ANSYS Fluent Battery Module Manual

ANSYS, Inc. Release 15.0

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Table of Contents
Using This Manual ........................................................................................................................................ v
1. The Contents of This Manual ................................................................................................................ v
2. The Contents of the Fluent Manuals ..................................................................................................... v
3. Typographical Conventions ................................................................................................................. vi
4. Mathematical Conventions ................................................................................................................ vii
5. Technical Support ............................................................................................................................. viii
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. General Procedure ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Installing the Battery Module ............................................................................................................ 2
2. Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model .............................................................................................. 3
2.1. Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model Theory ................................................................................ 3
2.1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.1.2. Computation of the Electric Potential and Current Density ........................................................ 3
2.1.3. Thermal and Electrical Coupling ............................................................................................... 5
2.2. Using the Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model ........................................................................... 5
2.2.1. Geometry Definition for the Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model ....................................... 5
2.2.2. Loading the Single-Potential Empirical Battery Module ............................................................. 6
2.2.3. Getting Started With the Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model ............................................ 6
2.2.3.1. Specifying Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model Parameters ....................................... 8
2.2.3.2. Specifying Separator Parameters .................................................................................... 10
2.2.3.3. Specifying Electric Field Parameters ............................................................................... 10
2.2.4. Solution Controls for the Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model .......................................... 11
2.2.5. Postprocessing the Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model ................................................... 12
2.2.6. User-Accessible Functions ...................................................................................................... 13
2.2.6.1. Compiling the Customized Battery Source Code ............................................................. 14
2.2.6.1.1. Compiling the Customized Source Code Under Linux ............................................ 14
2.2.6.1.2. Compiling the Customized Source Code Under Windows ....................................... 15
2.2.7. Using the Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model Text User Interface .................................... 15
3. Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Model ................................................................................................... 17
3.1. Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Model Theory .................................................................................... 17
3.1.1. MSMD approach .................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.2. NTGK Model ........................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.3. ECM Model ............................................................................................................................ 19
3.1.4. Newman P2D Model .............................................................................................................. 20
3.1.5. Coupling Between CFD and Submodels .................................................................................. 23
3.1.6. Battery Pack Simulation .......................................................................................................... 24
3.2. Using the Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Model ................................................................................ 25
3.2.1. Limitations ............................................................................................................................. 25
3.2.2. Geometry Definition for the Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Model ............................................ 25
3.2.3. Loading the Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Module .................................................................. 26
3.2.4. Setting up the Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Model ................................................................ 26
3.2.4.1. Specifying Battery Model Options .................................................................................. 28
3.2.4.2. Specifying Battery Model Parameters ............................................................................. 31
3.2.4.2.1. Inputs for the NTGK Empirical Model ..................................................................... 32
3.2.4.2.2. Inputs for the Electric Circuit Model ....................................................................... 33
3.2.4.2.3. Inputs for the Newman P2D Model ........................................................................ 34
3.2.4.2.4. Input for the User-Defined E-Model ....................................................................... 37
3.2.4.3. Specifying Conductive Zones ......................................................................................... 38
3.2.4.4. Specifying Electric Contacts ........................................................................................... 39

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Battery Module Manual

3.2.5. Initializing the Battery Model .................................................................................................. 40

3.2.6. Modifying Material Properties ................................................................................................ 40
3.2.7. Solution Controls for the Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Model ................................................. 40
3.2.8. Postprocessing the Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Model ......................................................... 41
3.2.9. User-Accessible Functions ...................................................................................................... 42
3.2.9.1. Compiling the Customized Battery Source Code ............................................................. 43
3.2.9.1.1. Compiling the Customized Source Code Under Linux ............................................ 44
3.2.9.1.2. Compiling the Customized Source Code Under Windows ....................................... 45
3.2.10. Using the Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Model Text User Interface ......................................... 45
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Index .......................................................................................................................................................... 49

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Using This Manual
This preface is divided into the following sections:
1.The Contents of This Manual
2.The Contents of the Fluent Manuals
3.Typographical Conventions
4. Mathematical Conventions
5.Technical Support

1. The Contents of This Manual

The ANSYS Fluent Battery Module Manual provides information about using the battery models available
in ANSYS Fluent. In this manual, you will find a theoretical discussion of the models used in ANSYS
Fluent, and a description of using the models with your CFD simulations.

2. The Contents of the Fluent Manuals

The manuals listed below form the Fluent product documentation set. They include descriptions of the
procedures, commands, and theoretical details needed to use Fluent products.

Fluent Getting Started Guide contains general information about getting started with using
Fluent and provides details about starting, running, and exiting the program.

Fluent Migration Manual contains information about transitioning from the previous release of Fluent,
including details about new features, solution changes, and text command list changes.

Fluent User's Guide contains detailed information about running a simulation using the solution
mode of Fluent, including information about the user interface, reading and writing files, defining
boundary conditions, setting up physical models, calculating a solution, and analyzing your results.

ANSYS Fluent Meshing User's Guide contains detailed information about creating 3D meshes
using the meshing mode of Fluent.

Fluent in Workbench User's Guide contains information about getting started with and using Fluent
within the Workbench environment.

Fluent Theory Guide contains reference information for how the physical models are implemented
in Fluent.

Fluent UDF Manual contains information about writing and using user-defined functions (UDFs).

Fluent Tutorial Guide contains a number of examples of various flow problems with detailed instruc-
tions, commentary, and postprocessing of results.

ANSYS Fluent Meshing Tutorials contains a number of examples of general mesh-generation techniques
used in ANSYS Fluent Meshing.

Tutorials for release 15.0 are available on the ANSYS Customer Portal. To access tutorials and
their input files on the ANSYS Customer Portal, go to http://support.ansys.com/training.

Fluent Text Command List contains a brief description of each of the commands in Fluents solution
mode text interface.

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Using This Manual

ANSYS Fluent Meshing Text Command List contains a brief description of each of the commands in
Fluents meshing mode text interface.

Fluent Adjoint Solver Module Manual contains information about the background and usage of Fluent's
Adjoint Solver Module that allows you to obtain detailed sensitivity data for the performance of a
fluid system.

Fluent Battery Module Manual contains information about the background and usage of Fluent's
Battery Module that allows you to analyze the behavior of electric batteries.

Fluent Continuous Fiber Module Manual contains information about the background and usage of
Fluent's Continuous Fiber Module that allows you to analyze the behavior of fiber flow, fiber properties,
and coupling between fibers and the surrounding fluid due to the strong interaction that exists
between the fibers and the surrounding gas.

Fluent Fuel Cell Modules Manual contains information about the background and the usage of two
separate add-on fuel cell models for Fluent that allow you to model polymer electrolyte membrane
fuel cells (PEMFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and electrolysis with Fluent.

Fluent Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Module Manual contains information about the background
and usage of Fluent's Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Module that allows you to analyze the behavior
of electrically conducting fluid flow under the influence of constant (DC) or oscillating (AC) electro-
magnetic fields.

Fluent Population Balance Module Manual contains information about the background and usage of
Fluent's Population Balance Module that allows you to analyze multiphase flows involving size distri-
butions where particle population (as well as momentum, mass, and energy) require a balance
equation.

Fluent as a Server User's Guide contains information about the usage of Fluent as a Server which allows
you to connect to a Fluent session and issue commands from a remote client application.

Running Fluent Under LSF contains information about using Fluent with Platform Computings LSF
software, a distributed computing resource management tool.

Running Fluent Under PBS Professional contains information about using Fluent with Altair PBS Pro-
fessional, an open workload management tool for local and distributed environments.

Running Fluent Under SGE contains information about using Fluent with Sun Grid Engine (SGE) soft-
ware, a distributed computing resource management tool.

3. Typographical Conventions
Several typographical conventions are used in this manuals text to facilitate your learning process.

Different type styles are used to indicate graphical user interface menu items and text interface menu
items (for example, Iso-Surface dialog box, surface/iso-surface command).

The text interface type style is also used when illustrating exactly what appears on the screen to distinguish
it from the narrative text. In this context, user inputs are typically shown in boldface.

A mini flow chart is used to guide you through the navigation pane, which leads you to a specific task
page or dialog box. For example,

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 Mathematical Conventions

Models Multiphase Edit...

indicates that Models is selected in the navigation pane, which then opens the corresponding task
page. In the Models task page, Multiphase is selected from the list. Clicking the Edit... button opens
the Multiphase dialog box.

Also, a mini flow chart is used to indicate the menu selections that lead you to a specific command
or dialog box. For example,

Define Injections...

indicates that the Injections... menu item can be selected from the Define pull-down menu, and

display mesh

indicates that the mesh command is available in the display text menu.

In this manual, mini flow charts usually precede a description of a dialog box or command, or a screen
illustration showing how to use the dialog box or command. They allow you to look up information
about a command or dialog box and quickly determine how to access it without having to search
the preceding material.

The menu selections that will lead you to a particular dialog box or task page are also indicated (usually
within a paragraph) using a "/". For example, Define/Materials... tells you to choose the Materials... menu
item from the Define pull-down menu.

4. Mathematical Conventions
Where possible, vector quantities are displayed with a raised arrow (e.g., ,
). Boldfaced characters
ur ur
are reserved for vectors and matrices as they apply to linear algebra (e.g., the identity matrix, ).

The operator , referred to as grad, nabla, or del, represents the partial derivative of a quantity with respect
to all directions in the chosen coordinate system. In Cartesian coordinates, is defined to be
ur ur ur
 + +  (1)
  

appears in several ways:

The gradient of a scalar quantity is the vector whose components are the partial derivatives; for example,

 ur  ur  ur
 =
+ +  (2)


The gradient of a vector quantity is a second-order tensor; for example, in Cartesian coordinates,

ur ur ur
 =  + +    +    +  
ur ur
(3)
ur ur
  

This tensor is usually written as

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Using This Manual

  


 

  
(4)

 

  


 

The divergence of a vector quantity, which is the inner product between and a vector; for example,

ur   
 = + + (5)



The operator , which is usually written as and is known as the Laplacian; for example,

  
 = + + (6)
    

 is different from the expression  , which is defined as

  
   
 = + + (7)
  

An exception to the use of is found in the discussion of Reynolds stresses in Turbulence in the Fluent
Theory Guide, where convention dictates the use of Cartesian tensor notation. In this chapter, you will also
find that some velocity vector components are written as  , , and  instead of the conventional with
directional subscripts.

5. Technical Support
If you encounter difficulties while using ANSYS Fluent, please first refer to the section(s) of the manual
containing information on the commands you are trying to use or the type of problem you are trying
to solve. The product documentation is available from the online help, or from the ANSYS Customer
Portal. To access documentation files on the ANSYS Customer Portal, go to http://support.ansys.com/
documentation.

If you encounter an error, please write down the exact error message that appeared and note as much
information as you can about what you were doing in ANSYS Fluent.

Technical Support for ANSYS, Inc. products is provided either by ANSYS, Inc. directly or by one of our
certified ANSYS Support Providers. Please check with the ANSYS Support Coordinator (ASC) at your
company to determine who provides support for your company, or go to www.ansys.com and select
Contact ANSYS > Contacts and Locations.

If your support is provided by ANSYS, Inc. directly, Technical Support can be accessed quickly and effi-
ciently from the ANSYS Customer Portal, which is available from the ANSYS Website (www.ansys.com)
under Support > Customer Portal. The direct URL is: support.ansys.com.

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 Technical Support

One of the many useful features of the Customer Portal is the Knowledge Resources Search, which can
be found on the Home page of the Customer Portal.

Systems and installation Knowledge Resources are easily accessible via the Customer Portal by using
the following keywords in the search box: Systems/Installation. These Knowledge Resources
provide solutions and guidance on how to resolve installation and licensing issues quickly.

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Using This Manual

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Fax: +81-3-5324-7308
Email:
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The application of lithium ion batteries has been rapidly expanding from electric appliances and elec-
tronic devices to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), due to their high energy
density. The main concerns when designing a Li-ion battery are its performance, life, and safety. The
ANSYS Fluent battery models allow simulating a single battery cell or a battery pack using CFD technology
to study their thermal and electrochemical behavior. The ANSYS Fluent battery models are provided as
add-on modules with the standard ANSYS Fluent licensed software.

This chapter contains the following information:

1.1. Overview
1.2. General Procedure
1.3. Installing the Battery Module

1.1. Overview
In a lithium-ion battery, the anode and cathode are made of active materials coated on the surface of
metal foils. A polymer separator is placed between the foils of opposite polarity to prevent electrons
from passing between them. To predict the evolution of the chemical, thermal, and electrical processes
in a battery, ANSYS Fluent offers the following models:

Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model (p. 3)

Dual-Potential MSMD Battery Model (p. 17)

The Single-Potential Empirical Battery Model is useful if the geometries of the current collector, electrodes,
and separator can be fully resolved. One potential equation is solved in the computational domain. This
model is best suited for electrode-scale predictions in a single battery cell.

The model, however, has a limited ability to study the full range of electrochemical phenomena in
battery systems, especially systems having complex geometry. When constructing a battery cell, the
anode-separator-cathode sandwich layer is usually wound or stacked up into a 'jelly roll' or a prismatic
shape. It would be very expensive to resolve all the layers explicitly, even for a single battery cell. Fur-
thermore, many industrial applications use a battery pack consisting of a large number of cells connected
in series or in parallel.

The ANSYS Fluent Dual Potential Multi-Scale Multi-Domain (MSMD) Battery model overcomes these
limitations by using a homogeneous model based on a multi-scale multi-domain approach. In this ap-
proach, the whole battery is treated as an orthotropic continuum; thus, the mesh is no longer constrained
by the micro-structure of the battery. Two potential equations are solved in the battery domain. To fit
various analysis needs, the model includes three electrochemical submodels, namely, the Newman,
Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) empirical model, the Electric Circuit model (ECM), and the Newman
Pseudo-2D (P2D) model having different level of complexity. The model offers you the flexibility to
study the physical and electrochemical phenomena that extend over many length scales in battery
systems of various arrangements.

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