Sage Advice Compendium

Questions and answers about the rules of fifth edition

Dungeons & Dragons appear in Sage Advice, a monthly
column on the D&D website (dnd.wizards.com). This
document compiles most of them and organizes them by
topic, after first noting what the games official rules references are.
If you have a question that youd like addressed in Sage
Advice, please email it to [email protected].

Rules References

The fifth edition of D&D has three official rulebooks, each

of which was first published in 2014:
Players Handbook (abbreviated PH)
Monster Manual (abbreviated MM)
Dungeon Masters Guide (abbreviated DMG)
The free Basic Rules contains portions of those three books
and can be downloaded here:
http://dnd.wizards.com/articles/features/basicrules

Play in the Adventurers League, the D&D organized play

program, is also governed by the Adventurers League Players Guide.

Errata
Some corrections have been issued for the early printings
of the fifth edition Players Handbook, Monster Manual, and
Dungeon Masters Guide and can be downloaded at the following locations:
http://media.wizards.com/2015/downloads/dnd/PH_Errata_1.1.pdf
http://media.wizards.com/2015/downloads/dnd/MM_Errata.pdf
http://media.wizards.com/2015/downloads/dnd/DMG_Errata.pdf

The corrections have been incorporated into more recent

printings of the books, as well as into the Basic Rules. A
corrected version of the book includes the following text
toward the bottom of its credits page:
This printing includes corrections to the first printing.

Official Rulings
Official rulings on how to interpret unclear rules are made
in Sage Advice. The public statements of the D&D team, or
anyone else at Wizards of the Coast, are not official rulings;
they are advice. One exception: the games rules manager,
Jeremy Crawford (@JeremyECrawford), can make official
rulings and usually does so in Sage Advice.

Compiled Answers

Sage Advice answers that are relevant to the current state

of the rules are compiled here. In other words, an answer
that has become obsolete isnt included in this compilation.

The Role of Rules

Why even have a column like Sage Advice when a DM
can just make a ruling? Rules are a big part of what makes
D&D a game, rather than simply improvised storytelling.
The games rules are meant to help organize, and even inspire, the action of a D&D campaign. The rules are a tool,
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and we want our tools to be as effective as possible. No

matter how good those tools might be, they need a group of
players to bring them to life and a DM to guide their use.
The DM is key. Many unexpected things can happen in
a D&D campaign, and no set of rules could reasonably account for every contingency. If the rules tried to do so, the
game would become unplayable. An alternative would be
for the rules to severely limit what characters can do, which
would be counter to the open-endedness of D&D. The direction we chose for the current edition was to lay a foundation
of rules that a DM could build on, and we embraced the
DMs role as the bridge between the things the rules address and the things they dont.
In a typical D&D session, a DM makes numerous rules
decisionssome barely noticeable and others quite obvious. Players also interpret the rules, and the whole group
keeps the game running. There are times, though, when the
design intent of a rule isnt clear or when one rule seems to
contradict another.
Dealing with those situations is where Sage Advice
comes in. This column doesnt replace a DMs adjudication.
Just as the rules do, the column is meant to give DMs, as
well as players, tools for tuning the game according to their
tastes. The column should also reveal some perspectives
that help you see parts of the game in a new light and that
aid you in fine-tuning your D&D experience.
When I answer rules questions, I often come at them
from one to three different perspectives.
RAW. Rules as writtenthats what RAW stands for.
When I dwell on the RAW interpretation of a rule, Im
studying what the text says in context, without regard to the
designers intent. The text is forced to stand on its own.
Whenever I consider a rule, I start with this perspective;
its important for me to see what you see, not what I wished
wed published or thought we published.
RAI. Some of you are especially interested in knowing
the intent behind a rule. Thats where RAI comes in: rules
as intended. This approach is all about what the designers
meant when they wrote something. In a perfect world, RAW
and RAI align perfectly, but sometimes the words on the
page dont succeed at communicating the designers intent.
Or perhaps the words succeed with one group of players
but fail with another.
When I write about the RAI interpretation of a rule, Ill
be pulling back the curtain and letting you know what the
D&D team meant when we wrote a certain rule.
RAF. Regardless of whats on the page or what the designers intended, D&D is meant to be fun, and the DM is
the ringmaster at each game table. The best DMs shape the
game on the fly to bring the most delight to his or her players. Such DMs aim for RAF, rules as fun.
We expect DMs to depart from the rules when running
a particular campaign or when seeking the greatest happiness for a certain group of players. Sometimes my rules
answers will include advice on achieving the RAF interpretation of a rule for your group.
I recommend a healthy mix of RAW, RAI, and RAF!
Why does the errata change X and not Y? The errata for
the first printing of the Players Handbook sparked a number of questions. Why did we make the changes we made?
Why didnt we make other changes? Did we change certain

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things, such as Empowered Evocation, because they were

overpowered?
The answer to such questions is straightforward: we fixed
mistakes in the text. The errata fixes text that was incomplete or off the mark in the original printing of the book. In
the new edition, the errata process is strictly for the correction of such things. Rebalancing and redesigning game
elements is the domain of playtesting, Unearthed Arcana
articles, new design, and possible revision later in the editions lifespan.
We play the game often, and we regularly review Twitter
posts, Reddit discussions, website forums, survey results,
emails, and customer service reports about the game. You
have concerns about the contagion spell? We know about
them. You feel the Beastmaster is underpowered? Weve
had our eye on that subclass for a while. In fact, we have
a long list of things in the game that we keep an eye on
and that we expect to experiment with in the months and
years ahead.
But that experimentation is unrelated to errata. Correctionsthats what errata is about. If you read the errata
document and think, We were already playing Empowered
Evocation the way it appears in the errata, then the errata
process is working as intended. Its not intended to be filled
with new design surprises. Its meant to repair spots where
we forgot to tell you something, where we inadvertently told
you the wrong thing, or where some of you grasped our design intent and others didnt, as a result of the text not being
clear enough.
Fifth edition now belongs to the thousands of groups
playing it. It would be inappropriate for the design team to
use errata as a way to redesign the game. When we come
across something that is more of a redesign than a correction, we put it into a queue of things to playtest and possibly
publish at a later date. Well let you know if a redesign is
around the corner!

Character Creation
How do you calculate a creatures Armor Class (AC)?
Chapter 1 of the Players Handbook (p. 14) describes how
to determine AC, yet AC calculations generate questions
frequently. That fact isnt too surprising, given the number
of ways the game gives you to change your AC!
Here are some ways to calculate your base AC:
Unarmored: 10 + your Dexterity modifier.
Armored: Use the AC entry for the armor youre wearing
(see PH, 145). For example, in leather armor, you calculate your AC as 11 + your Dexterity modifier, and in chain
mail, your AC is simply 16.
Unarmored Defense (Barbarian): 10 + your Dexterity
modifier + your Constitution modifier.
Unarmored Defense (Monk): 10 + your Dexterity modifier
+ your Wisdom modifier.
Draconic Resilience (Sorcerer): 13 + your Dexterity modifier.
Natural Armor: 10 + your Dexterity modifier + your natural
armor bonus. This is a calculation method typically used
only by monsters and NPCs, although it is also relevant
to a druid or another character who assumes a form that
has natural armor.
These methodsalong with any others that give you a formula for calculating your ACare mutually exclusive; you
can benefit from only one at a time. If you have access to
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more than one, you pick which one to use. For example, if
youre a sorcerer/monk, you can use either Unarmored Defense or Draconic Resilience, not both. Similarly, a druid/
barbarian who transforms into a beast form that has natural armor can use either the beasts natural armor or Unarmored Defense (you arent considered to be wearing armor
with natural armor).
What about a shield? A shield increases your AC by 2
while you use it. For example, if youre unarmored and use
a shield, your AC is 12 + your Dexterity modifier. Keep in
mind that some AC calculations, such as a monks Unarmored Defense, prohibit the use of a shield.
Once you have your base AC, it can be temporarily modified by situational bonuses and penalties. For instance,
having half cover gives you a +2 bonus to your AC, and
three-quarters cover gives a +5 bonus. Spells sometimes
modify AC as well. Shield of faith, for example, grants a target a +2 bonus to AC until the spell ends.
Magic items can also enhance your AC. Here are a few
examples: +1 chain mail gives you an AC of 17, a ring of
protection gives you a +1 bonus to AC no matter what youre
wearing, and bracers of defense grant you a +2 bonus to AC
if youre not wearing armor or using a shield.

Racial Traits
Does the Trance trait allow an elf to finish a long rest
in 4 hours? The intent is no. The Trance trait does let an elf
meditate for 4 hours and then feel the way a human does
after sleeping for 8 hours, but that isnt intended to shorten
an elfs long rest. A long rest is a period of relaxation that is
at least 8 hours long. It can contain sleep, reading, talking,
eating, and other restful activity. Standing watch is even
possible during it, but for no more than 2 hours; maintaining heightened vigilance any longer than that isnt restful.
In short, a long rest and sleep arent the same thing; you
can sleep when youre not taking a long rest, and you can
take a long rest and not sleep.
Heres what this all means for an elf. An elf can spend 4
hours in a trance during a long rest and then has 4 additional hours of light activity. While an elfs companions are
snoozing, the elf can be awake and engaged in a variety
of activities, including carving a lovely trinket, composing
a sonnet, reading a tome of ancient lore, attempting to remember something experienced centuries before, and keeping an eye out for danger. The Trance trait is, ultimately,
meant to highlight the otherworldly character of elves, not
to give them an edge in the game.
That all said, if youre the DM and you decide to let
Trance shorten an elfs long rest, youre not going to break
the game. You are making a world-building choice if you do
so. Youre deciding that elves, on a global scale, are ready to
reenter a fight before anyone else, that they heal faster than
most humanoids, and that they regain their magical energy
faster. Such a choice would make sense in a world where
elves are the dominant race, where they not only live longer
than others, but also recover faster.
Do the lightfoot halfling and wood elf hiding racial
traits allow them to hide while observed? The lightfoot
halfling and wood elf traitsNaturally Stealthy and Mask
of the Wilddo allow members of those subraces to try to
hide in their special circumstances even when observers
are nearby. Normally, you cant hide from someone if youre
in full view. A lightfoot halfling, though, can try to vanish

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behind a creature that is at least one size larger, and a

wood elf can try to hide simply by being in heavy rain, mist,
falling snow, foliage, or similar natural phenomena. Its as
if nature itself cloaks a wood elf from prying eyeseven
eyes staring right at the elf! Both subraces are capable of
hiding in situations unavailable to most other creatures,
but neither subraces hiding attempt is assured of success;
a Dexterity (Stealth) check is required as normal, and an
observant foe might later spot a hidden halfling or elf: I see
you behind that guard, you tricksy halfling!

using a nonmagical item, such as a healers kit, is in the

domain of Use an Object.

Class Features

Does Quickened Spell allow a sorcerer to cast two

spells a round of 1st level or higher? No, the sorcerer must
follow the normal rule for casting a bonus action spell and a
second spell; the second spell must be a cantrip with a casting time of 1 action.

When you use Extra Attack, do you have to use the

same weapon for all the attacks? Extra Attack imposes
no limitation on what you use for the attacks. You can use
regular weapons, improvised weapons, unarmed strikes, or
a combination of these options for the attacks.
Does the fighters Action Surge feature let you take an
extra bonus action, in addition to an extra action? Action
Surge gives you an extra action, not an extra bonus action.
Does the Archery fighting style work with a melee
weapon that you throw? No, the Archery feature benefits
ranged weapons. A melee weapon, such as a dagger or
handaxe, is still a melee weapon when you make a ranged
attack with it.
Is the Dueling fighting style intended to support a
shield? Yes. A character with the Dueling option usually
pairs a one-handed weapon with a shield, a spellcasting focus, or a free hand.
If a monk uses a staff or another versatile weapon
two-handed, does it still count as a monk weapon? Yes. A
monk weapon must lack the two-handed property, but nothing prevents a monk from wielding such a weapon with two
hands. Fundamentally, a monk weapon counts as such no
matter how a monk uses it.
Does the Martial Arts feature turn monk weapons and
unarmed strikes into finesse weapons? Nope. The feature
grants a benefit that is similar to the finesse property, but
the feature doesnt confer that property. It would say so
if it did.
Does a monks Purity of Body feature grant immunity
to poison damage, the poisoned condition, or both? That
feature grants immunity to both. As a result, a monk with
Purity of Body can, for example, inhale a green dragons
poison breath unharmed.
Does a monk need to spend any ki points to cast minor
illusion granted by the Shadow Arts feature? No. The ki
point cost in the feature applies only to the other spells in it.
Can a ranger move between the attack rolls of the
Whirlwind Attack feature? No. Whirlwind Attack is unusual, in that its a single attack with multiple attack rolls.
In most other instances, an attack has one attack roll. The
rule on moving between attacks (PH, 190) lets you move
between weapon attacks, not between the attack rolls of an
exceptional feature like Whirlwind Attack.
Can a thief use the Fast Hands feature to activate a
magic item? No. One of the benefits of Fast Hands is being
able to take the Use an Object action as a bonus action, but
using a magic item doesnt fall under Use an Object, as explained in the Dungeon Masters Guide (p. 141). In contrast,
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Does Uncanny Dodge work automatically against every

attack a rogue or ranger gets hit by? Spell attacks too?
A use of Uncanny Dodge works against only one attack,
since it expends your reaction, and only if you can see the
attacker. It works against attacks of all sorts, including spell
attacks, but it is no help against a spell or other effect, such
as fireball, that delivers its damage through a saving throw
rather than an attack roll.

Does a sorcerers Wild Magic Surge effect replace

the effect of the spell that triggered it, or do both effects happen? The spell and the Wild Magic Surge effect
both happen.
Do warlock spells granted by the Expanded Spell List
feature count against the number of spells known? The
spells granted by that feature arent automatically known
by a warlock. Those spells are added to the warlock spell
list for the character, who can choose them when learning
a new warlock spell of the appropriate level. Once learned,
such a spell does count against the number of spells the
warlock knows.
Does the warlocks Awakened Mind feature allow twoway telepathic communication? The feature is intended to
provide one-way communication. The warlock can use the
feature to speak telepathically to a creature, but the feature
doesnt give that creature the ability to telepathically reply.
In contrast, the telepathy ability that some monsters have
(MM, 9) does make two-way communication possible.
Does the wizards Potent Cantrip feature apply to cantrips with attack rolls or only to saves? Potent Cantrip affects only cantrips that require a saving throw, such as acid
splash and poison spray.
Is an abjurers Arcane Ward healed only when the
ward has 0 hit points? The ward regains hit points whenever the abjurer casts an abjuration spell of 1st level or
higher, not just when the ward has 0 hit points.
Does casting alarm as a ritual heal Arcane Ward? Any
abjuration spell of 1st level or higher cast by an abjurer can
restore hit points to his or her Arcane Ward. As is normal
for healing, the ward cant regain more hit points than its
hit point maximum: twice the wizards level + the wizards
Intelligence modifier.
How does Arcane Ward interact with temporary hit
points and damage resistance that an abjurer might
have? An Arcane Ward is not an extension of the wizard
who creates it. It is a magical effect with its own hit points.
Any temporary hit points, immunities, or resistances that
the wizard has dont apply to the ward.
The ward takes damage first. Any leftover damage is
taken by the wizard and goes through the following game
elements in order: (1) any relevant damage immunity, (2)
any relevant damage resistance, (3) any temporary hit
points, and (4) real hit points.

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Equipment
If you attack with a shieldmost likely as an improvised weapondo you keep the +2 bonus to AC? Attacking with a shield doesnt deprive you of the bonus to AC.

Backgrounds
Can you have more than one background? You can have
only one background. It represents key aspects of your life
before you embarked on a life of adventure. If none of the
backgrounds available matches your character concept, talk
with your DM and use the guidelines on page 125 of the
Players Handbook to customize your own background.

Multiclassing
Can a rogue/monk use Sneak Attack with unarmed
strikes? The Sneak Attack feature works with a weapon
that has the finesse or ranged property. An unarmed strike
isnt a weapon, so it doesnt qualify. In contrast, a rogue/
monk can use Sneak Attack with a monk weapon, such
as a shortsword or a dagger, that has one of the required
properties.

Feats
Crossbow Expert

Is it intentional that the second benefit of Crossbow Expert helps ranged spell attacks? Yes, its intentional. When
you make a ranged attack roll within 5 feet of an enemy,
you normally suffer disadvantage (PH, 195). The second
benefit of Crossbow Expert prevents you from suffering
that disadvantage, whether or not the ranged attack is with
a crossbow.
When designing a feat with a narrow use, we consider
adding at least one element that can benefit a character
more broadlya bit of mastery that your character brings
from one situation to another. The second benefit of Crossbow Expert is such an element, as is the first benefit of
Great Weapon Master. That element in Crossbow Expert
shows that some of the characters expertise with one type
of thingcrossbows, in this casetransfers to other things.
Do the first and third benefits of Crossbow Expert turn
a hand crossbow into a semiautomatic weapon? The
short answer is no.
The first benefit of the feat lets you ignore the loading
property (PH, 147) of the hand crossbow if youre proficient
with that weapon. The upshot is that you can fire it more
than once if you have a feature like Extra Attack. Youre still
limited, however, by the fact that the weapon has the ammunition property (PH, 146). The latter property requires
you to have a bolt to fire from the hand crossbow, and the
hand crossbow isnt going to load itself (unless its magical
or a gnomish invention). You need to load each bolt into the
weapon, and doing so requires a hand.
To dig deeper into this point, take a look at the following
sentence in the definition of the ammunition property:
Drawing the ammunition from a quiver, case, or other
container is part of the attack. The sentence tells us two
important things. First, youre assumed to be drawing
that is, extracting with your handthe ammunition from
a container. Second, the act of drawing the ammunition is
included in the attack and therefore doesnt require its own

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action and doesnt use up your free interaction with an object on your turn.
What does that all mean for a hand crossbow? It means
Crossbow Expert makes it possible to fire a hand crossbow
more than once with a feature like Extra Attack, provided
that you have enough ammunition and you have a hand free
to load it for each shot.
Does Crossbow Expert let you fire a hand crossbow
and then fire it again as a bonus action? It does! Take a
look at the feats third benefit. It says you can attack with a
hand crossbow as a bonus action when you use the Attack
action to attack with a one-handed weapon. A hand crossbow is a one-handed weapon, so it can, indeed, be used for
both attacks, assuming you have a hand free to load the
hand crossbow between the two attacks.

Lucky

How does the Lucky feat interact with advantage and

disadvantage? The Lucky feat lets you spend a luck point;
roll an extra d20 for an attack roll, ability check, or saving
throw; and then choose which d20 to use. This is true no
matter how many d20s are in the mix. For example, if you
have disadvantage on your attack roll, you could spend a
luck point, roll a third d20, and then decide which of the
three dice to use. You still have disadvantage, since the feat
doesnt say it gets rid of it, but you do get to pick the die.
The Lucky feat is a great example of an exception to a
general rule. The general rule I have in mind is the one
that tells us how advantage and disadvantage work (PH,
173). The specific rule is the Lucky feat, and we know that a
specific rule trumps a general rule if they conflict with each
other (PH, 7).

Magic Initiate

If youre a spellcaster, can you pick your own class

when you gain the Magic Initiate feat? Yes, the feat doesnt
say you cant. For example, if youre a wizard and gain the
Magic Initiate feat, you can choose wizard and thereby
learn two more wizard cantrips and another 1st-level
wizard spell.
If you have spell slots, can you use them to cast the 1stlevel spell you learn with the Magic Initiate feat? Yes, but
only if the class you pick for the feat is one of your classes.
For example, if you pick sorcerer and you are a sorcerer, the
Spellcasting feature for that class tells you that you can use
your spell slots to cast the sorcerer spells you know, so you
can use your spell slots to cast the 1st-level sorcerer spell
you learn from Magic Initiate. Similarly, if you are a wizard
and pick that class for the feat, you learn a 1st-level wizard
spell, which you could add to your spellbook and subsequently prepare.
In short, you must follow your characters normal
spellcasting rules, which determine whether you can
expend spell slots on the 1st-level spell you learn from
Magic Initiate.

Polearm Master

Can I add my Strength modifier to the damage of the

bonus attack that Polearm Master gives me? Yep! If you
have the feat and use the Attack action to attack with a
glaive, halberd, or quarterstaff, you can also strike with the
weapons opposite end as a bonus action. For that bonus attack, you add your ability modifier to the attack roll, as you

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do whenever you attack with that weapon, and if you hit,

you add the same ability modifier to the damage roll, which
is normal for weapon damage rolls (PH, 196).
A specific rule, such as the rule for two-weapon fighting
(PH, 195), might break the general rule by telling you not
to add your ability modifier to the damage. Polearm Master
doesnt do that.

Savage Attacker

Does the Savage Attacker feat work with unarmed

strikes? No. Savage Attacker relies on a weapons damage
dice, and an unarmed strike isnt a weapon (a point that
was clarified in the Players Handbook errata).

Sentinel

Does the attack granted by the third benefit of the Sentinel feat take place before or after the triggering attack?
The bonus attack takes place after the triggering attack.
Heres why: the feat doesnt specify the bonus attacks timing, and when a reaction has no timing specified, the reaction occurs after its trigger finishes (DMG, 252). In contrast,
an opportunity attack specifically takes place before its trigger finishesthat is, right before the target creature leaves
your reach (PH, 195).

Ability Checks
Are attack rolls and saving throws basically specialized ability checks? They arent. Its easy to mistake the
three rolls as three faces of the same thing, because they
each involve rolling a d20, adding any modifiers, and comparing the total to a Difficulty Class, and theyre all subject
to advantage and disadvantage. In short, they share the
same procedure for determining success or failure.
Despite this common procedure, the three rolls are separate from each other. If something in the game, like the
guidance spell, affects one of them, the other two arent
affected unless the rules specifically say so. The next few
questions touch on this point again.
If you cast the hex spell and choose Strength as the affected ability, does the target also have disadvantage on
attack rolls and saving throws that use Strength? No, the
hex spells description says it affects ability checks that use
the chosen ability. The description says nothing about affecting attack rolls or saving throws. This means, for example, that if you choose Constitution, the spells target doesnt
suffer disadvantage when trying to maintain concentration
on a spell, since concentration requires a Constitution saving throw, not a Constitution check.
Curious about the spells intent? The spell is meant to be
a classic jinxthe sort seen in folklorethat is useful in
and out of combat. In combat, the spell provides some extra
necrotic damage. Outside combat, you could foil a cunning
diplomat, for example, by casting the spell and imposing
disadvantage on his or her Charisma checks.
Does the bards Jack of All Trades feature apply to
attack rolls and saving throws that dont use the bards
proficiency bonus? Nope. The feature benefits only ability checks. Dont forget that initiative rolls are Dexterity
checks, so Jack of All Trades can benefit a bards initiative,
assuming the bard isnt already adding his or her proficiency bonus to it.
When you make a Strength (Athletics) check to grapple
or shove someone, are you making an attack roll? Again,
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the answer is no. That check is an ability check, so game

effects tied to attack rolls dont apply to it. Going back to an
earlier question, the hex spell could be used to diminish a
grapplers effectiveness. And if the grapplers target is under
the effect of the Dodge action, that action doesnt inhibit the
grapple, since Dodge doesnt affect ability checks.

Adventuring
Are extradimensional spaces, such as a demiplane or
the space created by rope trick, considered to be on a different plane of existence? An extradimensional space (aka
an extraplanar space) is outside other planes. Therefore, if
youre on the Material Plane and your foe is in an extradimensional space, the two of you arent considered to be on
the same plane of existence.
Whats an example of an effect that can reduce exhaustion? The greater restoration spell can reduce exhaustion.

Combat
Does surprise happen outside the initiative order as a
special surprise round? No, heres how surprise works.
The first step of any combat is this: the DM determines
whether anyone in the combat is surprised (reread Combat
Step by Step on page 189 of the Players Handbook). This
determination happens only once during a fight and only at
the beginning. In other words, once a fight starts, you cant
be surprised again, although a hidden foe can still gain the
normal benefits from being unseen (see Unseen Attackers
and Targets on page 194 of the Players Handbook).
To be surprised, you must be caught off guard, usually
because you failed to notice foes being stealthy or you were
startled by an enemy with a special ability, such as the
gelatinous cubes Transparent trait, that makes it exceptionally surprising. You can be surprised even if your companions arent, and you arent surprised if even one of your foes
fails to catch you unawares.
If anyone is surprised, no actions are taken yet. First,
initiative is rolled as normal. Then, the first round of combat starts, and the unsurprised combatants act in initiative
order. A surprised creature cant move or take an action
or a reaction until its first turn ends (remember that being
unable to take an action also means you cant take a bonus
action). In effect, a surprised creature skips its first turn
in a fight. Once that turn ends, the creature is no longer
surprised.
In short, activity in a combat is always ordered by initiative, whether or not someone is surprised, and after the first
found of combat has passed, surprise is no longer a factor.
You can still try to hide from your foes and gain the benefits
conferred by being hidden, but you dont deprive your foes
of their turns when you do so.
Can you delay your turn and take it later in the round?
Nope. When its your turn, either you do something or you
dont. If you dont want to do anything, consider taking the
Dodge action so that youll, at least, have some extra protection. If you want to wait to act in response to something,
take the Ready action, which lets you take part of your
turn later.
For a variety of reasons, we didnt include the option to
delay your turn:
Your turn involves several decisions, including where
to move and what action to take. If you could delay your

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turn, your decision-making would possibly become

slower, since you would have to consider whether you
wanted to take your turn at all. Multiply that extra
analysis by the number of characters and monsters in
a combat, and you have the potential for many slowdowns in play.
The ability to delay your turn can make initiative meaningless, as characters and monsters bounce around in the
initiative order. If combatants can change their place in
the initiative order at will, why use initiative at all? On top
of that, changing initiative can easily turn into an unwelcome chore, especially for the DM, who might have to
change the initiative list over and over during a fight.
Being able to delay your turn can let you wreak havoc on
the durations of spells and other effects, particularly any
of them that last until your next turn. Simply by changing
when your turn happens, you could change the length
of certain spells. The way to guard against such abuse
would be to create a set of additional rules that would
limit your ability to change durations. The net effect?
More complexity would be added to the game, and with
more complexity, there is greater potential for slower play.
Two of our goals for combat were for it to be speedy and
for initiative to matter. We didnt want to start every combat
by rolling initiative and then undermine turn order with a
delay option. Moreover, we felt that toying with initiative
wasnt where the focus should be in battle. Instead, the
dramatic actions of the combatants should be the focus,
with turns that could happen as quickly as possible. Plus,
the faster your turn ends, the sooner you get to take your
next turn.
Can a bonus action be used as an action or vice versa?
For example, can a bard use a bonus action to grant
a Bardic Inspiration die and an action to cast healing
word? No. Actions and bonus actions arent interchangeable. In the example, the bard could use Bardic Inspiration
or healing word on a turn, not both.
If you have a feature like Cunning Action or Step of the
Wind, can you take the Dash action more than once on
your turn? If a bonus action lets you take the Dash action,
nothing in the rules prevents you from taking the Dash action with your regular action too. The same principle holds
when you use a feature like Action Surge; you could use
both of your actions to take the Dash action.
If you use the Help action to distract a foe, do you have
to stay within 5 feet of it for the action to work? No, you
can take the action and then move away. The action itself
is what grants advantage to your ally, not you staying next
to the foe.
Can you use the Ready action to take the Dash action
on someone elses turn and then combine the Charger
feat with it? No, since you cant take a bonus action on
someone elses turn.
What does melee weapon attack mean: a melee
attack with a weapon or an attack with a melee weapon?
It means a melee attack with a weapon. Similarly, ranged
weapon attack means a ranged attack with a weapon.
Some attacks count as a melee or ranged weapon attack
even if a weapon isnt involved, as specified in the text of
those attacks. For example, an unarmed strike counts as a
melee weapon attack, even though the attackers body isnt

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considered a weapon.
Heres a bit of wording minutia: we would write meleeweapon attack if we meant an attack with a melee weapon.
How does a reach weapon work with opportunity attacks? An opportunity attack is normally triggered when a
creature you can see moves beyond your reach (PH, 195).
If you want to make an opportunity attack with a reach
weapon, such as a glaive or a halberd, you can do so when
a creature leaves the reach you have with that weapon. For
example, if youre wielding a halberd, a creature that is
right next to you could move 5 feet away without triggering
an opportunity attack. If that creature tries to move an additional 5 feetbeyond your 10-foot reachthe creature then
triggers an opportunity attack.
When you use two-weapon fighting, can you draw and
throw two weapons on your turn? You can throw two
weapons with two-weapon fighting (PH, 195), but that rule
doesnt give you the ability to draw two weapons for free.
On your turn, you can interact with one object for free,
either during your move or during an action (PH, 190). One
of the most common object interactions is drawing or stowing a weapon. Interacting with a second object on the same
turn requires an action. You need a feature like the Dual
Wielder feat to draw or stow a second weapon for free.
Is the grappling rule in the Players Handbook usable
by a handless creature? The grappling rule (PH, 195) was
written for a grappler with at least one hand, but a DM can
easily adapt the rule for a handless creature that has a bite
or an appendage, such as a tentacle, that could reasonably
seize someone. A wolf, for example, could plausibly try to
seize a person with its bite, and the animal wouldnt be able
to use its bite attack as long as it held onto the person.
Keep in mind that the grappling rule in the Players Handbook requires the Attack action, so a creature must take
that actionrather than Multiattack or another action in
the creatures stat blockwhen it uses that rule. A monster,
such as a roper, that has a special grappling attack doesnt
follow that rule when using its special attack.
Is the intent that only melee weapon attacks can knock
foes unconscious, or can melee spell attacks as well? If
you reduce a creature to 0 hit points with a melee attack,
you can knock the creature out (PH, 198). That melee attack isnt restricted to weapons. Even a melee spell attack
can be used to knock a creature out.

Spellcasting
Spell Attacks

Can spell attacks score critical hits? A spell attack can

definitely score a critical hit. The rule on critical hits applies
to attack rolls of any sort.
Can a spell with an attack roll be used as the attack in
the Attack action or as part of the Extra Attack feature?
The short answer is no.
As explained in the Players Handbook, you can take one
action on your turn in combat, in addition to moving. You
choose your action from the options available to everyone
options such as Attack, Cast a Spell, and Dashor you
choose from among the special actions youve gained from
a class, a feat, or another source.
If you want to cast a spell on your turn, you take the Cast
a Spell action. Doing so means youre not taking the Attack

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action or any other action. It is true that a number of spells,

such as fire bolt and ray of frost, involve making an attack,
but you cant make such an attack without first casting the
spell that delivers it. In other words, just because something involves an attack doesnt mean the Attack action is
being used.
By extension, the Extra Attack feature (given by several
classes, including the fighter and paladin) doesnt let you
cast extra attack spells. That feature specifically relies
on the Attack action, not the Cast a Spell action or any
other action.
In summary, to make a spell attack, you have to first cast
a spell or use a feature that creates the spells effect. A
game feature, such as Extra Attack, that lets you make an
attack doesnt let you cast a spell unless it says it does.
Can you use a melee spell attack to make an opportunity attack? You cant if the spell attack is created by casting a spell. When a creature triggers an opportunity attack
from you, you can use your reaction to make a melee attack
against it. The opportunity attack doesnt suddenly give you
the ability to cast a spell, such as shocking grasp.
Each spell has a casting time. A game feature, such as
an opportunity attack, doesnt let you bypass that casting
time, unless the feature says otherwise. The War Caster
feat is an example of a feature that does let you bypass a
1-action casting time to cast a spell in place of an opportunity attack.
A few monsters can make opportunity attacks with melee
spell attacks. Heres how: certain monstersincluding the
banshee, lich, and specterhave a melee spell attack that
isnt delivered by a spell. For example, the banshees Corrupting Touch action is a melee spell attack but no spell is
cast to make it. The banshee can, therefore, make opportunity attacks with Corrupting Touch.

Spell Level

What level is a spell if you cast it without a spell slot?

Such a spell is cast at its lowest possible level, which is the
level that appears near the top of its description. Unless you
have a special ability that says otherwise, the only way to
increase the level of a spell is to expend a higher-level spell
slot when you cast it.
Here are some examples:
The warlocks Chains of Carceri feature lets a warlock
cast hold monster without a spell slot. That casting of
hold monster is, therefore, 5th level, which is the lowest
possible level for that spell.
The warlocks Thief of Five Fates feature lets a warlock
cast bane with a spell slot, which means the spell is 1st
level or higher, depending on the slot that the warlock
expends to cast it.
The monks Disciple of the Elements feature lets the
monk spend ki points, rather than a spell slot, to increase
the level of a spell.
This rule is true for player characters and monsters alike,
which is why the innate spellcasters in the Monster Manual
must cast an innate spell at its lowest possible level.

Cantrips

If a character has levels in more than one class, do

the characters cantrips scale with character level or
with the level in a spellcasting class? Cantrips scale with

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character level. For example, a barbarian 2 / cleric 3 casts

sacred flame as a 5th-level character.

Casting Time

Is there a limit on the number of spells you can cast

on your turn? Theres no rule that says you can cast only X
number of spells on your turn, but there are some practical
limits. The main limiting factor is your action. Most spells
require an action to cast, and unless you use a feature like
the fighters Action Surge, you have only one action on
your turn.
If you cast a spell, such as healing word, with a bonus
action, you can cast another spell with your action, but that
other spell must be a cantrip. Keep in mind that this particular limit is specific to spells that use a bonus action. For
instance, if you cast a second spell using Action Surge, you
arent limited to casting a cantrip with it.
Can you also cast a reaction spell on your turn? You
sure can! Heres a common way for it to happen: Cornelius
the wizard is casting fireball on his turn, and his foe casts
counterspell on him. Cornelius has counterspell prepared,
so he uses his reaction to cast it and break his foes counterspell before it can stop fireball.

Components

Does a spell consume its material components? A

spell doesnt consume its material components unless its
description says it does. For example, the pearl required
by the identify spell isnt consumed, whereas the diamond
required by raise dead is used up when you cast the spell.
If a spells material components are consumed, can a
spellcasting focus still be used in place of the consumed
component? Nope. A spellcasting focus can be used in
place of a material component only if that component has
no cost noted in the spells description and if that component isnt consumed.
Whats the amount of interaction needed to use a spellcasting focus? Does it have to be included in the somatic
component? If a spell has a material component, you need
to handle that component when you cast the spell (PH,
203). The same rule applies if youre using a spellcasting
focus as the material component.
If a spell has a somatic component, you can use the hand
that performs the somatic component to also handle the
material component. For example, a wizard who uses an
orb as a spellcasting focus could hold a quarterstaff in one
hand and the orb in the other, and he could cast lightning
bolt by using the orb as the spells material component and
the orb hand to perform the spells somatic component.
Another example: a clerics holy symbol is emblazoned
on her shield. She likes to wade into melee combat with a
mace in one hand and a shield in the other. She uses the
holy symbol as her spellcasting focus, so she needs to have
the shield in hand when she casts a cleric spell that has a
material component. If the spell, such as aid, also has a somatic component, she can perform that component with the
shield hand and keep holding the mace in the other.
If the same cleric casts cure wounds, she needs to put the
mace or the shield away, because that spell doesnt have a
material component but does have a somatic component.
Shes going to need a free hand to make the spells gestures. If she had the War Caster feat, she could ignore this
restriction.

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Duration

If youre concentrating on a spell, do you need to maintain line of sight with the spells target or the spells
effect? You dont need to be within line of sight or within
range to maintain concentration on a spell, unless a spells
description or other game feature says otherwise.
If I have 10 temporary hit points and I take 30 damage
from an attack while concentrating on a spell, what is the
DC of the Constitution save to maintain my concentration? The DC is 15 in that case. When temporary hit points
absorb damage for you, youre still taking damage, just not
to your real hit points.
In contrast, a feature like the wizards Arcane Ward can
take damage for you, potentially eliminating the need to
make a Constitution saving throw or, at least, lowering the
DC of that save.
Can a spellcaster dismiss a spell after casting it? You
cant normally dismiss a spell that you cast unless (a) its
description says you can or (b) it requires concentration
and you decide to end your concentration on it. Otherwise,
a spells magic is unleashed on the environment, and if you
want to end it, you need to cast dispel magic on it.

Specific Spells

Can you extend the duration of armor of Agathys by

gaining more temporary hit points? The spell is meant to
work only as long as you have the temporary hit points that
the spell grants. When those temporary hit points are gone,
the spell is done.
Keep in mind that temporary hit points arent cumulative
(see PH, 198). If you have temporary hit points and receive
more of them, you dont add them together, unless a game
feature says you can. You decide which temporary hit points
to keep. As an example, lets say youre a warlock with the
Dark Ones Blessing feature, which gives you temporary hit
points when you reduce a creature to 0 hit points. You currently have 2 temporary hit points from armor of Agathys,
you just slew a monster, and your Dark Ones Blessing can
now give you 4 temporary hit points. If you take those temporary hit points, they replace the ones from armor of Agathys and end that spell, so you might not want to take them
and keep the spell going.
How does barkskin work with shields, cover, and other
modifiers to AC? Barkskin specifies that your AC cant
be lower than 16 while you are affected by the spell. This
means you effectively ignore any modifiers to your ACincluding your Dexterity modifier, your armor, a shield, and
coverunless your AC is higher than 16. For example, if
your AC is normally 14, its 16 while barkskin is on you. If
your AC is 15 and you have half cover, your AC is 17; barkskin isnt relevant in this case.
When you cast a spell like conjure woodland beings,
does the spellcaster or the DM choose the creatures that
are conjured? A number of spells in the game let you summon creatures. Conjure animals, conjure celestial, conjure
minor elementals, and conjure woodland beings are just a
few examples.
Some spells of this sort specify that the spellcaster
chooses the creature conjured. For example, find familiar
gives the caster a list of animals to choose from.

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Other spells of this sort let the spellcaster choose from

among several broad options. For example, conjure minor
elementals offers four options. Here are the first two:
One elemental of challenge rating 2 or lower
Two elementals of challenge rating 1 or lower
The design intent for options like these is that the spellcaster chooses one of them, and then the DM decides what
creatures appear that fit the chosen option. For example,
if you pick the second option, the DM chooses the two elementals that have a challenge rating of 1 or lower.
A spellcaster can certainly express a preference for what
creatures shows up, but its up to the DM to determine if
they do. The DM will often choose creatures that are appropriate for the campaign and that will be fun to introduce
in a scene.
Can you cast darkness with a higher level slot to end
a spell of 3rd level or higher that creates light? No. The
darkness spell can dispel only a light-creating spell of 2nd
level or lower, no matter what spell slot is used for darkness. Similarly, the daylight spell can dispel only a darkness-creating spell of 3rd level or lower, regardless of the
spell slot used.
Can dispel magic end globe of invulnerability? Yes,
dispel magic can dispel the barrier created by globe of invulnerability, but not anything inside the barrier.
If Im a cleric/druid with the Disciple of Life feature,
does the goodberry spell benefit from the feature? Yes.
The Disciple of Life feature would make each berry restore
4 hit points, instead of 1, assuming you cast goodberry with
a 1st-level spell slot.
For the spell hail of thorns, does it last for the initial
attack or as long as you maintain concentration? Hail of
thorns lasts until you hit a creature with a ranged weapon
attack or your concentration ends, whichever comes first.
Do the temporary hit points from heroism accumulate
each round? These temporary hit points arent cumulative. The spell would tell you if you were meant to add
them together. At the start of each of your turns, the spell,
effectively, refreshes the number of temporary hit points
you have from it; if you lost some or all of the temporary hit
points, the spell gives them back to you.
Does Unarmored Defense work with a spell like mage
armor? Unarmored Defense doesnt work with mage armor. You might be asking yourself, Why dont they work
together? Mage armor specifies that it works on a creature
who isnt wearing armor. Its true that the target of mage
armor must be unarmored, but mage armor gives you a new
way to calculate your AC (13 + your Dexterity modifier) and
is therefore incompatible with Unarmored Defense or any
other feature that provides an AC calculation.
Does planar binding summon the creature to be
bound, or is that done separately? Planar binding doesnt
summon a creature. It attempts to bind a creature that is
within the spells range.
Can you concentrate on a spell while transformed
by polymorph? You cant cast spells while youre transformed by polymorph, but nothing in the spell prevents you
from concentrating on a spell that you cast before being
transformed.

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 If I cast shillelagh on my quarterstaff and have the

Polearm Master feat, does the bonus attack use a d4 or a
d8 for damage? The bonus attack uses a d4. That attack is
a function of the feat, not the weapon being used.

Monsters
Is natural armor considered light armor? No. Natural
armor doesnt fit into the categories of light, medium, and
heavy armor, and when you have it, it isnt considered to be
an armor youre wearing.
Does natural armor cap a creatures Dexterity bonus?
Natural armor doesnt limit a creatures Dexterity bonus.

Magic Items
Which is correct in the Dungeon Masters Guide, the
rule for scrolls or the rule for a spell scroll? Theyre both
correct. The rule for scrolls (p. 139) is for scrolls in general,
including a scroll of protection, and it allows you to try to
activate a spell if youre literate. The rule for a spell scroll is
specific to that type of scroll and introduces an additional
requirement: the spell on the scroll must be on your classs
spell list for you to read the scroll.
A spell scroll can be named in a variety of ways: spell
scroll, scroll of X (where X is the name of a spell), or spell
scroll of X (where X, again, is the name of a spell). No
matter how its name appears, a spell scroll follows the
same rule.
For you to meet a spell scrolls requirement, the spell
on the scroll needs to be on whatever spell list is used by
your class. Here are two examples. If youre a cleric, the
spell must be on the cleric spell list, and if youre a fighter
with the Eldritch Knight archetype, the spell must be on
the wizard spell list, because that is the spell list used by
your class.
Do the AC bonuses from a ring of protection and bracers of defense stack? Yes. In general, bonuses stack, unless theyre from the same spell (see Combining Magical
Effects in the Players Handbook, p. 205). You also cant
benefit from more than one ring of protection, for instance,
since you cant attune to more than one copy of an item
at a time.

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