Rewiew of Ch. 7 Stoichiometry ‘© Net ionic equations can be written by following these steps: i) write a balanced chemical equation ii) dissociate or ionize substances with high solubili iii) cancel out spectator ions on each side of the equation 1. Write a net ionic equation for the reaction of sodium phosphate solution and calcium chloride solution. LNasP4 cop 2 FCob ray ~~ Cog (POY200 a ENaC, big + ROE + GL GEE Cas lPODacs + BN + 6%, akan ‘ 3 lay, 7 Cay (POY coy © Gravimetric stoichiometry uses the following steps to determine the exact mass of a solid reactant or product in a chemical reaction. i) write a balanced chemical equation ii) calculate moles of the given substance using n = = iii) multiply the given amount by R/G to get the required amount iv) calculate the mass of required substance using m = nM 2. Predict the mass of carbon dioxide produced when 1.00 kg of ethanol undergoes complete combustign in a car’s engine. @ CyHeOHep + BOxgy PF Zag + BHO cs) | 1.00 bq Gd tes Le eee Ne* Mm Y.08 Ynee ™ My = BT RK Veo AB 4 mod mm, > 0M = G3 4am X AOI Yet) = LH kg | | B‘The percent yield of a reaction is the ratio of the actual or experimental quantity of product obtained to the theoretical quantity of product as predicted by stoichiometry. actual yield percent yield = predicted yield x 100 3. Ina chemical analysis, 3.00 g of silver nitrate solution was reacted with excess sodium chromate to produce 2.84 g of filtered, wenn Calculate the percent yield of this ction. LANG + Na Coca)? eae 40s) + 2NONG,, 7,004 2 Ms 2.00 : an We Lie (aig NFB Sg 0,0! a Y yreld ae N, = 0-01 Tut K Yn = O08 i: ek R = nM = (0.008, AX GY 2934 mo tO NY) Raed) Gas stoichiometry uses the following steps to anon the exact mass or volume of a gaseous reactant or produet in a chemical reaction, Gl i) write a balanced chemical equation ii) calculate moles of the given substance usingn = = orn = ~ or n= SY multiply the given amount by R/G to get the required amount iv) calculate the mass of required substance using m = nM or the volume of required substance using V = nVj, or V= = 4, Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas at SATP required to react with an excess of nitrogen gas and produce 2.00 ML of ammonia gas at weg" 120 kPa. Nauwgy) + 24.) > 2NiH3eq) VG47—) 00M (WE, 120 KR) 2 PY . (0 KRY Zeon’) . © AT G34 KR Yao ABI®) 102003.4..m6d, Nyt 102003¢ i» me Ka = 158 005 /e med V2 AV, = 153005; Lyme K 248 yg = 279 ML R® Solution stoichiometry uses the following steps to determine the exact concentraion or volume of a aqueous reactant or product in a chemical reaction. i) write a balanced chemical equation ii) calculate moles of the given substance using n v iii) multiply the given amount by R/G to get the required amount iv) calculate the concentration of the required solution using ¢ = © or calculate volume using v= 5. What volume of a 0.250 mol/L solution of sodium carbonate solution is required to completely react bas 0 mL of a 0.200 ac) solution of iron({l)) chloride? BNa, Os cag * Pre oc > Fe Oye, + ENaC laa) v ‘Om 0,asomd, 0, 0 mY, | Ng> CV + O20 mot XO,0750L) = O+O1KD mod n Ig = 015 mob x Y= 0.022 mt =A, 8.0225 me? 2 Og mot “A” G* 0,250 mot 0900 Review of Ch. $8 Chemical Analysis " © Qualitative analysis to determine the identity of an unknown chemical substance can involve colorimetry — the color of an aqueous solution (P. 11 of Data Book) or the color a sample produces when placed in a flame (P. 6 Data Book). 6. Identify the name and chemical formula of an ionic compound that appears yellow in aqueous solution and produces a yellow flame when burned. Na, CrO4esy Sodiim chromake to determine the quantity of a substance present can involve gravimetric — the precipitation of a slightly soluble product in a single or double replacement reaction. 7. Which of the following reagents can be used to precipitate acetate ions from a solution of sodium acetate? b) BaCly(aq) ) CaClaq) &) Pb(NOs):(aq) Aig Hy C005 Be. CH,©00),4) CC) gy PLCC) cagy8, What mass of precipitate is produced by the reaction of 25.0 mL. of 0.275 mol/L sodium sufide solutign.with an excess of aluminium nitrate solution? BNaSiog + BAO) sayy > AlP3¢9 +6 NeWOsagy B.oml i am 1, 225 moll a: cr= (©.275- me% X0.02S0L) = Ovtbb Be ol | Ng 6.0068 nek K Vo = O02 mef 1 = AIA > (0.00 22. mePXISDIT Ypyye) = 0 7444 © Limiting reagents (completely used up) and excess reagents (some left over after reaction) can be determined by calculating the amount in moles of each reactant present and comparing with the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation. 9, Identify the limiting and excess reagents when 20 g of aluminium chloride and 20 g of sodium hydroxide are allowed to react in a container AND determine the mass of excess reagent left over. | A Chey + Fey > MODs + BNC) 8 oe sa Anoortr Nott Jebbover = BI I9Yt Fav Soo P 0,60 ~0.uS > 00S Ief = Qtsmek = 0.50 mot TN Ragan Onset Mass o€ Naot Lefforer = (Cnsbo3) ee Gaces) (0:08 mol 40.00 Yul) * 24 © Quantitative analysis can also involve titration analysis in which a titrant solution from a burette is gradually added to a sample solution in a flask until the endpoint is ‘rant — reached ~ a sudden change in color or pH of the sample solution. used along with stoichiometry to determine the feel © The volume of titrant needed to reach the endpoint can be | receiina concentration of the titrant or the sample solution.10. A 100 mL. standard solution of sodium carbonate was prepared in a volumetric flask using 1.74 g of solid. Using methyl orange indicator to detect the second endpoint, 10.00 mL samples of this standard solution were titrated with hydrochloric acid and the results recorded in the following table. Titration of 10.00 mL samples of NaxCO3(aq) with HCI(aq) ial 1 2 3 4 Na,@, Tria == Final burette | 161 | 315 | 469 | 169 | G reading (mL) intel a Oh | sh | os | ng reading (ml E | 2 1S4 mL ‘Volume of 5 thg Vel | titrant used (mL) 15 I 54 IS4 14 j endpoint red | orange | orange | orange | = Oslo moL/y color Determine the samgunt concentration, gine hydrochloric acid solution. Nia, COsiay + LH Clag, —? My COs copy + 2a, 10.00 mL. (8:4 mk OlbYy me, c 1, = Cv ~(Qlo4net{, Y0.01000L) = O.00164 meek | € N= 0r00leY mob KY 7 O.00F2E mek ‘ C2 Bis 0100328 mk = O. 213 Ho a 2.01841 ©. Titration curves or pH curves are graphs of pH vs volume of titrant used to reach the endpoint, The curves are useful because: i) they can be used to identify the sample solution and titrant as an acid or a base. ii) the volume of titrant needed to reach the equivalence point can be determined. iii) an acid-base indicator can be chosen whose pH range includes the endpoint pH. \ iv) each equivalence point shown on the curve represents one H* reacting completely.11. For each titration curve shown below: a 5) 9 gy b) °) d) identify the sample solution and titrant as an acid or a base determine the volume of titrant used to reach the equivalence point determine the equivalence point pH suggest a suitable indicator that will change color at the equivalence point ” 2 10 expsoe Volume (mt) sample acid titrant bas a equivalence point volume__ RO mL equivalence point pH 7 suitable indicator Lromethyned ble or chen red b.0-“26 66-80 14 12 onrae Volume (mL) sample base titra QoL equivalence point volume__. XO mL equivalence point p#__ 4. 5 suitable indicator__ DRO CRES. Glee 3.84