1.

The Global positioning system(GPS) is a satellite based navigation and surveying system which
determines the precise position and time, through radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in
post processing mode. GPS has modernized the diverse disciplines of science and technology together
with Geographical Information System (GIS).
Applications of GPS
Location
This category is for position determination and is the most obvious use of the Global
Positioning System. GPS is the first system that can give accurate and precise measurements
anytime, anywhere and under any weather conditions. Some examples of applications within
this category are:
Measuring the movement of volcanoes and glaciers.
Measuring the growth of mountains.
Measuring the location of icebergs - this is very valuable to ship captains helping them to
avoid possible disasters.
Storing the location of where you were - most GPS receivers on the market will allow you to
record a certain location. This allows you to find it again with minimal effort and would prove
useful in a hard to navigate place such as a dense forest.
Navigation
Navigation is the process of getting from one location to another. This was the what the Global
Positioning System was designed for. The GPS system allows us to navigate on water, air, or land. It
allows planes to land in the middle of mountains and helps medical evacuation helicopters save
precious time by taking the best route.
Timing
GPS brings precise timing to the us all. Each satellite is equipped with an extremely precise atomic
clock. This is why we can all synchronize our watches so well and make sure international events are
actually happening at the same time.
Mapping
This is used for creating maps by recording a series of locations. The best example is surveying where
the DGPS technique is applied but with a twist. Instead of making error corrections in real time, both
the stationary and moving receivers calculate their positions using the satellite signals. When the
roving receiver is through making measurements, it then takes them back to the ground station which
has already calculated the errors for each moment in time. At this time, the accurate measurements are
obtained.
Tracking
The applications in this category are ways of monitoring people and things such as packages. This has
been used along with wireless communications to keep track of some criminals. The suspect agrees to
keep a GPS receiver and transmitting device with him at all times. If he goes where he's not allowed
to, the authorities will be notified. This can also be used to track animals.
Many applications use a combination of the above categories. The following is a list of some
additional areas where the global positioning service is being applied:

precision farming
open-pit mining
oil exploration
airport and harbor approaches
animal migration and population studies
vehicle tracking
construction - tunnels, golf courses, roads, etc.

emergency services - the closest ambulance or fire truck is sent to an emergency, thereby
saving time.
atmospheric studies - ozone layer, air quality, etc.
archaeological explorations
recreational activities - camping, boating, etc.
astronomical telescope pointing
networking - speed is increased, the Internet is highly synchronized because of GPS.
aiding the blind

2. Before radiation used for remote sensing reaches the Earth's surface it has to travel through some
distance of the Click for the graphicEarth's atmosphere. Particles and gases in the atmosphere can
affect the incoming light and radiation. These effects are caused by the mechanisms of scattering and
absorption.
Scattering occurs when particles or large gas molecules present in the atmosphere interact
with and cause the electromagnetic radiation to be redirected from its original path. How much
scattering takes place depends on several factors including the wavelength of the radiation, the
abundance of particles or gases, and the distance the radiation travels through the atmosphere. There
are three (3) types of scattering which take place.
Non Selective Scattering: The scattering of all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
equally in the atmosphere, usually caused by particles which are much larger than the energy
wavelengths.
This occurs when the particles are much larger than the wavelength of the radiation. Water
droplets and large dust particles can cause this type of scattering. Nonselective scattering gets its
name from the fact that all wavelengths are scattered about equally. This type of scattering causes fog
and clouds to appear white to our eyes because blue, green, and red light are all scattered in
approximately equal quantities (blue+green+red light = white light).
3. Precise Positioning Service (PPS) is a positioning and timing service provided by way of
authorized access to ranging signals broadcast at the GPS L1 and L2 frequencies. The L1 frequency,
transmitted by all Navstar satellites, contains a coarse/acquisition (C/A) code ranging signal, with a
navigation data message, that is available for peaceful civil, commercial, and scientific use; and a
precision (P) code ranging signal with a navigation data message, that is reserved for authorized use.
The P-code will normally be cryptographically altered to become the Y-code. The Y-code will not be
available to users that do not have valid cryptographic keys. Navstar satellites also transmit a second
P- or Y-(P(Y)-) code ranging signal with a navigation data message at the L2 frequency.
GPS Standard Positioning Service (PPS) is a positioning and timing service provided by way of
ranging signals broadcast at the GPS L1 frequency. The L1 frequency, transmitted by all satellites,
contains a coarse/acquisition (C/A) code ranging signal, with a navigation data message, that is
available for peaceful civil, commercial, and scientific use.
The Standard Positioning Service is based on the Coarse/Acquisition code (C/A(t)), which is
modulated only on L1. It has a chipping-rate of 1.023 MHz, and contains 1 023 chips, so that the code
is repeated every millisecond and each chip lasts about 1 s, meaning a chip-width or wavelength of
293.1 metre
4. GPS vs DGPS
Summary: Difference Between GPS and DGPS is that a global positioning system (GPS) is a
navigation system that consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals
sent by satellites in order to determine the receivers geographic location. While DGPS stands for

Differential Global Positioning System, is an enhacement in GPS that is created to provide more
location accuracy. from the 15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm for best implementations.
Difference Between GPS and DGPS
GPS
A global positioning system (GPS) is a navigation system that consists of one or more earth-based
receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites in order to determine the receivers
geographic location. A GPS receiver is a handheld, mountable, or embedded device that contains an
antenna, a radio receiver, and a processor. Many include a screen display that shows an individuals
location on a map. Some also function as a portable media player. Many mobile devices such as smart
phones have GPS capability built into the device or as an add-on feature. Some users carry a handheld
GPS receiver; others mount a receiver to an object such as an automobile, boat, airplane, farm and
construction equipment, or computer.
The first and most used application of GPS technology is to assist people with determining where they
are located. The data obtained from a GPS, however, can be applied to a variety of other uses: creating
a map, ascertaining the best route between two points, locating a lost person or stolen object,
monitoring the movement of a person or object, determining altitude, and calculating speed. Many
vehicles use GPSs to provide drivers with directions or other information.
DGPS
DGPS stands for Differential Global Positioning System, is an enhacement in GPS that is created to
provide more location accuracy. from the 15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm for best
implementations. Satellites in the space provides signals to the earths surface at the speed of light, but
through any atmospheric change there can be an error. And due to this error a delay can be caused,
and for all these errors, DGPS is created and it adjusts these errors to provide accurate location. Fixed,
ground based reference stations are used in the DGPS systems, that broadcasts the difference between
positions GPS satellite systems and known fixed positions. DGPS refers to a general technique of
Augmentation.
5. Past Satellites
Aryabhata, 1975
Bhaskara I, 1979
Bhaskara II, 1981
Rohini Series, 1980-83
SROSS Series, 1985-92
IRS-1A, 1988
IRS-P1, 1993
Presently Working Satellites
IRS-1B, 1991
IRS-P2, 1994
IRS-1C, 1995
IRS-P3, 1996
IRS-1D, 1997
IRS-P4, 1999 (Oceansat)
IRS-P6, 2003 (Resourcesat-1)
IRS-P5, 2005 (Cartosat-1)
IRS-P7, 2007 (Cartosat-2)
IRS-P6, 2011 (Resourcesat-2)
RISAT-1, 2012 (RISAT-1)