allah
E says in the Qurn:
And cooperatively help one another in matters of righteousness and piety

and do not lend a helping hand in matters of vice and transgression. And
Fear Allah. Verily the castigation of Allah is severe.
These are all issues that should induce a fair and Allah conscious person to mull
over and take heed.
An Incident
Finally, at the end of the fourth theme I find it fitting to cite a narration wherein
mention is made of fulfilment of promises. This incident is derived from both
Sunn and Sh sources. Hence, Shaykh al-ifah, Ab Jafar al-s, has made
mention of this incident in his Aml with its chain of transmission:
222
absh ibn Jundah narrates, I was seated by Ab Bakr when a person
came to him and said, O Khalfah of Raslullh! Raslullh H had
promised to give me three handfuls of dates. Ab Bakr told him, Call Al
for me. When he came, Ab Bakr told him, O Ab al-asan! This person
is claiming that Raslullh H promised him three handfuls of dates,
so give him three handfuls. Al complied and gave him three handfuls of
dates. Thereafter Ab Bakr demanded, Count them. When they counted
them they found six dates in one handful. Thereupon Ab Bakr remarked,
Raslullh H has spoken the truth. On the night of migration whilst
we were on our way from Makkah to Madnah I heard him saying, my
palm and the palm of Al are identical in terms of equality.1
The Lessons Derived From This Narration
1. Ab Bakr fulfilled the promises of Raslullh H. Fulfilling the

promises of Raslullh H was his duty.
2. Ab Bakr I had accompanied his master Raslullh H on the

momentous journey of hijrah.
3. Al I would lend a helping hand in seeing to the affairs of the khilfah.
4. These narrations and others of its nature are open evidence of the affection
and veneration that they exuded for one another. Never was there ever
any animosity between them.
5. We can likewise extrapolate from this narration that if Ab Bakr I
fulfilled the promises of Raslullh H which he made to ordinary

people then he would have definitely fulfilled the promises and bequests
which Raslullh H made for his children. He most certainly had
not slacked in seeing to the rights of the family of Raslullh H.
The conflict can be resolved by merely reflecting over these narrations and issues
that were presented in the previous. I have just alluded to a few of many such
narrations and incidents.
1 Riy al-Nairah 2/217; Aml al-Shaikh al-s 1/66-67
223
224
Chapter Four
Praise of Ab Bakr and Umar by Al
In this chapter I intend to present before you all those narrations which appear in
our books wherein Al I is reported to have commended Ab Bakr and Umar
L or to have made mention of their merits and accolades. I shall likewise
present Sh narrations that corroborate these narrations wherever possible.
All the narrations that will be presented in this chapter are divided into twelve
themes.
The primary message derived from these narrations is that these godly saints had
mutual love and veneration throughout their lives and at all given times.
Theme One: Narrations Regarding the Virtues of Ab Bakr andUmar

1. In abaqt Ibn Sad the following has been narrated from Al I:
Ab Sarah says that he heard Al I saying upon the mimbar, Verily

Ab Bakr was soft-hearted, frequently turning to Allah. Verily Umar was
sincere in his actions to Allah, hence Allah had dealt amiably with him.1
2. The following also appears in the same source:
Al was once asked regarding Ab Bakr and Umar. He said, They were rightly
guided leaders, reformers of their nation and successful individuals in their
endeavours. They departed from this world enduring hunger and hardship.2
1 abaqt Ibn Sad 3/121: Mention of Ab Bakr I.

2 Ibid 3/149: Mention of Ab Bakr I.
225
3. In Musnad Amad the following narration has been narrated by Abd Allah
ibn Jall from Al I:
Abd Allah reports that he heard Al saying, every prophet was granted
seven sincere devout companions from his people and Raslullh H
was granted twelve such people from his followers. From amongst them
were Ab Bakr and Umar.1
4. Ibn al-Athr al-Jazar has cited the following narration in his book Usd
al-Ghbah on the authority of Ibn Marduwayh with a consistent chain of
transmission which reaches Al I:
Abd Khayr narrates that Al said, Allah E has made Ab Bakr and
Umar proof against all rulers to rule till the Day of Judgment. They have,
by Allah, surpassed everyone by far and they have, by Allah, set such high
standards that they have very rigidly exhausted all those to come after them.2
5. Imm al-Sy has cited the following narration in his book Trkh al-
Khulaf on the strength of Bazzr and Ibn Askir. The Qurn exegetes of
the Shah have also cited this narration in their Tafsr (exegeses of the
noble Qurn). The narration reads as follows:
1 Musnad Amad 1/143: the consistent narrations of Al; ilyah al-Awliy 1/128: the mention of Abd
Allah ibn Masd.
2 Usd al-Ghbah 4/68: Mention of Umar I
226
Usaid ibn afwn, he was a ab, narrates that Al, whilst commentating
on the verse, the one who came with the truth and the one who attested
it, said, the one who came with the truth was Muammad H and the
one who attested to it was Ab Bakr.1
6. Al al-Muttaq al-Hind has cited the following narration in his book Kanz
al-Umml on the strength of many a scholar of adth:
Ab al-Mutamir narrates that Al was once asked about Ab Bakr and

Umar. He responded, They will be part of that fortunate delegation
that will proceed to Allah E with Raslullh H. Ms S had
previously beseeched Allah to make them his companions but Allah E
granted them to Muammad H.2
7. The following merit of Ab Bakr I, mentioned by Al I, is cited by

several scholars of adth:
Al ibn Ab lib narrates that Raslullh E said to Ab Bakr, verily

Allah has granted me the reward of whoever has believed or will believe
in me from the time Allah E had created dam S till the Day of
Judgement. And Allah E will grant you the reward of whoever
accepted mn upon me from the time he sent me as a nab till the Day of
Judgement.3
1 Trkh al-Khulaf p. 37; Majma al-Bayn of al-Shaykh al-abars, p. 321.

2 Kanz al-Umml 6/366.
3 Kitb Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq of Ab lib al-Ashr, p. 6; Trkh Baghdd 4/256: under the mention
of Amad ibn Abd al-Azz; Riy al-Nairah 1/167; Kanz al-Umml 6/318.
227
8. Al-Shaykh Ab Bishr Muammad ibn Amad ibn ammd ibn Dlb and
Shh Wal Allah al-Dehlaw have narrated the following narration in their
books, Kitb al-Kun wa al-Asm and Izlat al-Khaf an Khilfat al-Khulaf
respectively:
It is reported that Al I said, The first to enter Jannah from this ummah
will be Ab Bakr and Umar. A person enquired, will they enter Jannah
before you, O Amr al-Muminn? He replied, Most certainly! By the oath
of that being who created Jannah and has created the soul they will enter
it before me.1
The Following can be Deduced From the Above Cited Narrations
1. They were compassionate, concerned and well-wishers for the dn of Allah

E.
2. They were guides and reformers of this ummah.
3. They enjoy a very lofty position in this ummah and belonged to noble
families
4. They served as evidence of the dn of Allah.
5. They had from the very inception of Islam embraced its message.
6. They will be from the elite group which will appear before Allah E
with honour.
7. They will receive boundless reward from Allah E because Allah

E had chosen them to be a source of guidance for countless people.
8. They supersede others in entering the dwelling of the pleasure of Allah i.e.
Jannat al-Firdows.
1 Kitb al-Kun wa al-Asm 1/120; Izlat al-Khaf an Khilfah al-Khulaf 1/68, 1/317.
228
A letter of Al Wherein he Commends Ab Bakr and Umar
Appropriate to this theme is a narration which I have procured from Sh sources

wherein Al I is reported to have praised Ab Bakr and Umar L in a letter
that he wrote to Muwiyah I. Many Sh scholars, i.e. the commentators of
Nahj al-Balghah, have made mention of this in their respective commentaries.
The narration reads as follows:
And the most virtuous in Islam, as you had stated, and the most sincere to
Allah and his Rasl H were: the successor of Raslullh al-iddq and
his successor al-Frq. By the oath of my life! They hold a very high rank in
Islam and verily their loss is a great loss to Islam. May Allah E shower his
mercies upon them and reward them for all the good they have carried out.1
Benefits of This Narration
1. Ab Bakr and Umar L, were the most virtuous of people in their era.
They were likewise the most sincere of people to Allah E and his
Rasl H.
2. They enjoyed a very lofty position in Islam.
3. Their loss was indeed a very grave loss to Islam.
4. Al I supplicated that the mercy of Allah E, descend upon them
and that he, Allah E, compensate them for their good.
5. To claim that the words as you have stated allude to the fact that he was
just reiterating the thoughts of the addressee and was not really conceding
their virtue is absurd. Simply because in the sentences subsequent to that
he takes an oath of his life and thereafter he further emphasises what he
is to say with verily. Can there be any possibility other than earnestness
in an address filled with such pressing emphasis.
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah of Ibn Maytham al-Barn, p. 486 (old edition), p. 362 (new edition).
229
Theme Two: The Status of Ab Bakr and Umar L in Light of the
Statements of Al
Al I had during his khilfah delivered a sermon to the people, in which he
stated that after the demise of Raslullh H the best was Ab Bakr I
and thereafter Umar I. The narration reads as follows:
( )

.
Qays al-Mukhriq says, I heard Al saying upon this mimbar, Raslullh

H had taken the lead in departing this world, after him came Ab Bakr
as the second who was followed by Umar as the third. Thereafter a trial
engulfed us, thus that transpired what Allah E wanted.1
Theme Three: Ab Bakr the one who Excelled in Every Avenue of Good
The narrations that allude to the theme are plenty. Al al-Muttaq al-Hind, al-
Sy and Muib al-Dn al-abar have documented a substantial amount of them
in their works Kanz al-Umml, Trkh al-Khulaf and Riy al-Nairah respectively.
I shall present of few of them ahead.
1 .1
!

.
Ab al-Zind narrates that a person said to Al (during his khilfah), O

Amr al-Muminn! How could the Muhjirn and the Anr choose Ab
1 Musnad Amad 1/147: uninterrupted narration of Al I; abaqt Ibn Sad 6/86: mention of Qays;
Gharb al-adth of al-Qsim ibn Sallm 3/458; al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-Salaf p. 186-187; al-Trkh al-
Kabr of al-Bukhr 4/173; ilyat al-Awliy 5/74; Izlat al-Khaf 1/67.
230
Bakr over you whereas you hold more merit than him, surpassed him
in embracing Islam and in many other aspects? Al said, if you are a
Quraysh then presumably you from the idhah tribe? He responded in
the affirmative. Al further said, if a believer was not divinely safeguarded
I would have killed you. If you live to see the future you will witness
terrifying horror confronting you from my side. May you perish! Ab
Bakr has most certainly excelled me in four aspects: leadership in alh,
leadership of the people, migration and spreading of Islam. May you be
doomed! Allah has dispraised all the people and has praised Ab Bakr, if
you are unwilling to aid him then Allah had aided him when the infidels
had banished him when he was the second of the two in the cave.1
2 .2
.
ilah ibn Nar mentions that when Ab Bakr would be mentioned before
Al he would say, mention is being made of the exceller, mention is being
made of the exceller. By the oath of that Being who has control over my
soul we never competed in any matter of virtue but Ab Bakr excelled us
in it.2
3 .3

By the oath of that Being who has control over my soul we never competed
in any matter of virtue but Ab Bakr excelled us in it.3
Al-Sy has recorded a narration on the strength of Ibn Askir in which

Al I is reported to have said that Ab Bakr was the first person to
accept Islam:
1 Kanz al-Umml 6/318 (with reference to Ibn Askir and Khaythamah).

3 Riy al-Nairah 1/156; Trkh al-Khulaf p. 44.
231
. 4 .4
Al is reported to have said that the first amongst the men to accept Islam
was Ab Bakr.1
The Conclusion of the Third Theme in Light of the Statements of Al
1. Ab Bakr had superseded all the people in every avenue of good.
2. His excellence in four aspects (that were mentioned earlier) is especially

categorically established.
3. He was likewise the first person to accept Islam from amongst the men. He
was thus the leader of the al-Sbiqn al-Awwaln, i.e. the early members
of this ummah who had surpassed the rest of the people.
Theme Four: The companionship of Ab Bakr al-iddq During the Hijrah

and the Divine Help of the Angels
. 1 .1
2 .2
. .
The translation of both narrations is that Al narrates that Raslullh

H asked Jibrl S, Who will migrate with me? He replied, Ab
Bakr who is al-iddq (the truthful).2
3 .3
.
4 .4
.
1 Trkh al-Khulaf p. 26.

2 First narration: Mustadrak kim 3/ 5; Kanz al-Umml 8/331. Second narration: Riy al-Nairah
1/89
232
The translation of both narrations is that Al is reported to have said, On
the day of the Battle of Badr, Raslullh H told me and Ab Bakr, with
one of you is Jibrl and with the other is Mikl. And Isrfl is a great angel
who witnesses the battle and is present in the row.1
Note:- The point of note here is that all these narrations have been transmitted
to us via the transmission of Al I himself. Any person with an unbiased
disposition will be able to discern that they are indubitable evidences of the love
and veneration that existed between Ab Bakr and Al L.
Theme Five: The first to Compile the Qurn was Ab Bakr al-iddq
The following narrations are cited ahead in order to establish this theme. These
narrations appear in abaqt ibn Sad, al-Istb, and many other references:
. 1 .1
. 2 .2
Abd Khayr mentions that he heard Al saying, may Allah shower his
mercy upon Ab Bakr. He was the first to compile that which is between
the covers (of the Book).2
3 .3
.
4 .4
.
The translation of both narrations is that Abd Khayr says that he heard
Al saying, Ab Bakr will attain the maximum reward for compiling the
Qurn. May Allahs E mercy descend upon Ab Bakr; he was the first
to compile the Book of Allah.3
1 First narration: Mustadrak kim 3/68: virtues of Shaykhayn via Al I; ilyat al-Awliy 4/368,
5/63. Second narration: ilyat al-Awliy 7/224.
2 First narration: abaqt Ibn Sad 3/137. Second narration: al-Istb 2/243.
3 First narration: Riy al-Nairah 1/144; second narration: Fat al-Br 9/9; Kanz al-Umml 1/279.
233
Theme Six: Ab Bakr and Umar will be the Leaders of the Middle Aged
People in Jannah
Hereunder those narrations will be presented in which mention is made of Ab
Bakr and Umar L being the leaders of the middle aged people of Jannah,
besides the Ambiy S. This privilege for them is just as the privilege enjoyed
by asan and usayn L of them being the leaders of the youth of Jannah.
Raslullh H has informed us of this great merit that they will hold in
Jannah and Al I among many other abah have conveyed this to us.
1 .1
!
Al is reported to have said, Raslullh H said, Ab Bakr and Umar

will be the leaders of the middle aged people, those who preceded them
and those who succeeded them, in Jannah, with the exception the Ambiy
and the Rasls. Do not inform them, O Al!1
2 .2

.
Al narrates, I was with Raslullh H when Ab Bakr and Umar

emerged. He thus said, these two men will be the leaders of the middle
aged people, those who preceded them and those who succeeded them,
in Jannah, with the exception the Ambiy and the Rasls. Do not inform
them!2
3 .3

.
1 Tirmidh, vol. 2: chapter regarding the merits of Ab Bakr

2 Ibid.
234
Al reports, I was with Raslullh H when Ab Bakr and Umar
happened to come. He thus remarked, these two men will be the leaders
of the middle aged people, those who preceded them and those who
succeeded them, in Jannah, with the exception the Ambiy and the Rasls.
Do not inform them, O Al!1
: 4 .4
.
Al is reported to have said that Raslullh H said, Ab Bakr and

Umar will be the leaders of the middle aged people, those who preceded
them and those who succeeded them, in Jannah, with the exception the
Ambiy and the Rasls. Do not inform them, O Al as long as they are alive!2
5 .5
.
Al narrates that he was in the presence of Raslullh H and there was

no one besides him when Ab Bakr and Umar came. Thereupon Raslullh
H said, O Al! These two men will be the leaders of the middle aged
people in Jannah, with the exception of the Ambiy and the Rasls.3
6 .6

.
Al reports, whilst I was in the presence of Raslullh H Ab Bakr and

Umar arrived, upon which Raslullh H remarked, these two men
will be the leaders of the middle aged people in Jannah, those who have
passed and those who are still to come in the future, with the exception
1 Musnad al-Imm Amad: the uninterrupted narrations of Al.

2 Sunan Ibn Mjah: virtues of Ab Bakr I.
3 Muwai Awhm al-Jam wa al-Tafrq 2/178-179.
235
the Ambiy and the Rasls. O Al! Do not inform them of this as long as
they are living. Al says, I informed the people about this after they had
passed on.1
7 .7

.
Al says, I was sitting in the presence of Raslullh H and his thighs

were on my thighs when Ab Bakr and Umar suddenly entered from the
rear of the masjid. Raslullh H gazed at them sharply and looked
at them from top to bottom. He then turned towards me and remarked,
by the oath of the being in whose possession is my soul they are most
certainly the leaders of the middle aged people in Jannah, those before
them and those after them, besides the Ambiy and Rasls..2
: 8 .8
.
Al reports that Raslullh H said, Ab Bakr and Umar will be the

leaders of the middle aged people in Jannah, those who preceded them
and those who succeeded them, with the exception the Ambiy and the
Rasls. Do not inform them O Al as long as long as they live.3
Note:-
This accolade of the Shaykhayn is reported from other abah besides Al I

as well:
1. In Tirmidh under the chapter: Merits of Ab Bakr, a similar

narration is narrated on the authority of Anas Ibn Mlik and Ibn
Abbs L.
1 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq, p. 7.

3 Kanz al-Umml 6/322; 6/142.
236
2. In Ibn Mjah yet another narration of this nature has been narrated
by Ab Juayfah with an uninterrupted chain of transmission on p.
11 under the chapter: Virtues of Ab Bakr I.
3. And the consistent narration of Ibn Umar L regarding the same

appears in Trkh Jurjn (p. 66).
I have alluded to them very briefly for the benefit of the scholars. My primary
objective under this theme was to cite the narration narrated by Al I.
Consequently I did not cite the narrations of any other ab.
Theme Seven: Al Accepted the Narrations of Ab Bakr Without any

Investigation
Beneath I present before you a few narrations wherein it is stated that Al I
would accept the narrations of Ab Bakr I without verification because he
perceived Ab Bakr I to be truthful.
These narrations are as follows:
1 .1

.
Ab Sad al-Maqbar narrates that Al I said, no tradition of Raslullh

H, which I personally never hear from him, was ever mentioned to
me but that I demanded the narrator to take an oath stating that he heard
it directly from Raslullh H excluding Ab Bakr. He would not lie;
Ab Bakr once narrated to me that Raslullh H said, no servant
remembers a sin that he had committed in the past than, stands up, when
recollecting that sin, performs wu thoroughly, reads two rakat of alh
and seeks forgiveness from Allah E but that he is forgiven.1
1 Musnad al-umaid, 1: 4-5, al-Muannaf li Ibn Ab Shaybah 2/ 387
237
2 .2

.
Asm ibn al-akam al-Fazr narrates that he heard Al I saying,

from the many adth I would hear from Raslullh H Allah E
would inspire me by the ones he wanted to benefit me with. However,
when someone besides him narrates a adth to me I seek to verify it by
demanding an oath from him; when he takes the oath only then do I have
faith in him. Ab Bakr once narrated a adth to me and he indeed was the
truthful. He said, I heard Raslullh H saying, no Muslim commits
a crime subsequent to which he does wu, performs alh and seeks the
forgiveness of Allah E but that he is forgiven by Allah E.1
Note:- Imam Tirmidh, Imm Ibn Mjah and al-Bazzr have also made mention of
this narration via the transmission of Al I.
Lessons Derived From These Narrations
The following is deduced from these narrations:
1. Ab Bakr and Al L would impart knowledge to one another

just as they would learn from each other. This is indicative of their
mutual affinity and sincerity.
2. Al I relied completely upon Ab Bakr I and hence saw no

need to seek an oath from when hearing a adth from him. This
means that Ab Bakrs I narrations were always reliable in the
view of Al I unlike others.
3. We likewise infer from this narration that all the jurisprudential

rulings narrated by Ab Bakr I were authentic according to Al
1 Musnad Imm Amad 1/2,9; Sunan Ab Dwd al-Sijistn 1/220; al-Madkhal F Ul al-adth, p. 34;
Akhbr Ifahn of Ab Nuaym al-Ifahn 1/142; Kitb Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq, p. 7, Muwai Awhm
al-Jam wa al-Tafrq 2/113-114
238
I and the Ban Hshim. In other words, even according to the
Ban Hshim, the most truthful was Ab Bakr I. Therefore if he,
having such a noble profile, narrates the adth, we the Ambiy
do not leave anything as inheritance. Whatever we leave is to be
spent in charity, then there should be no speculation whatsoever
in accepting the narration for it is without doubt, the adth of
Raslullh H.
Last Word
Accepting traditions or rejecting them is solely based on the reliability and

truthfulness of the narrator; the more truthful the narrator the more reliable
his narration. Previously, we have seen that Ab Bakrs I narrations were
accepted without any investigation.
In culmination I would like to add that the title of al-iddq, which means the
most truthful, with which Ab Bakr is prominently known was a title given to him
divinely by Allah E via Nab H. This is also transmitted to us through
the transmission of Al I. Ahead these narrations are presented. I hope that
they will be a means of engendering unity and reconciliation:
1 .1
Ab Yay narrates that he heard Al swearing by Allah and saying that

the name al-iddq was given to Ab Bakr from the heavens.1
. 2 .2
I heard Al taking an oath that the name al-iddq was given to Ab Bakr
by Allah from the heavens.2
1 Al-Trkh al-Kabr 1/99

2 Kitb Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq p. 4, Riy al-Nairah 1/68
239
. 3 .3
Al said, Allah has named Ab Bakr al-iddq upon the tongue of his Nab
Muammad H.1
Note:- Sayyidun Muammad al-Bqir has likewise, whenever talking of Ab

Bakr I, mentioned his name with the title of al-iddq as is manifest in the
narration of the adornment of the sword. The narrations that allude to this will
be cited in chapter five. I have referred to it here merely to make the readers
aware of it. Nonetheless, the title of al-iddq for Ab Bakr is established through
Sunn and Sh sources.2
Theme Eight: Als Satisfaction With the Superiority of Ab Bakr in This

World and the Hereafter
A few reports narrated by Al I which elucidate the above mentioned theme
are presented ahead. The readers are requested to study them carefully and
thereafter are called upon to gauge for themselves the extent of love, closeness,
mutual conciliation and reciprocal help that existed within these scrupulous
persons. There is no need for additional explanatory notes:
1 .1

.
asan reports that Al said, When Rasl Allh H passed away we

reflected over our affairs. We realised that he had instructed Ab Bakr I
to lead the congregation in alh. We were thus pleased for our worldly
affairs with the person who Raslullh H was pleased with for our
religious affairs. We, therefore, gave precedence to Ab Bakr.3
1 Kanz al-Umml 6/314

2 ilyah al-Awliy, 3: 183; Kashf al-Ghummah F Marifah al-Aimmah, 2: 32.
3 abaqt Ibn Sad 3/130.
240
2 .2

.
Nazzl ibn Saburah reports that one day they encountered Al and he was
in a very jubilant mood, they, therefore, asked him, O Amr al-Muminn!
Tell us something about Ab Bakr ibn Ab Qufah. He replied, That
is a person whom Allah E had named al-iddq via Jibrl S and
Muammad H. He continued, and was the deputy of Raslullh
H in leading the congregational alh; Raslullh H had chosen
him for our religious affairs, thus we are pleased that he took charge of our
worldly affairs.1
3 .3

.
Nazzl ibn Saburah narrates, one day we found Al in very elated mood
so we said, Tell us about your companions. He said, All the abah
of Raslullh H are my companions. We demanded, Then tell us
about the abah of Raslullh H. Ask me, he replied. We said,
Tell us something about Ab Bakr. He said, That is a person whom Allah
E had named al-iddq via Jibrl S and Muammad H. And
was the deputy of Raslullh H in leading the congregation in alh;
Raslullh H had chosen him for our religious affairs, thus we were
pleased that he took charge of our worldly affairs as well.2
...... 4 .4

.
Translation similar to that of the above narration.3
1 Kitb Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq, p 4.

2 Usd al-Ghbah 3/216.
3 Al-Riy al-Nairah 1/68.
241
5 .5

.
asan al-Bar reports from Al ibn Ab lib, Raslullh H sent forth

Ab Bakr to lead the prayer whereas I was not absent, rather present, and
not ill, but in sound health. If he would have wanted to give me preference
he would have done so. We are thus happy for our worldly affairs with he,
whom Allah is happy with for religious matters. 1
The Crux of the Narrations
1. Ab Bakr I led the abah M in alh during the fatal illness of

Raslullh H, not out of coincidence, rather through the instruction
of Raslullh H.
2. Al I and the balance of the abah M had perceived his

Immah (leadership), in alh to be sufficient evidence for his eligibility
of leadership in the khilfah as well. As if they had understood that his
leadership in the five alhs is enough to prove him deserving of the seat
of khilfah.
3. These narrations are also indicative towards the fact that all the abah
M were satisfied with Ab Bakr I taking charge of affairs. No one
was coerced into acknowledging his rule. Similarly it is obvious from
these narrations that all the narrations that portray a horrifying picture
of how the Ahl al-Bayt had been forced into pledging their allegiance are
unfounded; the statements of Al I cited here are valid enough to
discredit them.
It should likewise be remembered that those narrations, if accepted, reflect very

badly upon the valour, courageousness and character of Al I and are thus
worthy of being discarded.
1 Usd al-Ghbah 3/221.
242
A Sh Narration
I deem it suitable to sight hereunder a narration which appears in a Sh source.

The narration tells us that Al I had conceded that Ab Bakr I was worthy
of the khalfah, that he was the companion of Raslullh H in the cave, that
he was the second of the two, and that Raslullh H had instructed him to
lead the congregational prayer in his last moments. This narration is transmitted
through Ab Bakr (Amad ibn Abd al-Azz) al-Jowhar and Ibn Ab al-add has
cited this narration at two places in his commentary of Nahj al-Balghah. The
narration is lengthy. It also speaks of Al and Zubayr L conceding the merits
of Ab Bakr I. An excerpt of it is presented ahead:
...
.
And we see Ab Bakr as the most eligible person for it (khilfah). Verily
he is the companion in the cave and the second of the two. We are aware
of his seniority; Raslullh H had commanded him to lead the
congregational prayers whilst he was alive.1
Note:- Previously I had cited this narration from our sources under the discussion
pertaining to the bayah of Al I. For reasons of corroboration, the narration
has been cited here under this theme from a Sh source.
Theme Nine: Als Grief on Demise of Ab Bakr

1. Al-Sy has cited a narration in this regard in Trkh al-Khulaf with
reference to Ibn Askir. The narration reads as follows:
...
Al entered upon Ab Bakr and he was enshrouded with a sheet.2
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah 1/ 293: mention of Saqfah.

2 Trkh al-Khulaf p.44.
243
2. Jr Allah al-Zamakhshar has cited the following narration in his book on
the language of adth named al-Fiq:

. ...
When Ab Bakr passed away Al came and stood at the door of the house
in which he lay enshrouded and said, you were, by Allah, the chief in the
initial stages of Islam (i.e. you had surpassed the people in embracing Islam)
when the people were indifferent and you were equally the leader in the
latter stages when they had become weak and cowardly. You were like a
mountain which could not be shaken by storms or uprooted by thunders.1
3. A third narration of this nature is narrated by Usayd ibn afwn. It is a

fairly lengthy narration. However, I shall cite here an excerpt therefrom
which is supported by other narrations as well. It reads as follows:

...
Usayd ibn afwn (he was privileged with enjoying the company of
Raslullh H) reports, When Ab Bakr passed away the whole of
Madnah was reverberating because of the crying of its inhabitants and
the people were just as perplexed as they were the day Raslullh H
passed away. Al came hastily, weeping, repeating, To Allah do we belong
and unto Him shall we return, and saying, Today the true succession of
nubuwwah has terminated. Till he reached the door of the house wherein
Ab Bakr was lying covered. He then said, May Allah, shower his mercies
upon you O Ab Bakr! You were the first to accept Islam, the most sincere
in faith and the richest in conviction.2
1 Al-Fiq 1/247.
2 Al-Istb 1/42; Usd al-Ghbah 1/90-91; Riy al-Nairah 1/239; Kanz al-Umml 6/325.
244
Narrations in Which he Conceded the Merits of Ab Bakr
1 .1

.
Ibn Abbs narrates that when Umar ibn al-Khab was placed on his
bed after the people had enshrouded him in the winding sheet and were
supplicating in his favour, I was amongst them; Al appeared and remarked,
I very strongly believed that Allah would definitely unite you with your
two companions. And that is because I would often hear Raslullh H
saying, I went with Ab Bakr and Umar, I entered with Ab Bakr and Umar
and I left with Ab Bakr and Umar. Therefore, I would always assume that
Allah will unite you with them.1
Note:- Although this narration makes mention of the presence of

Al I during the burial of Umar I, it nonetheless, proves
the merit of Ab Bakr I as well. It was keeping this in mind
that I have cited the narration here and I will cite it again in the
Frq section, if Allah wills. The very same applies to the coming
narration cited by Ab lib al-Ashr. It reads as follows:
2 .2

.
Suwaid ibn Ghaflah relates that Al had made the following remark after
the demise of Ab Bakr and Umar, where will you ever come across such
individuals. May Allah inspire me to follow in their path for no one can
reach their levels but by treading in their path and by loving them. Hence,
whoever loves me should love them and that person who does not love me
has indeed showed indifference towards them and I am free from him.2
1 Bukhr 1/520; Mustadrak 3/68.

2 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq p. 7.
245
Conclusion
1. Al I came weeping to the funeral of Ab Bakr I.
2. Thereafter, he began recollecting the various merits of Ab Bakr I.
Among them he had said, true succession of nubuwwah has terminated

with the demise of Ab Bakr I. i.e. henceforth, every other khalfah
will not be the direct successor of Raslullh H rather he will be the
successor of the Khalfah who preceded him.
3. He likewise attested to the early Islam of Ab Bakr I wherewith he

had surpassed the rest of the people just as he had attested to his sincerity
of faith. He had likewise conceded that Ab Bakr and Umar L were
the close associates of Raslullh H in this world and will enjoy his
blessed companionship in the hereafter.
4. It is also clear from these narrations that Al I saw no one parallel to

Ab Bakr I and desired to follow in his footsteps. He had also ordered
the people to love Ab Bakr and set himself free from anyone who despised
him.
5. Lastly, it is evident from these narrations that Al I was present at

the demise, the funeral procedures of Ab Bakr I and, therefore, was
without doubt present for the Janzah alh of Ab Bakr I. It would
be absurd to say that he was present before and after the funeral, but
disappeared at the time of the Janzah alh.
Theme Ten: The Conduct of Ab Bakr and Umar was in Total Conformity
With the Conduct of Raslullh H
The following narrations reported on the authority of Al I elucidate the
theme highlighted:
246
Abd Khayr mentions that Al ascended the pulpit, made mention of
Raslullh H and said, After the demise of Raslullh H, Ab
Bakr was elected as the ruler of the Muslims. He upheld his legacy and
impersonated him in his conduct. Thereafter, Ab Bakr passed on and Umar
was elected as the leader of the Muslims. He likewise, upheld the legacy of
Raslullh H and Ab Bakr, and conformed to their conduct.1
It was after this that Al I remarked:
I feel shy to oppose (a verdict taken by) Ab Bakr.2
The reason for this is obvious: every action and decision of Ab Bakr I was in
compliance with the Sunnah of Raslullh H, therefore, Al I found it
difficult to oppose him in any of his stances.
For the benefit of the scholars, just as Ab lib al-Ashr has cited this narration
in his book Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq so have Sh scholars made mention of it in
their works under the discussion of Fadak (the narration had previously been
cited in this book under the discussion of Fadak).
Hence, a famed Sh Mujtahid al-Sayyid al-Murta Alam al-Hud has cited the
following narration in his book, al-Shf, on the authority of Muammad ibn
Imrn al-Marzubn al-Khursn al-Sh:
When Al took charge of affairs he was accosted regarding the issue of

Fadak. His reply was, verily I am ashamed to revoke that which Ab Bakr
had prevented and whose decision was further sanctioned by Umar.3
1 Al-Fat al-Rabbn ma Bulgh al-Amn 22/184; Musnad Amad 1/128; Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq p. 5;
Majma al-Zawid 5/176.
2 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq p. 4; Kanz al-Umml 6/314.
3 Kitb al-Shf p. 231; Shar Nahj al-Balghah (Ibn Ab al-Hadd) 4/130.
247
It is established from this narration that Al I had no reservations against the
system of governance of Ab Bakr and Umar L. Therefore, he had not made
the least bit change in their stance; rather he approbated their stance which is
indeed a sign of their mutual unity and affinity.
A few more narrations derived from Sh sources that establish that Al I had
approbated the governance of Ab Bakr and Umar L are presented ahead.
1 .1
.
Al said, Thereafter, the Muslims after him had appointed two virtuous
people from amongst them as leaders who carried out the injunctions of
the Qurn and the Sunnah, lived ascetic lives and had not transgressed the
teachings of the Sunnah. They have now passed on. May Allah have mercy
upon them.1
This was a snippet from one of the letters of Al I which he

wrote to his devout companion Qays ibn Sad ibn Ubdah when he
appointed him as the governor of Egypt.
2 .2

.
After praising Allah E and sending salutations upon Raslullh H,

Al said, Allah E sent Muammad H and through his medium
saved the people from misguidance, delivered them from destruction and
united them after they had been fragmented. Subsequent to that, Allah
E made him taste death when he had carried out his task. The people
had thus elected Ab Bakr as their ruler and subsequent to him Umar.
They had both led exemplary lives and dealt justly with the ummah.2
1 Shar Nahj al-Balghah (Ibn Ab al-Hadd), 1/295; Nsikh al-Tawrkh 2/286.

2 Nsikh al-Tawrkh 3/241.
248
That was as excerpt from one of the speeches of Al I which he
had delivered when abb ibn Maslamah al-Fihr and Shurabl ibn
al-Sim, the two envoys of Muwiyah I, came to speak to him
regarding the assassination of Uthmn I.
Crux of These Narrations
1. According to Al I, Ab Bakr and Umar L had outstandingly

sublime conduct.
2. They were just in their rule and were not oppressors or usurpers.
3. They strictly complied with the injunctions of the Qurn and the
Sunnah.
4. They had never opposed the Sunnah of Raslullh H.
The opinion of Al I regarding them is strikingly evident from these

narrations. However, only the intelligent are able to understand the reality.
Theme Eleven: The Approbation of Ab Bakr by Al From the Mimbar

Under this theme I shall cite the narrations in which Al I is reported to have
praised Ab Bakr I in unequivocal terms during his reign, upon the mimbar
and in scattered gatherings. He had very clearly commended Ab Bakr I,
leaving no room for any person to assume that he had done so merely because of
Taqiyyah (dissimulation). These are the phrases Al I used to commend Ab
Bakr I: The best of this ummah, the most virtuous of this ummah, the
best of people, the most virtuous of people, the most valorous of people, etc.
Furthermore, a group of reliable narrators have reported these narrations from

Al I. Hence, Shh Wal Allah al-Dehlaw has stated the following in his book
Izlat al-Khaf:
249
He further says:
The crux of both these texts is: It is categorically established from Al (due
to mass transmission) that he had commended Ab Bakr on the mimbar of
Kfah during his reign.1
Al-Sy has cited the verdict of Imm al-Dhahab in his book Trkh al-Khulaf.
He mentions:
The superiority of Ab Bakr is established categorically (due to mass

transmission Tawtur) from Al.
These scholars had reached this conclusion due to them having access to a very
vast legacy of adth literature. We, in our times, have not procured not even a
tenth of what they had acquired. Nonetheless, despite that I was able to find more
than twenty narrators who have narrated this from Al I from the books of
adth that I have at my disposal. I intend to cite all these narrations under this
theme and the next. Some of them will be re-cited in the Frq section as per
need.
From these narrations, I shall begin with the report of Muammad ibn al-
anafiyyah, the son of Al I. But before that I wish to shed some light upon
his biography.
A Brief Account of the Life of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah
After asan and usayn L, Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah was the most
virtuous of the offspring of Al I. He was the son of Khowlah bint Jafar ibn
1 Izlah al-Khaf 1/ 17, 1/316.
250
Qays; she was taken as captive during the khilfah of Ab Bakr I after one of
the wars of apostasy and was gifted to Al I. He was born two years prior to
the termination of the khilfah of Umar I. He had spent most of his life in
the company of his noble father. Al I had expressed his intimate love for him
and had bequeathed asan and usayn L to deal amiably with him.
He passed away in 81/83 A.H. Abn ibn Uthmn ibn Affn, who was the governor
of Madnah during the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwn, had led his Janzah
alh.1
The narrations are now presented hereunder:
1. The narration of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah
On one occasion Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah asked his father:
!
.
He says, I asked my father one day, who is the best of people after Nab
H? Ab Bakr he said. I asked, then who? Umar, was his response.
I feared that now he would say Uthmn so I said, and then you? upon
which he replied, I am but a men from amongst the Muslims.2
2. The Narrations of Abd Khayr
There are a few narrations reported from Abd Khayr in this regard each of which
is unequivocally clear. They are as follows:
1 For further reference see: Trkh ibn Khallikn 1/450; Aml al-Shaykh Ab Jafar al-s 1/7; Umdat
al-lib: chapter regarding the children of Al I; Majlis al-Muminn: Majlis no. 4; Tufat al-Abb
p. 327.
2 Al-Bukhr 1/518: virtues of Ab Bakr; Sunan Ab Dwd 2/288;Kanz al-Umml 6/322; al-Itiqd al
Madhhab al-Salaf p. 191.
251
i .i

.
Abd Khayr narrates that he heard Al saying, Raslullh H was

summoned from this world in a manner best befitting a nab. He continued
praising him and then said, Subsequently, Ab Bakr was nominated as
the khalfah. He upheld the practices of Raslullh H and his Sunnah.
He was then summoned from this world in a manner best befitting any
individual and was the best of this ummah after its Nab. Thereafter, Umar
was elected as the ruler. He upheld their practices and their Sunnah.
Consequently, he passed on in the best way suitable for any person and
was the best of this ummah after its Nab and Ab Bakr.1
iiii
.
Abd Khayr narrates, Al arose and said, the best person of this ummah
after its Nab is Ab Bakr and Umar. Thereafter, we embroiled ourselves in
affairs in which Allah E will judge as he wants.2
Note:- In the Musnad of Imam Amad under the chapter of the

uninterrupted narrations of Al I there are four narrations
narrated through the transmission of Abd Khayr. However, due to
there being very minor variations between them I have sufficed on
the citation of two of them. The scholars, if need be, can refer to
1/115-127 of the Musnad.
( ) iiiii
. !
1 Al-Muannaf li Ibn Ab Shaybah 4/887; Musnad Amad 1/120; Kanz al-Umml 6/329.
2 Musnad Amad 1/115.
252
Abd Khayr narrates that Al ascended the pulpit and said, Should I not
inform you of the best of people after their Nab? They replied in the
affirmative. He said, Ab Bakr, he then remained silent for a while and
again asked, Should I not inform you of the best of people after Ab
Bakr? He then said, Umar.1
() iviv
.
This narration has been cited by Ab Nuaym al-Ifahn in his book Akhbr
Ifahn. The translation is similar to the above narration.2
v .v

.
Abd Khayr mentions, When we had finished fighting at the Battle of

Nahrawn Al stood up and said, the best of this ummah was its Nab, then
Ab Bakr, then Umar. Therefrom, we got embroiled in such issues wherein
Allah E will decide as he wills.3
vivi
. .
Translation similar to narration four and five.4
vivii
.
Translation similar to narration four and five.5
1 ilyah al-Awliy 7/199: Mention of Shubah ibn ajjj.

2 Akhbr Ifahn 1/182.
3 Ibid 1/235.
4 ilyat al-Awliy 7/199
5 Ibid 7/199; al-Istb 2/456.
253
viviii
.
Abd Khayr mention, I heard Al ibn Ab lib saying, the best person that
Raslullh H had left after him was Ab Bakr then Umar and I for
sure know the third best individual as well.1
This narration is recorded by al-Khab al-Baghdd in his book Muwai Awhm

al-Jam wa al-Tafrq.
ixix
.
Abd Khayr narrates that Al said, The best individual of this ummah after
its Nab is Ab Bakr followed by Umar. I can name the third best as well if
I so desire.2
x .x

.
Abd Khayr narrates that Al I said, The best of this ummah after its
Nab is Ab Bakr and Umar. Thereafter, we got caught up in such things
with regard to which Allah E will deal as he desires.3
xixi
.
The best of this ummah after its Nab H are Ab Bakr and Umar.4
1 Akhbr Ifahn 2/266.

2 Muwai Awhm al-Jam wa al-Tafrq 1/439.
3 Ibid 2/79.
4 Tadhkirat al-uff of Imam al-Dhahab 3/301.
254
Al-Sy has cited a superb assessment made by al-Dhahab regarding these
narrations in his book Trkh al-Khulaf:
This is reported from Al I with Tawtur (so profusely narrated that it is

inconceivable that they all could have agreed upon a lie).1
fi Ibn Kathr has likewise reached a similar conclusion in his book al-Bidyah
wa al-Nihyah. He states:
It has been categorically established regarding Al that he had, during his

rule, stated the following in Kfah, the centre of his empire: O people!
Verily the noblest of people in this ummah after its Nab is Ab Bakr and
then Umar. And I can disclose the third best if I so wish.2
3. The Narrations of Ab Juayfah
After citing the narrations of Abd Khayr I shall now present the narrations of
Ab Juayfah:
i .i

.
Ab Juayfah, Al would call him Wahb Khayr, says, Al said, O Ab

Juayfah! Should I not inform you of the most virtuous person of this
ummah after its Nab? I replied in the positive and personally I did not
1 Trkh al-Khulaf, p. 35.

2 Al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah 8/13.
255
perceive anyone to be better than him. He said, the most virtuous of this
ummah after its Nab is Ab Bakr, subsequent to him in virtue is Umar, and
after them is a third person, without mentioning his name.1
iiii
.
iiiii
.
Translation same as above narration.3
iviv

!
.
Ab Juayfah states, I considered Al to be the most virtuous of people

after Raslullh H. Verifying this, I said to him, never by the oath of
Allah! O Amr al-Muminn I do not consider anyone to be more superior to
you after Raslullh H. He said, Should I not inform you of the most
virtuous person of this ummah after its Nab? I replied in the positive.
He said, the most virtuous of this ummah after its Nab is Ab Bakr. He
then said, should I not inform you of the most virtuous person of this
ummah after its Nab and Ab Bakr? I replied in the positive and he said,
Umar.4
v .v
1 Musnad Amad 1/106.

2 Ibid 1/106.
3 Ibid 1/110.
4 Ibid 1/127-128.
256
.
vivi

.
Own ibn Ab Juayfah states, My father was part of the police force of
Al and his duty would be at the mimbar. He told me that one day Al
ascended the pulpit subsequent to which he glorified Allah E and sent
salutations upon Raslullh H. He then said, the best of this ummah
after its Nab is Ab Bakr, following him second in virtue is Umar and Allah
places virtue wherever he wishes.2
vivii
.
.
Translation similar to above narrations with the addition, I can inform

you of the third best in virtue if I so desire.3
After narrating this narration Ab Nuaym, the author of ilyah,

states: This is a adth which is authentically proven from
Shubah.
() viviii
.
Al is reported to have said, The best of people after Raslullh H
were Ab Bakr and Umar. Love for me and enmity for them can never
unite in one heart.4
1 Ibid 1/102.
2 Ibid 1/106.
3 ilyat al-Awliy 7/199.
257
ixix
.

.
Ab Juayfah narrates, one day I went to visit Al at his home. So I said,

O the best of people after Raslullh! he said, stop right there, O Ab
Juayfah! Should I not inform you of the best of people after Raslullh
H? Ab Bakr and Umar. O Ab Juayfah! Affiliation with me and
disassociation with them or vice versa can never unite in the heart of a
believer.1
4. Narrations of Scattered Narrators
After presenting the narrations of Abd Khayr and Ab Juayfah the narrations of
the following people are presented: Wahb al-Saw, Amr ibn urayth, Ab Wil,
Shaqq ibn Salamah, Muammad ibn Aql, Rfi Ab Jad, Shark ibn Abd Allah,
Abd Allah ibn Salamah, Nazzl ibn Saburah, aaah ibn n, etc.
i .i
.
Wahb al-Saw mentions that Al addressed us one day and asked, Who
are the best people after Nab H in this ummah? I said, you, O Amr
al-Muminn. He said, No! The best in this ummah after Nab H were
Ab Bakr and Umar and we would not consider it farfetched that the truth
would descend via the tongue of Umar.2
iiii
.
mir al-Shab says that he bears witness that Wahb al-Saw had told
him that he heard Al saying, the most virtuous of this ummah after its

2 Musnad Amad 1/106; Kanz al-Umml, 6: chapter regarding the virtues of the three Khulaf.
258
Nab was Ab Bakr then Umar and I can disclose the third in virtue if I
want to.1
iiiii
.
Amr ibn urayth narrates that he heard Al ibn Ab lib saying, the best
of this ummah after its Nab is Ab Bakr then Umar.2
iviv
.
Amr ibn urayth mentions that he heard Al on the pulpit saying, the best
of this ummah after its Nab is Ab Bakr, then Umar and then Uthmn.3
v .v

. .
Ab Wil narrates that it was said to Al ibn Ab lib, are you not going
to appoint anyone as your successor over us? He said, Raslullh H
had not appointed anyone as his successor such that I should too. However,
if Allah desires good for this ummah he will unite them behind the best
amongst them just as he united them around the best of them (after the
Rasl H).4
vivi

.
1 Kitb Ifahn 2/19.

2 Kitb al-Kun wa al-Asm 2/123.
3 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq p 10.
4 Mustadrak kim 3/79.
259
It was said to Al ibn Ab lib, Are you not going to bequeath (a
successor)? He said, Raslullh H had made no bequest such that
I should make one. However, if Allah desires good for this ummah he will
unite them behind the best amongst them just as he united them around
the best of them (after the Rasl H), in other words Ab Bakr.1
vivii

.
Translation similar to above narration.2
viviii
(
) .
ixix

( )
( )
! ... !

.
Muammad ibn Aql mentions, Al addressed us one day and enquired,

O people! Tell me who is the most courageous of people? You Oh Amr
al-Muminn, the people replied. He said, I had never challenged anyone
1 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq, p. 5; Kanz al-Umml 6/319.

2 Al-Musnad al-Bazzr: merits of Ab Bakr al-iddq; al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-Salaf p. 184.
3 Al-Sunan al-Kubr 7/149; al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah 8/13.
260
but that I defeated him. But tell me who is the bravest of people? They
said, we do not know. Whereupon he said, Ab Bakr, then explained, on
the Day of Badr we erected a tent for Raslullh H and then enquired,
who will stand security for Raslullh H so that no infidel is able to
lay hands on him. Hence, by the oath of Allah! No one besides Ab Bakr
volunteered; he rose with his sword unsheathed standing by the side of
Raslullh H. No one would advance towards him but that Ab Bakr
would combat him. Therefore, he was the bravest of people He would
either slay or throw down any person who would come close to him
and would say, Woe be to you! Do you desire to kill this person merely
because he says, my lord is Allah? Subsequently, Al raised a shawl that
he was wearing and begun sobbing till his beard became wet with tears.
Thereafter he said, I give you the pledge of Allah! Tell me who is better the
believer of the family of Firown or Ab Bakr? The people remained silent.
He insisted, Why do you not respond. By Allah! A moment of the life of
Ab Bakr is better than the entire life of that believer. Simply because, he
had hidden his faith and Ab Bakr had announced it openly.1
( ) x .x
.
Translation similar to above narrations.2
! xixi

.
A person asked Shark ibn Abd Allah, who is more virtuous Ab Bakr or
Al? He said, Ab Bakr. The person said, You are a Sh and you say
this? He replied, Yes! And whoever is not of this opinion is not a Sh.
By Allah! Al ascended this pulpit and said, verily the best of this ummah
1 Musnad al-Bazzr: chapter regarding the merits of the abah; al-Riy al- Nairah 1/121-122; Kanz
al-Umml 6/321; al-Bidyah wa al-Nihyah 3/271-272.
2 Al-Trkh al-Kabr 2/280.
261
after its Nab was Ab Bakr then Umar. How can we then deny that and
belie him in what he had said? By Allah! He was not a liar.1
( ) xixii
. .
Translation same as above narrations.2
xixiii
.
Translation similar to above narrations.3
! xixiv

.
aaah ibn n narrates, We visited Al after he had been stabbed by

Ibn Muljim so we said; appoint a ruler over us. He said, I am leaving you as
Raslullh H had left us; we said, Appoint someone over us. He said,
Allah E knows the good that prevails in you and will select the best
amongst you. He (Al) said, Hence, Allah E saw the virtuous amongst
us and selected Ab Bakr.4
....) (xvxv
Al said, the best people of this ummah are Ab Bakr ibn Ab Qufah
and Umar ibn al-Khab. After them Allah E knows where goodness
lies.5
1 Tathbt Dalil al-Nubwah of Q Abd al-Jabbr al-Hamdn 1/549; Tufah Ithn Asharyah, p. 310.
2 ilyat al-Awliy 7/200; Sunan Ibn Mjah, p. 11.
3 Al-Istb 2/243; Izlat al-Khaf 1/67.
4 Mustadrak kim 3/45, al-Riy al-Nairah 1/120; Kanz al-Umml 6/411.
5 Al-Muannaf li Abd al-Razzq, 3: 448.
262
Conclusion of Theme Eleven
In conclusion, it is clear from these various statements of Al I that the most

virtuous of this ummah after Raslullh H is Ab Bakr, then Umar, and
then Uthmn M. It is also evident that there existed love, unity and mutual
friendship amongst these blessed souls. There are numerous narrations that
allude to this which are documented in the books of adth and history.
How unfortunate is it that we have lost our interest to study and research
because of which we have become victims of ignorance, from which stems all
misconceptions and wrong ideologies.
Theme Twelve: The Attitude of Al Towards Those who Denigrate Ab

Bakr and Umar
In the previous themes, narrations in which Al I had directly praised Ab
Bakr and Umar L were presented. Hereunder narrations which indicate the
stance that Al I had taken with those who had either reviled both Ab Bakr
and Umar L or had considered him superior to them.
In a short, Al I had taken a very severe stance regarding these people. He

had initially expressed his displeasure upon their assumptions and had refuted
them very rigidly. When that did not aid in curbing their mischief he had them
punished, sent into exile, and further announced in his sermons that if he heard
anyone giving preference to him over Ab Bakr and Umar L he would convict
them for false testimony and punish them with eighty lashes, the punishment
normally executed upon a person who falsely accuses an innocent woman of
adultery.
These incidents are presented ahead. The stance of Al I regarding Ab Bakr

and Umar L, his love and veneration for them will thus become indubitably
evident. An impartial person without doubt will not reach any other conclusion
besides the above. Similarly, defamation and disparagement were not the
263
manners with which they dealt with one another, nor could they tolerate any
person who would have such assumptions regarding them. For they understood
very well that due to these misdemeanours many vices will engulf the ummah (as
is seen throughout the world today).
If the people of understanding and insight reflect over this, then they will most
certainly appreciate the efforts of Al I in this regard. However, despite a
persons efforts, at times the desired results do not materialise and ultimately
the decree of Allah reigns supreme: Allah will most certainly bring his affairs to
completion and has a set measure for everything. Nonetheless, he had tried his
best in curbing the tides of fitnah.
Having completed the intro, the narrations are now presented hereunder:
1 .1

.
.( )
Ab Wil narrates that Abd Allah al-Kaww, Shabb ibn Rib and several
other individuals disassociated themselves from Al upon his return from
iffn to Kfah because he had reproached them for reviling Ab Bakr and
Umar and other abah of Raslullh H. Hence, they opposed him
and rebelled against him. Al thus, went to them, engaged them, defeated
them and consequently returned without war. (In another narration it
appears that Al said to them) I pledge solemn oaths that I will not dwell
in the same city as you until I meet Allah E.1
: 2 .2
:
. : :
: : :
1 Mustadrak kim 3/146.
264

:
Ab ukaymah narrates, We were in the Masjid when a person came

and begun denigrating Ab Bakr and Umar and criticising Uthmn. I
thus went to Al and said, O Amr al-Muminn! Here is a person in the
Masjid who is denigrating Ab Bakr and Umar and criticising Uthmn.
He said, bring him to me! then demanded, who testifies against this
person? Subsequently, I and those who were with me testified against
him. Al gave instructions regarding him and he was tramped upon. He
then said, take him to the market place so that people see him and know
what he did. Thereafter send him into exile for he cannot reside with me.
Consequently, he stood up and we stood with him he (advanced towards
the Masjid) ascended the pulpit and said, the best of this ummah after its
Nab were Ab Bakr and Umar and I can disclose the third if I desire.1
3 .3

.
Umm Ms narrates that the news had reached Al that Abd Allah ibn
Saba holds him in higher esteem than Ab Bakr and Umar. He therefore
intended to kill him. It was thus said to him, do you intend killing a
person who has merely exalted you and holds you in high esteem? He
said, Definitely! He will not stay with me in the same city. Abd Allah ibn
Khabq says that he informed al-Haytham ibn Jaml of this who remarked,
he is in exile in one of the towns in al-Madin till this very moment.2
4 .4
.
Translation similar to above cited narration.3
1 Kitb al-Kun of al-Dlb 1/155.

3 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq p 9.
265
5 .5
.
Translation similar to the above cited narration.1
Ibn ajar al-Asqaln has cited a much more detailed narration in

this regard in his book Lisn al-Mzn (vol. 3: biography of Abd Allah
ibn Saba). The narration is presented ahead in order to clarify the
incident completely:
6 .6

.
Zayd ibn Wahb mentions that Suwayd ibn Ghaflah once came to Al during
his rule and said, I just passed by a people who were talking about Ab
Bakr and Umar (negatively) because they assume that you also perceive
of them to be just as they perceive of them; among them is Abd Allah ibn
Saba. And Abd Allah was the first person to contrive such ideas. He said,
what do I have to do with this wretched black man!? He then said, I
seek the protection of Allah from perceiving anything but good regarding
them. He exiled Abd Allah ibn Saba to al-Madin and said, he will never
reside with me in one city. Subsequent to that he ascended the mimbar
and everyone thronged around him. The narrator then reported the
lengthy sermon of Al wherein he praised Ab Bakr and Umar at the end
of which he said, if ever I learn of anyone holding me in more esteem
than them I shall carry out on him the punishment of one who gives false
testimony.2

2 Lisn al-Mzn 3/290.
266
! 7 .7

.
Suwayd ibn Ghaflah came at one occasion to Al during his rule and said,
O Amr al-Muminn! I happen to pass by a group of people who were
talking about Ab Bakr and Umar in manner not befitting their status
in Islam. Hence, he ascended the mimbar whilst holding my hand and
said, by that being who has split the seed and has created the soul, only
a virtuous believer will love them and no one save a wretched deviant
person will despise them and oppose them; love for them is virtue and
enmity towards them is deviation. What is the matter with people who
make negative remarks regarding the two brothers of Raslullh H,
his ministers, his companions, the leaders of Quraysh and the fathers of
the Muslims? I am free from any person who denigrates them and I will
chastise any such person.1
Note:- The above cited narration is a truncated version. For those

who are keen on studying the entire narration they should refer to
Kanz al-Umml (6/369-370). I have refrained from citing it here in
order not to prolong the discussion.
8 .8
! !

.
Ab anfah narrates that a person came to Al and said, I have not seen
anyone more virtuous than you. Al said to him, Have you seen Nab
H? Have you seen Ab Bakr? Have you seen Umar? each time the
1 ilyat al-Awliy 7/201; Srah Umar ibn al-Khab of Ibn al-Jowz, p. 32; Kanz al-Umml 6/369-370.
267
reply was in the negative. He further said, Had you said that you saw Nab
H (and yet made such a claim) I would have killed you and had you said
you saw Ab Bakr and Umar I would have punished you very severely.1
Note:- This narration appears through the following chains of

transmission as well:
2
...
And
3
...
9 .9
.
Aiyyah al-Awf narrates that Al would say, any person who holds
me in higher esteem than Ab Bakr and Umar if brought to me, I will
carry out upon him a punishment similar to that of the punishment of a
fornicator.4
....... 1010

.
Ubaydah al-Salmn narrates that Al learnt of a person who was reviling

Ab Bakr and Umar. He thus summoned him where after he sarcastically
made negative remarks regarding them. The person understood to what
Al was hinting. Al, thereafter, said, By the oath of that being who has
1 Kitb al-thr of Imam Ab Yusuf p. 207: Narration no. 924

4 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq p. 8; Kanz al-Umml 6/370.
268
sent Muammad H with the truth if I ever again hear the comments
that you have made or you are officially convicted for such, I shall slay
you.1
1111

.
Abd Allah ibn Kathr mentions that Al said to him, the best of this
ummah after its Nab are Ab Bakr and Umar and I can divulge the third
best in merit if I so desire. I will inflict a very agonizing torment on any
person who holds me in higher esteem than Ab Bakr and Umar. Towards
the end of time, there will emerge a group of people who will outwardly
claim to love us and support us, they will be the most wretched of the
servants of Allah who will criticise Ab Bakr and Umar.2
. 1212
Al said, No person will hold me in greater esteem than Ab Bakr and

Umar but that I will lash him the punishment of a calumniator.3
1313

1414
.

3 Al-Istb 2/244; al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-Salaf, p. 184; Kanz al-Umml 6/371.
269
Al said, Raslullh H surpassed everyone. Ab Bakr followed him
in merit. Subsequent to him in merit was Umar. Thereafter a fitnah
engulfed us and what Allah desired, transpired. Therefore, whoever gives
preference to me over Ab Bakr and Umar; I will lash him the punishment
of a calumniator and will rescind his testimony.1
1515

.
Alqamah narrates, Having begun with the praises of Allah, Al addressed

us and said, it has reached me that a group of people give precedence to
me over Ab Bakr and Umar. Had I made an official announcement in this
regard previously I would have punished these people. I do not approve
of punishment before sounding a warning. Therefore, any person who
makes such claims is a calumniator; the punishment of a calumniator will
be executed upon him. The best of people after Raslullh H were Ab
Bakr and Umar.2
In the variation which appears in Izlat al-Khaf the following pertinent addition
also appears. I therefore find it apt to cite it here. It reads as follows:
asan ibn Al was present in the gathering he thereupon said, by Allah

E had he mentioned the third after Raslullh H he would have
mentioned Uthmn.3

2 Fail Ab Bakr al-iddq p. 8; al-Itiqd al Madhhab al-Salaf p. 187; Kanz al-Umml 6/369; Izlat al-Khaf
an Khilfah al-Khulaf 1/68, 317. These are few references that I have cited here for the narration of
Alqamah. In the text above I have chosen the version of Ab lib al-Ashr and have translated it.
The variations of the other references might be slightly different but the meaning of all the narrations
amount to the same as that of the above cited narration.
3 Izlat al-Khaf 1/317.
270
A Sh Narration
At the culmination of this theme, I cite before you a Sh narration wherefrom

it can clearly be understood that some of the Sh scholars have also conceded
the virtue of Ab Bakr and Umar L and that Al I had, during his rule,
went all out in refuting the claims of those people who had held him in higher
esteem than them and that he had enumerated the various feats and merits that
they had acquired. He had likewise threatened to punish those people who were
unwilling to relinquish their position regarding him; to the extent that he had
announced it publicly as a policy of his rule. This is clearly understood from the
narrations cited above. And will further be crystallised by this narration that is
to be presented.
Suwayd ibn Ghaflah narrates, I passed by a group of people who were

besmirching Ab Bakr and Umar. I thereupon informed Al and said,
they would never have dared to denigrate them if they would not have
assumed that you hold the same stance regarding them; among them is
Abd Allah ibn Saba (he was the first to spread this notion). Al remarked,
I seek the refuge in Allah! May Allah, have mercy upon them. He then
held my hand and took me to the Masjid. He ascended the mimbar took
hold of his beard which had then turned white. His tears started trickling
down his beard. His gaze kept falling on the vacant spots in the Masjid till
eventually the people had convened. He then said, What is the matter
271
with some people who make ill mention of the two brothers of Raslullh
H, his ministers, his companions and the leaders of Quraysh. I am free
from what they claim and will punish any person who speaks ill of them.
They accompanied Raslullh H with devotion and earnestness.
They would enjoin good and prohibit evil based on the law of Allah E.
Raslullh H would not equate the view of any person to theirs and
would not love anyone as much as he loved them due to noticing their
sternness in the injunctions of Allah E. Raslullh H left this
world and he was pleased with them. Thereafter they had not transgressed
the way of Raslullh H in their ways and mannerisms, during his
lifetime and after his demise. By the oath of Allah! Only a devout believer
will love them and none save a wretched imposter will despise them; love
for them is virtue and hatred for them is deviance.1
In the eleventh and twelfth theme, the narrations in which Al I had made
some mention of the virtues of Ab Bakr and Umar L were cited. These
narrations have reached the status of Shuhrah (popularity), or Tawtur (Mass
transmission) which engenders categorical evidence, as was alluded before in
the beginning of the eleventh theme with reference to al-Sy and Shh Wal
Allah. Ahead, a brief analysis of all the narrations that we have studied thus far
is presented.
The Narrations and the Amount of Narrators
The sum of the narrations presented in the eleventh theme is thirty six and in the
twelfth theme is sixteen. Approximately twenty-seven narrators narrate these
narrations and countless people further narrate them from these transmitters. It
all boils down to two aspects:
1 Awq al-ammah of Imam Muayyad Bi Allah Yay ibn amzah al-Zayd. This narration appears
towards the end of the book. I have cited this narration with reference to Tufah Ithn Asharyah. Shh
Abd al-Azz al-Dehlaw has cited this narration in the third chapter under the theme: the state of the
predecessors of the Shah.
272
1. In light of the statements of Al I, Ab Bakr and Umar L
were the most meritorious individuals of the ummah.
2. Any person who denies Ab Bakr and Umar this position is a

criminal worthy of being prosecuted, is far from the school of Al
I and has nothing to do with him whatsoever.
The Attitude of the Shah Toward the Statements of Al
The acclaimed Sh scholarship was also incapable of refuting these statements

of Al I. They, therefore, took to interpreting them in various ways which are
incoherent with reality. The most powerful of interpretations according to them
is that of Taqiyyah, i.e. Al I the lion of Allah and the bearer of the Dh al-
Fiqr sword was applying double standards, he was outwardly praising them
whereas inwardly he despised them. Implying that even during his rule he was
helpless and coerced to make such statements thereby commending Ab Bakr,
Umar and Uthmn M publically during his rule.
The readers should contemplate which approach is more apt in safeguarding

the integrity of Al I. I have presented all the narrations above. Decide for
yourself what you take to be the correct stance.
An Incident Worthy of Reflection
Hereunder I present a story in which the outcome of a person who denigrates

Ab Bakr and Umar L is highlighted. Shaykh Abbs al-Qumm al-Sh has
narrated this incident in his book Tatimmah al-Muntah. It reads as follows:
( )

( )

273
It is recorded in Trkh Mir that usm al-Dowlah (Muqallid ibn Musayyib)
was a good poet but an extremist Sh. It is said regarding him that on one
occasion he requested a j, convey my regards to Raslullh H and
tell him that if Ab Bakr and Umar were not buried by your side I would
gladly come to pay him a visit at every possible opportunity. However,
Allmah ill has written in his book al-Ijzah al-Kabrah that although
he had sent this preposterous message filled with words of disbelief to
Raslullh H and the j had conveyed it on his behalf, the j saw
Raslullh H and Amr al-Muminn Al in a dream in which Al had
killed him (usm al-Dowlah). Upon awakening this person documented
the date in which he saw the dream and investigated. To his amazement,
Muqallid ibn Musayyib had been killed the very same night.1
By the grace of Allah E Chapter four has come to an end and we now move
on to chapter five, which is the last chapter of this book.
1 Tatimmah al-Muntah of Abbs al-Qumm p. 325-326.
274
Chapter Five
There are a few sections which this chapter has been spilt into. In the previous
four chapters the relationship between Ab Bakr I and Al and Fimah
L were presented in a set pattern; in this part I shall present the bond and
connection that existed between their families: the family of Ab Bakr I and
the family of Al I.
By deeply pondering over the aspects that will be presented in this chapter the
truth will emerge crystal clear for a person who holds sound conscience. It will
become evident that not only did Ab Bakr and Al L foster healthy relations
with each other, but their children and grandchildren and posterity maintained
sound bonds with one another. And naturally, by way of default, the end result of
all this would be the baselessness of all those narrations and incidents that sketch
a very nasty picture of the relationship between Ab Bakr and Al L. This is
simply because every person is better aware of his family and its history than
strangers; when it comes to family one does not seek information from outsiders.
A similar meaning to this is expressed in an Arabic proverb: The owner of the house
is better aware of its contents. Therefore, hypothetically speaking, if there were any
disputes that had transpired between Ab Bakr and Al L due to which they
had developed a certain sort of apprehension for one another, oppressed one
another and usurped the rights of one another then their progenies would never
have dealt amiably with one another, commended and revered one another.
Indeed a very pivotal point to reflect over. I hope that by studying the information
that is to be presented the readers will reach the correct conclusions.
The chapter has been divided into the following subsections:
1. Imam Hasan ibn Al and his children.
2. Muammad ibn anafiyyah.
3. The stories of Abbs ibn Abd al-Mualib, Ibn Abbs and Abd Allh ibn
Jafar.
275
4. Zayn al-bidn and his son Zayd and their commendation of Ab Bakr and
Umar L.
5. The incidents Muammad al-Bqir, Jafar al-diq and Ms al-Kim.
6. The biological relations between the iddq and the Hshim family.
7. The children of Al I who were named after the three khulaf M.
1. The Stories of Imm asan ibn Al and his Offspring
asan I
1. The understated incident which occurred during the rule of Ab Bakr

I appears in the books of adth:
Uqbah ibn rith narrates that he saw Ab Bakr carrying asan and
saying, by my father he is more like (his grandfather) Nab H that
(his father) Al. 1
This incident is cited with a little more detail in Kanz al-Umml and many
other books of adth. The detailed version reads as follows:

.
.
Uqbah ibn rith narrates that a few nights after the demise of Raslullh
H I exited the Masjid with Ab Bakr. Al was walking aside him. Ab
Bakr happened to pass by asan ibn Al who was playing with group of
1 Al-Bukhr 1/530.
276
children he thus carried him on his shoulders and said, By my father! He
resembles Nab H more than he resembles his father Al. Al was
laughing at these remarks of his.
The Shah have also made mention of this narration in their books. Hence
the following appears in Trkh al-Yaqb authored by Amad ibn Ab
Yaqb al-Sh:
Ab Bakr met said to him, and he met him in one of the streets of Madnah,
by my father! He resembles Nab H more than he resembles his
father Al. 1
It is evident from this incident that Ab Bakr and Al L would

acknowledge each others merits with veneration and would perform alh
together in the Masjid. Due to this incident transpiring just days after the
demise of Raslullh H it implies that all the narrations wherein the
intense disputes and differences of Ab Bakr and Al L are highlighted
which the Shah propagate with great passion are all unfounded.
2. When asan ibn Al L was in his final moments his desire was to be
buried next to his grandfather Raslullh H. He therefore sent his
bother usayn I to ishah J to seek permission on his behalf.
ishah J when asked granted permission gladly. This incident is
narrated in many of our sources and that of the Shah as well:

.
.
And ishah had granted permission that he be buried with Raslullh

H in her house. In another version: When asan passed away usayn
1 Trkh al-Yaqb 2/117.
277
came to ishah and sought her permission. She replied, Yes with
pleasure.1
Hasan I had passed away in 50/52 A.H. as stated in the famous and
widespread books of history. Some historians at this juncture have penned
many a weak and reprehensible narrations which openly tarnish the noble
personality of ishah J. Nonetheless, the above cited narration is
coherent with reality and based on it the sort of relationship that existed
among them is obvious.
Abd Allh ibn asan
Abd Allh ibn asan was one of the sons of asan I. When asked regarding
Ab Bakr and Umar L he gave the following answer:
Khlid al-Amar narrates that he asked Abd Allh ibn asan regarding
Ab Bakr and Umar. He responded by saying, may Allah have mercy on
them and may he deprive from his mercy any person who does not invoke
the mercy of Allah for them.2
Muammad ibn Abd Allh ibn asan
Likewise, the exact same question was posed to Muammad ibn Abd Allh ibn
asan in his time. He gave the following answer:
1 Al-Istb 1/374-376; Maqtil al-libiyn of Ab al-Faraj al-Ifahn al-Sh, p. 30 (old print)/ p. 51

(new print)
278
abb al-Asad narrates that a delegation of people came to Muammad
ibn Al Ab lib and inquired of him regarding Ab Bakr and Umar. He
gazed towards me and said, Look at these people of your city they have
come to ask me about Ab Bakr and Umar! They are, according to me,
better than Al.1
2. Muammad ibn anafiyyah and his Incidents

Before presenting the narrations, I shall present a verdict from the Shah
regarding the integrity of Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah:
Muammad ibn anafiyyah was a man of his time in knowledge, devotion,

and bravery. He was the best of the offspring of Al after Hasan and
usayn.2
Q Nr Allah Shstar has also made mention of Muhammad ibn anafiyyah and
has praised him immensely together with stating that he was a reliable person.
The following narrations have been narrated through the transmission of

Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah
( ) 1 .1
. !
Muammad ibn al-anafiyyah narrates, I asked my father as to who is

the most virtuous of people after Raslullh H? He said, Ab Bakr. I
further asked, then who? he replied, Umar. I then feared that he would
say Uthmn so I quickly remarked: then you? He said, I am but a man
from amongst the Muslims.3

2 Umdat al-lib F Ansb l Ab lib of Ibn Inabah al-Sayyid Jaml al-Dn 347/352.
3 Al-Bukhr 1/518; Ab Dwd 2/288.
279
2 .2
. !
3 .3
!
.
4 .4
. !
Translation similar to the above narration with the addition, I have

virtuous and evil deeds regarding which Allah will decide as He wishes.3
Deductions From These Narrations
1. These are the statements of the children of Al I which have been

cited by various scholars of adth with their chains of transmission. The
questioner is the son of Al I and he himself is the answerer, hence
there is no possibility of any other interpretation whatsoever.
2. These narrations likewise allude to the fact that Uthmn I was the third
most virtuous after Raslullh H. Hence, we find that Muammad
ibn al-anafiyyah had the fear of his father saying that Uthmn I was
the third most virtuous had he further inquired.

280
3. The Incidents of Abbs ibn Abd al-Mualib, Ibn Abbs and Abd Allh
ibn Jafar al-ayyr
A few incidents of these luminaries are presented ahead. These incidents clearly
inform us of the respect and the acknowledgement of the merits of one another
that they exuded. The substantiation of this very aspect is the theme of this
entire book and is the confirmation of the verse of the Qurn, Ruam Baynahum
(compassionate amongst themselves):
Abbs ibn Abd al-Mualib
1 .1

.
Ibn Abbs narrates, Ab Bakr would always sit to the right hand side
of Raslullh H. On one occasion Ab Bakr saw Abbs the uncle of
Raslullh H coming. He thus moved from his place for him and
Raslullh H had not realised why he had done so. So he asked, Why
did you shift from your place, O Ab Bakr? He said, Here comes your
uncle O Raslullh. Raslullh H became so elated that the joy could
be seen on his blessed countenance.1
2 .2

.
Whenever Nab H would sit Ab Bakr would sit to his right, Umar to
his left and Uthmn in front of him (Uthmn was a scribe of Raslullh
H. When Abbs would join the gathering Ab Bakr would vacate his
space for him.2

281
Ibn Abbs
In the books of the Shah we find a narration of Ibn Abbs L wherein he

commends Ab Bakr I. This narration is worth studying and will thus be
presented ahead. However, prior to that I wish to establish his reliability according
to Sh standards:
1. Shaykh al-ifah, Ab Jafar al-s, has cited the coming narration of Ibn
Abbs L in his Aml:
Ibn Abbs says, The knowledge of Nab H is from Allah E, the

knowledge of Al is from Nab H and my knowledge is from Al.1
2. The author of Majlis al-Muminn, Q Nr Allah Shstar, has also

abundantly praised Ibn Abbs and has penned a very detailed biography
regarding him after the mention of his father, Abbs ibn Abd al-Mualib.
He states:
Abd Allh ibn Abbs was from amongst the learned companions of
Raslullh H, was the best of the offspring of Abbs, and was a student
of Amr al-Muminn S. He always strove alongside Amr al-Muminn
even in times of conflict. His expertise is the fields of Tafsr, adth and
Fiqh are well known and do not need further elucidation.
3. Abd Allh al-Mmaqn and Abbs al-Qumm have likewise lavishly

praised Abd Allh ibn Abbs in their books Tanq al-Maql and Muntah
al-ml respectively. Hence he was regarded unanimously as a great
personality according to both the Shah and the Ahl al-Sunnah.
1 Aml Shaykh al-ifah 1/11.
282
Having establishing his reliability, the author of Nsikh al-Tawrkh, Mirz
Muammad Taq who was also known as Lisn al-Mulk has cited a narration of
Ibn Abbs I with reference to Musd, a Sh historian. The narration reads
as follows:
Musd has written in his book Murj al-Dhahab that one day Ibn Abbs
visited Muwiyah and many of the notable people of the Quraysh were
present. Muwiyah faced Ibn Abbs and said, I am going to pose a few
questions to you the answers of which I wish to hear from you. He said,
Ask whatever you desire. He thus enquired, What do you say about
Ab Bakr? Ibn Abbs replied, he was by Allah a reciter of the Qurn, a
preventer from evil, one who was well acquainted with his dn, who feared
Allah, who reprimanded upon vice, who enjoined good, who would stand
by night in the worship of Allah and would fast during the day. He had
surpassed his companions in piety and asceticism just as he had taken the
lead in disinclination and abstinence from this world. Hence, May the wrath
of Allah descend upon the person who denigrates him and criticises him.1
Note:- If any of the readers are speculating as to whether Masd was a Sh or

not, then he should refer to Rijl al-Mmaqn, also known as Tanq al-Maql, of
Abd Allh al-Mmaqn. The affirmation of him being a Sh can be found there.
Al-Mmaqn went into great detail with regards to Masds biography and has
dispelled all the misconceptions of some people who doubted him being a Sh.
I have avoided touching on this issue so as to circumvent the elongation of the
discussion.
1 Trkh al-Masd 3/60.
283
Abd Allh ibn Jafar al-ayyr
He is also reported to have lavishly praised Ab Bakr I. The narration appears

in Mustadrak al-kim and al-Istb of Ibn Abd al-Barr:
...
.
Abd Allh ibn Jafar is reported to have said, Ab Bakr is our patron; he
was the best khalfah of Allah E, the most compassionate and the most
caring.1
The scholars are well aware that Imam al-Dhahab has abridged the Mustadrak
and has classed each adth that appears therein in terms of its reliability or
unauthenticity. He has classed the above cited adth as authentic.
4. The Commendation of Ab Bakr by Al Zayn al-bidn and his Son,

Zayd
Al Zayn al-bidn
( ) 1 .1
.
Ab zim narrates that a person once approached Al, Zayn al-bidn,

and inquired, What is the position of Ab Bakr and Umar in relation with
Raslullh H? He responded, their position now is the very position
they have now with Raslullh (i.e. just as they were his close associates
during his lifetime so do they enjoy this position at this very moment).2
2 .2

1 Al-Mustadrak 3/79; al-Istb 2/243.

2 Al-Itiqd al madhhab al-Salaf 187-188; al-Fat al-Rabbn li Tartb Musnad Amad ibn anbal 22/182.
284

.
Jafar al-diq narrates that a person came to his father, Al Zayn al-bidn
and asked, Tell me about Ab Bakr. He responded, Do you ask about
al-iddq? He replied, May Allah E, have mercy on you! Do you call
him al-iddq? He retorted, May your mother weep over you! Those who
are better that me and you have named him al-iddq, (namely) Raslullh
H, and the Muhjirn and Anr. Hence, he who is unwilling to accord
him the title of al-iddq, may his statements never be honoured, not in
this world and not in the next.1
Zayd ibn Al
!! 1 .1
.
Hshim ibn al-Barnad narrates that Zayd ibn Al said to him, O Hshim!
Behold! Disassociation from Ab Bakr and Umar is disassociation from
Al. Decide for yourself as to whether you want to go ahead or not.2
. 2 .2
Translation similar to above.3
Ahead I endeavour to present before you the statements of Zayd ibn Al L
that he made in favour of Ab Bakr and Umar L which appear in the books of
Sh scholars and historians, whereby the status that they held in the sight of the
Ahl al-Bayt will become evident.
1 Fail Ab bakr al-iddq p. 9.

3 Al-Riy al-Nairah 1.58.
285
i .i

A group of the elite of Kfah came to Zayd ibn Al and asked him regarding
his view about Ab Bakr and Umar. He said, I do not say anything but
good about them and had not heard anything but praise for them from
my family In essence, he said, they were free from oppression and had
led their lives according to the teachings of the Qurn and the Sunnah of
Raslullh H.1
iiii
. .....
And the companions of Zayd, when they had joined him in his rebellion
(against the Umayyad ruler Hishm ibn Abd al-Malik), asked him, what
do you say about Ab Bakr and Umar? He said, I do not say but good
about them and have not heard but good about them from my family.
They responded by saying, you are not fit to be our leader, and forsook
him. Upon which Zayd remarked, They have abandoned us. Henceforth
they were known as the Rfiah (Deserters).2
The Benefits of These Narrations
1. Imm Zayd had spoken the truth and had not shied away from it.
2. Hence, it is also established that all the members of the Ban Hshim
and the progeny of Ab lib loved and venerated Ab Bakr and Umar
L. This is clearly understood from the answer Imm Zayd gave to those
people.
3. He remained firm upon his stance despite being forsaken just moments
before the commencement of the battle.
4. Our friends had attained the title of Rfiah subsequent to their betrayal
with Imm Zayd I. Therefore they should not feel offended.
1 Nsikh al-Tawrkh 2/59.

2 Umdat al-lib of Ibn Inabah 256-257.
286
5. The Incidents of Muammad al-Bqir, Jafar al-diq and Ms al-
Kim
a. Muammad al-Bqir
1 .1
.
Muammad (al-Bqir) ibn Al is reported to have said, A person who

does not concede the merits of Ab Bakr and Umar is ignorant of the
Sunnah.1
2 .2
.
.
Slim ibn Ab afah states, I asked Ab Jafar (Muammad al-Bqir) and

his son Jafar regarding Ab Bakr and Umar. They said, Associate yourself
with them and absolve yourself from their enemies. They were both
bastions of guidance. It is also narrated from Muammad al-Bqir that he
would say, I do not know of anyone in my family but that they love and
befriend Ab Bakr and Umar.2
.... 3 .3
.
Zuhayr ibn Jbir says that he asked Muammad ibn Al (al-Bqir), is

there any member of your family, the Ahl al-Bayt, who would criticise
Ab Bakr and Umar? No! Therefore I love them, befriend them and seek
forgiveness for them.3
1 ilyat al-Awliy 3/185: the mention of Muammad al-Bqir.

2 Al-Riy al-Nairah 1/57; Tahdhb al-Tahdhb 9/351; Izlat al-Khaf 1/108-109; al-Itiqd al Madhhab
al-Salaf p. 185.
287
4 .4

.
.
Jbir narrates that Muammad al-Bqir, the son of Al Zayn al-bidn, said
to him, O Jbir! I have come to know that there is group of people in Iraq
who claim to love us. They revile Ab Bakr and Umar and claim that I
instructed them to do so. Convey my message to them that I am absolved
from them. By that Being in whose control is the life of Muammad! If
ever I am elected as the ruler I will seek proximity to Allah E by killing
them. May I, be deprived of the intercession of Raslullh H if I do
not seek forgiveness for Ab Bakr and Umar and do not invoke the mercy
of Allah E on their behalf. The enemies of Allah are oblivious of who
they were.1
5 .5
.
Jbir al-Juf narrates, Ab Jafar Muammad al-Bqir said to me when I

was departing, convey my message to the people of Kfah that I am free
from any person who absolves himself from Ab Bakr and Umar. May
Allah be pleased with them and may He please them.2
The Substantiation of Muhammad al-Bqir from the Nik of Umm

Kulthm, the Daughter of Al
6 .6

.
1 ilyat al-Awliy 3/185; Al-Riy al-Nairah 1/58.

2 ilyat al-Awliy 3/185; al-Riy al-Nairah 1/58.
288
Abd al-Ramn ibn Abd Rabbih narrates that he heard a person saying, I
arrived in Madnah and came to Ab Jafar Muammad ibn Al. Having set
in his company I asked him, What do you say about Ab Bakr and Umar?
He said, May Allah E, shower his mercy upon Ab Bakr and Umar. I
said, They claim that you absolve yourself from them. I seek the refuge
of Allah! They have indeed spoken a lie. Do you not know that Al ibn Ab
lib had his daughter, Umm Kulthm who was the daughter of Fimah,
married to Umar? And do you have any idea as to who is her grandmother?
Khadjah the queen of the women of Jannah. Her grandfather was the Rasl
of Allah H, the seal of nubuwwah, the leader of all the Ambiy and the
Rasl of the Rabb of the universe. Her mother was Fimah, the queen of all
the women in this world. Her brothers were asan and usayn, the chiefs
of the youth in Jannah. And her father was Al ibn Ab lib who enjoyed
a privileged position and held many merits and feats in Islam. Hence, if
Umar was not fit to marry her, Al would never have given her in marriage
to him.1
The Incident of Al Cauterising Ab Bakr
Kathr al-Naw narrates this incident from Muammad al-Bqir. It reads

as follows:
(7 .7
) ) (
.
The Ban Taym, Ban Ad and the Ban Hshim in the days of ignorance
harboured ill feelings for one another. When they were blessed with Islam,
Allah E removed the enmity that existed between them; they hence,
began loving one another. On one occasion Ab Bakr experienced pain in
his hip whereupon Al treated him; he would warm his hand in the fire and
cauterise the hip of Ab Bakr.2
1 Fail Ab bakr al-iddq p. 10.

2 Al-Riy al-Nairah vol. 1 chapter. 5; al-Durr al-Manthr 4/101; Tafsr R al-Man 14/58.
289
Substantiation of Muammad al-Bqir in Religious Affairs
Ahead I shall cite several narrations in which it is stated that Muammad

al-Bqir referred to Ab Bakr and Umar L as a source of substantiation
in jurisprudential issues. This would clearly serve as a sign of the mutual
affinity, reliability, and reverence that they displayed.
The Obligation of a Ritual Bath
8 .8

.
Muammad ibn Al narrates, The Muhjirn, i.e. Ab Bakr, Umar, Uthmn

and Al had concurred that the extent of cohabitation which necessitates
the legal punishment of lashing or stoning to death, necessitates an
obligatory ritual bath as well.1
Deductions From the Narration
For Muammad ibn Al I to refer to the three Khulaf as a

source of substantiation is substantial evidence of the love and
unity that existed between the Ahl al-Bayt and the abah. It
likewise becomes clear that all the abah M had adhered to
the same creed.
This narration is also indicative of the sequence of khilfah and

succession after Raslullh H.
Farming contract
Imm Bukhr has made mention of a narration of Muammad al-Bqir

in this regard:
1 Shar Man al-thr of Ab Jafar al-aw 1/36.
290
() 9 .9
( )

Ab Jafar (Muammad al-Bqir) said, There is not a family in Madnah

that does not enter into a sharecropping contract on the condition of
receiving returns equal to one third or a quarter. And Al, Sad ibn Mlik,
Abd Allah ibn Masd, Umar ibn Abd al-Azz, al-Qsim ibn Muammad,
Urwah, the family of Ab Bakr, the family of Umar, the family of Al and
Ibn Srn also engaged in farming contracts.1
What is intended here is to prove that Muammad al-Bqir made

mention of the practice of the family of Ab Bakr, the family of
Umar, Qsim ibn Muammad and Urwah ibn Asm (who were
both the grandsons of Ab Bakr) when sanctioning farming
contracts. This is without doubt indicative towards the fact that
they perceived good of one another, were sincere and trusted one
another in dn. There existed no enmity, opposition or quarrels
between them.
Dying the Beard
1010
...

.
Qushayr mentions, I met Ab Jafar and my beard had turned white. So he

inquired, why do you not dye your beard? I said, I dislike dyeing it in this
city. He responded, dye it with woad-leaves for I use it to dye my beard
with them as well... He then said, a group of foolish scholars amongst you
claim that dyeing the beard is prohibited. Hence, they asked Muammad
1 Al-Bukhr 1/313.
291
ibn Ab Bakr or Qsim ibn Muammad (Zuhayr the narrator of this incident
says that the doubt is from one of the narrators above him) regarding the
practice of Ab Bakr dyeing his hair who had responded by saying, Ab
Bakr would dye his beard with henna and Katam (a certain type of plant
used to dye hair). Thereafter he, Ab Jafar, remarked, Hence, al-iddq
dyed his hair. I said, did you just call him al-iddq? Yes by the oath of the
Rabb of the Qiblah (the direction that we face in alh) and the Kabah he is
definitely al-iddq, he said firmly.1
The purpose of mentioning this narration here is to prove that Muammad

al-Bqir had presented the practice of Ab Bakr I to prove the
permissibility of dyeing the beard. And he had referred to him as al-
iddq.
Adorning the Sword with Jewellery
1111

.
Urwah ibn Abd Allah narrates, I asked Ab Jafar Muammad ibn Al

regarding embellishing the sword with jewellery. He said, there is no
problem in doing so for Ab Bakr had also embellished his sword with
jewellery. I remarked, do you call him al-iddq? He thereupon stood up,
faced the Qiblah and said, yes! He is al-iddq and whoever is not willing
to concede that title for him, may his statements never be accepted in this
world and in the hereafter.2
This narration establishes that Imam Muammad al-Bqir had substantiated

the permissibility of adorning the sword with jewellery by means of the
1 abaqt ibn Sad 3/150.

292
practice of Ab Bakr I. It likewise tells us of the importance of the title
al-iddq for Ab Bakr I, for he had sounded a very severe warning
against a person who does acknowledge the title for him.
Note:- It is of paramount importance to remember here that this narration

does not only appear in Sunn sources. It appears in a very famous and
reliable book of the Shah named Kashf al-Ghummah of Ab s al-Arbl
(2/360). In the narration cited there, Imam Muammad al-Bqir is reported
to have said, What a brilliant person was al-iddq, what a brilliant person
was al-iddq, what a brilliant person was al-iddq. Having narrated this,
the author does not criticise the narration whatsoever. This implies that
the narration is authentic according to Sh standards.
However Q Nr Allah Shstar has, in his book Iqq al-aq, very boldly
stated that this narration does not feature in Kashf al-Ghummah. This is a
blatant lie which is of no advantage to them in the least. This is because
I personally have read this narration in various copies and prints of the
book; currently the copy which has been published with the Persian
translation also carries it. Anyone can confirm this for himself.
The second answer he has given to render this narration invalid is the
famous argument of Taqiyyah, i.e. the Infallible Imam was compelled to
overtly give such an answer due to threat of the Sunnis around him.
A Treacherous Endeavour
At the end of the discussion around this narration, I would like to bring to
your attention the deceitful nature of the Shah. A translation of the book
Kashf al-Ghummah in the Persian language has recently been published
from Iran. The translation of this narration and other similar narrations
has been expunged from it so as to misrepresent historical facts before
people who have no acquaintance with the Arabic language. This according
to them does not impact upon their trustworthiness.
293
Conceding the Superiority of Ab Bakr
Lastly, I present before you the statement of Imam Muammad al-Bqir

which appears in al-Itijj of al-abars. Herein he concedes the superiority
of Ab Bakr I:
. 1212
Neither do I deny the virtue of Ab Bakr, nor do I deny the virtue of Umar.
However, Ab Bakr is better than Umar.1
The meaning of this narration is quiet obvious. While not denying the
esteem position they both enjoyed in Islam he had conceded the superiority
of Ab Bakr I over Umar I. This is a corroborative narration which
supports the primary massage which is contained in all the narrations
previously cited. The Ahl al-Bayt M and Shaykhayn L displayed
love, and veneration for each other at every given juncture.
We shall suffice on these incidents of Imam Muammad al-Bqir. Previously,

under the discussion of the monetary rights of the Ahl al-Bayt I had cited a
narration, with reference to Nr al-Dn al-Samhd and Ibn Ab al-add al-Sh,
wherein Imam Muammad al-Bqir had approbated the policy of Ab Bakr and
Umar L regarding Fadak. To get a holistic idea of the current discussion one
can refer to it again.
b. Jafar al-diq
Hereunder the statements and incidents of Jafar al-diq I, the son of

Muammad al-Bqir I, in which he commends Ab Bakr I are presented.
Most of the narrations make exclusive mention of Ab Bakr I and some make
mention of him and Umar I:
1 Al-Itijj p. 230.
294
1 .1
.
Jafar al-diq narrates from his father that the household of Ab Bakr
was known as the household of Raslullh H during the era of
Raslullh H.1
( ) 2 .2
.
af ibn Ghayth says that he heard Jafar al-diq saying, In as much as

I hope to acquire the intercession of Al on the day of Qiymah I have just
as much hope in acquiring the intercession of Ab Bakr. My relationship
with Ab Bakr is twofold.2
3 .3
.
Zuhayr ibn Muwiyah reports that his father said to Jafar al-diq, I
have a neighbour who absolves himself from Ab Bakr and Umar. He said,
Allah is free from your neighbour. I have hope, that Allah will benefit me
because of my kinship with Ab Bakr.3
4 .4

.
. 5 .5
.

2 Tadhkirat al-uff 1/157; Tahdhb al-Tahdhb 2/104. The meaning of this statement will be coming
soon under the discussion regarding the kinship that existed between the family of Ab Bakr and Al
L.
3 Tahdhb al-Tahdhb 2/104.
295
It is reported regarding Jafar al-diq that he was asked about
Ab Bakr and Umar. He remarked, I am absolved from every
person who disassociates himself from them. He was thus asked,
Probably you are saying this practicing Taqiyyah? He said, If
that is the case then I am absolved of Islam; may the intercession of
Muammad H not benefit me.
He is also reported to have said, I desire to receive the intercession

of Ab Bakr as much as I desire to receive the intercession of Al.
He is likewise reported to have mentioned, Allah E is free

from any person who disassociates himself from Ab Bakr and
Umar.
It was once told to him that so and so claims that you absolve
yourself from Ab Bakr and Umar. He remarked, Allah E is
free from him. I have hope that Allah will benefit me because my
kinship with Ab Bakr.1
Ab Abd Allah al-kim al-Nshpr has cited the following

narration in his book Marifat Ulm al-adth:
6 .6
.
And among the children of the daughters of Ab Bakr was Jafar al-diq.
He would often say, Ab Bakr is my grandfather, is it ever possible for a
person to revile his grandfather. May Allah E, deprive me of progress
if I do not concede his excellence in dn.2
Q Nr Allah Shstar has, after narrating this narration in his

book Iqq al-aq, tried in various ways to refute it and belie it.
1 Al-Riy al-Nairah 1/59.

2 Marifat Ulm al-adth p. 51.
296
Eventually, when finding no appropriate answer to it he states, as
is always the final resort of the Shah, that someone had falsely
accused him of making derogatory remarks regarding Ab Bakr
I, he had therefore given the above cited response. He states:
The context in which he had articulated this is evident that he had

said it by way of Taqiyyah.1
The readers should decide for themselves. This statement of

Imam Jafar al-diq is in no uncertain terms informing us that
no one ever criticises his predecessors. However, this notable Sh
scholar has interpreted it to be by of Taqiyyah. Whereas, if we do
take this statement to be by way of Taqiyyah then what would
we say regarding Ab Bakr I being the maternal and paternal
grandfather of Jafar al-diq (as it will be established in the pages
to come). Did this also happen by way of Taqiyyah? The marriages
that were solemnised, were they also by way of Taqiyyah? Were
they just outwardly arranged despite the contempt that existed?
Who will ever accept such lame interpretations!
Q Nr Allah has cited a narration of Jafar al-diq in his book

wherein he is reported to have praised Ab Bakr and Umar L.
The narration reads as follows:
7 .7

.
1 Iqq al-aq (Egyptian print) 1/ 7, Tehran print 1/15. Just a brief intro to the book: Ibn Muahhar
al-ill (d. 726 A.H) had written a book titled Kashf al-aq wa Nahj al-idq. In refutation of this book a
Shfi Sunn scholar of Isfahan had written a book titled Ibl Nahj al-Bil. Thereafter a refutation of
this book called Iqq al-aq was written by Q Nr Allah Shstar Marash who was executed in
1019 A.H. The book is in seven volumes and is printed with the footnotes of Shihb al-Dn al-Najaf.
297
A person of the opposition asked Jafar al-diq, O grandson of Rasl
Allh! What is your opinion regarding Ab Bakr and Umar? He said,
They were just and fair leaders who led righteous lives and passed away
upon righteousness. Hence, May the mercies of Allah E descend upon
them till the Day of Qiymah.1
The narration and the translation have been penned above. This narration
establishes the superiority and lofty position that Shaykhayn held. In the narration
there are no convoluted words or complex sentences that require interpretation
or elucidation. But, the Shah have interpreted this narration in such strange
ways which astound even the angels. A poet has very beautifully said:
Your interpretations have made you close to disbelief
Nothing is impossible for a person of your calibre O Shaykh
In this instance as well, the best answer the Shah were able to present is that
of Taqiyyah. Taqiyyah for them is the cure to all ailments and the solution to all
problems even though it tarnishes the reputation of the infallible Imams very
loathingly. To the Shah that is not really a matter of concern so long as the
interpretation serves their purpose. May Allah E, guide us all.
Sh Narrations
The coming narration appears in Fur al-Kf (vol. 2) and it speaks of Jafar al-
diq praising Ab Bakr, Ab Dhar and Salmn al-Frs M:
. i .i
Can there be any person more disinclined from the world than them when
the Rasl of Allah H has said with regard to them what he has said?2
1 Iqq al-aq, 1: 16.

2 Fur al-Kf 2/4.
298
This narration proves that Ab Bakr I was foremost in the disinclination from
this world as is conceded by the scholars of the Shah.
Al-Sayyid al-Murta Alam al-Hud al-Sh has likewise cited a narration of Jafar
al-diq in his book al-Shf:
iiii
...... .
.
It has been reported regarding Jafar al-diq that he would love them.
He would come to the grave of Raslullh H and would invoke the
mercy of Allah E for them together with Raslullh H. This has
been reported by Abbd ibn uhayb, Shubah ibn al-ajjj, Mahd ibn Hill,
Darward, etc.1
For the information of the readers, here as well the Shah were unable to present
any answer better than Taqiyyah.
c. Ms al-Kim
Ms al-Kim I has also reported a narration in praise of his pious

predecessors. The narration is presented ahead:
asan ibn Al narrates that Raslullh H said, Ab Bakr to me is like

my ears, Umar is like my eyes and Uthmn to me is like my bosom.2
This is the end of this chapter. In the next chapter I endeavour to present before
you the kinship that existed between the two families. This is more for the
commonality for the scholars are already well aware of these facts.
1 Al-Shf p. 238; Shar Nahj al-Balghah, section. 6 p. 306; Nahj al-Balghah 4/140
2 Man al-Akhbr p. 110; Tafsr al-asan al-Askar, under the commentary of the yah: .
299
6. Kinship between the Ban Hshim (the family of Ab lib) and the
Tribe of Ab Bakr I
In this chapter I shall present the kinship that existed between these two noble
families as it is documented in the history of Islam. By way of these historical facts
all the misconceptions of acrimony and contempt that people have concocted by
means of weak and unreliable narrations will automatically be debunked. When
two different families establish relations with one another, then due to being
intimately associated, they are better acquainted with the background, history
and conditions of each other. The purpose behind presenting these facts is to
show the harmony and affinity that existed between Ab Bakr and Al L.
The following facts are presented from the books of genealogy, abaqt (classes of
narrators), and Tarjim (books on biographies).
1. ishah
First of all, I shall present the marriage of ishah I to Raslullh H.

Ethically and to derive blessings it is crucial to initiate the discussion with her
mention.
Ab Bakr I had wed his daughter ishah J, the daughter of Umm Rmn,
to Raslullh H. The marriage took place in Makkah Mukarramah and the
reception took place in Madnah Munawwarah. The Ahl al-Sunnah and the Shah
unanimously concur that she was given to Raslullh H in marriage. Hence,
there remains no need to prove this by way of citing narrations.
Due to this union Ab Bakr I became the father-in-law of Raslullh H

the leader of all the Ambiy. And ishah I attained the privilege of
being the Mother of the Believers. She was thus without doubt unanimously the
spiritual mother of Al and Fimah L as well. The proof of her being the
Mother of the Believers is the following verse of the Qurn:
300

.
And his consorts and the mothers of the believers.1
2. Asm bint Umays
Secondly, we present the kinship of Asm bint Umays. Previously I had shed
light on her life briefly. Here, however, I am to present a little more detail.
I. Asm bint Umays was first married to Jafar ibn Ab lib, the brother
of Al I. He had attained martyrdom in the Battle of Mtah which
had transpired in 8 A.H. She was thus the sister-in-law of Al I
and Raslullh H (as will be explained shortly). Thereafter Ab
Bakr I had married her. It is obvious that her marriage to Ab Bakr
I would not have materialised without the consent of Al I and
Raslullh H. Jafar al-ayyr I had two children from her: Abd

Allah and Muammad. Ab Bakr had one child from her whose name was
also Muammad. After the demise of Ab Bakr I, Al I had married
her and they had two children from their union: Awn ibn Al and Yay
ibn Al. Hence, all the children of Asm I from her three husbands
were uterine siblings.
II. Asm I had nine uterine sisters. Among them were:
Umm al-Muminn Maymnah bint al-rith J
Umm al-Fal Lubbah Bint al-rith J, the wife of Abbs I

the uncle of Raslullh H
Salm bint Umays J, the wife of amzah I the uncle of

Raslullh H.
Keeping this in mind she, whilst being the wife of Ab Bakr I, was
the sister- in-law of Raslullh H, Abbs and amzah L. And all
these noble men including Ab Bakr I were co-brothers-in-law.
1 Srah Azb: 6
301
III. As it was previously stated under the discussion around the death of
Fimah J, Asm J was in the wedlock of Ab Bakr I when she
nursed Fimah J in her final moments.1
I call upon the readers to reflect over the above stated facts and decide as to
whether it is possible for Ab Bakr I and Al I to be at logger heads with
one another despite being so closely related.
The Shah have also approved of Asm bint Umays J, thus making a noble
personality held in esteem by both groups. Therefore, the above mentioned
details should not be taken to be from a Sunn perspective only and I shall suffice
on citing a few Sh narrations, for the occasion does not permit us to go into
more detail.
a. The author of Kashf al-Ghummah, Ab s al-Arbl has stated the following

regarding Asm bint Umays:

...
Asm was the wife of Jafar ibn Ab lib. Ab Bakr had married her after
him; she bore his son Muammad who was born on the journey of ajjat
al-Wad of Raslullh H at a place called Dh al-ulayfah. Ab Bakr
carried on with Raslullh H to Makkah. After the demise of Ab Bakr,
Al ibn Ab lib had married her2
b. At the end of discussion around Fadak the Sh Mujtahid of the eleventh

century, Mull Bqir al-Majlis, has stated the following in his book aq
al-Yaqn:
1 For further reference refer to: Kitb al-Muabbar of Ab Jafar al-Baghdd p. 106-107, 442-443; al-
Istb 4/231-232, Usd al-Ghbah 5/395.
2 Kashf al-Ghummah 1/500-501.
302

Asm bint Umays was at that time in the wedlock of Ab Bakr. Prior to that
she was married to Jafar al-ayyr. She was from amongst the supporters
of Al.1
c. The commentator of Nahj al-Balghah, Ibrhm ibn j usayn al-Danbal

al-Sh has stated the following in his commentary al-Durrah al-Najafyah:
Umm Muammad is Asm bint Umays. She was initially married to Jafar
ibn Ab lib, she migrated with him to Abyssinia and bore his child Abd
Allah ibn Jafar. Jafar was martyred in the Battle of Mtah. Thereafter
Ab Bakr married her; they had a child Muammad. And upon his demise
Al married her, and Muammad the son of Ab Bakr came under his
care. Al would thus say, Muammad is my son from the posterity of Ab
Bakr.2
3. Abd al-Ramn ibn Ab Bakr
a. Abd al-Ramn ibn Ab Bakr I was married to Qarbah al-ughr J.

She was the sister of Umm Salamah J who was one of the consorts of
Raslullh H. Abd al-Ramn and Raslullh were thus co-brothers-
in-law and Umm al-Muminn Umm Salamah was his sister-in-law.
b. Abd al-Ramn and Qarbah L were blessed with a daughter afah

bint Abd al-Ramn ibn Ab Bakr. She was later on given in marriage to
Mundhir ibn Zubayr ibn al-Awwm L. After him she came into the
1 aq al-Yaqn p. 119; Majlis al-Muminn: Mention of Ab Bakr I.

2 Al-Durrah al-Najafyah p. 113.
303
wedlock of usayn ibn Al ibn Ab lib I. And subsequent to that
im ibn Umar ibn al-Khab I married her. The scholars have only
differed as to whether usayn I married her first or Mundhir I.
Study the following narrations:
. . i .i
1
.
iiii

2
.
iiiii
3

The summary of all three narrations: The granddaughter of Ab Bakr I,

afah was in the wedlock of usayn ibn Al L. This is clear evidence of
the kinship that existed between these two families.
4. Qsim ibn Muammad ibn Ab Bakr and Al ibn usayn ibn Al
The grandson of Ab Bakr al-iddq I Qsim, and the grandson of Al I

Al Zayn al-bidn; were maternal cousins. They were both sons of the daughters
of the Persian Emperor whose name was Yazdegerd.4 One daughter had come into
the wedlock of Muammad ibn Ab Bakr L and the other to usayn I. This
is mentioned in much detail in the books of the Ahl al-Sunnah such as Trkh ibn
Khallikn (1/320) and Tahdhb al-Tahdhb (3/438). I have sufficed on mentioning
the relationship of Qsim and Al Zayn al-bidn and have omitted the other
1 Kitb al-Muabbar, p 102.

2 abaqt Ibn Sad, 8: 343.
3 Kitb al-Muabbar, p 448.
4 The narration in which it appears that Umar I had given Al I two of the daughters of Yazdegerd,
the monarch of Persia, and that Al I had further gifted them to usayn ibn Al and Muammad
ibn Ab Bakr I from whom they were blessed with Zayn al-bidn and Qsim respectively, has been
classed weak by the scholars. However, there are few reasons due to which I have presented it here:
304
details which I shall mention in the second volume which is regarding Umar ibn
al-Khab I, if need be.
The Sh scholars have also acknowledged the authenticity of this in their sources.
A few of their references are presented ahead:
i. Shaykh al-Mufd has stated the following in his book al-Irshd:
Umar sent to him, Al, the two daughters of Yazdegerd ibn Shahrayr. He
thus gifted one of them whose name was Shh Zann to his son usayn.
She bore his child Zayn al-bidn. He gifted the other sister to Muammad
ibn Ab Bakr and she bore his child Qsim. Hence, Zayn al-bidn and
Qsim, were maternal cousins.1
ii. Q Nr Allah Shstar has also made mention of their kinship in his book
Majlis al-Muminn. He states the following:

Firstly, it is very possible that this incident ensued; maybe not in the era of Umar I but at some
other time. Secondly, it is likewise possible that the handmaids that were gifted to them were not the
daughters of Yazdajard, but rather taken as captives from a people other than the Persians. One of
the narrators might have perceived them to be the daughters of Yazdajard and therefore narrated the
incident based on his perception. Hence, it is very likely that the core aspect of the narration i.e. Al
I gifting usain and Muammad handmaids, is established while the finer details as to who they
were is unauthentic. Thirdly, the Sh scholarship has conceded the kinship of Qsim ibn Muammad
and l ibn usain. They have narrated this in their books without any criticisms or negative remarks.
Therefore, even if the above mentioned details are not reliable according to the Ahl al-Sunnah, they
are being presented from a Sh perspective so that they may serve as an inculpatory answer against
them. I have first-hand access to the books of the Shah and quote directly therefrom. Some off the
details are presented here and the rest will be presented in the second volume in sh Allah.
1 Al-Irshd p. 237; Kashf al-Ghummah 2/276.
305

Qsim was the maternal cousin of Imam Zayn al-bidn. His mother was
the daughter of Yazdegerd ibn Shahrayr, the last monarch of the Persian
Empire.1
iii. In his book Jil al-Uyn, Mull Bqir al-Majlis has mentioned the maternal
kinship of Zayn al-bidn and Qsim in great detail. He concludes:
Hence, Qsim was the maternal cousin of Imam Zayn al-bidn.2
iv. Shaykh Abbs al-Qumm has stated the following in his book Muntah al-
ml:
Imam Al had given one of them whose name was Shh Zann to Imam
usayn and Imam Zayn al-bidn was born from their union. The other
one he had gifted to Muammad ibn Ab Bakr, and Qsim, the maternal
grandfather of Jafar al-diq was born. Qsim was thus the maternal
cousin of Imam Zayn al-bidn.3
5. Jafar al-diq
Lastly, I present before you a kinship between the two families that both the Ahl
al-Sunnah and the Shah unanimously agree upon.
1 Majlis al-Muminn: Majlis no. 5.

2 Jil al-Uyn, the incident of Shahr Bn.
3 Muntah al-ml 2/p. 3: chapter regarding the birth of Imam Zayn al-bidn.
306
Qsim ibn Muammad ibn Ab Bakr M was the grandson of Ab Bakr I. He
had a daughter who was famously known as Umm Farwah (some scholars have
suggested that her name was Fimah while others have suggested that her name
was Qarbah). She was in the wedlock of Imam Muammad al-Bqir. And through
their union Jafar al-diq I and his brother Abd Allah were born.
What is more crucial to remember is that both the parents of Umm Farwah belonged
to the family of Ab Bakr I. Her mother was Asm bint Abd al-Ramn ibn
Ab Bakr and her father was Qsim ibn Muammad ibn Ab Bakr. In essence, the
grandson and the granddaughter of Ab Bakr I were married to one another
and from their union Umm Farwah the mother of Jafar al-diq was born.
Therefore we find that Jafar al-diq I would say, Ab Bakr is my grandfather
in two ways (as will be established by way of the narrations, Allah willing).
I shall first endeavour to establish the above mentioned details from a Sunn
perspective. Thereafter, I shall corroborate it with statements of the notable Sh
scholarship.
i. The following is mentioned in abaqt Ibn Sad1:
ii. The following appears in abaqt Khalfah ibn Khayy2:
iii. Ibn Qutaybah al-Dnawar has stated the following in his book al-Marif3:
( )

2 abaqt Khalfah ibn Khayy p. 269.
3 Al-Marif p. 94.
307

.
The summary of all three narrations: The offspring of Ab Jafar (Muammad

al-Bqir), Jafar and Abd Allah, were born from his spouse Umm Farwah.
Umm Farwahs father was Qsim ibn Muammad ibn Ab Bakr and her
mother was Asm bint Abd al-Ramn ibn Ab Bakr al-iddq. Muammad
al-Bqir was a jurist in Madnah. He passed away in 117 A.H. His son Jafar
passed away in 148 A.H.
Now from the Sh Sources:
i. Al-Nowbakht has mentioned the following in his book Firaq al-Shah1:
ii. Al-Kulayn has stated the following in his book Ul al-Kf:
Khall al-Qazwn has written a translation of al-Kf. In it he has

translated this narration in the following manner2:
iii. The author of Kashf al-Ghummah, Ab s al-Arbl, has stated the following
under the biography of Jafar al-diq3:
1 Firaq al-Shah of Ab Muammad asan ibn Ms al-Nowbakht.

2 Al-f Shar al-Kf 3/214: Chapter regarding the birth of Ab Abd Allah.
3 Kashf al-Ghummah 2/378.
308
iv. The well reputed genealogist al-Sayyid Jaml al-Dn ibn Amad who was
well known as Ibn Inabah, has stated the following in his book Umdat al-
lib F Ansb l Ab lib1:

. ...
v. The author of Tanq al-Maql; Abd Allah al-Mmaqn, and the author of
Muntah al-ml; Abbs al-Qumm, have likewise made detailed mention
of Umm Farwah the granddaughter of Ab Bakr I and the mother of
Jafar al-diq.2
The Summary of all the Above Cited Narrations
1. Jafar al-diq I, the son of Muammad al-Bqir I, was born in

80/83 A.H. in Madnah Munawwarah.
2. He passed away in 147/148 A.H. in Madnah Munawwarah and was buried

in Jannat al-Baq.
3. His mothers agnomen was Umm Farwah. Some have suggested that her
actual name was Qarbah. Umm Farwahs father was the grandson of Ab
Bakr I, Qsim ibn Muammad, and her mother was Asm bint Abd al-
Ramn who was likewise the granddaughter of Ab Bakr I.
4. Jafar al-diq would often say, Ab Bakr is my grandfather through two

ways, i.e. because he was the paternal and maternal grandfather of his
mother Umm Farwah.3
1 Umdat al-lib F Ansb l Ab lib p.195;

2Tanq al-Maql by Abd Allah al-Mmaqn p. 73; Muntah al-ml p. 120-121.
3 Q Nr Allah Shstar has also quoted this statement of Jafar al-diq I in his book Iqq al-
aq. However finding no efficient answer to this he has concluded that Jafar al-diq had said it out
of Taqiyyah. Taqiyyah is the solution to all problems for the Shah. See: Iqq al-aq (Egyptian print)
1/7, Tehrani Print, 1/29-30.
309
Concluding Remarks
In this chapter I had presented five different types of bonds that existed between
the two families. The Shah and the Ahl al-Sunnah both acknowledge them.
Hence, we can safely conclude:
1. It is undisputable that matrimonial bonds and family ties play a

very significant role in bringing two households together. This is
undeniable and no evidence is required at all to prove such a fact.
For the custom among noble tribes and families has always been
drawing closer to one another by way of creating bonds.
2. It is without doubt evident that there had been no such disputes

between the seniors of these two families, i.e. Ab Bakr and Al and
Fimah M which had induced them to oppress one another,
usurp the rights of one another and disgrace one another, especially
when both families were very closely related for an extensive
period of time.
3. Hypothetically speaking, if they were any vociferous arguments or

intense fights that had ensued between them, then how would it be
possible for the children of either family to be unaware of them.
It is indeed possible to outwardly commend and praise each other even though
there be major contentions. However, family bonds cannot be sustained merely
outwardly when there is hatred and acrimony deep down in the hearts. Therefore,
to say that it was all done out of Taqiyyah is baseless.
I make an earnest request to all the readers to consider the narrations that contain
the events post the demise of Raslullh H of acrimony, transgression and
upheaval on the one hand and these lovely family bonds that had been established
between the two families on the other hand. Thereafter, every person can decide
for himself as to what the truth is and what is mere sensationalism.
310
7. The Children of Al Named After Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn
Before we delve into the topic itself, a few introductory aspects are crucial to
understand:
1. Only when a person has an intimate bond with another or is fond

of him will he name his children after that person. Naturally, no
one will name his children after a person who he hates and is not
comfortable with.
2. Naming ones children after prominent personalities is emblematic

of veneration for them or is in order that their memories be
cherished.
3. Likewise, at times, the names of prominent personalities of any

nation are kept by those to come after them to attain the goodness
which they had embodied. These are aspects which are commonly
practiced by all and do not require any substantiation.
In light of what was just mentioned, it is clear that the Ban Hshim and in
specific the progeny of Ab lib loved and venerated the three Khulaf M. It
should be remembered that naming the offspring after them did not happen out
of coincidence, rather we find that in every generation of the family of Al I
the children were named with the names Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn. And up
to this very day history has attested to the pure and sound bond that existed
among these illustrious people.
I shall first cite just a few references of the Ahl al-Sunnah and thereafter, in
support of them, I shall present a few Sh sources. I shall truncate the text that I
am to present keeping them confined to the theme under discussion.
The Children of Al
1. This is as excerpt from the book Nasab Quraysh by Ab Abd Allah Muab
ibn Abd Allah al-Zubayr:
311
... ...
...
. ...
Umar ibn Al and Ruqayyah were twins and their mother was al-ahb
who was a captured by Khlid ibn al-Wald (during the apostasy wars).
Umar was the last child of Al
Abbs ibn Al: his full brothers were: Uthmn, Jafar and Abd Allah.1
2. Ibn Qutaybah al-Dnawar has penned the following children of Al I

in his book al-Marif under the discussion regarding the khilfah of Al
I:
. ...... ... ... ...
asan, usayn, Muassan, Muammad, Ubayd Allh, Ab Bakr, Umar,

Yay, Jafar, Abbs and Abd Allah.2
3. Ab Muammad Al ibn Ahmad ibn Sad ibn azm has stated the following
under the discussion of children of Al I in his acclaimed book Jamharat
al-Ansb:
... ... ...

...
.
asan: his agnomen was Ab Muammad, usayn: his agnomen was Ab

Abd Allah, Muassan, his agnomen was Ab Abd Allah as well Abbs
Ab Bakr, Uthmn, Jafar, Abd Allh, Ubayd Allh, Muammad al-Aghar
and Yay. Ab Bakr, Jafar, Uthmn and Abbs were martyred with their
brother in usayn in Karbal.3
1 Nasab Quraysh p. 43: Children of Al I.

2 Al-Marif
3 Jamharat al-Ansb 1/37-38: Children of Al I.
312
The Children of asan
1. Muab al-Zubayr has mentioned the following regarding the children of

asan I:
...
Umar ibn al-Hasan, Ab Bakr and al-Qsim. The posterity of Ab Bakr and
al-Qsim did not carry on. They both were martyred in Karbal.1
2. Ibn Qutaybah al-Dnawar has written:
.... ... ... ...
Khowlah bore the following children of asan: Hasan, Zayd, Umar, usayn
al-Athram and alah.
3. Ibn azm states:
... ...
... ...
.
The children of asan were: asan, Zayd, Umar, usayn, Qsim, Ab Bakr,
alah, Abd al-Ramn and Abd Allah. As for Abd Allah, Qsim and Ab
Bakr, they were martyred with their uncle usayn M.2
The Son of Zayn al-bidn
1. Muab al-Zubayr has made mention of Umar I as the fourth son of

Al Zayn al-bidn in Nasab Quraysh.3
1 Nasab Quraysh p. 50.

2 Jamharat al-Ansb p. 38-39.
3 Nasab Quraysh p. 61
313
2. Ibn Qutaybah al-Dnawar has stated that Umar was the fifth son of Al
Zayn al-bidn I.1
3. Ibn azm al-hir has considered him to be the sixth child of Al Zayn
al-bidn I.
The readers should bear in mind that these are merely a few references that I
have cited here otherwise there are countless of books that are replete with the
above mentioned details and much more. I have sufficed on these in order to keep
the discussion concise.
Henceforth we shall present Sh references to prove the names of the children of Al

I. There are very slight nuances between the facts recorded in the books of the
Ahl al-Sunnah and the Shah. Nonetheless, the Sh are not very comfortable with
this issue therefore they have tried their best to keep it concealed from the people.
I shall quote directly from the books of the Shah and will not be quoting from
any secondary sources. May Allah, save me from making a mistake or misquoting.
The readers should not suffice merely on comparing the pages in the references
which are being cited. Rather they should find the relative chapters in the books
of the Shah and study them; especially for this chapter.
The Name of the Three Khulaf Given to the Family Members of Al

1. Ab al-Faraj al-Ifahn, a notable Sh historian and the author of al-
Aghn, has, in his book Maqtil al-libiyn, listed the names of the martyrs
of Karbal. He has listed the names of the brothers of usayn ibn Al L
as well. He writes:
...
1 Al-Marif p. 94
314
Ab Bakr ibn Al ibn Ab libs name is unknown. His mother was Layl
bint Masd ibn Khlid.1
Another son of Al was Uthmn. His mothers name was Umm al-Bann.
He was twenty-one years of age when he was martyred.2
2. Shaykh al-Mufd has written the following in his book al-Irshd under the
chapter: the children of Amr al-Muminn:
...
... ...
.
The children of Amr al-Muminn were twenty-seven sons and daughters

in total. Among them were: asan, usayn, Umar, Ruqayyah (they were
twins) Abbs, Jafar, Uthmn and Abd Allah (they were all martyred
alongside their brother usayn in Karbal; their mother was Umm al-
Bann) Muammad al-Aghar, whose agnomen was Ab Bakr, and Ubayd
Allah (they were also martyred alongside their brother usayn in Karbal;
their mother was Bint Masd).3
3. Al ibn s al-Arbl has written in Kashf al-Ghummah that Al I had

fourteen sons and nineteen daughters. He has then listed the names of his
sons. He writes:
:
.
The sons: asan, usayn, Muammad al-Akbar, Ubayd Allah, Ab Bakr,

Abbs, Uthmn, Jafar, Abd Allah, Muammad al-Aghar, Yay, Awn,
Umar and Muammad al-Awsa.4
1 Maqtil al-Muminn p. 34.

2 Maqtil al-Muminn p. 33.
3 Al-Irshd p. 167-168.
4 Kashf al-Ghummah (Arabic with Persian translation) 1/590.
315
4. Ibn Inabah has mentioned the following the of Al I in his book
Umdat al-lib:
. ... :
His mother (Abbs ibn Al) and the mother of his brothers: Uthmn,
Jafar and Abd Allah was Umm al-Bann.1
One of the sons of Al was Umar al-Araf. His mother was al-ahb al-
Thalabyah.2
5. Mull Bqir al-Majlis has penned the following names of the martyrs of
Karbal, who were martyred on the tenth of Muarram, in his famous
book Jil al-Uyn:
The nine sons of Amr al-Muminn: usayn (Sayyid al-Shuhad), Abbs

and his son Muammad, Umar, Uthmn, Jafar, Ibrhm, Abd Allah al-
Aghar and Muammad al-Aghar. There is disagreement regarding Ab
Bakr as to whether he was martyred in Karbal or not.3
By analysing all the above mentioned details which have been quoted from the
sources of the Ahl al-Sunnah and the Shah it is obvious that Al I had named
his children after Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn M.
1 Umdat al-lib p. 356.

2 Umdat al-lib p. 361.
3 Jil al-Uyn p. 464-465.
316
The Children of asan who had the name of Ab Bakr, Umar and Uthmn
1. The famous Sh historian Amad ibn Ab Yaqb ibn Jafar has enumerated
the children of asan I in his book al-Trkh al-Yaqb. He states:
()

.
asan had eight sons: asan ibn asan (also known as al-Muthann; his
mother was Khowlah bint Manr al-Fazryah), Zayd ibn al-asan (his
mother was Umm Bishr Bint Masd al-Anr al-Khazraj), Umar, Qsim, Ab
bakr, Abd al-Ramn (from various concubines), alah and Ubayd Allh.1
2. Shaykh Abbs al-Qumm has likewise made mention of Umar ibn al-
asan and Ab Bakr ibn al-asan as the sons of asan I in his book
Muntah al-ml.2
Ab Bakr in the Children of usayn
Masd the acclaimed Sh historian has written in his book al-Tanbh wa al-Ashrf
that three of the children of usayn I were martyred with him in Karbal.
He states:
And from amongst his children were, Al al-Akbar, Abd Allah al-ab and
Ab Bakr. They were all the sons of usayn ibn Al.3
The readers should likewise know that the name of one of the sons of Al Zayn
al-bidn was Umar. The reference for this will be quoted in the second volume,
Allah willing.
1 Al-Trkh al-Yaqb 2/228.

2 Muntah al-ml 1/240.
3 Al-Tanbh wa al-Ashrf p. 263.
317
It should also be borne in mind that one of the sons of Ms al-Kim I was
Ab Bakr. Ab s al-Arbl has written that Ms al-Kim had twenty sons and
eighteen daughters. He has enlisted the names of all of them. In that list the last
name (twentieth) is that of Ab Bakr.1
The Name ishah in the Children of Al ibn Ab lib
We end this chapter with the name of ishah J. Her name had been very
frequently kept by the Ahl al-Bayt for many generations. I shall quote a few
references which the readers can refer to for further detail:
1. Shaykh al-Mufd has written that Ms al-Kim I had twenty sons

and eighteen daughters. He has made mention of ishah as the fifteenth
daughter.2
2. Ab s al-Arbl has stated that Ms al-Kim I had nineteen

daughters and has made mention of ishah as his sixteenth daughter.3
3. Under the discussion regarding the children of Al al-Ri I, al-Arbl

has stated the following:
He had five sons and one daughter. His sons names were: Muammad al-
Qni, Jafar, Ibrhm and al-usayn. His daughters name was ishah.4

2 Al-Irshd p. 283.
318
Closing remarks
This is the end of the first volume which dealt mainly with the life of Ab
Bakr I and his relationship with the Ahl al-Bayt. I urge the readers to
scrupulously analyse all five parts of this volume and reflect deeply. I am without
doubt certain that your hearts will attest that there had been no acrimony,
transgression, befoeing, disunity, oppression or defamation amongst these
illustrious and righteous companions of Raslullh H. They were expressly
the personification and embodiment of Ruam Baynahum; they loved, revered,
appreciated and sympathised with one another. All the different themes and
chapters of this book confirm the veracity of this.
I invoke Allah E from the bottom of my heart that he brings about unity and
affinity in the ummah just as he had granted the abah, the noble companions
of Raslullh H love and unanimity.
In conclusion, I quote an advice of Raslullh H which he had dispensed to

Ab Dhar I in the presence of Al I:
O Ab Dhar! Refrain from forsaking your brother for a persons deeds are
not accepted so long as he forsakes his brother.1
Therefore it is our faith that, in light of this advice and others of its nature, that
the abah M believed in one creed and practiced the same religion; they
were not opposed to one another. May Allah E inspire us to follow in their
path, grant us a pleasant ending and unite us with them in the hereafter.
Desirous of your supplications: Muammad Nfi.

Shabn 1391 A.H. / October 1971
1 Aml al-Shaykh al-s 2/151.
319
320

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Ruam

Shaykh Muammad Nfi

Chapter Two 153

Chapter Three 203

Chapter Four 225

Closing remarks 319

This volume of the book is regarding Sayyidun Ab Bakr I, the sections

The Title of the Book and its Subject Matter:

The sequence in which the book has been written is as follows:

1. In the beginning some prefatory issues have been discussed

3. In the second volume, the bond and connection between Umar

be envisioned as the Frq section.

2. Some academic discussions also appear in this book which might be

Than al-abah al al-Qarbah wa Than al-Qarbah al al-abah

I have according to my inadequate study brought to the fore these few

Verdicts of the Honourable Aimmah1 from Sh Sources:

1. Imm Muammad al-Bqir V whilst mentioning the sermon delivered

When a adth reaches you, verify its authenticity first by examining it

2. Mughrah ibn Sad was a deceitful person. He would fabricate many

4. The exact same principle is quoted with reference to Imm Muammad

Few References From Ahl al-Sunnah Sources

1. Hence in Ul al-Sarakhs, a famous book on Ul al-fiqh (principles of

1 Al-Aml of adq pg. 221, discourse: 58

And this is emphatic regarding the invalidity of any adth that is in

2. In another book of Ul al-fiqh, al-Taw wa al-Talw, in the chapter

3. Al-Khab al-Baghdd has quoted a reliable adth on the authority of Ab

Ab Hurayrah I reports that Raslullh H said: Several different

Lastly it would be suitable to mention a rule unanimously accepted by the

Ab ufayl I narrates that Al I said: Quote well known and widely

Al-Dhahab said: Imm Al I has prohibited us from quoting rare and

Hence it is necessary for us all to adhere to this rule.

Muslims are but brothers to one another so reconcile between your

Shh Abd al-Qdir mentions in his book Fawid Mi al-Qurn:

In Fawid Mi al-Qurn, Shh Abd al-Qdir has stated:

2. Benevolent and affectionate to one another and do not hold grudges

3. Always engaged in the worship of Allah E, they do not do anything

Then Allah E informs us by way of illustration of the progressive

Ahead we shall mention some commentaries of the scholars of tafsr (Qurn

A distinct attribute of the abah of Raslullh H is that they are

1 Tafsr ibn Kathr, under the commentary of this verse.

The scholars of tafsr have written that the sternness of abah M

1 Tafsr Madrik , under the commentary of this verse.

1 Bar al-Mu and R al-Man

2. Present the blood relations that connected them all, whereas

3. Reproduce incidents which inform us of the kindness, mutual

continued from page 31

The Wedding of Sayyidah Fimah

A similar narrative is cited in Aml of Shaykh al-ifah Abu Jafar al-s:

ak ibn Muzim states:

I heard Al saying: Ab Bakr and Umar approached me and told me that

1. Ab Bakr and Umar L were the first to encourage Al I to propose

The Services of Ab Bakr and Uthmn in Making Arrangements for the

The Nab H instructed me to sell my shield so that arrangements

Thereupon he called Bill I, gave him a handful of dirhams (silver coins)

Summary of the Narration:

The Nab H approached me and ordered me to sell my shield and give

An Analysis of the Position of Akhab al-Khawrizm

b. Amad ibn Muammad Muwaffaq al-Dn al-Akhab al-Khawrizm

Chapter Two 153

Chapter Three 203

Chapter Four 225

Closing remarks 319