Online Companion for

The First Linear Programming Shoppe

Operations Research
January-February 2002, Volume 50, Number 1

Saul I. Gass

SAUL I. GASS
BIOGRAPHY:
Saul I. Gass received his B. S. in Education and M. A. in Mathematics from Boston University, and his Ph. D. in
Engineering Science/Operations Research from the University of California, Berkeley. He is currently Professor
Emeritus at the Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park. Dr. Gass first served as
a mathematician for the Aberdeen Bombing Mission, U. S. Air Force, and then transferred to Air Force
Headquarters where he began his career in operations research with the Directorate of Management Analysis, the
organization in which linear programming was first developed. For IBM he was an Applied Science Representative,
Manager of the Project Mercury Man-in-Space Program, and Manager of IBM's Federal Civil Programs. He was a
member of the Science and Technology Task Force of the President=s Commission on Law Enforcement. He was
Director of Operations Research for CEIR, Senior Vice-President of World Systems Laboratories and VicePresident of Mathematica. He has served as a consultant to the U. S. General Accounting Office, Congressional
Budget Office, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and other operations research and systems
analysis organizations. Included in his many publications are the text Linear Programming (fifth edition), the book
An Illustrated Guide to Linear Programming, and the text Decision Making, Models and Algorithms. He is coeditor of the Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Sciences and the book A Guide to Models in
Governmental Planning and Operations. He is a past president of the Operations Research Society of America
(ORSA) and Omega Rho, the international operations research honor society. He has served as vice-president for
international activities of the Institute of Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). He was a
1995-1996 Fulbright Research Scholar. He is a recipient of ORSA=s Kimball Medal for service to the society and
the profession, INFORMS=s Expository Writing Award, and the Military Operations Research Society=s Jacinto
Steinhardt Memorial Award for outstanding contributions to military operations research. He is a University of
Maryland 1998 Distinguished Scholar-Teacher. In January 2000, he was appointed Deans Lifetime Achievement
Professor at the Robert H. Smith School of Business. His research interests include: linear programming, large-scale
systems, model validation and evaluation, game theory, multi-objective decision analysis, and the application of
operations research methodologies.
PUBLICATIONS:
The Application of Linear Programming Techniques to Air Force

Problems, Headquarters USAF, 1954.

The Parametric Objective Function - Part I, with T. L. Saaty, Operations Research, vol. 2, no. 3, 1954.
Parametric Objective Function - Part II: Generalization, with T. L. Saaty, Operations Research, vol. 3, no. 4, l955.
The Computational Algorithm for the Parametric Objective Function, with T. L. Saaty, Naval Research Logistics
Quarterly, vol. 2, nos. 1 and 2, 1955, 39-45.
A First Feasible Solution to the Linear Programming Problem, Proceedings of the Second Symposium in Linear
Programming, edited by H. Antosiewicz, January, 1955.
On the Distribution of Manhours to Meet Scheduled Requirements, Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, vol. 4,
no. 1, 1957.
Linear Programming: Methods and Applications, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1958 (Translated into Polish,
Russian, Spanish).
Bibliography on Linear Programming and Related Techniques, with V. Riley, Johns Hopkins Press, 1958.
The Role of Digital Computers in Project Mercury, Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference, 1961.
Recent Developments in Linear Programming, Chapter 4 in Advances in Computers, Vol. II, edited by F. Alt,
Academic Press, 1961.

Linear Programming: Methods and Applications, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964 (Translated into
Czechoslovakian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish).
The Dualplex Method of Large-Scale Linear Programs, ORC Report 66-15, Operations Research Center, U. of
Calif., Berkeley, 1966.
On the Division of Police Districts into Patrol Beats, Proceedings 1968 ACM National Conference, 1968.
Linear Programming: Methods and Applications, 3rd edition McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1969 (Translated into
Czechoslovakian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish, Greek).
An Illustrated Guide to Linear Programming, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970 (Translated into Japanese,
Russian, Spanish).
The Dualplex Method Applied to Special Linear Programs, Proceedings of the International Federation of
Information Processing Societies, 1971 , pp. 1317-1323, North-Holland, 1972.
Mathematics and Law Enforcement, SIAM News, vol. 6, no. 3, 1973.
Models in Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Chapter 8 in A Guide to Models in Governmental Planning and
Operations, edited by S. I. Gass and R. L. Sisson, Sauger Books, 1975.
A Guide to Models in Governmental Planning and Operations, edited with R. L. Sisson, Sauger Books, 1975.
Linear Programming: Methods and Applications, 4th edition McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975 (Translated into
Japanese, Spanish).
Evaluation of Complex Models, Computers and Operations Research, vol. 4, pp. 27-35, 1977.
A Procedure for the Evaluation of Complex Models, Proceedings of the First International Conference in
Mathematical Modeling, 1977.
An Application of System Flow Models to the Analysis of Highway Safety Demonstration Projects, with N. A.
David and P. Levy, Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol. 9, no. 4, 1977.
Some Considerations for Improving Federal Modeling, with P. F. Roth and A. J. Lemoine, Proceedings 1978
Winter Simulation Conference, IEEE #78CH1415-9, 1978; also in Methodology in Systems Modelling and
Simulation, B. F. Ziegler et al., pp. 167-175, North-Holland, 1978.
Computer Model Documentation, Proceedings 1978 Winter Simulation Conference, IEEE #78CH1415-9, 1978.
To CB or Not to CB: A Simulation Model for Analyzing the Role of Citizen Band Radio in Traffic Safety, with N.
A. David and R. H. Cronin, Computers and Operations Research, vol 6, no. 2, 1979.
Computer Model Documentation: A Review and An Approach, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication
500-39, U.S. GPO Stock No. 033-003-02020-6, Washington, D.C., 1979.

Utility and Use of Large-Scale Mathematical Models, editor, Proceedings of a Workshop, National Bureau of
Standards Special Publication 534, U.S. GPO Stock No. 003-003-02060-5, Washington, D.C., 1979.
Comments on the Possibility of Cycling with the Simplex Algorithm, Operations Research, vol. 27, no. 4, 1979.
Validation and Assessment Issues of Energy Models, editor, Proceedings of a Workshop, National Bureau of
Standards Special Publication 569, U. S. GPO Stock No. 033-003-02155-5, Washington, D.C., 1980.

Assessing Ways to Improve the Utility of Large-Scale Models, in Validation and Assessment Issues of Energy
Models, edited by S. I. Gass, U.S. GPO, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Guidelines for Model Evaluation: An Abridged Version of the U.S. General Accounting Office Exposure Draft,
with B. Thompson, Operations Research, vol. 28, no. 2, 1980.
Validation and Assessment Issues of Energy Models, in Energy Policy Planning, edited by B. A. Bayraktar et al.,
Plenum Press, 1981.
Concepts of Model Confidence, with L. Joel, Computers and Operations Research, vol. 8, no. 4, 1981.
Documentation for a Model: A Hierarchical Approach, with K. L. Hoffman et al., ACM Communications, vol. 24,
no. 11, 198l.
Validation and Assessment of Energy Models, editor, Proceedings of a Symposium, National Bureau of Standards
Special Publication 616, 1981.
Operations Research: Mathematics and Models, editor, American Mathematical Society, 1981.
Oil and Natural Gas Supply Models, editor, Proceedings of a Symposium, National Bureau of Standards Special
Publication 631, 1982.
A Review of Validation and Assessment Issues of Energy Models, in Coal Models and Their Uses in Government
Planning, edited by J. Quirk et al., Praeger Publishers, 1982.
Decision-Aiding Models: Validation, Assessment, and Related Issues for Policy Analysis, (feature article),
Operations Research, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 603-631, 1983.
The ASCAR Model for Evaluating Military Manpower Policy, with R. W. Collins and E. E. Rosendahl,
Interfaces, vol. 13, no. 3, 1983.
Credible Baseline Analysis for Multi-Model Public Policy Studies, with S. Parikh, Chapter 4 in Energy Models
and Studies, edited by B. Lev, North-Holland, 1983.
Intermediate Future Forecasting System, Proceedings of a Symposium, edited with F. Murphy and S. Shaw,
National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 670, 1983.
An Interactive Approach to Multiple-Objective Linear Programming Involving Key Decision Variables, with M.
Dror, Large Scale Systems, vol. 5, pp. 95-103, 1983.
What is a Computer-Based Model, Mathematical Modelling, vol. 4, no. 5, 1983.
On the Determinants of Credible Analysis, with S. Parikh, in Mathematical Modelling in Science and Technology,
edited by X. J. R. Avula, Pergamon Press, 1984.
Documenting a Computer-Based Model, Interfaces, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 84-93, 1984.
On the Development of Large-Scale Personnel Planning Models, Proceedings of the 11th IFIP Conference on
System Modeling and Optimization, Springer-Verlag, 1984.
Linear Programming, article for Volume 5 of Encyclopedia of Statistical Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
On the Solution of Linear-Programming Problems with Free Variables, Computers and Operations Research, vol.
12, no. 3, 1985.
Linear Programming: Methods and Applications, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985.

Decisions, Models and Algorithms: A First Course, Wiley-Interscience, 1985.

On the Solution of Special Generalized Upper-Bounded Problems, with S. Shao, Jr., Mathematical Programming
Study 24, 104-115, 1985.
A Process for Determining priorities and weights for Large-Scale Linear Goal Programs, Journal of the
Operational Research Society, Vol. 37, No. 8, 1986.
Impacts of Microcomputers on Operations Research, with H. J. Greenberg, K. L. Hoffman and R. W. Langley,
(editors) North-Holland, l986.
Expert Systems and Emergency Management: An Annotated Bibliography, with R. E. Chapman and S. Bhasker,
National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 728, 1986.
Proceedings of the First Symposium on Expert Systems and Emergency Management Operations, edited with R. E.
Chapman, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 717, 1986.
Expert Systems and Emergency Management: Background Paper, with R. E. Chapman, in Proceedings of the
First Symposium on Expert Systems and Emergency Management Operations, NBS Special Publication 717, 1986.
Expert Systems and Emergency Management: Research Directions, with R. E. Chapman, in Proceedings of the
First Symposium on Expert Systems and Emergency Management Operations, NBS Special Publication 717, 1986.
A Perspective on the Future of Operations Research, Operations Research, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1987.
On Artificial Variables and the Simplex Method, Journal of Information and Optimization Science, Vol. 8, No. 1,
1987.

The Setting of Weights in Linear-Goal Programming Problems, Computers & Operations Research, Vol. 14, No.
3, 1987.
Managing the Modeling Process: A Personal Perspective, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 31,
No. 1, 1-8, 1987.
Interactive Scheme for a MOLP Problem Given Two Partial Orders, with M. Dror, Applied Mathematics and
Computation, Vol. 24, No. 3, Part I, 1987.
Experiments with an Interactive Procedure for MOLP Given Weak Orders on Variables and Objectives, with M.
Dror and A. Yellin, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1988.
Army Manpower Long Range Planning System, with R. W. Collins, C. W. Meinhardt, D. M. Lemon, M. D.
Gillette, Operations Research, Vol. 36, No. 1, 5-17, 1988.
Operations Research - Supporting Decisions Around the World, Operational Research '87, Proceedings of the
11th Triennial IFORS Conference, Keynote Paper, 1988.
The Traveling Salesman Problem, article for the Encyclopedia of Statistical Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
Evaluating Emergency Management Models and Databases: A Suggested Approach, with R. E. Chapman, J. J.
Filliben and C. M. Harris, National Institue of Standards and Technology, NBSIR88-3826, 1988.
Operations Research: The Next Decade, (joint editor), Operations Research, Vol.36, No.4, 1988.
A Model is a Model is a Model is a Model, Interfaces, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 58-60, 1989.

The Current Status of Operations Research and a Way to the Future, The Journal of the Washington Academy of
Sciences, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 60-69, June 1989.
Analyzing the Economic Impacts of a Military Mobilization, with R. E. Chapman and C. M. Harris, in Lecture
Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, #332: Cost Analysis Applications of Economics and Operations
Research,(T. R. Gulledge and L. A. Litteral, editors), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1989, pp. 353-386.
Comments On the History of Linear Programming, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 11, No. 2,
1989, pp. 147- 151.
Factors Affecting the Conversion Rate of Bound Volumes to Electronic Form, with S. Hauser and G. Thoma,
Proceedings of the Electronic Imaging East '89 Conference, Boston, Mass. October 2-5, 1989, pp. 1041-1046.
A Case for Interactive Multiobjective Linear Programming - MOLP, with M. Dror, in Functional Analysis,
Optimization and Mathematical Economics, memorial volume dedicated to Prof. L. V. Kantorovich, L. Leifman ed.,
American Mathematical Society, Oxford University Press, 1990.
An Illustrated Guide to Linear Programming, reprinted by Dover Press, 1990.
Have Model, Will Travel, Interfaces, Vol. 20. No. 2, pp. 67-71, 1990.
On Solving the Transportation Problem, Journal of The Operational Research Society, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 291297, 1990.
Danger: Beware the User as Modeler, Interfaces, Vol. 20, No.3, pp. 60-64, 1990.
Let's Eliminate the Question Marks! Undergraduate Mathematics Trends (UME), Vol. 2, No. 3, August 1990.
In the Beginning There was Linear Programming, Interfaces, Vol 20, No. 4, pp. 129-132, 1990.
Military Manpower Planning Models, Computers and Operations Research, Vol.18, No. 1, pp. 65-73, 1991.
An Assessment Procedure for Simulations Models: A Case Study, with C. Fossett, D. Harrison and H. Weintrob,
Operations Research, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 710-723, 1991.
The Many Faces of OR, Journal of The Operational Research Society, Vol. 42, N0. 1, pp. 3-15, 1991.
OR in the Real World: How things Go Wrong, Computers & OR, Vol 18, No. 7, pp. 629-632, 1991.
On the Development and Validation of Multicriteria Ratings: A Case Study, with S. Torrence, Socio-Economic
Planning Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 2, 133-142, 1991.
Models at the OK Corral, Interfaces, Vol. 21, No. 6, 1991.
Systems Analysis, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 1992.
Model Accreditation: A Rationale and Process for Determining a Numerical Rating, European Journal of OR,
Vol. 66, No. 2, 250-258, 1993.
Solving Discrete Stochastic Linear Programs With Simple Recourse by the Dualplex Method, with N. Bryson,
Computers and OR, Vol. 21, No. 1, 11-17, 1993.
Encounters with Degeneracy: A Personal View, Annals of Operations Research, 47, 335-342, 1993.
Ethical Concerns and Ethical Answers, in Ethics in Modelling Workshop, W. A. Wallace, editor, pp. 207-225,
Elsevier, 1994.

On Ethics in Operational Research, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 45, 965-966, 1994.
Not This Merger Proposal, OR/MS Today, 44-46, Feb. 1994.
A Chairman's Lot is not a Happy One, OR Newsletter, 26-28, March 1994.
Don't Merge, Restructure,: OR/MS Today, 69-70, April 1994.
Ethics in the Not So Real MS/OR World, Interfaces, 24, 74-78, 1994.
Public Sector Analysis and Operations Research/Management Science, Chapter 2 (23-46) in the Handbook of OR:
Operations Research and the Public Sector, edited by A. Barnett, S. M. Pollock, and M. Rothkopf, North-Holland,
N. Y., 1994.
Linear Programming: Methods and Application, reprint of 5th edition by boyd & fraser publishing company,
1995.
Modified Fictitious Play and the Solution of Linear-Programming Problems, with P. Zafra, Computers &
Operations Research, 22, 893-903, 1995.
On Copying A Compact Disk to Cassette Tape: An Integer-Programming Approach, Mathematics Magazine, 69,
1, 57-61, 1996.
Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science, Co-editor with Carl Harris, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1996.
Goal Programming in Networks, Proceedings of First Conference in Multi-objective Programming and, Goal
Programming, M. Tamiz, editor, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 212-234, 1996.
Linear Programming, article for the International Encyclopedia of Business and Management, Routledge Limited
Publishers, 1996
Modified Fictitious Play, with P. Zafra and Z. Qiu, Naval Research Logistics, 43, 7, 955-970, 1996.
On Academics, Applications, and Publications, Interfaces, 26, 6, 105-111, 1996.
A Computational Study of an Objective Hyperplane Search Heuristic for the General Integer Linear Programming
Problem, with A. Joseph and N. Bryson, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 25, 10, 63-76, 1997.
The Washington Operations Research Connection: The Rest of the Story, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 31,
4, 245-255, 1997.
The Academic Midlife Crisis, with S. Nahmias and C. M. Harris, Interfaces, 27, 54-57, 1997.
On the Education of a Multi-Criteria Researcher: A Personal View, Abraham Charnes Distinguished Lecture,
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Multiobjective Programming and Goal Programming, R.
Caballero, F. Ruiz, and R. Steuer, eds. Springer-Verlag, 5-26, 1997.
OR is the Bridge to the 21st Century, Interfaces, 27, 65-68, 1998.
A Note on Synthesizing Group Decisions, with T. Rapcsak, Decisions Support Systems, 22, 1, 59-63, 1998.
On the Nearness and Bounds of the Integer Programming Problem to the Relaxed Linear Programming Problem,
with A. Joseph and N. Bryson, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications (JOTA), 98, 1, 55-63, 1998.
An Objective Hyperplane Search Procedure for Solving the General All-Integer Linear Programming (ILP)
Problem, with A. Joseph and N. Bryson, European Journal of Operations Research, 104, 601-614, 1998.

Fitting Circles and Spheres to Coordinate Measuring Machine Data, with Christoph Witzgall and Howard H.
Harary, International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing, 10, 5-25, 1998. Also in New Trends in Mathematical
Programming, edited by F. Giannessi, S. Kamlsi and T. Rapcsk, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
Tournaments, Transitivity and Pairwise Comparison Matrices, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 49, 6,
616-624, 1998.
Why our journals are not so black as printed, OR Newsletter, No. 330, June, 36-38, 1998.
Ethics in Journal Refereeing, Letter to the Editor, Communications of the ACM, 42, 10, 1999, 11.
Project Mercury Man-in-Space Real-Time Computer System: You Have a Go, at Least Seven Orbits! IEEE
Annals of the History of Computing, 21, 4, 1999, 37-48.
The Spreadsheeting of OR/MS, with D. Hirshfeld and E. Wasil, Interfaces, 30, 5, 2000, 72-81.
Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science, 2nd edition, Co-editor with Carl Harris, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2001.
Stiglers Diet Problem Revisited, with S. Garille, Operations Research, 49, 1, 2001, 1-13.
The Analytic Hierarchy Process: An Exposition, with E. Forman, Operations Research, 49, 4, 2001, 469-486.
When is a Number a Number? Interfaces, 31, 5, 2001, 93-103.
Linear Programming article for The International Encyclopedia of Business and Management, 2nd edition,
Malcolm Warner (ed), Thomson Learning, London, 2001, 3821-3830.
A Framework for Constructing General Integer Problems with Well-Determined Duality Gaps, with A. Joseph,
European Journal of Operations Research, 136, Jan. 2002, 81-94.
The First Linear Programming Shoppe, forthcoming Operations Research, Jan-Feb, 2002.