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    Presentation 4

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    Amaterasu Susanoo Tsukuyomi
    The document discusses various cutting operations and cycles used on CNC turning machines. It describes the basic turning operations like facing, contour turning, chamfering and parting. It also explains the G-codes and formats used for different cycles like straight cutting cycle (G90), facing cycle (G94), threading cycle (G92), multiple turning/facing cycles (G71, G72), pattern repeating cycle (G73), drilling cycle (G74) and grooving cycle (G75). Sample part programs are provided using these cycles for different turning operations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Presentation 4

    Uploaded by

    Amaterasu Susanoo Tsukuyomi
    228 views34 pages
    The document discusses various cutting operations and cycles used on CNC turning machines. It describes the basic turning operations like facing, contour turning, chamfering and parting. It also explains the G-codes and formats used for different cycles like straight cutting cycle (G90), facing cycle (G94), threading cycle (G92), multiple turning/facing cycles (G71, G72), pattern repeating cycle (G73), drilling cycle (G74) and grooving cycle (G75). Sample part programs are provided using these cycles for different turning operations.

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    The document discusses various cutting operations and cycles used on CNC turning machines. It describes the basic turning operations like facing, contour turning, chamfering and parting. It also explains the G-codes and formats used for different cycles like straight cutting cycle (G90), facing cycle (G94), threading cycle (G92), multiple turning/facing cycles (G71, G72), pattern repeating cycle (G73), drilling cycle (G74) and grooving cycle (G75). Sample part programs are provided using these cycles for different turning operations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    228 views34 pages

    Presentation 4

    Uploaded by

    Amaterasu Susanoo Tsukuyomi
    The document discusses various cutting operations and cycles used on CNC turning machines. It describes the basic turning operations like facing, contour turning, chamfering and parting. It also explains the G-codes and formats used for different cycles like straight cutting cycle (G90), facing cycle (G94), threading cycle (G92), multiple turning/facing cycles (G71, G72), pattern repeating cycle (G73), drilling cycle (G74) and grooving cycle (G75). Sample part programs are provided using these cycles for different turning operations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 34

    CNC Turning Machines

    Coordinate system for a 2 axis CNC lathe

    Turning

    A single point cutting tool removes material from a


    rotating workpiece to generate a rotationally
    symmetric shape
    Types of cuts:

    Facing
    Contour turning
    drilling
    Chamfering
    Parting (Cut-off) / Grooving
    Threading
    3

    Turning Parameters Illustrated

    Facing

    Tool is fed
    radially inward

    Figure facing
    5

    Contour Turning
    Instead of feeding the tool
    parallel to the axis of
    rotation, tool follows a
    contour that is not
    necessarily straight (thus
    creating a contoured form).

    Figure contour turning


    6

    Right & Left Hand Tools


    Right Hand Tool:
    Cuts from right to left

    Left Hand Tool:


    Cuts from left to right

    Chamfering
    Cutting edge cuts an
    angle on the corner
    of the cylinder,
    forming a "chamfer"

    Figure chamfering
    8

    Parting (Cutoff) / Grooving


    Tool is fed radially
    into rotating work at
    some location to cut
    off end of part, or
    provide a groove

    Figure (f) cutoff


    9

    Threading
    Pointed form tool is
    fed linearly across
    surface of rotating
    workpart parallel to
    axis of rotation at a
    large feed rate, thus
    creating threads

    Figure (g) threading


    10

    CNC Lathe: Air-Operated Chuck

    Right Hand
    Profile Tool

    Chuck

    12

    CNC Lathe: Tool Turret

    Left Hand
    Profile Tool
    Tool Turret
    Grooving /
    Parting Tool

    Tool Holder
    Right Hand
    Profile Tool

    13

    Part Programming

    Address Characters As Per DIN 66025


    N -Block number
    O -Program Number
    P,Q,R- Parameters are used in cycles
    S -Spindle speed
    T- Tool Function
    X -Movement in X-axis
    Z -Movement in Z axis
    U,W- movement parallel to X, Z axes respectively (incremental method)
    F - Feed
    G-Preparatory function, identifying the action to be executed

    G codes
    G00 Positioning (Rapid traverse)

    G42 Tool Nose Radius compensation right

    G0l Linear interpolation (Cutting feed)

    G70 Finishing Cycle

    G02 Circular interpolation (Clockwise)

    G71 Multiple Turning Cycle

    G03 Circular interpolation ( Counter

    G72 Multiple Facing Cycle

    Clockwise)

    G73 Pattern Repeating Cycle

    G04 Dwell

    G74 Drilling Cycle

    G17 XY plane selection

    G75 Grooving Cycle

    G18 ZX plane selection

    G76 Multiple Threading Cycle

    G19 YZ plane selection

    G90 Turning Cycle

    G20 Input in inch

    G92 Threading Cycle

    G21 Input in mm

    G94 Facing Cycle

    G28 Return to reference point

    G98 Feed Per Minute

    G40Tool Nose Radius compensation cancel

    G99 Feed Per Revolution

    G41 Tool Nose Radius compensation left

    Example : Write a part program for turning operation


    using linear command

    Billet size
    Dia.32 x 70
    Workpiece material
    Aluminium
    Operation
    turning using linear
    commands
    Tool Type
    RH Single point
    Tool position in ATC
    Tool 1
    Tool offsets
    Manually set on machine
    Spindle Speed
    1500 r.p.m.
    Feed
    80 mm/min
    Depth of cut
    1mm

    Note : To manually program tool path for stock removal (roughing cut), with one block of
    program for each tool motion can be time consuming, inefficient and also prone to
    errors

    Almost all CNC lathes have a feature that allow the roughing tool path to be
    processed automatically, using special cycles. For example, a cycle identified by G90
    preparatory command is called straight cutting cycle. Its purpose is to remove
    excessive stock and is used primarily for removing stock in a rectangular fashion but
    can also be used for taper cutting. The cycle structure and motions are illustrated in
    figures below

    Before going further, a reminder. Do not confuse G90 for lathes with G90 for milling
    machines. In turning, G90 is a lathe cycle, G90 is absolute mode in milling.
    To cancel a G90 cycle in turning, all that is necessary to do is to use any motion
    command- G00, G01, G02 or G03.

    Example : Write a part program using turning cycle


    (absolute and incremental method)
    Billet size
    Dia.25 x 65
    Workpiece material
    Aluminium
    Operation
    turning using G90
    Tool Type
    LH Single point
    Tool position in ATC
    Tool 2
    Tool offsets
    Manually set on machine
    Spindle Speed
    1000 r.p.m.
    Depth of cut
    1mm

    In order to distinguish between straight cutting and taper cutting methods, using the
    same G90 cycle, there must be a way to distinguish these two types of cuts, and there
    is one indeed.
    The difference is the addition of an I parameter to the cycle call, indicating the taper
    amount and its direction per side. This value is called a signed radius value. It is an I
    value because of its association with the X axis. For straight cutting, I value will always
    be equal to zero and does not have to be written in program.
    The figure shows that the I amount is calculated as a single distance, i.e. a single side (a
    radius value), with specified direction , based on the total travelled distance and the
    direction of first motion from start position.
    There are two simple rules for G90 taper
    cutting
    1. If the direction of the first tool motion in X
    is negative, the value of I is negative
    2. If the direction of the first tool motion in X
    is positive, the value of I is positive
    The values of I can be calculated from simple
    trigonometry, and the Format for taper
    turning using G90 is
    G90 X(U)_ Z(W)_ I_ F_

    Taper definition
    To calculate taper length

    To calculate small diameter, d

    To calculate large diameter, D

    A cycle which is very similar to G90 is face cutting cycle, programmed with G94
    command. In this cycle, the it is the X axis that is main cutting direction. The G94 cycle
    is used primarily for facing cuts and can be used for simple vertical taper cutting as
    well, similar to G90 cycle.
    For straight facing the format is G94 X(U)_ X(W)_ F_
    And for tapered cut the format is G94 X(U)_ X(W)_ K_ F

    Example : Write a part program using facing cycle for


    the part shown in figure
    Billet size
    Dia.32 x 70
    Workpiece material
    Aluminium
    Operation
    Facing cycle using G94
    Tool Type
    Single point
    Tool position in ATC
    Tool 1
    Tool offsets
    Manually set on machine
    Spindle Speed
    1000 r.p.m.
    Feed
    80 mm/min

    G92 command performs Single pass threading cycle. Only the x axis moves need to
    be entered in subsequent blocks, up to the minor diameter value.
    G92 Format
    G92 X_ Z_ F_
    X= minor diameter, mm
    Z= thread length,mm
    F= pitch of the thread, mm
    Calculations :
    D= 32 mm (Major diameter)
    Pitch = 1mm
    d= Minor diamter

    Now write a part program for threading on bar.

    Multiple repetitive cycles


    Unlike the simple cycles for turning (G90 and G94), the advanced cycles for CNC lathe work
    are much more sophisticated. The major and most distinctive feature of these cycles is that
    not only straight or tapered cuts, but also radii, chamfers, grooves etc. can also be
    programmed. Several of these cycles are used for contouring. In total, there are seven
    multiple repetitive cycles available, G71, G72, G73, G74, G75, G76 and G70. G70 is actually
    the finishing cycle for G71, G72 and G73
    G71 Multiple Turning Cycle
    G71 turning cycle makes large diameter cutting easy. Cutting can be done in simple
    straight line or a complex contour can also be machined very easily.
    Through G71 turning cycle parameters CNC machinists can control
    Depth of cut.
    Retract height.
    Finishing allowance in x-axis and z-axis.
    Cycle cutting-feed, spindle speed.

    G71 multiple turning cycle format


    G71 U(d)_ R_
    G71 P(A')_ Q(B)_ U( u)_ W( w)_ F_S_
    U - Depth of cut, radius value
    R Retract amount, radius value
    P Number of the first block of the shape
    Q Number of the last block of the shape
    U Stock amount for finishing on the X axis diameter
    or finishing allowance in X axis
    W - Finishing Allowance in Z axis
    F - Feed Rate
    S- Spindle speed
    G72 Multiple Facing Cycle format
    The G72 cycle is identical in every respect to G71,
    except that the stock is removed mainly by vertical
    cutting (facing), typically from the large diameter
    towards the spindle center line X0. Like G71, it
    comes into a double block format.
    G72 W (d)_ R _
    G72 P (A) _ Q (B) _ U (u) _ W (w) _ F _ S _

    Example : Write a part program for the part shown in


    figure using multiple turning/ multiple facing cycle
    Billet size
    Dia.32 x 70
    Workpiece material
    Aluminium
    Operation
    1. G71 Multiple turning cycle
    2. G72 Multiple facing cycle
    Tool Type
    Single point
    Tool position in ATC
    Tool 1
    Tool offsets
    Manually set on machine
    Spindle Speed
    1. Roughing: 1500 r.p.m.
    2. Finishing: 1800 r.p.m.
    Feed
    1. Roughing: 100 mm/min
    2. Finishing: 80 mm/min

    Refer class notes for sol.


    Part Program No. 1234

    Pattern Repeating cycle


    This cycle provides for roughing out of a form by repeating the desired tool path a
    set number of times, the tool path being incremented in to the work piece until the
    full form is completed. This cycle is particularly useful when machining castings or
    forgings which are already formed to the basic shape required. This cycle also
    requires two blocks are needed to specify the all parameters
    G73 U(i)_ W(k)_ R_
    G73 P_ Q_ U_ W_ F_
    U(i) = Relief in the X axes direction
    W(k) = Relief in the Z axis direction
    R = Number of cuts
    P = Number of first block of the shape
    Q = Number of the last block of the shape
    U(u) = Finishing allowance in X
    W(w) = Finishing allowance in Z
    F = Feed rate

    Drilling cycle
    This cycle is designated for deep hole drilling, the drill entering the workpiece by a
    predetermined amount then backing off by another set amount to provide breaking. This
    cycle is commanded by two distinct lines of parameters.
    G74 Drilling cycle Format:
    A double blocks format as following
    G74 R_
    G74 X_ Z_ Q _ F_
    R (e) - Return Amount, mm
    X - Always Zero, mm
    Z - Drilling Depth, mm
    Q - Depth of Cut in Z axis (in Micron)
    F - Feed Rate
    Grooving cycle
    G75 Grooving cycle Format:
    G75 R _
    G75 X_ Z_ P_ Q_ F_
    R - Return Amount, mm
    X - Total Depth along X axis, mm
    Z - Total Width along Z axis, mm
    P - Depth of Cut in X axis (in Micron)
    Q - Stepping distance in Z axis (in Micron)
    F - Feed Rate, mm

    Example : Write a part program for the part shown in


    figure using Drilling cycle
    Billet size
    Dia.32 x 70
    Workpiece material
    Aluminium
    Operation
    Drilling cycle using G74
    Tool Type
    Single point
    Tool position in ATC
    Tool 1 Centre Drilling
    Operation
    Tool 2 (Drilling operation)
    Tool size
    1. Centre drill 6mm dia.
    2. Drill 12 mm dia.
    Spindle Speed
    1000 r.p.m.
    Feed
    80 mm/min
    Program No.
    6789

    Example : Write a part program for the part shown in


    figure using Grooving cycle
    Billet size
    Dia.32 x 70
    Workpiece material
    Aluminium
    Operation
    Facing cycle using G94
    Tool Type
    Single point
    Tool position in ATC
    Tool 1
    Tool Tip
    3 mm width
    Spindle Speed
    400 r.p.m.
    Feed
    40 mm/min
    Program No.
    3456

    Threading cycle
    G76 P (m) (r) (a) Q _R_
    G76 X_ Z_ P_ Q _ F_
    m - No. of repeats for finishing operation
    r - Chamfering amount
    a - Tool angle, degree
    Q - Minimum Cutting Depth, (in Micron)
    R - Finishing Allowance, (in mm)
    X - Minor Diameter, mm
    Z - Thread Length, mm
    P - Thread Height, (in Micron)
    Q -Depth of cut for first pass (in Micron)
    F - Pitch of the thread, mm

    Program No.
    6789

    Program No.
    1001

    Thanks

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