André-Marie Ampère Was: Encyclopédie

Andr-Marie Ampre was
a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the

founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which
he referred to as "electrodynamics". The SI unit of
measurement of electric current, the ampere, is named after
him.
Andre-Marie Ampre was born on 20 January 1775 to JeanJacques Ampre, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne
Antoinette Desutires-Sarcey Ampre, during the height of
the French Enlightenment. He spent his childhood and
adolescence at the family property at Poleymieux-au-Montd'Or near Lyon. Jean-Jacques Ampre, a successful merchant,
was an admirer of the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
whose theories of education (as outlined in his treatise mile)
were the basis of Ampre's education. Rousseau believed that
young boys should avoid formal schooling and pursue instead
an "education direct from nature." Ampre's father actualized this ideal by allowing his son to
educate himself within the walls of his well-stocked library. French Enlightenment masterpieces such
as Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon's Histoire naturelle, gnrale et particulire (begun in
1749) and Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopdie (volumes added between
1751 and 1772) thus became Ampre's schoolmasters. The young Ampre, however, soon resumed
his Latin lessons, which enabled him to master the works of Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli.
Michael Faraday FRS was an English scientist who contributed to the study
of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles
underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
Although Faraday received little formal education, he was one of the most influential scientists in
history. It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current that
Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also
established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship
between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction and
diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed
the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts
that electricity became practical for use in technology.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented
an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularised
terminology such as "anode", "cathode", "electrode" and "ion". Faraday ultimately became the first
and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a lifetime
position.
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (German: [h]; 22 February 1857 1

January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved
the existence of electromagnetic waves theorized by James Clerk
Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light. Hertz proved the theory
by engineering instruments to transmit and receive radio pulses
using experimental procedures that ruled out all other known
wireless phenomena. The unit of frequency cycle per second
was named the "hertz" in his honor
Hans Christian often rendered Oersted in English; 14 August

1777 9 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist who
discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was
the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. He is
still known today for Oersted's Law. He shaped post-Kantian
philosophyand advances in science throughout the late 19th century.
In 1824, rsted founded Selskabet for Naturlrens
Udbredelse (SNU), a society to disseminate knowledge of the
natural sciences. He was also the founder of predecessor
organizations which eventually became the Danish Meteorological
Institute and the Danish Patent and Trademark Office. rsted was
the first modern thinker to plicitly describe and name the thought
experiment.
A leader of the so-called Danish Golden Age, rsted was a close
friend of Hans Christian Andersen and the brother of politician and
jurist Anders Sande rsted, who eventually served as Danish
prime minister (185354).
The oersted (Oe), the cgs unit of magnetic H-field strength, is named after him.
James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE (13 June 1831 5

November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field
of mathematical physics. His most notable achievement was
to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation,
bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and
light as manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's
equations for electromagnetism have been called the "second
great unification in physics after the first one realised by Isaac
Newton.
With the publication of A Dynamical Theory of the
Electromagnetic Field in 1865, Maxwell demonstrated
that electric and magnetic fields travel through space
as waves moving at the speed of light. Maxwell proposed that
light is an undulation in the same medium that is the cause of
electric and magnetic phenomena. The unification of light and
electrical phenomena led to the prediction of the existence of radio waves.

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Andr-Marie Ampre was

a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (German: [h]; 22 February 1857 1

Hans Christian often rendered Oersted in English; 14 August

James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE (13 June 1831 5

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