1940 US Army WWII Browning Automatic Rifle BAR .30

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FM 23-20
WAR DEPARTMENT
BASIC FIELD MANUAL
BROWNING AUTOMATIC
RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918
WITHOUT BIPOD
More at www.MilitaryManuals.ca
FM 23-20
BASIC FIELD MANUAL
BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE

CALIBER .30, M1918
WITHOUT BIPOD
Prepared under direction of the

Chief of Infantry
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1940
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 30 cents

WAR DEPARTMENT,
WASHINGTON, October 1, 1940.
FM 23-20, Basic Field Manual, Browning Automatic Rifle,
Caliber .30, M1918, without Bipod, is published for the infor-
mation and guidance of all concerned.
[A. G. 062.11 (5-11-40).]
BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:
G. C. MARSHALL,
Chief of Staff.
OFFICIAL:
E. S. ADAMS,
Major General,
The Adjutant General.
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. MECHANICAL TRAINING. Paragraphs Pages

Section I. General __________________________
-- 1-3 1
II. Disassembly and assembly_________
-- 4-12 4
III. Care and, cleaning of the rifle_____- 13-15 36
IV. Functioning - -_____________________
16-24 39
V. Operation _______________________
-- 25-34 55
VI. Immediate actiorI and stoppages___ 35-38 58
VII. Spare parts and accessories________ 39-40 64
VIII. Ammunition______________________ 41-48 61
CHAPTER 2. MARKSMANSHIP-KNOWN-DISTANcE TAR-
GETS.
Section I. General _---------- ---____________ 49-51 71
II. Preparatory marksmanship training_ 52-75 72
III. Courses to be fired _______________
-- 76-78 100
IV. Range practice-_________-_____-___ 79-88 105
V. Regulations governing record prac-
tice ---------
_ ________________ 89-119 113
VI. Targets and ranges______________ 120-121 123
CHAPTER 3. MARKSMANSHIP-MOVING GROUND TAR-
GETS.
Section I. General _ _ .---------
_----- ____ 122-123 128
II. Moving vehicles__--______________ 124-126 128
III. Moving personnel______________
-127-128 130
IV. Moving targets and ranges and
range precautions -129-130 -__________ 130
CHAPTER 4. MARKSMANSHIP-AIR TARGETS.
Section I. Nature of air targets for the
automatic rifle_______________ 131-132 134
II. Technique of antiaircraft fire____ 133-137 134
III. Marksmanship training-_________ 138-142 136
IV. Miniature range practice________ 143-146 144
V. Towed-target firing--____________ 147-151 147
VI. Ranges, targets, and equipment__ 152-157 150
CHAPTER 5. TECHNIQUE OF FIRE.
Section I. Introduction ______________-____ 158-160 162
II. Range estimation ________- ___ 161-165 163
III. Target designation______________ 166-173 166
IV. Rifle fire and its effect ____-___- _ 174-180 174
V. Application of fire--_____________ 181-188 177
VI. Landscape-target firing-_________ 189-196 180
VII. Firing at field targets ___________ 197-202 187
CHAPTER 6. ADVICE TO INSTRUCTORS.
Section I. General __________-_______________ 203 192
II. Mechanical training______________
-204 192
III. Marksmanship-known-distance
targets ____-____ -_____________
205-219 193
IV. Marksmanship--air targets_______ 220-224 207
V. Technique of fire-__-___________ 225-233 213
INDEX _________________________
---
-219
III
FM 23-20
BASIC FIELD MANUAL
BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918,
WITHOUT BIPOD
(This manual supersedes chapter 2, part one, Basic Field Manual,
Volume III, March 25, 1932, and TR 1300-30E, October 12, 1939)
CHAPTER 1
MECHANICAL TRAINING
Paragraphs
SECTION I. General ___--------------------.................1-3
II. Disassembly and assembly---------------------- 4-12
III. Care and cleaning of the rifle -- - -- - 13-15
IV. Functioning ----------- ---------------- - 16-24
V. Operation ---------------- --------- 25-34
VI. Immediate action and stoppages --------------- 35-38
VII. Spare parts and accessories -- - - - - 39-40
VIII. Ammunition ----------------------------- 41-48
SECTION I
GENERAL
* 1. OBJECT.-This chapter is designed to give the soldier
training that will insure his ability to maintain the rifle and
keep it in operation.
* 2. DESCRIPTION OF RIFLE.-The Browning automatic rifle,
caliber .30, M1918, without bipod, is an air-cooled, gas-oper-
ated, magazine-fed, shoulder weapon. (See fig. 1.) It weighs
15 pounds 14 ounces. The ammunition is loaded in magazines
of 20 rounds each. The weight of the magazine when empty
is 7 ounces; when filled, 1 pound 7 ounces. The design per-
mits semiautomatic and automatic fire.
* 3. FIREPOWER.-This rifle is capable of semiautomatic fire
at the rate of 100 rounds per minute. Its rate of effective
sustained fire is about 40 rounds per minute.
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4-8 BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918
SECTION II
DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY

· 4. WHEN TAKEN UP.-This training will be taken up as soon
as practicable after the soldier receives his rifle. In any case
it will be completed before any firing is done with the rifle by
the individual. Instruction in the care and cleaning of the
rifle will also be covered.
[ 5. ORGANIZATION.-In units the size of a company or
platoon, all enlisted men are combined into one or more
groups under their officers, or selected noncommissioned offi-
cers, as instructors. Other noncommissioned officers super-
vise the work as directed. Squad leaders supervise the work
of their squads.
* 6. CARE TO BE EXERCISED.---. The rifle can be readily dis-
assembled and assembled without applying force. The use
of force is prohibited.
b. The rifle will not be disassembled or assembled against
time as this serves no useful purpose and results in burring
and damaging the parts. Instruction in disassembling and
assembling the automatic rifle blindfolded may be given to
men who have passed their tests in mechanical training. In
all work in disassembling the rifle, the men will be taught to
lay the parts out on a smooth, clean surface in the proper
sequence for assembling. The trigger mechanism will not
be disassembled or assembled blindfolded.
D 7. NOMENCLATURE.-The names of the parts to which refer-
ence is made in mechanical training are readily learned as
this training progresses. Instructors will therefore take care
to name the parts clearly and correctly in their work. A
sufficient knowledge of the nomenclature of the rifle is gained
by the soldier during the instruction in mechanical training.
* 8. DISASSEMBLING.-a. General.-Authorized disassembly by
the soldier is limited to that required for proper care and
maintenance of the rifle. Further disassembly will be done
under the supervision of an officer or ordnance personnel.
The individual soldier is prohibited from disassembling the
following:
4
BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918 8
(1) Forearm group.

(2) Barrel group.
(3) Butt stock and buffer group.
(4) Rear-sight group.
(5) Receiver group.
b. Sequence.-The disassembly of the rifle authorized to
be performed by the individual soldier without supervision
is performed in the following sequence:
(1) Operating group.
(a) Cock the rifle.
(b) Remove gas cylinder tube retaining pin.
(c) Remove gas cylinder tube and forearm (let mechanism
forward easily).
(d) Remove trigger guard retaining pin.
(e) Remove trigger guard.
(f) Remove recoil spring guide and recoil spring.
(g) Push hammer pin through hammer pin hole in
receiver.
(h) Remove operating handle.
(i) Remove hammer pin.
(j) Remove hammer.
(k) Remove slide.
(I) Push out bolt guide.
(m) Remove bolt, bolt lock, and bolt link.
(n) Remove firing pin.
(o) Remove bolt link pin and bolt link.
(p) Remove extractor and spring.
(2) Trigger mechanism.
(a) Remove ejector.
(b) Remove magazine catch spring.
(c) Remove magazine catch pin.
(d) Remove magazine catch.
(e) Remove magazine release.
(f) Remove sear spring.
(g) Remove trigger pin.
(h) Remove trigger and connector.
(i) Remove sear pin.
(j) Remove sear.
(k) Remove sear carrier and counter-recoil spring.
5
8 BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918
(I) Remove change lever spring.

(m) Remove change lever.
c. Method.-The following detailed explanation of the
method of disassembling the automatic rifle is furnished as an
aid to instructors:
(1) Operating group.-Lay the rifle on the table, barrel
down, pointing to the left. Cock the piece. This must be
done in order that the gas cylinder tube may clear the gas
piston and gas cylinder tube bracket. Turn the cylinder tube
retaining pin spring ((54) fig. 1 ()®), 180 ° in a clockwise
direction and lift out gas cylinder tube (52) retaining pin.
Remove the gas cylinder tube and forearm (118). Let the
slide (fig. 2) forward easily by pressing the trigger with the
thumb of the right hand and at the same time grasp the slide
with the left hand so that the middle and index fingers are
astride the gas piston. Turn the trigger guard retaining pin
spring ((12), fig. 1 0), 90 ' in a clockwise direction and lift
out the pin. Lift out the trigger guard group.
Remove the recoil-spring guide (Fig. 2) and the recoil
spring by pressing the right index finger on the checkered
surface of the recoil-spring rod and turning it until the ends
are clear of the retaining shoulders. Line up the hammer-
pin holes on the receiver and the operating handle by insert-
ing the point of the recoil-spring guide or the point of a
dummy cartridge in the hole on the operating handle with
the right hand, press against the hammer pin and push the
operating handle backward with the left hand. The recoil-
spring guide will push the hammer pin through its hole in
the receiver as the hammer pin registers with the latter.
Remove the operating handle ((88), fig. 1 () ) by pulling it
straight to the rear. Remove the hammer pin. Push the
hammer (fig. 2) forward out of its seat in the slide and
lift it out of the receiver. Remove the slide by pulling it for-
ward out of the receiver, being careful that the bolt link is
pushed well down, thus allowing the slide to clear. In remov-
ing the slide, take care to avoid striking the gas piston or
rings against the gas cylinder tube bracket ((56), fig. 1 0().
Force the bolt guide (72) out with the left thumb or the point
6
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of a bullet. Lift out the bolt, bolt lock, and bolt link by pull-
ing them slowly to the rear end of the receiver and up with
right thumb and forefinger. Pull out the firing pin (fig. 2)
from its way in the bolt. Push the bolt-link pin and remove
the bolt link. Remove the extractor by pressing the point
of a dummy cartridge against the claw and exerting pressure
upward and to the front. Remove the extractor spring.
LAY THE PIECEBARRELDOWN AND

POININ TO THEnLCFT, THE PIECE REST- COCK TOE PIECE nD Pu5n
NG ON THE BARRELAND REARP SIGHT OPFRATING HANDLE FORWARD
WITH POINT OF CARTRIDGE UNLOCK

THE GAS CYLINDE-RTUBE RETAININGPIN.. 8
5wlNG IT UPWARD.... '"
RFNOVE THE GAS CYLINDER TURE

AND WlTnDRAw IT TO ThE
... RIGhT ANDFroRAPM TO THE FRONT OVER TnE
PISTON ......
.WITn In' MIDDLEAND INDEXFINGERSOF ...

":ULL THE TRIGGER WITH TnE TnuMe
LEFT AND ASTRIDETHE PISTON--AGAINST OF TE RIGHTnANO ............
Tt FoRwARD END Or TnIE 5P .........
F i _-
FIGURE 3.--Method of disassembling.

(2) Trigger mechanism.-(a) Depress the ejector lock with

the point of a dummy cartridge. Hold the thumb in front of
the magazine-catch spring to prevent it from flying out and
then slide the ejector out of its seat. (See fig. 5.) Remove
the magazine-catch spring. Remove the magazine-catch pin,
lift out the magazine catch (see fig. 6) and magazine release
(see fig. 7).
AND LETTnE M[CHANISMMOVEGE.NTL UNLOK ANP IEMOV. THE TRIGGtR GUARD

FORWNARD... . RESISTING
THE PRESSURE
or T HERCTAININGPIN AS 5nOWN IN PLLATES
3.4 &5.
RECOIL
SPRINGWIT TH E FINGERSASTRIDE
THEGAS PISTON
PLACEENDOf INDx FINGERON C9ECKERED

REOVE THnETRIGGER GUARDP ENDOF RECOILSPRINGGUIDEHEAD...TURNIT
8V'.\' /UNTIL DISENGAGLD FROM ITS RETAINING
....AND REMOVE TIEb RECOIL

SPRINGAND NOW ',1hT1 POINTOF A CRTRIDGE NSER
GU[~- TO TEE IE~ ED IN Tm[ DISMOUNTING
YOLE IN THE ORERAT
.INGHANDL
AND THf FOREFIN6ER

...
[RATING IANDL1
OF THE LEFT HAND
.PUSIG GAENT~ e CV.WARDON THLEOP-
® LEFTSO THATWELN THE HAMMER
'ISMOUNTING
PIN ANDTH[
HOLEIN REGEIVERCOINCIDE---
FIGURE 3.-Method of disassembling-Continued.
9
BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918
...[ [Pro TMmtMMER PINW'ILLB[ .. *ANDLE

NOW tMOOV TnE OPERATINC,
FO;CEP TNoIJG UNTING
mt DISMO MoLE . w RF
IREOOVET'E "L LFT

rHMMER
0 TO
N4 . HOOKTHF INDTX FINGEROF TnE LRfT nAND
UNDO[ TE FRONT ELNDOf TMCtAT4ETE.AND
,OR PULLTHE SLIDE
LIFT IT OUT
ITTO TnF REAR, StAN1
3WINGTnt[LINVBCK dAND tMOVETnt SLIDLTOtHE FRONT

E.
GIASPTM[LINKWITHTTH[ HUMB ANDFINGEIZ

THl RIGT nAND
OF hND 1LIFT T.E BOLT GUIDtWITHEtND
LOCil TnF BOLT OF LEFTTURPO
OUTor t[GAG in[NT WIT¥ ITS SfET Ni TOP (ORPOINT AND LirfT t BOLTOUT
or BULLET)
OF Rrt[CVtR SLIDINLIT R'AwGR AS FAR AS
10
L1rT TInMB:LTLOCKAND R.tOVE TnF .. USNG TnE rlRlEr PIN AS 0Sr T.

_ FIRINCVIN... PUS OUT THE LiNK PIN.
t~~e,,\/(R (
PL4CL BUvLlET NO5t UDR THECLawOE , ,
ThE EXTRACTOPtPUSnOUTUNTIL EXTRACTOR
Sn(OULDCEP
I5 (LE/2R- 1
V TPZ
i~:2
FORW^R......
-RTDoCTOR
/~~~. ·
AnrDarnovr IT FROMT~r souT VI
-PLL OUT TnLXCITijrZ:IO VN
NOTE. THt PIECE IJ NOWVISNOUNTEPas
FAR as IS ALLOWED IN FlELDDISMOUNTING.
11
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et
'ci0
Fqx 0
12
(b) Insert the trigger guard retaining pin spring under the
sear spring above the connector stop. Pry up, pressing
against the sear spring with thumb and pull it out to the
rear. (See fig. 8.) Push out the trigger pin (see fig. 9). The
trigger pin must always be removed before the sear pin in
order that the tension of the counterrecoil spring will always
be on the sear pin. Remove the trigger and connector
through top of trigger guard. (See fig. 10.) Push out the
sear pin, using the recoil spring guide (fig. 2). Remov.e the
sear (see fig. 11). Pry up on the sear carrier (see fig. 12)
and lift out the sear carrier and counterrecoil spring. Re-
move the change lever spring by prying the bent end out
of its seat with the rounded end of the sear spring and mov-
ing the change lever from front to rear. When clear of the
change lever, push it out the rest of the way by pressing with
the thumb against the sear stop. Pull out the change lever.
FIGURE 5.-Removing ejector.
257360°--40 2 13
FIGURE 6.-Removing magazine catch.
14
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b)
_ri~k~t;00 i-";i;0Ej~j i':
And H, ffi: '':tit~z
A _; it:w :§ |i:N:
0005S | 1,,( 15
: tj:jj j
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e
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15
i:
~*
15
FIGURE 8.-Removing sear spring.
16
FIGURE 9.-Removing trigger pin.
17
uaR;
FIGURE 10.-Removing trigger and connector.
18
FIGURE 11.-Removing sear.
19
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:i i iA
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\ : R5 - '
(3) The forearm group, barrel group, buttstock and buffer

group, sight group, and receiver group are not disassembled
by using organizations. Illustrations of the buttstock and
buffer group and of the sight group are shown for purposes of
information only.
II
21
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2::
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* 9. ASSEMBLING RIFLE.-The rifle and its component groups

are assembled in the reverse order of their disassembly as
given in paragraph 8b. The following detailed explanation
of the method of assembling the rifle is furnished as an aid
to instructors.
a. Trigger mechanism.-Replace the change lever. Insert
the ears of the change lever spring in the slots in the trigger
guard and push the spring forward into place. Replace the
counterrecoil spring on the counterrecoil spring guide (front
of sear carrier). Insert the counterrecoil spring guide into its
seat. Using the recoil spring guide (fig. 2), as a lever in the
sear pin hole, pry the sear carrier forward until its rear end
is held by the ears of the change lever spring. Replace the
sear and force the recoil spring guide (fig. 2) through so as
to register the holes in the sear, sear carrier, and trigger guard
for the sear pin. By a slight pressure on the recoil spring
guide push the sear carrier forward against the counterrecoil
spring, thus permitting the sear pin to be easily seated in the
sear pin hole. The sear pin must always be replaced before
the trigger pin in order that the tension of the counterrecoil
spring will always be on the sear pin. Replace the trigger and
trigger pin.
FIGURE 15.-Assembling connector.
23
FIGURE 16-Assembling sear spring.
FIGTTRE 17.-Assembling magazine catch spring.

24
Holding the connector, so that its head is in rear of the

connector stop (see fig. 15) and the toe is down and to the
rear, drop it into its place in the trigger. Engage the sides
of the sear spring in the recesses, and press down and for-
ward on the sear spring with the thumb of the right hand,
until the front end of the spring rests in the depression stop.
(See fig. 16.) Take care to see that the outside prongs of
the sear spring rest on their seat on the sear, and that the
middle prong rides freely in the slot formed by the walls
of the sear carrier. If the middle prong rests on one of the
walls, instead of riding freely between them, the trigger
mechanism will not function when the barrel is inclined below
the horizontal.
Replace the magazine release, magazine catch, and maga-
zine catch pin. Replace the magazine catch spring. Insert
the ejector into the recess and move it down until it is flush
with the magazine catch spring. (See fig. 17.) Compress the
magazine catch spring in its seat and move the ejector down
until it is fully home and the ejector lock is in its position.
After the trigger mechanism has been assembled, turn the
change lever to the forward position and pull the trigger. If
the connector will not rise, it is not in place correctly. It
should rise and snap out from under the sear. If the con-
nector will rise but does not raise the sear, the sear spring is
weak and should be replaced.
b. Operating group.-Replace the extractor spring (fig. 2).
Replace the extractor into its seat in the bolt. Replace the
bolt link and bolt link pin with the shoulder of the link
against the flat surface of the bolt lock. Lift the bolt lock
and replace the firing pin. Lay the rifle barrel down and
pointing to the left so that the rifle is resting on the barrel
and rear sight. With the bolt mechanism held in a perpen-
dicular position, insert it in the receiver, forcing the end of
the bolt under the ends of the bolt supports, and then press
the bolt mechanism down so as to lie flat in its place. Push
the bolt mechanism forward, swing the bolt link down, then
replace the slide and push it all the way back. With the
hammer resting between the thumb and the forefinger, lower
and seat it properly in its seat in the slide, push the bolt lock
fully into its locking recess and push the slide forward. With
25
the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, aline the hammer
pin holes in the bolt link, hammer, and slide with the ham-
mer pin hole in the side of.the receiver. The recoil spring
guide will be found a convenient aid in the operation. Insert
the hammer pin to the right until only one-fourth of an
inch of the hammer pin protrudes from the receiver. Re-
place the operating handle ((88), fig. 1 Q). Tap the end
of the protruding hammer pin with sufficient force to drive
it home. Replace the recoil spring (fig. 2) and guide. With
INTO ITS SLAT

REPLACt THE EXTRACTOR
REPLACETIE D.TRACTOR 5PRING H mIL BOLT
LIFl TMt BOLTLOCKBND RRPLACE TtL

REPLACETHE IINK AND LINK PIN WITH THE FlRINO PIN
:IHOULDER OFLINK AGAINSTTHE FLAT
.URKFACEOF THE BOLT LOCK
®
LAYTME PIECEBARREL PWC AND POINTING THEBOLTM(HANISM HELDINA PLRPLN
WITI4H
-
ON T
RESTING
To THE LEFT_.. THE PIEC1E PIL LA P05TIC..
OIARCLFONDITS RE.R SIGHT 0 .
THE NQ
FORCCING
INSET IT IN TlE R(CCEIVECR. 50
ENPRESSTHE BOLTM~ECHNISM CDOWN
OF TH[ BOLTUNDCRTrHE[DS 0r TH[E LT AS TO LI[ FLAT IN IT5 PLACE
F-ouaJ 18.-Method of assembling.
26
the end of the index finger on the checkered end of the recoil
spring guide head, turn it until it is properly seated. Holding
the right thumb against the forward end of the receiver will
facilitate this operation. Replace the trigger guard group
and trigger guard retaining pin. Cock the piece. Slide the
gas cylinder tube and forearm ((118) fig. 1 0) to the
rear of the gas piston. Replace the gas cylinder tube retain-
ing pin. Test the piece by pulling the trigger.
NOWWS; ThtEOLT McC.MaNISM

FORAWR.D NSWINr UN UKt(RA
1E
REPLACETHL 5LIDE ANP.. ;IIT TIC WAYBAK

ALL
NOWWITH Tht HMMECR

RESTIhGDLETWEEN LOWCR INTHE RICEIVER
ANDSEaT IT PROPERLY
THE THUMBANP FORErlNGER
NOWPUSHTIN[SLIPCFOR1`W0 USING
TnE THUMB
A" rEGRrr" Or Tr RICT
.AND. T;[
-4'inMAF~MIR
N nOL-:$OFT;ELINK,
(CINvD 5LIPEWITHTHE
I.-RM PISHOUNTINL
P lMW O
( 'I o c r T/ 51DOor Tnt%RECCiv-R
'~ 0L
FIGURE 18.-Method of assembling-Continued:
27
INSERTTht HAMMCR TV TnC rPHT.

PI TUNTIL ONLYONE-FouRTHorOf INCHor THE
hAMMtR1 PIN
PROTRUPES
FROM TsC grLriV(R
TnE OPERATING
REPL&CE HAiDLE.
IO l NOWTAP TnE Cm or TH[PROTRUPlING
P-WLrn SUrEICIMNT
fORCETO ~lV- IT
HMM-R
.'T
REPLACETHr RECOIL5PRINGA.P GUIL, INTO WI TH

T ENPor FTH ncEINPX Fl.CCRON ,t
TntCcS PISTON
. ECtCKCREVD
:N[ OTIC RECOIL SPRILNC
,U PF IDL
AN&W 0, IT -TI IL 15IRCSCCILRL 5L.TMD
EPLACETHETRIlIG[ GUA-O
R[.TAINI~G
PIN
.....
_ I
RCPLACC
Tn/ TRIA GGER gu.P.
FIGURE 18.-Method of assembling-Continued.
28
TU8N
I.O. Ir UNTILIT
.OWM CLInCKS oTt nu
L OCK TION. COICKTnHEPIECE,
10
T6G
To IDV TU ADFORE To RFPLCE
THEG.SCYLIAD
REMBTTIN
PIN....
TrE LE
A, OVERTe GAS
i PISTON.
..ND TURNIT DOWN INTO ITS

IT CLICKS
UNTIL IOLATN[ pEING II NDaNI
NOW L. PULLT E
LOCK~ ~lOl. T-.L
R A LLOWING
TIC M.C-Nt-M T- MOVL
tOR-AQ29
M UNDLR
TfH ICTION0 TE[ RECOI
L
FIZ;mE 18.-Method of assembling-Continued.
10. To REMOVE FIRING PIN WITHOUT DISASSEMBLING.-To

remove the firing pin, lay the rifle on the table, barrel down,
muzzle to the front. Remove the trigger mechanism. Place
rim of cartridge under bolt guide (fig. 19 (0)). Pull operat-
ing handle to rear and hold mechanism back. Steady the
cartridge with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand
(fig. 19 (). It may be necessary to exert a slight down-
ward pressure on the nose of the cartridge in order to pull
the bolt guide out far enough to free the bolt. Push down
on the bolt link, causing the bolt to break at the bolt lock
pin (fig. 19 0). Allow the mechanism to, go forward until
it stops. Change the firing pin. Pull the operating handle
to rear again, and push the bolt into position (fig. 19 0).
257360°-40-3 29
®
FIGURE 19.--To remove firing pin without disassembling rifle.
30
FIGURE 19.-To remove firing pin without disassembling rifle-

Continued.
1 11. To REMOVE AND REPLACE EXTRACTOR WITHOUT DISASSEM-

BLING.-a. Removal.-Draw the mechanism to the rear and
insert an empty cartridge case between the bolt and cham-
ber, exposing the extractor (fig. 20 )). Lay the rifle on its
FIOURE 20.-To remove and replace extractor without disassembling

rifle.
31
side so that the ejection opening is up. With the forefinger

of the left hand, force out the claw of the extractor, then
place the point of the cartridge behind the extractor shoul-
der and pry it forward until the extractor is free of the re-
cess (fig. 20 0). Remove the extractor spring.
b. Replacement.-Insert the short end of the extractor
spring in the hole in the shank of the extractor so that the
long end of the spring is along the slot in the extractor.
Insert the extractor and spring in the end of the bolt and
push them into position (fig. 20 0). Remove the empty
cartridge case.
FIGcRE 20.-To remove and replace extractor without disassembling

rifle--Continued.
32
,Ec,
FIGURE 20.-To remove and replace extractor without disassembling

rifle-Continued.
1 12. DISASSEMBLING AND ASSEMBLING MAGAZINE.-Raise the

rear end of the magazine base until the indentations on it
are clear, then slide it to the rear. The magazine follower
and spring will then fall out. It is assembled in reverse
order. (See figs. 21 to 24, incl.)
33
FIGURE 21.-Disassembling magazine, first operation.
FIGURE 22.-Disassembling magazine, second operation.
34
FIGURE 23.-Assembling magazine, first operation.
F'
FIGURE 24.-Assembling magazine, second operation.
35
SECTION III
CARE AND CLEANING OF THE RIFLE
U 13. GENERAL.-a. Scope.-(1) Care and cleaning includes
the care of the automatic rifle necessary to preserve its con-
dition and appearance under all conditions and at all times.
Automatic rifles in the hands of troops should be inspected
daily to insure proper condition and cleanliness.
(2) Automatic rifles should be disassembled only to the
extent necessary for cleaning and proper lubrication.
b. Lubrication and lubricants.-(1) Proper oiling is second
in importance only to intelligent cleaning. It is a vital neces-
sity for the working parts, but the oil should be used spar-
ingly; wiping with a well-oiled rag is the best method. Oil
all bearing surfaces of the rifle before firing.
(2) If the rifle is to be fired in areas where the temperature
is 45 ° F., or above, sperm oil (U. S. Army Specification No.
2-45A) should be used for oiling, when available. When not
available, motor oil, weight 20, or any light-grade machine oil,
may be used in an emergency.
(3) If the rifle is to be fired in areas where the temperature
is below 45 ° F., aircraft instrument and machine-gun lubri-
cating oil (U. S. Army Specification No. 2-27D) should be used
for oiling.
c. Cleaning of automatic rifle.-To clean the automatic
rifle, swab the bore with an oily flannel patch. Repeat with
dry patches until several successive patches come out clean.
(For cleaning the bore after firing, see par. 14c.) Push a
patch dampened with oil through the bore to protect its sur-
face. Dust out all screw heads and crevices with a small
cleaning brush or small stick. Wipe all metal surfaces with
a dry cloth to remove moisture, perspiration, and dirt. Wipe
the outer surfaces of the automatic rifle, including the fore-
arm, with a lightly oiled cloth, then clean with a soft dry one.
Immediately after cleaning, wipe all the metal parts with a
lightly oiled cloth. This protective film on all metal parts
will be maintained at all times. At least once a month, and
always after the stock and forearm have become wet, they
should be rubbed thoroughly with a little linseed oil in the
36
BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918 13-14
palm of the hand. Rub oil in until dry. Use only castile
soap or saddle soap for cleaning or softening the sling.
U 14. ADDITIONAL RULES FOR CARE OF AUTOMATIC RIFLE PRE-
PARATORY TO, DURING, AND AFTER FIRING.--. Preparatory to
firing.-(1) Remove the protective film of oil from bore and
chamber.
(2) Work slide back and forth several times to see that it
moves freely.
(3) Verify proper setting of gas port.
(4) Test trigger mechanism at Safe (S), Semiautomatic
(F), and Automatic (A).
(5) Examine magazines. It is imperative that magazines
be given the best of care and kept in perfect condition. They
should be disassembled, wiped clean and dry, and thinly
coated with oil. Much dirt gets into them through careless
handling on the ground during range or other firing. They
must be kept free from dirt and rust, which hinder their
operation by making the spring and follower stick. Care
must be exercised in the handling of magazines to avoid dent-
ing or bending them. The greatest possible care should be
taken to prevent any damage to the lips of the magazine or
to the notch for the magazine catch.
b. During firing.-(1) Keep bore free from dust, dirt, mud,
or snow.
(2) Keep chamber free from oil or dirt.
(3) Keep moving parts oiled.
(4) Clean bore and gas system frequently while still hot.
The neglect of this precaution is a frequent cause of stop-
pages.
(5) Clean chamber frequently with chamber brush by in-
serting the cleaning brush through the ejection opening in
the receiver.
c. After firing.-(1) The bore of the rifle will be thoroughly
cleaned by the evening of the day on which it is fired, and
similarly cleaned for the next 3 days.
(2) The bore is cleaned after firing by swabbing it with a
flannel cleaning patch saturated with hot water and sal soda,
or issue-soap solution. Repeat with several patches. Plain
water, hot or cold, should be used when both soda and soap
37
are lacking. While the bore is still wet, run the metal brush
through it several times. Follow this with dry patches until
several patches come out clean and dry, then push a patch
saturated with oil through the bore to protect its surface.
(3) Clean the chamber with the chamber-cleaning brush,
wipe clean with a cloth, and oil lightly.
(4) Clean the gas system by first disassembling the rifle.
Remove the gas cylinder. Insert the smooth end of the body
of the gas-cylinder tool into the gas cylinder. As it is ad-
vanced toward the cylinder head turn it to the right. As
it reaches the head, apply additional pressure to the tool
and give it a few turns to cut the carbon from the inside
surface of the piston head. 'Withdraw, and reverse the
tool. Using the recess cutter as a gage, remove the carbon
from the recesses at the forward end of the interior of the
gas cylinder. With the drift point, clean the gas ports in the
barrel, gas-cylinder tube, and gas cylinder. Scrape the car-
bon from the face of the piston with the front cutting edge of
the tool body and remove the deposit from between the piston
rings with the drift point. Wash with hot water and soap or
sal-soda solution (if not available, use plain water), dry
thoroughly, and oil lightly.
(5) Clean magazines by disassembling, wiping, oiling, and
reassembling.
* 15. STORAGE.-a. Preparationof automatic rifles for long-
term storage.-Automatic rifles should be cleaned and pre-
pared with particular care. The bore, all parts of the
mechanism, and the exterior of the rifles should be thor-
oughly cleaned and then perfectly dried with rags. In damp
climates particular care must be taken to see that the rags
are dry. After drying a part, the bare hands should not
touch that part. Special care should be taken to insure
that the gas system is thoroughly cleaned and that the gas
ports are free from fouling. All metal parts should then be
heavily coated with rust-preventive compound. Then han-
dling the rifle by the stock and forearm only, it should be
placed in the packing chest, the wooden supports at the butt
and muzzle having previously been painted with rust-pre-
ventive compound. A rifle contained in a cloth or other
cover, or with a plug in the bore, will not be placed in storage.
38
Such articles collect moisture which causes the weapon to

rust.
b. Cleaning of automatic rifles as received from long-term
storage.-Automatic rifles received from storage are com-
pletely coated with rust-preventive compound. Use dry-
cleaning solvent to remove all traces of this compound, par-
ticular care being taken that the gas system, gas ports, firing
pin, and all recesses in which springs or plungers operate
are cleaned thoroughly. After using the dry-cleaning solvent,
make sure it is completely removed from all parts by wiping
with light-colored cloths until no staining of the cloth occurs.
The bore and chamber of the barrel must be thoroughly
cleaned. All surfaces having been thoroughly cleaned, they
should then be protected with a thin film of lubricating oil
applied with a rag.
NoTE.-Failure to clean the gas system, the firing pin, and the
recess in the bolt in which it operates may result in gun failure
at normal temperatures and will most certainly result in serious
malfunctions if the rifles are operated in low-temperature areas,
as rust-preventive compound and other foreign matter will cause
the lubricating oil to congeal on the mechanism.
SECTION IV
FUNCTIONING
· 16. OBJECT.-This section is designed to provide a non-
technical description of the functioning of the rifle. The
object of instruction in this subject is to lead the soldier to
an understanding of the simple functioning of his weapon
without emphasis on memorizing the matter of the text.
* 17. WHEN TAKEN UP.-Instruction in functioning will be
taken up after instruction in the disassembly, assembly, care,
and cleaning of the rifle.
* 18. USE OF DUMMY CARTRIDGEs.-The corrugated type of
dummy cartridge (cartridge, dummy, caliber .30, M1906-cor-
rugated) may be used for instruction in functioning. The
use of the slotted type of dummy cartridge (cartridge, dummy,
range, caliber .30, M1) is prohibited. Special care must be
exercised in the use of dummy cartridges that they do not
introduce dirt or grit into the chamber of the rifle.
39
m 19. EXPLANATION.-A11 automatic weapons have mechanical

means for performing the following functions: extraction,
ejection, feeding, locking the breech while there is a high
pressure in the bore, and igniting the cartridge.
-- UJ
40
40
Operations such as extraction and ejection are performed

by various cams, lugs, and springs, and the energy necessary
to perform this work and to overcome friction in the rifle is
derived from the explosion of the powder in the chamber.
uJ
9) Z
41
U 20. CYCLE.-a. The functioning of the automatic rifle is

divided into two phases based on the operation of the mech-
anism when a shot is fired. These two phases are the rear-
ward movement and the forward movement. The ignition of
the cartridge in the chamber marks the division of the two
phases.
b. The operations which take place in the rearward move-
ment are-
(1) Action of gas.
(2) Movement of slide to rear.
(3) Unlocking.
(4) Withdrawal of firing pin.
(5) Extraction.
(6) Ejection.
(7) Termination of first phase.
c. The operations which take place in the forward move-
ment are-
(1) Action of recoil spring.
(2) Feeding.
(3) Locking.
(4) Ignition.
(5) Termination of second phase.
U 21. DESCRIPTION OF CYCLE.-a. Rearward movement.-(1)
Action of gas.-A cartridge having been ignited, the bullet
under the pressure of the expanding powder gases travels
through the barrel, and when it reaches a point 6 inches from
the muzzle, it passes a port in the bottom of the barrel. The
barrel pressure, which at this instant is still very high, seeks
this first vent. Alined with the barrel port are other similar
ports in the gas cylinder tube bracket, gas cylinder tube,
and gas cylinder. The port in the gas cylinder is the smallest
and serves to throttle the barrel pressure. The ports in the
gas cylinder lead radially into a well about 1/8 inch in
diameter in the head of the gas cylinder. The throttled
barrel pressure is conducted through this well to the gas
piston plug. This pressure acts on the piston for the very
short time which it takes for the bullet to travel the 6 inches
distance from the barrel port to the muzzle. Its effect is
that of a sudden severe blow on the piston plug. Under the
impact of this blow the gas piston is driven to the rear, carry-
42
ing the slide with it. When the piston has traveled about
916 inch backward, the bearing rings on its head and the gas
piston plug pass out of the cylinder. The gas expands around
the piston head into the gas cylinder tube, and is exhausted
0.
43
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· ·
b~~~~~~~ &~~I
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ol II~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o
44
'~~.
ji~~ s 4 oi il
F1 OP~~~~~~~~5
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Ca
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~~~~-O
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25'7360°-4---0 4 45
through the six portholes in the tube. The gas is prevented

from traveling back through the gas cylinder tube by the
two rings on the piston, about %5/inch apart and 11/4 inches
from the piston head. These rings also serve as bearings to
hold the front end of the piston in the center of the gas
cylinder tube after the piston head has passed out of the gas
cylinder.
(2) Slide.-As the piston is forced back it carries the slide
with it. The first and immediate result of the backward
movement of the slide is to begin the compression of the
recoil spring, thereby storing energy for the forward action.
(3) Unlocking.--The hammer pin is slightly in advance of
the bolt-link pin, about 0.19 inch. The center rib of the
hammer is very slightly in rear of the head of the firing pin.
When the slide begins its motion to the rear, it imparts no
motion whatever to the bolt and bolt lock. The slide moves
back 0.19 inch, and its only effect during this travel is to
carry the hammer from the firing pin and the hammer pin
directly under the bolt-link pin. At this point the unlocking
begins, the bolt link revolves forward about the hammer pin,
drawing the bolt lock down and to the rear. The motion
of the lock and bolt, which is zero at the instant the hammer
pin passes under the bolt-link pin, accelerates from this point
until the slide has traveled about 1.2 inches, at which latter
point the bolt lock is drawn completely down out of the lock-
ing recess and away from the locking shoulder of the re-
ceiver. It is now supported in front of the bolt supports.
The front upper shoulder of the bolt link has revolved for-
ward and bears upon the locking shoulder of the bolt lock.
These two influences prevent the bolt lock from revolving
down below the line of backward travel of the bolt.
(4) Withdrawal of firing pin.-As the bolt lock revolves
down from its locked position a cam surface in the slot in
the rear bottom side of the bolt lock comes in contact with
a similar cam surface on the firing-pin lug. This action
cams the firing pin from the face of the bolt.
46
(5) Extraction.-The backward motion of the bolt begins

when the bolt lock has been drawn down so that the circular
cam surface on its underside is operating on the rear shoulders
of the bolt supports. This produces a strong lever action
which slowly loosens the cartridge case. The backward travel
of the bolt has been slight, only about 5/32 inch when the fir-
ing pin is withdrawn; its travel is about 11/32 inch when the
bolt lock is completely drawn down. From this point the bolt
moves to the rear, drawn by the bolt lock and bolt link, with
the same speed as the slide and carries with it the empty
cartridge case, which is held firmly in its seat on the face of
the bolt by the extractor. The extractor is on the upper
right-hand side of the bolt next to the ejection opening in
the receiver. A slot cut in the left side of the bolt lock near
the back end passes over the bolt guide, which supports the
bolt lock and bolt when they are in the rear position.
(6) Ejection.-When the slide reaches a point about l/4 inch
from the end of its travel, the base of the cartridge case
strikes the ejector. This action causes the cartridge case
to be pivoted with considerable force about the extractor, and
through the ejection opening in the receiver. The front end
of the cartridge case passes first out of the receiver and is
pivoted so that it strikes the outside of the receiver at a point
about 1 inch in rear of the ejection opening. It rebounds
from the receiver toward the right front.
(7) Termination of rearward movement.-The rearward
motion is terminated when the rear end of the slide strikes the
buffer. The slide moves forward -o inch, after striking the
buffer, under the action of the recoil spring, but if the sear
nose is not depressed, it engages the sear notch on the slide,
and the piece is cocked for the next shot.
NOTE.-The motion of the bolt, bolt lock, and bolt link mecha-
nism, begins slowly at first and does not attain the speed of the
slide until the latter has traveled about 11/4 inches backward. This
is a very important characteristic of the rifle since on this account
47
the mechanism is not subjected to an excess strain due to a sud-

den start at the instant the gas impinges upon the piston. This
slow start delays the opening of the chamber sufficiently to allow
the high barrel pressure to decrease.
b. Forward movement.--(1) Action of recoil spring.-The
sear nose is depressed, disengaging the sear, and the slide
moves forward under the action of the recoil spring. The
position of the bolt link pin is slightly below a line joining
the bolt lock pin and the hammer pin; therefore, as the slide
starts forward the joint at the bolt link pin has a tendency
to buckle downward. It is prevented from doing this by the
tail of the feed rib on the bolt which extends backward under
the bolt lock, also by the contact of the upper front shoulder
of the bolt link with the locking surface of the bolt lock.
Since the joint cannot buckle, the entire mechanism moves
forward with the slide. When it has traveled about 1/4 inch,
the front end of the feed rib impinges on the base of the top
cartridge, which the magazine spring and lips are holding up
in its path.
(2) Feeding.-The cartridge is carried forward about ¼/4
inch when the nose of the bullet strikes the bullet ramp or
guide on the breech of barrel and is deflected upward toward
the chamber. This action also guides the front end of the
cartridge from under the magazine lips. The base of the
cartridge approaches the center of the magazine, where the
lips are cut away and the opening enlarged, and at this point
is forced out of the magazine by the magazine spring. The
base of the cartridge slides across the face of the bolt and
under the extractor. Should the cartridge fail to slide under
the extractor, the extractor will snap over its head as the bolt
-reaches the forward position. When the cartridge is released
by the magazine, the nose of the bullet is so far in the chamber
that it is guided by the chamber from this point on.
(3) Locking.-When the slide is about 2 inches from its
forward position, the circular cam surface on the under side
of the bolt lock begins to ride over the rear shoulders of the
bolt supports, and the rear end of the bolt lock is cammed
upward. The bolt link pin passes up above the line joining
the bolt lock pin and hammer pin. The joint at the bolt link
pin now has a tendency to buckle upward, and the bolt lock, be-
48
ing opposite the locking recess in the receiver, is free to, and
does, pivot upward about the bolt lock pin. The bolt link re-
volves upward about the hammer pin, forcing the bolt lock
up, and a rounded surface on the bolt lock just above the lock-
ing face slips over the locking shoulder in the receiver, giving
the lock a lever action which forces the bolt home to its final
position. The two locking surfaces on the bolt lock and the
receiver register as the hammer pin passes under the bolt link
pin.
(4) Igniting cartridge.-The lug on the firing pin is
buried in the slot on the underside of the bolt lock at all
times except when the bolt is locked in the forward position.
Therefore, the firing pin is locked away from the face of the
bolt during all the rearward and forward motion of the bolt.
When the hammer pin passes under the bolt link pin, the
firing pin has been released by the bolt lock. The slide and
hammer move forward about 1/Ao inch farther, and the
center rib of the hammer strikes the head of the firing pin,
driving it forward and igniting the cartridge.
(5) Termination of second phase.-The forward end of the
slide strikes a shoulder at the rear end of the gas cylinder
tube which terminates the forward motion. The forward
motion is not terminated by the hammer on the firing pin.
This can be seen by examining the head of the firing pin
when the gas cylinder tube is assembled to the receiver, and
the bolt mechanism is in the forward position. The firing
pin has still about 'JGc-inch clearance from its extreme for-
ward position.
NoTE.-The locking shoulder of the receiver is inclined forward.
Its surface is perpendicular to the line through the bolt lock which
the shock of the explosion follows; therefore, the force of this shock
is exerted squarely against the normal surface. The speed of the
bolt mechanism is slowed down gradually from the instant that
the bolt lock starts to rise until the hammer pin passes under the
bolt link pin, when its speed is zero.
* 22. FUNCTIONING OF BUFFER.--I. The buffer system con-
sists of a tube, in which are placed successively, from front
to rear, the buffer head, a brass friction cup with concave
interior which is split to allow for expansion, and a steel
cone to fit into the cup. Four of these cups and cones are
placed one after the other in series. In rear of these is the
49
buffer spring, and finally the buffer nut, which is screwed

into the end of the tube and forms a seat for the spring.
b. Action.-The buffer head, struck by the rear end of the
slide, moves to the rear, forcing the cups over the cones and
causing them to expand tightly against the tube, conse-
quently producing considerable friction as the cups move
back and compress the buffer spring. Thus the rearward
action of slide is checked gradually and there is practically
no rebound. The spring returns the buffer head and fric-
tion cups and cones to their original positions.
U 23. FUNCTIONING OF TRIGGER MECHANISM.-a. The trigger
mechanism has three settings:
(1) Automatic (A).-When so set, the sear is depressed as
long as the trigger is held back and the piece will continue
firing until the magazine is emptied.
(2) Semiautomatic (F).-When so set, the sear is de-
pressed,. thereby disengaging the sear and sear notch when
the trigger is pulled, but the mechanism is so constructed
that the sear rises and engages in the sear notch when the
slide comes back again, and the sear and sear notch will not
disengage until the trigger is fully released and then pulled.
With this setting the piece fires one shot for each pull and
release of the trigger.
(3) Safe (S).-When so set, the sear cannot be released
from the sear notch by pulling the trigger.
b. The action of the trigger mechanism is taken up in
phases, and should be followed on the mechanism itself as
the explanation proceeds. Have the trigger guard disassem-
bled completely. Study the shape of the change lever and
note the following:
(1) It is a bar about 1/4 inch in diameter.
(2) It has three shallow longitudinal slots cut on top bf
the bar as the handle is held vertically.
(3) The side of the bar is slotted in such a way as to leave
a little tongue of metal in the center and at the lower edge
of the slot.
50
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oc~
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51~~~bd F.
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C~, u C,
* 24. SETTING CHANGE LEVER.-a. Assemble the change lever

and spring to the trigger guard. The toe of the change lever
is seated in one of the longitudinal slots on the change lever,
and as the lever is turned from one position to another it
seats in the other slots. The only function of the spring
and the longitudinal slots is to hold the change lever in the
position in which it is set.
b. Assemble the trigger and pin to the guard.
52
c. Turn the change lever to rear or safe position. In this

position the slot is turned slightly upward, and the full sur-
face of the bar is on the bottom. Pull the trigger. The rear
top end of the trigger is slotted longitudinally, and the metal
on each side of the slot forms two shoulders which rise against
the bottom of the change lever bar.
d. Push the change lever over to the vertical position,
which is the automatic setting. Pull the trigger. The slot
in the change lever is now turned to the front, and the two
shoulders of the trigger, which before engaged the full sur-
face of the change lever bar, now are free to pass up into
the slot of the change lever; also the tongue of metal on the
bottom of the change lever slot passes through the longi-
tudinal slot in the end of the trigger.
e. Push the change lever forward to the semiautomatic
position.
f. The slot is now turned partially down and when the
trigger is pulled the rear end of the trigger passes up into
the change lever slot; also the tongue of metal in the bottom
of the change lever slot is now turned back and does not pass
through the slot in the end of the trigger as it did in the
automatic position.
g. Observe the shape of the connector. It is shaped like
a boot with a toe, and heel. It has a flat surface that slopes
down and toward the front from the head. (Sear spring
ramp.) In rear of the head the profile extends straight
downward for about 1/8 inch, then slopes slightly to the
rear for 0.12 inch. (Sear carrier ramp.) This last slope
is used in a cam action to be explained later. The function
of the narrow, flat top surface of the connector is to raise
the forward end of the sear until cammed out from under
the latter.
h. Place the connector on the connector pin and set
change lever to safe. Pull the trigger. The connector is
not raised, for the obvious reason that the trigger itself can-
not be raised because the change lever bar is in its way.
i. Turn the change lever to the automatic position. Pull
the trigger. The head of the connector is raised and held
in a vertical position and cannot be tipped forward. The
53
tongue on the change lever engages the toe of the connector

as the trigger is pulled and holds the connector upright.
j. Turn the change lever to the semiautomatic position.
Pull the trigger. The tongue on the change lever now does
not engage the toe of the connector, and the head of the con-
nector can now be tipped forward.
k. Note the cross pin on the sear carrier called the connector
stop; also note that just in rear of the connector stop and
on the underside of the sear carrier is an inclined surface
sloping upward in the metal which joins the two sides of the
sear carrier. This surface has a cam action with the above-
mentioned surface on the connector.
1. Completely assemble the trigger mechanism.
m. Note that the center leaf of the sear spring presses on
the front sloping surface of the connector and tends to press
the head of the connector backward. Set the change lever
on "safe" and pull the trigger. The head of the connector
is not raised above the sear carrier, for reasons given previ-
ously. Therefore, the sear nose is not depressed and hence
the safe position. Change over to the automatic position
and pull the trigger; the head of the connector is raised and
held in the vertical position, thus depressing the sear nose
and holding it in this position, which obviously gives auto-
matic fire as long as there are cartridges in the magazine.
The tongue on the change lever tends to hold the connector
vertically and the ramp on the sear carrier tends to cam
the connector forward. The forces exerted by these two
parts on the connector are opposed, hence the trigger mech-
anism is locked when the trigger has been pulled enough to
release slide.
n. Set the change lever for semiautomatic fire. Pull the
trigger slowly. At first the head of the connector rises and
thereby depresses the sear nose, allowing the slide to go for-
ward. If the press on the trigger is continued, the previously
mentioned cam surface on the connector comes in contact
with the cam surface of the sear carrier and the head of the
connector is cammed forward against the pressure of the
center leaf of the sear spring. The connector disengages the
front arm of the sear and the two outside leaves of the sear
spring depress it. The sear nose is thereby raised up in the
54
path of the slide and engages the sear notch when the slide
moves back, thus allowing only one shot to be fired. When
the trigger is released, the center leaf of the sear spring
presses the head of the connector downward and back under
the forward end of the scar so that when the trigger is pulled
again the action is repeated and a single shot is fired.
o. In the semiautomatic position the connector stop pre-
vents the head of the connector being tipped so far forward
that the sear spring cannot push 'it back in place when the
trigger is released. The only function of the change lever
in the semiautomatic position is the limiting of the upward
travel of the trigger when its upper rear shoulders strike the
top of the slot in the change lever, which in this position is
turned down.
SECTION V
OPERATION
* 25. OBJECT.-This section is designed to give the soldier
instruction necessary for the operation of the rifle.
* 26. WHEN TAKEN Up.-The operation of the rifle will be
taken up at any convenient time after instruction in care
and cleaning (sec. III) has been completed.
1 27. USE OF DUMMY CARTRIDGES.-AS prescribed in para-
graph 18.
* 28. TO LOAD MAGAZINE.-TO load the magazine, place the
wide end of the magazine filler over the top of the magazine
so that the groove in the magazine filler fits over the catch
rib of the magazine. Hold the magazine in the same relative
position that it occupies in the rifle, that is, with the catch
rib toward the operator. Then insert a clip of cartridges in
the guides provided in the filler, and with the right thumb
near the base, push the cartridges into the magazine. Each
magazine will hold 20 rounds. (See fig. 30.)
* 29. To LOAD RIFLE.-Press the magazine release. With-
draw the empty magazine. Hold a loaded magazine with its
base in the palm of the right hand, cartridges pointing to the
front. Insert. the magazine between the sides of the receiver
55
'/ 1~ /
251
VI , , .
< t4
automatic fire.
* 32. TO SET CHANGE LEVER CONTROL.-a. For semiautomatic

fire, or single shot, push the change lever to the forward posi-
tion, marked F.
b. For full automatic fire or continuous fire to the capacity
of the magazine, set the change lever in the vertical position
against the change lever stop, marked A.
c. To set the rifle at "safe," depress the change lever stop
and pull the change lever rearward until it covers the change
lever stop. This position is marked S. The change stop
prevents the accidental setting of the change lever at safe,
and at the same time allows a quick change from safe to
either full automatic or semiautomatic fire.
* 33. GAS ADJUSTMENT.-a. General.-(1) The rifle should
normally be operated on the smallest port, and this setting
will never be varied unless the rifle shows signs of insufficient
gas. To aline the smallest port, screw in the gas cylinder with
the combination tool until the shoulder of the gas cylinder
is about one turn from the corresponding shoulder of the
gas cylinder tube and the smallest circle on the cylinder head
is toward the barrel. Lock the cylinder in position. If,
upon firing, the rifle shows signs of insufficient gas, try set-
ting the cylinder one complete turn on each side of the orig-
inal setting. As soon as the proper setting has been obtained
the rifleman will carefully note the position so that he can
quickly assemble the cylinder to the proper point without
trial.
(2) The larger ports are provided for use in case the action
of the rifle has been made sluggish through the collection
of dirt and grit, or the lack of oil under conditions which
render prompt correction impracticable. For this reason
the threads should be kept clean and oiled and the cylinder
free to turn. The extractor, ejector, and the chamber of
the barrel should be examined and cleaned and defects cor-
rected when possible. Under adverse conditions, and when
signs of insufficient gas become apparent, the cylinder should
be unscrewed one-third of a turn, thus registering the medium
circle and alining the medium port with the gas orifice. Re-
peat this operation in order to connect the largest port with
the barrel.
57
(3) Excessive friction or dirt may sometimes prevent the

complete forward movement of the bolt. This condition may
also be caused by the recoil springs having become perma-
nently set or short through continued use while excessively
hot: in such cases. replace the recoil spring.
b. Results of insufficient gas.--(1) Failure to recoil (usually
due to misalined or excessively clogged gas port, or extremely
dirty mechanism).
(2) Failure to eject.
(3) Weak ejection.
(4) Uncontrolled automatic fire (exceptional).
c. Results of too much gas. -(1) Excessive speed, causing
pounding.
(2) Excessive heat in gas operating mechanism.
* 34. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.-a. Automatic rifles will not be
loaded except when on the firing line and with the muzzle
pointed in the direction of the target.
b. Automatic rifles will not be carried loaded except in the
presence of an enemy or a simulated enemy. Loaded rifles
will be carried with the muzzle elevated or to the front.
c. Automatic rifles will be carried with the bolt forward at
all times except in the presence of an actual enemy.
d. Automatic rifles will be assumed to be -loaded whenever
a magazine is in the receiver.
e. Never leave a patch, plug, or other obstruction in the
muzzle or bore.
f. On the range, rifles are cleared before leaving the firing
line. The automatic rifle is cleared by removing the maga-
zine and releasing the bolt to its forward position.
SECTION VI
IMMEDIATE ACTION AND STOPPAGES

* 35. OBJECT.-This section is designed to provide necessary
instruction in the related subjects of immediate action and
stoppages.
* 36. WHEN TAKEN UP.-Instruction in immediate action and
stoppages will be completed before any firing is done by the
individual.
58
* 37. IMMEDIATE ACTION.-a. General.-Immediate action is

the unhesitating application of a probable remedy for a stop-
page. Immediate action deals with the method of reducing
stoppages and not the cause. It is taught as an unhesitating
manual operation to be applied to reduce stoppages without
detailed consideration of their causes.
b. Rifle fails to fire.-Pull the operating handle completely
to the rear and then push it forward. Tap the magazine
fully home. Aim and fire. If stoppage, recurs, pull back the
operating handle slowly to determine position of stoppages,
remove the magazine, and apply proper remedy as explained
in paragraph 38d.
* 38. STOPPAGES.--a. General.-While immediate action and
stoppages are closely related as to subject matter, the former
is treated separately to emphasize its importance as an auto-
matic and definite procedure to be applied to overcome
stoppages. Proper care of the rifle before, during, and after
firing will 'almost always eliminate stoppages. Stoppages
which cannot be remedied by the application of immediate
action can best be eliminated if the soldier has an under-
standing of the functioning of the weapon, and the causes of
stoppages.
b. Types.-(1) Temporary stoppages have been divided
into those found in four positions, dependent upon the posi-
tion where the bolt stops. The position of the stoppage is
determined by pulling the operating handle to the rear until
it strikes the hammer pin.
(2) Boundaries of the positions are-
(a) First position.-Mechanism and operating handle fully
closed.
(b) Second position.-Operatinghandle strikes hammer pin
anywhere from fully closed to a point where operating han-
dle plunger pin rides over raised shoulders on ribs of operat-
ing handle guideway.
(c) Third position.-Operatinghandle strikes hammer pin
anywhere from second position to a point directly over F of
change lever setting.
(d) Fourth position.-Operatinghandle strikes hammer pin
anywhere between third position and rear.
59
c. Probable causes of stoppages.-(1) Failure to extract.

(a) Defective extractor.
(b) Dirt under extractor.
(c) Dirt in chamber.
(d) Pitted chamber.
(e) Weak extractor spring.
(f) Defective ammunition.
(2) Failure to eject.
(a) Insufficient gas.
(b) Defective extractor.
(c) Dirt under extractor.
(d) Ejector does not fit up close to bolt.
(e) Ejector binds on bolt.
(f) Ejector has too much backward play.
(g) Ejector bent backward or otherwise defective.
(h) Weak extractor spring.
(i) Defective ammunition.
(3) Failure to breech.
(a) Dirt between bolt and rear end of barrel.
(b) Primer on mechanism, generally in front of bolt.
(c) Defective bolt lock or pin.
(d) Defective magazine.
(e) Piston binding.
(I) Excessive friction.
(g) Recoil spring too short.
(4) Insufficient gas.
(a) Ports clogged.
(b) Poor fit between gas cylinder tube and bracket.
(c) Gas leakage around piston (worn cylinder).
(d) Piston binding, or cylinder dirty.
(e) Gas cylinder threaded in too far, or vice versa.
(5) Ruptured cartridges.
(a) Locking surface of bolt lock worn.
(b) Bearing between bolt and bolt lock worn.
(c) Face of bolt worn.
(d) Chamber of barrel worn or pitted.
(e) Locking shoulder of receiver worn.
(f) Bolt supports loose or worn.
(g) Defective ammunition.
60
d. Reduction of stoppages.-(1) First-positionstoppages.-

If the stoppage is in the first position, pull operating handle
all the way back and watch ejection.
(a) If nothing is ejected, change magazine.
(b) If loaded round is ejected, change firing pin.
(c) If empty cartridge case is ejected, examine the correct
adjustment of gas cylinder, turning to the next larger port
if necessary.
(2) Second-position stoppage.-If the stoppage is in the
second position, feel for obstruction or bur on face of bolt,
in rear end of chamber, in bolt lock recess, or on bolt lock.
(3) Third-position stoppages-If the stoppage is in the
third position-
(a) If stoppage is due to a ruptured cartridge, use ruptured
cartridge extractor to remove front part of ruptured case
from the chamber. If no ruptured cartridge extractor is
available, oil and sand nose of bullet, put it in chamber, and
let bolt go forward. Pull back operating handle. This will
usually extract the ruptured cartridge. Clean and oil cham-
ber after doing this.
(b) If stoppage is not due to a ruptured cartridge, examine
face of bolt for obstruction.
(4) Fourth-position stoppages.-If the stoppage is in the
fourth position-
(a) If slide moved after trigger was pulled, use clean-
ing rod to push cartridge case from the chamber. If this
stoppage recurs, clean ammunition and clean and lightly
oil chamber with a rag.
(b) If trigger cannot be pulled or if the slide does not
move when trigger is pulled-
1. See if change lever is set on "Safe."
2. Take out trigger guard and correct fault in the
trigger mechanism.
e. The following table may be found of value. It includes
stoppages outlined above and others that have not been
covered but which may occur.
257360°-40 5 61
TABLE OF STOPPAGES
Position Stoppage Cause Remedy in field
First position .-.... 1. Failure to feed 1. Magazine trou-

(operating handle bles.
fully home). a. Magazine not 1. a. Push magazine
fully home. home.
b. Obstruction be- b. Change miaga-
tween lips of zine.'
magazine a n d
top cartridge.
c. Weak magazine c. Change maga-
spring. zinc.
d. Magazine dirty_ d. Change maga-
zine; clean later.
e. Magazine tube e. Change inaga-
or lips dented or zine.
bent.
f. Magazine catch f. Change maga-
notch worn. zine.
2. Failure to fire. 2.a. Broken or short 2. a. Change firing
firing pin. pin.
b. Weak recoil b. Change recoil
spring. spring.
c. Excessive fric- c. Clean and oil
tion. friction surfaces
and chamber.
d. Faulty ammu- d. Discard ammu-
nition - defec- nition.
tive primers or
charges.
3. Insufficient 3. a. Gas cylinder 3. a. Correct adjust-
gas. not properly ad- ment of gas cyl-
justed. inder.
O. G a s p or t s b. Turn cylinder to
clogged. next larger port.
Clean at first
opportunity.
c. Piston binding c. Turn cylinder to
-dirty piston next larger port.
and cylinder. Clean and oil at
firstopportunity.
d. Dirty chamber_. d. Turn cylinder to
next larger port.
Oil chamber.
Clean and oil
chamber at first
opportunity.
e. Lack of oil.---- e. Oil chamber and
friction surfaces.
62
Table of Stoppages-Continued
Second poeition
.... 1. Obstructionu 1. Extraneous mat- 1.Feel on face of bolt,
(operating handle ter or burs- in receiver and
strikes hammer a. On face of the chamber, on bolt
pin anywhere bolt. lock, and in bolt-
from fully closed b. In breech recess P lock recess for burs
back to top of where bolt and or extraneous mat-
raised shoulders receiver join. ter. Remove ex-
on op era tin g c. On bolt lock. traneous matter or
handle guide- d. In bolt lock re- burs.
way). cess.
2. Faulty am- 2. Battered round.
munition.
Thirdposition
.-..-. 1. Ruptured 1. Excessive head 1. Use ruptured car-
cartridge. space. tridge extractor to
(operating handle remove ruptured
strikes hammer cartridge case. If
pin between sec- stoppage recurs,
ond position and clean and oil cham-
point directly ber.
over F on re- 2. Failure to 2. a. Broken firing 2. a. Replace firing
ceiver). feed c o m - pin protruding pin.
pletely. from face of bolt.
b. Other obstruc- b. Remove ob-
tion that pre- struction.
vents base of
cartridge from
sliding up across
face of bolt.
3. Mechanism 3. Obstruction- 3. Remove ob-
wedged tight- extraneous mat- struction.
ly. ter between bolt
support and bolt
lock.
4. Faulty am- 4. Battered round.
munition.
Fourth position------ 1. Failure to ex- 1. a. Dirty, rusted, 1. Use cleaning rod
tract. or pitted chainm- to remove empty
ber. cartridge case
(operating handle b. Dirt under ex- and then-
strikes hammer tractor. a. Clean and oil
pin betwee nthird chamber.
position and all b. Clean face of
the way to the bolt and extrac-
rear) tor.
63
Fourth position- c. Defective ex- c. Change extrac-

ContiTnued. tractor. tor.
d. Defective ex- d. Change extrac-
tractor spring. tor spring.
e. Defective am-
munition-so ft
rims on car-
tridges.
2. Trigger will 2. Troubleintrigger
n o t release mechanism-
slide, thepiece a. Change lever 2. a. Setchangelever
being cocked. set on S. on For A.
b. Improper as- b. Take out trig-
sembly which ger guard and ex-
results in failure amine. Replace
of center prong necessary parts
of sear'spring to a n d assemble
push connector properly.
b a c k under
front end of
sear.
c. Defective sear c. Sameasb above.
spring.
d. Defective orlost d. Same as b above.
connector.
3.Obstruction. 3. Extraneous mat- 3. Remove obstrud-
ter between ejection.
tor and bolt.
f. Other stoppages.-In the event of stoppages that are not

mentioned above and that cannot be reduced, the rifle should
be turned in for examination and repair.
SECTION VII
SPARE PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

* 39. SPARE PARTS.-a. The parts of any rifle will in time be-
come unserviceable through breakage or wear resulting from
continuous usage. For this reason spare parts are provided
for replacement of the parts most likely to fail, for use in
making minor repairs, and for general upkeep of the rifle.
64
Twenty-round magazines are also issued as spares, the quan-

tity being based on the allowance of ammunition authorized.
Sets of spare parts should be maintained as complete as pos-
sible at all times, and should be kept clean and lightly oiled to
prevent rust. Whenever a spare part is used to replace a de-
fective part in the rifle, the defective part should be repaired
or a new one substituted in the spare-parts set. Parts that
are carried complete should at all times be correctly assembled
and ready for immediate insertion in the rifle. The allow-
ances of spare parts and of 20-round magazines are pre-
scribed in SNL A-4.
b. With the exception of replacements with the spare parts
mentioned above, repairs or alterations by the using organi-
zations are prohibited.
* 40. ACCESSORIES.-a. General.-Accessoriesinclude the tools
required for disassembling and assembling, and for the clean-
ing and preservation of the rifle. They must not be used for
any purpose other than as prescribed. There are a number
of accessories, the names or general characteristics of which
indicate their uses or application. Therefore, detailed de-
scription or methods of use of such items are not outlined
herein. However, accessories embodying special features or
having special uses are described in the following subpara-
graphs.
b. Brush and thong, caliber .30, complete.-This consists of
the brush, the tip, the weight, and the cord. The thong weight
and tip are made of brass and are provided with holes in which
the thong cord is knotted. The tip is provided with a clean-
ing patch slot and has threads provided on the end to receive
the brush.
c. Brush, chamber-cleaning, Ml.-The chamber-cleaning
brush consists of a curved, flat, steel handle to which is hinged
a chamber cleaning brush at one end and a small bristle dust-
ing brush at the other end.
d. Brush, cleaning, caliber .30, M2.-The brush consists of a
brass wire core with bristles and tip. The core is twisted in a
spiral and holds the bronze bristles in place. The brass tip,
which is threaded for attaching the brush to the cleaning rod,
is soldered to the end of the core.
65
40 BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER-.30, M1918
e. Case, accessory and spareparts, M1918.--This is a leather

box-shaped case, approximately 2¼/4 inches wide, 31/2 inches
high, and 51/2 inches long. It is used to carry the spare parts
and a number of the smaller accessories.
I. Case, carrying,automatic rifle.-The carrying case for the
automatic rifle is made of olive-drab cotton duck and has re-
inforced muzzle and breech ends. An olive-drab cotton web-
bing carrying strap is secured to the case by web chapes.
g. Case, cleaning rod, Ml.-The case is a fabric container
with five pockets, four of which hold the sections of the jointed
cleaning rod, M1, while the fifth holds the cleaning brush,
caliber .30, M2. The contents are secured in their pockets by
a web billet and chape with buckle.
h. Extractor, ruptured cartridge, Mk. 11.--The ruptured
cartridge extractor has the general form of a caliber .30 car-
tridge. It consists of three parts-the spindle, the head, and
the sleeve. To use the ruptured cartridge extractor, the live
cartridges must be removed from the rifle. The ruptured car-
tridge extractor is then inserted through the ruptured open-
ing of the case and pushed forward into the chamber. The
bolt is let forward without excessive shock so that the ex-
tractor of the rifle engages the ruptured cartridge extractor.
As the operating handle is drawn back the ruptured cartridge
extractor holding the ruptured cartridge on its sleeve is
extracted.
i. Filler, magazine.-The magazine filler is a pressed-steel
adapter which may be fitted over the top of an empty maga-
zine when loading. Its method of use is shown in figure 30.
j. Rod, cleaning, M2.-This is a straight rod consisting of
two sections permanently fastened together with a swivel
joint. The front end has a threaded hole for attaching the
cleaning brush and a slot for holding a cleaning patch. The
rear end is provided with a tubular steel handle which swivels
on the rod.
k. Rod, cleaning, jointed, M.--This steel rod consists of
five sections, the first two of which are permanently fastened
together with a swivel joint. The first section has a slot
formed for holding a cleaning patch and a threaded hole for
attaching the cleaning brush. The rear section is provided
with a tubular steel handle which swivels on the rod.
66
1. Sling, gun, M1907.-The gun sling is fastened to the

swivels provided on the rifle. It consists of a long and short
strap, either of which may be lengthened or shortened to suit
the particular soldier using it.
m. Tool, cleaning, gas cylinder.-This is a special tool for
cleaning the gas-operating mechanism. The ends of the tool
body may be used to scrape carbon from the interior of the
gas cylinder and from the face of the gas piston. The drift
which is attached to the body may be used to remove carbon
deposits from the gas ports and from the grooves of the gas
piston. The carbon must be completely removed, but care
also must be exercised to avoid scoring or damaging the gas
cylinder walls or the grooves of the gas piston.
n. Tool, combination.-This tool consists of a steel body
having two spanner wrenches and two screw-driver ends.
The small spanner is used to turn the gas cylinder and flash
hider, the large spanner the rifle barrel. The small screw
driver at the end of the large spanner may be used for the
removal of small screws, the larger screw driver for the re-
moval of the buttstock bolt and the forearm screws.
o. Accessories for pack transport.-Additional accessories
are provided for pack transport of the automatic rifle. They
include the rifle hangar, the carrying case, ammunition chests,
and several straps used for securing the mat6riel transported.
SECTION VIII
AMMUNITION
* 41. GENERAL.-The information in this section pertaining
to the several types of cartridges authorized for use in the
Browning automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918 and M1918A1,
includes a description of the cartridges, means of identifica-
tion, care, use, and ballistic data.
* 42. CLASSIFICATION.-Based upon use, the principal classi-
fications of ammunition for this rifle are-
a. Ball.-Por use against personnel and light mat6riel
targets.
b. Tracer.-Forobservation of fire and incendiary purposes.
67
c. Armor-piercing.-Foruse against armored vehicles, con-

crete shelters, and similar targets.
d. Dummy.-For training. (Cartridges are inert.)
* 43. AMMUNITION LOT NUMBER.-When ammunition is manu-
factured, an ammunition lot number, which becomes an
essential part of the marking, is assigned in accordance with
specifications. This lot number is marked on all packing
containers and the identification card inclosed in each pack-
ing box. It is required for all purposes of record, including
grading and use, reports on condition, functioning, and acci-
dents, in which the ammunition might be involved. Since
it is impracticable to mark the ammunition lot number on
each individual cartridge, every effort should be made to
maintain the ammunition lot number with the cartridges
once they are removed from their original packing. Car-
tridges which have been removed from the original packing
and for which the ammunition lot number has been lost are
placed in grade 3. It is therefore necessary, when cartridges
are removed from original packings, that they be so marked
that the ammunition lot number be preserved.
* 44. GRADE.-Current grades of existing lots of small arms
ammunition are established by the Chief of Ordnance, and
are published in Ordnance Field Service Bulletin No. 3-5.
No lot other than that of current grade appropriate for the
weapon will be fired. Grade 3 ammunition is unserviceable
and will not be fired.
* 45. IDENTIFICATION.-a. Markings.-The contents of original
boxes are readily identified by the markings on the box. Sim-
ilar markings on the carton label identify the contents of
each carton.
b. Color bands.-Colorbands, painted on the sides and ends
of the packing boxes, further identify the various types of
ammunition. The following color bands are used:
Cartridge, armor-piercing_________ Blue on yellow.
Cartridge, ball__-___._____________ Red.
Cartridge, tracer _____-___________ Green on yellow.
Cartridge, dummy ------------____ Green.
68
c. Types and models.-(1) The following types and models

of caliber .30 ammunition are authorized for use in the
Browning automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918 and M1918A1:
(a) Cartridge, ball, caliber .30, M2.
(b) Cartridge, ball, caliber .30, M1.
(c) Cartridge, armor-piercing, caliber .30, M1.
(d) Cartridge, armor-piercing, caliber .30, M2.
(e) Cartridge, armor-piercing, caliber .30, M1922.
(f) Cartridge, dummy, range, caliber .30, M1 or M1921.
(g) Cartridge, tracer, caliber .30, M1.
When removed from their original packing containers, the
cartridges may be identified except as to ammunition lot num-
ber and grade by physical characteristics described below.
(2) Armor-piercing.-All models of caliber .30 armor-
piercing ammunition are distinguished by the nose of the
bullet, which is painted black for a distance of approxi-
mately one-fourth of an inch from the tip. The bullets have
gilding-metal jackets.
(3) Ball.-All models of caliber .30 ball ammunition, ex-
cept the M1906, have bullets with gilding-metal jackets. The
jacket of the M1906 bullet is cupronickel, which has a silvery
appearance. The gilding-metal jacket of the M2 bullet is
tin-coated and hence resembles the M1906 bullet in appear-
ance. The gilding-metal jacket of the M1 bullet is copper-
colored.
(4) Tracer.-Caliber.30 tracer ammunition may be identi-
fied by the nose of the bullet, which is painted red for a dis-
tance of approximately one-fourth of an inch from the tip.
(5) Dummy.-The caliber .30 corrugated dummy cartridge
may be identified by the corrugations formed in the cartridge
case.
* 46. CARE, HANDLING, AND PRESERVATION.---. Small-arms
ammunition is not dangerous to handle. Care, however,
must be exercised to keep the boxes from becoming broken
or damaged. All broken boxes must be immediately repaired
and all original markings transferred to the new parts of
the box. The metal liner should be air-tested and sealed if
equipment for this work is available.
b. Ammunition boxes should not be opened until the am-
munition is required for use. Ammunition removed from
69
the airtight container, particularly in damp climates, is apt

to corrode, thereby causing the ammunition to become un-
serviceable.
ce. The ammunition should be protected from mud, sand,
dirt, and water. If it gets wet or dirty, wipe it off at once.
Light corrosion, if it forms on cartridges, should be wiped
off. However, cartridges should not be polished to make
them look better or brighter.
d. No caliber .30 ammunition will be fired until it has been
identified by ammunition lot number and grade.
e. Do not allow the ammunition to be exposed to the di-
rect rays of the sun for any length of time. This is likely
to seriously affect its firing qualities.
* 47. SToRAGE.-Whenever practicable, small-arms ammuni-
tion should be stored under cover. Should it be necessary to
leave small-arms ammunition in the open, it should be raised
on dunnage at least 6 inches from the ground and the pile
covered with a double thickness of paulin. Suitable trenches
should be dug to prevent water from flowing under the pile.
* 48. BALLISTIC DATA.-Approximate maximum ranges are
as follows:
Yards
Cartridge, ball, caliber .30, M2 _______________ 3, 450
Cartridge, ball, caliber .30, Ml________________ 5, 500
Cartridge, armor-piercing, caliber .30, M1______ 4, 000
Cartridge, armor-piercing, caliber .30, M2______ 4, 500
Cartridge, armor-piercing, caliber .30, M1922___ 4, 400
Cartridge, tracer, caliber .30, M1----__________ 3, 450
70
CHAPTER 2
MARKSMANSHIP-KNOWN-DISTANCE TARGETS
Paragraphs
SECTIOn I. General _----- 49-51
II. Preparatory markmanship training .52-75
___…-
III. Courses to be fired --------------------- - 76-78
IV. Range practice ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ 79-88
V. Regulations governing record practice _------ 89-119
VI. Targets and ranges ------------------------- _ 120-121
SECTION I
GENERAL
* 49. OBJECT.-The object of this chapter is to provide a
thorough and uniform method of training individuals to be
good shots and of testing their proficiency in firing at known-
distance targets with the Browning automatic rifle, caliber
.30, M1918, without bipod.
[ 50. FUNDAMENTALS.-TO become a good automatic rifle shot
the soldier must be trained in the following essentials of good
shooting:
a. Correct sighting and aiming.
b. Correct positions.
c. Correct trigger squeeze.
d. Correct application of rapid fire principles.
e. Knowledge of proper sight adjustments.
* 51. PHASES OF TRAINING.-a. Marksmanship training is
divided into the following phases:
(1) Preparatory marksmanship training.
(2) Range practice.
b. No individual will be given range practice until he has
had a thorough course in preparatory training.
c. The soldier will be proficient in mechanical training
before he receives instruction in marksmanship training.
d. Every man who is to fire on the range will be put through
the preparatory course regardless of previous qualifications.
71
SECTION II
PREPARATORY MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING

* 52. GENERAL.--a. The purpose of preparatory marksman-
ship training is to teach the soldier the essentials of good
shooting and to develop fixed and correct shooting habits
before he undertakes range practice.
b. Preparatory marksmanship training is divided into six
steps, as follows:
(1) Sighting and aiming exercises.
(2) Position exercises.
(3) Trigger-squeeze exercises.
(4) Rapid-fire exercises.
(5) Instruction in the effect of wind, sight changes, and
use of the score book.
(6) Examination of men before starting range practice.
* 53. WHEN TAKEN UP.-Preparatory marksmanship will be
taken up in the period stated in training programs and will
precede range practice. Preparatory marksmanship train-
ing can be covered in 2 training days.
* 54. EQUIPMENT.-a. List of equipment for each eight-man
group.
(1) Two sighting bars.
(2) Two automatic rifles and rests.
(3) Two 3-inch sighting disks. (See fig. 31.)
(4) Four small aiming targets.
(5) One long-range sighting disk.
(6) Two small boxes.
(7) One target frame covered with blank paper for long-
range triangles.
(8) One score book for each man.
(9) Two blank examination forms as shown in paragraph
75.
(10) One rapid-fire target with curtain for each three
groups.
b. Preparation of equipment.-(1) Sighting bar.-Con-
struct the sighting bars from trim lumber and tin strip to the
dimensions and design shown in figure 31. The sighting
bars, as all other equipment, should be constructed so as to
72
present a neat appearance. The tops of the sighting bars,

their front and rear sights, and their eyepieces are painted
black.
(2) Automatic rifle and rest.-An empty ammunition box
or any similar box with notches cut in the ends to fit the
automatic rifle closely makes a good automatic rifle rest.
The automatic rifle is placed in those notches with the
trigger guard just outside one end. The sling is loosened and
pulled to one side. The box is half-filled with earth or sand
to give it stability.
(3) Sighting disks.-Sighting disks are of two sizes. The
disk to be used at a distance of 50 feet is shown in figure 31.
MI 1000 INCH TARGET -T

CUT OUT AND a ' TARGET
PASTED ON TIN. l
FRONT SIGH U FRONT SIGHT Y IN.
PAINTED BLACK FRONT OF TARGET
MA |
SIDE VIEW OF
5/FRONT
SIGHT.
_r ^,REAR SIGHvHTI N
MI lOO IN TARGET
THE SIGHTING BAR. CUT OUT AND
CUT OUT ON
PASTED AND A
STIFF BACKING
FROMTHE SIGHTING DISC.
THESE DIMENSIONSWILL BE GOVERNED

TS T 1FEBY WIDTH &THICKNESS OF BAR.
EYE PIECE
PANTED BLACK.
FIGURE 31.-Construction of sighting bar and sighting disk.
The disk to be used at 200 yards is constructed by pasting

the black silhouette of a standard D target on some stiff
backing, and attaching a 4-foot handle. The sighting disks
have holes in their centers of a size sufficient to admit the
point of a pencil.
(4) Blackening sights.-Ih all preparatory exercises in-
volving aiming and in all range firing both sights of the
rifle are blackened. Before blackening, the sights are cleaned
and all traces of oil removed. The blackening is done by
holding each sight for a few seconds in the point of a small
flame which is of such a nature that a uniform coating of
73
lampblack will be deposited on the metal. Materials com-

monly used for this purpose include carbide or kerosene
lamps, candles, small pine sticks, and shoe paste.
* 55. DUTIES OF LEADERS.-a. Battalion commander.-He re-
quires the officers and noncommissioned officers to be familiar
with the prescribed methods of instruction and coaching,
supervises the instruction within his battalion, and requires
the companies to follow the preparatory exercises and meth-
ods of coaching carefully and in detail.
b. Company commander.-He requires the prescribed
methods of instruction and coaching to be carried out care-
fully and in detail within his company and supervises and
directs the platoon leaders.
c. Platoon leader.-He supervises and directs the squad
leaders in training their squads and examines each man in
his platoon as required in paragraph 75. He keeps up a
copy of the form shown in paragraph 75 for each man.
d. Sergeants.-They assist in the instruction and perform
any other duties as directed by the company and platoon
commanders. They may assist the platoon leaders in keeping
the forms referred to in c above.
e. Squad leaders.-(1) He sees that each man in his squad
is occupied in the designated preparatory training.
(2) He keeps up a separate copy of the form shown in para-
graph 75, and promptly enters the grades made by his men
as the work progresses. He has this form ready for the pla-
toon leader's inspection at any time.
(3) He requires the coaches to correct errors.
NoTE.-The duties of company commanders and squad leaders
in this paragraph apply also to battery and troop commanders and
section leaders of units other than Infantry.
* 56. METHOD OF INSTRUCTION.-a. Men are grouped in pairs,
as coach and pupil, and alternate in assisting and coaching
each other.
b. Correct shooting habits are developed during the pre-
paratory exercises, and to this end the careful execution of
details is required. Training proceeds expeditiously to main-
tain interest. Care will be taken to avoid holding the men
in position until they become uncomfortable. Frequent
short rests will be given.
74
c. Arrangements are made to enable officers and noncom-

missioned officer instructors to complete their own prepara-
tory marksmanship training prior to that of their men in
order that they may give their entire attention to the men
whom they are to 'direct and instruct.
* 57. DUTIES OF COACHES.-The successful conduct of the pre-
paratory exercises largely depends upon the attention of the
coaches to their duties. Officers and noncommissioned offi-
cers are specifically charged with the supervision of coaches
as well as of pupils. They will require the coaches to have
their pupils execute all steps of the preparatory exercises
correctly. The duties of a coach are specific and during the
progress of the preparatory exercises include necessary cor-
rection of the pupil to see that-
a. Sights are blackened.
b. Gun sling is properly adjusted.
c. Position is taken correctly.
d. Slack is taken up promptly.
e. Aim is carefully taken.
f. Breath is held during aiming (by watching pupil's back).
g. Trigger is pressed properly.
h, Pupil calls the shot.
· 58. FIRST SIGHTING AND AIMING EXERCISE--SIGHTING BAR.-
The instructor or squad leader shows a sighting bar to his
group and explains its use as follows, being careful to point
out the various parts of the bar as he refers to them:
a. The front and rear sights on the sighting bar represent
enlarged rifle sights.
b. The eyepiece on the sighting bar has no counterpart on
the rifle. The eyepiece on the sighting bar is used as an aid
to instruction because it enables the alinement of the sights
to be demonstrated easily. The movable target on the sight-
ing bar enables any alinement of the sight upon the silhouette
to be shown.
c. He next explains the peep sight to his group and shows
each man a correct sight alinement with the targets re-
moved. (See fig. 32.)
d. He next describes the correct aim. He explains that
the top of the front sight is centered on the rear sight so as
just to touch the bottom of the silhouette.
75
58-59 BROWNING AUTOMATIC MEFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918
e. He explains that the eye should be focused on the sight

picture, being sure that his front sight is distinct against the
target, and he assures himself by questioning the pupils that
each man understands what this means.
f. He adjusts the rear sight of the sighting bar and the
movable target so as to illustrate the correct aim and has
each man observe it by looking through the eyepiece.
g. He adjusts the rear sight and the movable target of the
sighting bar so as to illustrate various small errors and has
each man of the group detect and describe them.
c,
FIGURE 32.-Correct sight with sighting bar.
h. Each man will then again be shown the bar with the
correct aim illustrated.
i. Each man will then be required to adjust the sighting bar
with the correct aim until he is proficient, the coach and
pupil method being used.
* 59. SECOND SIGHTING AND AIMING EXERCISE-ALINING SIL-
HOUETTE AND SIGHTS.-A rifle for each subgroup is placed in a
rifle rest and pointed at a blank sheet of paper mounted on a
box at which a soldier with the small disk is stationed as
marker. The coach or an instructor takes the prone position
and without touching the rifle looks through the sights. He
directs the marker, by voice or signal, to move the small disk
76
a;
.L2
Q
x
a)
bD
.E
a)
bfl
r:
a)
a)
r.
0
U,
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257360'-40-6 77
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e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a
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it_ : o~~~~~
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4 4,
78~~~~~~~~~~~~r
until the bottom of the silhouette is in correct alinement with

the sights. He then calls, "Hold," at which signal the marker
will hold the small disk in position. The coach or instructor
moves away from the rifle and directs the pupil to look
through the sights in order to observe the correct aim. He
then requires the pupil to execute the exercise for himself,
being careful to check the alinement which the pupil obtains.
'60. THIRD SIGHTING AND AIMING EXERCISE-MAKING SHOT
GROUPS.-a. The object of this exercise is to teach uniform
and correct aiming.
b. The exercise is conducted as follows: The rifle with
blackened sights is placed in a rifle rest and pointed at a blank
sheet of paper mounted on a box 50 feet away. The pupil
takes the prone position without touching the rifle or rests
and looks through the sights. The pupil or coach directs the
marker to move the small disk until the bottom of the sil-
houette is in correct alinement with the sights and then calls,
"Hold." The instructor checks the alinement and then calls,
"Mark." The marker immediately marks a dot on the paper
with a sharp-pointed pencil inserted through the hole in the
silhouette. The small disk is removed and the dot numbered.
The pupil repeats this operation until three dots, numbered
1, 2, and 3, have been made. These dots outline the aiming
group and the pupil's name is written under it. The size and
shape of the aiming group will be discussed with the coach
or instructor and the cause of error pointed out and corrected.
This exercise is repeated until proficiency is attained. A
good group of three marks can be covered by the eraser of an
ordinary pencil (or a circle 0.2 inch in diameter).
c. A similar exercise will also be held during the period of
preparatory marksmanship training at 200 yards with the
movable silhouette. If the exercise is properly handled, it
helps greatly to sustain interest in the work and to teach
correct aiming. At 200 yards a man should be able to make
an aiming group that can be covered with the small (3-inch)
sighting disk.
d. Tracings are made of each man's 200-yard aiming group.
These tracings are marked with the men's names, turned over
to the platoon leader for his information, and shown to the
men with appropriate mention of errors to be corrected.
79
e. The triangle exercise may be continued during the re-

maining periods of preparatory marksmanship training to
maintain interest and to secure the proficiency of men who
require special instruction.
U 61. POSITION EXERCISES.-a. General.-Instructionin posi-
tion will include the use of the gun sling, holding the breath,
and aiming in each position. Small targets should be set up
for each position to assist the aim.
b. Scope of instruction.-Detailed instruction will be given
in each of the positions described in paragraphs 62 to 66,
inclusive.
c. General rules governing all positions.-(1) To assume
any position except the prone position, first half-face to the
right and then assume the position.
(2) Upon assuming any position there is a point at which
the rifle points naturally and without effort. If this point is
not the center of the target, the whole body must be shifted
so as to bring the target into proper alinement.
(3) The right hand grasps the small of the stock. The
thumb may be around the small of the stock or on top of the
stock.
(4) The left hand is not forced forward farther than is
comfortable and convenient in the prone, kneeling, or sitting
position. (In the prone position with muzzle rest, the left
hand grasps the sling.) The left wrist is straight and the
rifle is placed in the crotch formed by the thumb and index
finger and resting on the heel of the hand.
(5) The left elbow is as nearly under the rifle as it can be
placed without strain.
(6) The trigger is pressed with the second joint of the index
finger; the first joint may be used if necessary.
(7) The cheek firmly rests against the stock and is placed
as far forward as possible without strain to bring the eye
near the rear sight.
(8) Men will not be permitted to shoot in the left-handed
position.
d. Gun sling.-(1) The gun sling, properly adjusted, is of
great assistance in shooting in that it helps to steady the rifle.
When used, each man will be assisted by the instructor in
securing the correct adjustment for his sling. In a firing
80
position the sling is adjusted to give firm support without dis-

comfort to the soldier. The gun sling is readjusted for drill
purposes by means of the lower loop without changing the
adjustment of the upper loop.
(2) There are two authorized adjustments-the loop sling
and the hasty sling. The hasty sling is more rapidly adjusted
than the loop sling but it gives less support.
(a) Loop adjustment.
1. Loosen the lower loop.
2. Insert the left arm through upper loop from right
to left, so that the upper loop is near the shoul-
der and well above the biceps muscle.
3. Pull the keepers and hook close against the arm
to keep the upper loop in place.
4. Move the left hand over the top of the sling and
grasp the forearm of the rifle near the center so
as to cause the sling to lie smoothly along the
hand and wrist. The lower loop, not used in
this adjustment, should be so loose as to pre-
vent any pull upon it. Neither end will be
removed from either swivel.
(b) Hasty sling adjustment.
1. Loosen the lower loop.
2. Grasp the forearm of the rifle near the center
with the left hand and grasp the small of the
stock with the right hand.
3. Throw the sling to the left and catch it above the
elbow and high on the arm.
4. Remove the left hand from the rifle, pass the left
hand under the sling, then over the sling, and
regrasp the rifle with the left hand so as to
cause the sling to lie along the hand and
wrist. The sling may be given one-half turn
to the left and then adjusted. This twisting
causes the sling to lie smoothly along the
hand and wrist.
e. Holding breath.-The breath is held during aiming.
T-o accomplish this, draw a little more air into the lungs
than is used in an ordinary breath. Let out a little of this
air and hold the rest naturally and without constraint.
81
I. Taking up trigger slack.-The first movement of the

trigger which takes place when light pressure is applied is
called taking up the slack. It is part of the position exercise
because this play must be taken up by the finger as soon as
the correct position is assumed and before careful aiming is
begun. The entire amount of slack is taken up by one posi-
tive movement of the finger.
g. Canting rifie.-In all positions the rifle is squarely held;
that is, not tipped or canted from a vertical plane passing
through its long axis. It should be understood, however,
that unless it is pronounced this error in position will not
materially affect the aim or the shot.
* 62. PRONE POSITION WITH HASTY OR LooP SLING.-In assum-
ing the prone position the body should be as straight behind
the piece as the conformation of the firer will permit. The
angle of the body to the line of aim should not exceed 150.
The legs should be well apart, the inside of the feet flat on
the ground, or as nearly so as can be attained without strain.
The left elbow should be approximately under the piece and
the right elbow drawn in fairly close to the body. The posi-
tion of the elbow should distribute the weight evenly and raise
the chest slightly off the ground. The; right hand grasps the
small of the stock. The left hand should not be forced for-
ward to the sling swivel, but should be as far forward as is
comfortable and convenient for the individual firer. The
rifle is placed in the crotch formed by the thumb and index
finger and rests on the heel of the hand. The sling should be
just sufficiently tight to offer support, but not so tight as to
have a tendency to pull the left elbow to the left. The cheek
should be resting firmly against the stock with the eye looking
through the rear sight, without straining the neck muscles.
The right thumb may be over the small of the stock, or on
top of the stock; it should not be placed alongside the stock.
The exact details of the position will vary, depending upon
the conformation of the individual firer. However, the firer
must secure a position that will not be changed by the recoil
of the weapon. If the left elbow or the right elbow is moved
by the recoil of the piece, the firer will find it necessary to
"fight" his way back into position after each shot and valu-
able time will be lost. When the correct position has been
82
attained it will be found that upon discharge the muzzle will

move slightly up and very slightly to the right, and that it
will then settle back close to the original aiming point.
* 63. PRONE POSITION WITH SANDBAG REST.-The prone posi-
tion as described in paragraph 62 is taken with the; following
exceptions:
a. The hasty sling is adjusted on the rifle but not used on
the arm by the firer.
b. The left hand of the firer grasps the sling under the
forearm of the rifle, back of the hand Up, and is pulled down
and to the rear.
,c. The gas cylinder tube is supported by a sandbag. When
first adjusted to the firer, the sandbag should be too high;
that is, high enough so that the aim of the firer will not be
lower than the top of the bull's-eye on the target. Further
adjustment is made by pushing down on the barrel until
the sights are alined on the proper place on the target. Any
tendency to have the sandbag too low must be promptly cor-
rected by the coach.
* 64. SITTING POSITION.-The firer sits half faced to the
right, feet well apart and well braced on the heels which
are slightly dug into the ground, ankles relaxed, body leaning
well forward from the hips with back straight, both arms
resting inside the legs and well supported, cheek resting
firmly against the stock and placed as far forward as pos-
sible without straining, left hand as far forward as con-
venient and comfortable, wrist straight, rifle placed in the
crotch formed by the thumb and index finger and resting on
the heel of the hand. In this position the feet may be
slightly lower than the ground on which the firer sits. Sit-
ting on a low sandbag is authorized. Necessary changes to
adapt the position to the conformation of the man are au-
thorized. Instruction in the sitting position is limited to
that sufficient to acquaint the men with it, as the use of this
position is regarded as exceptional.
* 65. KNEELING POSITION.-The firer kneels half faced to
the right on the right knee, sitting on the right heel, the left
knee bent so that the lower left leg is vertical as viewed from
the front, left arm well under the rifle and resting on the left
83
:· ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c
Cd
:~~~~~~~~~~ i·: | |0
Ca
|ar
|~~~~~~~~~~~~~E C
0|
:0:.~~~~
84
BROWNING AUTOMIATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918 65
Kv~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 44 *
~ ~
ia~~~ai·__8~~~~~_l~~~l~~ssss~~~tl ~ 4
44:
4:
( With sandbag-front view.

IGURE 34-Prone position- Continued.
85
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1-
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0
or.I VI0
ow
se~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r
86~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
a)
90
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a)
87
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00~;~ ~~~f~ f~v0
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: ff \ 0 fff~t0 ;uS ffffuC0CS'; fff.0Xf ,52Si
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88
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89
knee with the point of the elbow beyond the kneecap, right
elbow approximately at the height of the shoulder, cheek
resting firmly against the stock and placed as far forward
as possible without strain. Sitting on the side of the foot
instead of the heel is authorized. The center of balance of
the firer should be low and forward.
1 66. ASSAULT FIRE POSITION.-In this position, the automatic
rifle is held with the butt under the right armpit; clasped
FIGURE 37.-Assault fire position.
firmly between the body and the upper portion of the arm,
the sling over the left shoulder.
* 67. PROCEDURE IN CONDUCTING POSITION EXERCISES.-a. Small
bull's-eyes are used as aiming points. These bull's-eyes
should be placed at a range of 1,000 inches and at different
heights so that in aiming from various positions the auto-
matic rifle will be nearly horizontal, or standard known-
90
distance targets may be installed at distances used on the

known-distance range.
b. Before taking up each phase of the position exercise,
the instructor assembles his squad or group and-
(1) Shows the proper method of blackening the front and
rear sights of the automatic rifle, and has each pupil blacken
his sights.
(2) Explains and demonstrates the hasty sling adjustment
and assists each pupil to adjust his sling. He explains the
loop-sling adjustment and assists each pupil to adjust his
sling.
(3) Explains and demonstrates the proper manner of tak-
ing up the trigger slack and has each pupil practice it.
(4) Explains and demonstrates the proper manner of hold-
ing the breath and has each pupil practice it.
(5) Explains the general rules which apply to all positions.
(6) Explains and demonstrates the different positions.
c. Following explanations and demonstrations the instruc-
tion becomes individual by the coach-and-pupil method.
Each pupil, after seeing that his sights are blackened, ad-
justs his sling, takes position, takes up the slack, aims care-
fully, and holds his breath while aiming. As soon as his
aim becomes unsteady, the exercise ceases. After a short
rest the pupil repeats the exercise without further com-
mand. The trigger is not squeezed in the position exercises.
Exercises are conducted in all positions.
d. Duties of coach.-In the position exercises the coach
sees that-
(1) Sights are blackened.
(2) Gun sling is properly adjusted, is tight enough to give
support, and is high up on the arm.
(3) Proper position is taken.
(4) Slack is taken up promptly.
(5) Pupil aims.
(6) Breath is held while aiming.
The coach checks the pupil's manner of holding his breath
by watching his back.
* 68. TRIGGER SQUEEZE EXERCISE.--a. General.-In both slow
and time fire it is important to squeeze the trigger in such
a way as to fire the rifle without affecting the aim. With
91
the automatic rifle it is necessary to hold the trigger to the

rear a brief interval after the shot is fired in order that two
shots will not be fired automatically. A good shot knows
that he cannot get results by jerking the trigger at the
exact moment at which the sights are alined on the mark.
He therefore holds his aim as steadily as possible and
squeezes the trigger by a constantly increasing pressure ap-
plied directly to the rear. This method of squeezing the
trigger must be carried out in all preparatory exercises or
the value of the practice is lost.
b. Trigger squeeze exercises will be carried out in the
preparatory exercises regardless of the fact that the men
undergoing instruction may have just completed firing with
the U. S. rifle, caliber .30, M1903, or the U. S. rifle, caliber
.30, MI. The forward movement of the bolt when the
.trigger is squeezed is confusing to many men and causes
them to allow the alinement of the sights to become incor-
rect. The piece must be held steady and in perfect aline-
ment during this forward movement.
c. Calling shot.-The pupil must always notice where the
sights are pointed at the instant the rifle is fired, or when
the bolt reaches its forward position in simulated fire, and
call out at once where he thinks the bullet will hit. In rapid
fire he should call the last shot.
d. Exercises.-(1) The coach-and-pupil method being used,
the pupil is first taught trigger squeeze in the prone position
with sandbag. In this position he can hold steadily while
he squeezes the trigger. After proficiency is obtained in
the prone position with the sandbag, trigger squeeze will be
practiced in the sitting and kneeling positions.
(2) In all exercises where fire is simulated, men will carry
out the correct principles of aiming, squeezing the trigger,
and calling the shot.
* 69. RAPID-FIRE EXERCISE.-a. Rapid-fire exercises enable
the soldier to gain dexterity in the manipulation of the auto-
matic rifle. Efficient manipulation is an important factor in
automatic rifle firing.
b. Rapid-fire exercises are held at short ranges with D tar-
gets in frames as aiming points. The exercises include ob-
92
servance of the principles of sighting, positions, and trigger

squeeze as taught in the preceding exercises,
c. During semiautomatic firing it is essential that the firer
count his shots so that he will know when the last one has
been fired and the magazine is empty. This prevents sending
the bolt home on an empty chamber, which would necessitate
pulling back the operating handle and so waste time.
d. When the last shot in the magazine is fired, the bolt
being in the rearward position and the rifle held horizon-
tally, the automatic riflemen pushes the magazine release
with his right thumb and the magazine falls out of its own
weight.
e. Magazines are so placed in the belt that when grasped
and carried forward by the right hand the long portion will
be to the rear. Thus they may be readily inserted in the
magazine opening in the receiver.
f. Each soldier changes his own magazines. He must be
able to do it in 2 to 4 seconds while in any position. He tests
all magazines before firing to see that they will fall out of
their own weight when empty.
g. During rapid fire preparatory exercises, the bolt being
left in the forward position, and the change lever being set
at F, firing is simulated by squeezing the trigger until it
clicks for each shot.
h. Duties of coach.-In a rapid-fire exercise the coach in-
sures that-
(1) Sights are set for the ranges designated and are
blackened.
(2) Gun sling is properly adjusted.
(3) Correct position is taken.
(4) Slack is taken up promptly.
(5) Breath is held while aiming.
(6) Trigger is squeezed properly.
(7) Each man counts his shots.
(8) Magazines are dropped out after the last shot.
(9) New magazine is drawn from the belt and placed in
the receiver with one rapid, smooth movement.
i. Empty magazines are picked up and placed in the belt.
In known-distance firing they will be placed in the belt at the
conclusion of the firing of the exercise.
257360'-40-7 93
Firing.
Pressng in Magazine Release with Right Tliumb'
Magazines Should be Sufficenlly Smooth to Drop Out
New Magazme
Reochmng forOld Magazine
Repacnng9 D Magazine in Belt Before Refiring

FIGUIE S8.-Changing magazine drill.
94
· 70. SIGHT SETTING.-a. Instruction or a review of sight set-

ting as set forth in the following paragraphs of this section
will be completed during the period devoted to preparatory
marksmanship training. Instruction or a review of the use
of the scorebook in accordance with the instructions con-
tained therein will be similarly completed. In connection with
this subject those under instruction will be informed that
care exercised in the required use of the scorebook during
range practice will materially assist them in becoming quali-
fied shots.
b. Practical instruction in sight setting and in keeping the
scorebooks may be given indoors or under shelter during
inclement weather with such simple equipment as black-
boards, targets, the automatic rifle, scorebooks, and pencils.
* 71. ELEVATION RULE.---a. Changing the elevation 100 yards
at any range will give a change on the target, in inches, equal
to the square of the range (expressed in hundreds of yards).
Example: At 200 yards, changing the elevation 100 yards
makes 4 inches' change on the target; at 300 yards, 9 inches';
at 500 yards, 25 inches'; at 600 yards, 36 inches'. This rule is
not exact, but near enough for all practical purposes.
b. The horizontal lines in the model targets in the score-
book also show how much change to make in the elevation at
each range. When a change in elevation is necessary, it is
best to consult the model target in the scorebook before
deciding how much of a change to make.
* 72. WINDAGE.-The horizontal clock system is used to de-
scribe the direction of the wind. In this system the firer is
assumed to be at the center of a clock and the target at
12 o'clock. A 3-o'clock wind then blows directly from the
right, a 9-o'clock wind directly from the left, and other winds
from their corresponding directions on the clock. An aiming
point is taken to the right to counteract the effects of winds
coming from the right of the clock and to the left to counter-
act those coming from the left. The table of wind allowances
shown in paragraph 8c on page 9 of the Individual Score
Book for the Rifle (W. D., A. G. O. Form No. 82) is utilized
to obtain the distance to aim off the silhouette for the first
shot.
95
* 73. EXPLANATION OF ZERO.-a. An explanation of the zero

of the automatic rifle should be included in the instruction
in sight setting. The zero of the automatic rifle for any
range is that sight setting in elevation, and the aiming point,
which will center the shot group on the target on a day when
there is good light and no wind. It may vary for the same
rifle with different men on account of the differences in eye-
sight. Each man should understand this explanation of the
zero of a rifle, and that he will be required to keep a record of
the zero elevations and aiming points for his own rifle for the
various ranges in his score book.
b. Instructions for zeroing the rifle on the 1,000-inch range
and on the known-distance range are given in section IV.
* 74. SCORE Boor.--a. The use by the soldier of a score book
to keep a personal record of the results and conditions of his
firing throughout the period of range practice is as necessary
with the automatic rifle as with the service rifle. The Indi-
vidual Score Book for the Rifle is used for the automatic
rifle.
b. The use of the score book for the automatic rifle is the
same as for the service rifle. Certain variations are noted
as follows:
(1) The aiming point used for each shot is plotted in the
column headed "Call."
(2) Upon completion of the score, no entry is made after
the words "zero windage." In place of zero windage the
aiming point for the rifle at that range is determined, and
its location indicated by an X on the recording target.
* 75. EXAMINATION.-a. Men will be examined prior to pro-
ceeding to range practice to determine their proficiency in
the subjects covered in chapter 1 and in section II of chapter
2.
b. Type examination on mechanical training.-The follow-
ing questions and answers may constitute the examination on
mechanical training:
Q. What is the name of the rifle? A. The Browning auto-
matic rifle, caliber .30, M1918.
Q. What type weapon is it? A. Shoulder weapon, gas-
operated, air-cooled, and magazine-fed.
96
Q. How is the barrel cooled? A. There is no special cooling

device. The barrel is merely exposed to the air.
Q. What is meant by gas operated? A. All of the functions
of the automatic rifle, such as extraction and feeding, are
accomplished by a small portion of gas escaping through a
port in the barrel and impinging on a piston.
Q. How many rounds are carried in the magazine? A.
Twenty.
Q. How much does the automatic rifle weigh with sling and
without magazine? A. Fifteen pounds fourteen ounces.
Q. From what positions may the automatic rifle be fired?
A. From any of the positions used with the service rifle.
Q. What is the best rate of fire? A. Semiautomatic fire at
the rate of 40 to 60 shots per minute.
Q. What is meant by semiautomatic fire? A. Squeezing
the trigger for each shot that is fired.
Q. How is the examination on disassembling and assem-
bling of the automatic rifle conducted? A. (Man being ex-
amined disassembles and assembles the rifle, naming parts.)
Q. How is the examination on disassembling and assem-
bling of the trigger mechanism conducted? A. (Man being
examined disassembles and assembles trigger mechanism,
naming each part.)
Q. What care must be taken of the magazines? A. The
magazines must be given the best of care and kept in perfect
condition. They will be kept cleaned and well oiled. They
will not be dented or bent.
Q. How are the magazines filled? A. By placing the maga-
zine filler over the magazine and loading four clips in the
same manner as in the service rifle.
Q. How are the magazines loaded into the automatic rifle?
A. (Man being examined loads automatic rifle and releases
magazine.)
Q. What do the letters F, A, and S on the receiver mean?
A. The letter F means semiautomatic fire; the letter A means
automatic fire; and the letter S means safety.
Q. Why should the accessory and spare-parts kit be car-
ried? A. Because it contains equipment which is necessary
to keep the automatic rifle in action.
97
75 BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, NM1918
Q. How is the firing pin removed without disassembling

the automatic rifle? A. (Man being examined shows how it
is done.)
Q. How is the extractor removed without disassembling the
automatic rifle? A. (Man being examined, shows how it is
done.)
Q. Why does the automatic rifle fire a single shot when
the change lever is turned to F? A. Because the lug on the
shank of the change lever is turned away from the toe of the
connector, allowing the connector to rise until the cam sur-
face on the rear of the head of the connector strikes the cam
surface on the sear carrier, thereby forcing the head of the
connector out from under the sear.
Q. Why cannot the trigger be pulled when the change lever
is set on S? A. Because the change lever is turned so that
the solid portion of the shank of the change lever is struck
by the shoulders of the trigger.
Q. What is the first thing to do in case of any stoppage?
A. Tap the magazine, pull back and push forward the oper-
ating handle, aim, and try to fire again.
Q. What is the next thing to do in case you have tried to
fire again and the stoppage recurs? A. Pull back the operat-
ing handle slowly until it strikes the hammer pin and see
what the position of the stoppage is; drop out the magazine;
then apply immediate action.
Q. What are the three stoppages in the first position? A.
Failure to feed, failure to fire, and insufficient gas.
Q. What things may cause failure to fire in the first posi-
tion? A. Defective ammunition, broken firing pin, weak
recoil spring, and too much friction.
Q. What usually causes failure to feed? A. Magazine
trouble.
Q. How can you tell when the automatic rifle is not getting
enough gas? A. The rifle will fire but the bolt will not go
to the rear.
Q. If your automatic rifle is giving you trouble, due to
failure to extract, what is probably the trouble? A. The
chamber of the rifle has not been properly cleaned.
Q. In what way does cleaning the automatic rifle after
firing differ from cleaning the service rifle? A. It is neces-
98
sary to clean the piston, gas, cylinder, chamber, and maga-

zines, as well as the bore.
Q. What solution is used to remove powder and primer
mixture fouling from barrel? A. Soda ash solution or hot
soapy water.
Q. How should the automatic rifle be oiled? A. The auto-
matic rifle should be oiled by wiping a thin film of approved
oil over all parts after cleaning. When firing is done in the
field, a light film of oil should be placed on the working parts,
especially points where a great deal of friction occurs.
Q. Why cannot the barrel be removed and cleaned from
the breech? A. It is very difficult to replace the barrel as
tightly as it should be and as soon as the barrel works loose
the rifle will develop head space trouble. When replacement
is necessary it should be turned in.
c. Preparatoryexercises.-The examination on section II,
chapter 2, will consist of questions and demonstrations de-
signed to test the soldier's knowledge and proficiency in the
preparatory exercises.
d. The form shown below will be completed, for each indi-
vidual who is to fire, as an essential part of this examination.
Form showing state of instruction
Jon es - -. .. -
Smith .............
99
99
Excellent
and has
instruc-
tional
Fair Good Very good Excellent ability
ax X X 2c
X
SECTION III
COURSES TO BE FIRED
* 76. SCOPE AND OBJECT OF RANGE PRACTICE.-a. Range prac-
tice is divided into two phases:
(1) 1,000-inch range practice.
(2) Known-distance range practice.
b. Practice on the 1,000-inch range is included in all marks-
manship courses to conserve time, ammunition, and troop
labor during the range season. The 1,000-inch range pro-
vides a convenient short-distance range whereon the soldier
can receive training with service ammunition in the funda-
mentals of automatic rifle marksmanship. Firing on the
1,000-inch range will be included in instruction practice for
every individual firing a qualification course. The amount
of such firing within the limits set forth in the tables will be
determined by the company or higher commander. In gen-
eral, recruits will require more of this type of firing in their
instruction than previously qualified men. All range firing
will be semiautomatic fire. The sandbag will be used for the
muzzle rest prescribed in the firing tables.
* 77. SEQUENCE OF FIRING.-The instruction practice outlined
for each course is intended to serve as a guide. Variations
may be made in the sequence prescribed within instruction
practice to take advantage of time, weather, and range facili-
ties. Variations may be made in the sequence prescribed
within record practice for the same reasons. In no case will
an individual's record practice in a course be interspersed
with his instruction practice.
* 78. MARKSMANSHIP CoURSES.-One of the following courses
will be fired by each automatic rifleman. The conduct and
rules governing these courses are covered in sections IV and V
100
of chapter 2. The particular course to be fired will be

designated by higher authority in accordance with the pro-
visions of AR 775-10.
a. Course A.-(1) 1,000-inch range.-(a) To zero rifle.
TABLE I
(inhges) Time Shots Target Position Remarks
1,000 -_ No limit_ 5 No. 1, 1,000-inch Prone, muzzle

target. rest.
1,000 --- do ------ 5 No. 2, 1,000-inch Prone..-. . Loop
.... sling.
target.
1,000 --- do ------ 5 No. 3, 1,000-inch Kneeling ------- Hasty sling.
target.
(b) Instruction practice.

TASLE II
Range Time
(inchgs(seconedsShots Target Position Remarks
1,000.-- 15 ---- - 5 No. 1, 1,000-inch Prone, muzzle

target. rest.
1,000_-- 15 ------ 5 No. 2, 1,000-inch Sitting -.-- - Hasty sling.
target.
1,000_- 15 ------ 5 No. 3, 1,000-inch Kneeling ----.. Do.
target.
1,000. .-----
55 12 Nos. 1,2,3, and 4, Prone, muzzle Fourmagazinesof
1,000-inch target. rest. three rounds
each.
(2) Known-distance range.-(a) Instruction Practice.

TABLE III
Range
(yards) Time Shots Target Position Remarks
200 No limit- 5 Rifle D -.. Prone, muzzle rest_-_

200 ---do. . .5 ---- do ------ Kneeling - ------------ Hasty sling.
0)UU.. do -- 5 -. . -do ------ Prone, muzzle rest
500 do 5- do Do.
101
TABLE IV
Range Time
(yards) (seconds)Sho Target Position Remarks
200 .--- No limit 5 Rifle D ... Prone --.. --.........- Loop sling.
200 ----- do 5 -. -do ------ Kneeling .-...- Hasty sling.
300 ----- do 5 -.. .----
do Prone...- . Loop
...........
sl'ng.
300 ----- 12-------. 5 -. -do ------ Prone, muzzle rest--.
500 ---- Nolimit 5-.-- do ----- Prone ......-. . Loop sling.
500 ----- 15 -------- 5 - . do -. . Prone, muzzle rest-.
TABLE V
Rangerds) (seconds) Target Position Remarks
200 Nolimit._ 5 Rifle D.--- Kneeling.------ Hasty sling.

200----- 30 -------. 9 -. ..-
-do Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
rest. three rounds each.
300 No limit. 5 Rifle D
.. Prone ----------. Loop sling.
300 35.-. 9 do ---- Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
500 No limit. 5 -. -do ------ Prone.---------- Loop sling.
500 40 .----- 9 -. ..-.
-do Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
TABLE VI
Range Time Shots Target Position Remarks

(yards) (seconds)
200 35.--- 15 RifleD_-.. Prone, muzzle Three magazines of

rest. five rounds each.
300 40-. 15 . do ---- do Do.
500 45.. 15 do do. Do.
102
(b) Record practice.
TABLE VII
Range
(yards) Time
(seconds) Shots Target Position Remarks
200 ..-. Nolimit__ 5 Rifle D ----- Kneeling l----.--- Hasty sling.

200 ---- 35--. . . 15 .- ---
do ------- Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
300 ..-. Nolimit_. 5 ---- do------- Prone.---.----- Loop sling.
300 .- 40.------- 1S5-.-- do----- Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
500 --. No limit.. (1) -... do------ Prone -..-..-- Loop sling.
500-.. 45----- . . 15 ----- do----- Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
12 sighting shots, 5 for record.
b. Course B.-(1) 1,000-inch range.- Fire tables I and II of

course A.
(2) Known-distance range.-(a) Instruction practice.
TABLE VIII
Range Time Shots Target Position Remarks

(yards)
200 No limit 5 Rifle...D Prone.-. . Loop sling.

200 _-do-.... 5 .do IKneeling - Hasty sling.
300 ___do- .5- ..----do Prone .-.... Loop sling.
TABTLI IX
(yards) (seconds)
(yards) (Tieon hots Target Position Remarks
200 No limit 5 Rifle D.-. Prone, muzzle

rest.
200 ___do- .... 5 -.-- .-..do Kneeling --... . Hasty
. sling.
300 do 5 do Prone -- Loopsling.
300 12- 5 do Prone, muzzle
rest.
103
TABLE X
Range Time
(yards)
ang (seconds) hots Target Position Remarks
200 No limit 5 Rifle D-- Kneeling -------- Hasty sling.

200 30-------- 9- --. do-- Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
300 No limit 5 ...- do ----- Prone ----... -- Loop sling.
300 35 .-. . 9....---- do----- Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
TABLE XI
Range Time
(yards) (seconds) hots Target Position Remarks
200 35 15 Rifle D - Prone, muzzle Three magazines of

300 40 15 do do - - Do.
TABLE XII
Range Time
(yards) (seconds) Shots Target Position Remarks
200 Nolimit__ 5 Rifle D .-- Kneeling --------- Hasty sling.

200 35 .------ 15 -.-- do-... Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
300 Nolimit._ 5 ---- . do ----- Prone ---.---- Loop sling.
300 40 ------- 15 ---- do ------ Prone, muzzle Three magazines .of
c. Course C.-(1) 1,000-inch range.--Fire tables I and II

of course A.
104
(2) Knoumwn-distance range.-(a) Instruction practice.

TABLE XIII
(Range
(yards)
Time Shots Target Position Remarks
200 No limit_ 5 Rifle D-. Prone.------ Loop sling.

200 __.do --..- 5 ---- do--.---- Kneeling --------
- Hasty sling.
TABLE XIV (fire twice)
(yards) Time
200 No limit. 5 Rifle D --. Prone --.... . Loop

.. sling.
...
200 - do 5 ---- ...-.do Kneeling.---.... Hasty sling.
200 35 ------- 15 ---- . do-.... Prone, muzzle Three magazines of

TABLE XV
Range
(yards) Time
(seconds) Shots Target Position Remarks
200 No limit. 5 Rifle D .... Prone.----------- Loop sling.

200 ._.do
. . . 5s - .. do -..-.
. Kneeling
. --.------ Hasty sling.
200 50 .------ 30 ----. do ---- Prone, muzzle Three magazines of
rest. ten rounds eachj
d. Course D-1,000-inch range.-(1) Instructionpractice.-

Fire tables I and II of course A.
(2) Record practice.-Firetable II of course A.
SECTION IV
RANGE PRACTICE
* 79. GENERAL.-a. Trainingprograms and schedules.-Train-
ing programs and schedules will provide a period for range
practice.
105
b. Range practice.-Range practice includes both 1,000-

inch firing and known-distance firing.
c. Officers' range practice.-The officers of an organization
will be enabled to complete their own range practice in ad-
vance- of- their men whenever practicable in order that their
entire attention may be given to their instructional duties.
d. Uniform.-The uniform to be worn during instruction
practice and record practice will be prescribed by the com-
manding officer. The automatic rifleman's belt will be worn
during instruction practice and record practice.
e. Use of pads.-The use of elbow pads is recommended.
The use of shoulder pads is unnecessary but is permitted.
U 80. ORGANIZATION.-a. Officer In charge of firing.-An officer
in charge of firing will be designated by the responsible com-
mander. The officer in charge of firing, or his deputy, will be
present during all firing and will be in charge of the practice
and safety precautions on the range.
b. The officers, noncommissioned officers, and coaches of
the units on the range will perform duties generally similar
to those prescribed for them in preparatory marksmanship
instruction, See section II.
c. Range officer.-A range officer with such commissioned
and enlisted assistants as are necessary will be appointed by
the post or station commander well in advance of range prac-
tice. At large camps or stations where the coordination of
range practice for different organizations is involved, he may
-function as the direct representative of the camp or station
commander. In other cases he should be made responsible to
the officer in charge of firing and in all cases should cooperate
closely with him. The range officer will make timely esti-
mates for material and labor to place the range in proper
condition for range practice, and will supervise and direct all
necessary repairs to shelters, butts, targets, firing points, and
telephone lines. He exercises direct supervision over the
practical operation of the rifle range during the practice sea-
son. He regulates the distribution of ranges and targets and,
in general, assists the officer in charge of firing by using the
means necessary to secure efficient and accurate service from
the working force of the range. He provides safe conditions
for the markers and any visitors. Whenever necessary, he
106
provides range guards and instructs them in the methods to

be used for the protection of life and property in the danger
area.
d. Unit range officer.-During the operation of any range
by a unit the commanding officer thereof may detail an officer
as unit range officer. The unit range officer will be responsi-
ble to the commanding officer of the organization to which
the range is assigned for its efficient operation.
e. Pit detaiL--An officer or noncommissioned officer with
such assistants as may be necessary will be detailed in charge
of arrangements in the pit. He will be responsible to the
officer in charge of firing for the discipline, efifciency, and
safety of all pit details. He sees that all of the target equip-
ment is kept in serviceable condition; that the desired targets
are ready for firing at the appointed time, and that all target
details are provided with the proper flags, marking disks,
paste, pasters, and spotters.
f. Use of dummy cartridges.-The corrugated type of
dummy cartridges may be used in range practice. When
ammunition must be conserved, a proportion of the corru-
gated type dummies may be included in magazines with live
ammunition. The use of any other type of range dummies is
prohibited.
* 81. USE OF SANDBAG REST.-The sandbag rest is used in all
rapid firing in the prone position.
* 82. inRING POINTS.-All firing points should have firm soil.
Loose loam or sand on the firing point has an adverse effect on
accuracy.
* 83. COACHING.--a. General.-(1) During instruction prac-
tice each man on the firing line will have a coach to watch
him and to help him correct his errors. An average soldier
who has been properly instructed in the preparatory work or
who has been given instruction in coaching methods can be
used with good results and should be used when more expe-
rienced coaches are not available.
(2) It is a good practice to have experienced coaches in
charge of one or more targets, usually on a flank, to which
pupils are sent for special coaching if required.
107
(3) Great patience will be exercised by the coach so as

not to excite or confuse the firer. Everything is done to
encourage him. It is often a good plan to change coaches.
It is necessary to do so if the coach shows signs of impatience.
b. Position of coach.-The coach will take the same position
as the man who is firing; that is, prone,. sitting; or kneeling.
This enables the coach to watch the pupil's trigger finger and
his eye.
c. Duties of coach.-The success of the instruction will de-
pend to a great extent on the thoroughness and exactness
with which the coach performs his duties. During firing the
duties of the coach in addition to those given in paragraph 57
are as follows:
(1) To require the firer to inspect his rifle.
(2) To check the sight setting and aiming, requiring them
to be correct.
(3) To observe the firer and see that he re-aims after
each shot.
(4) To require the firer to fire as required for each target.
(5) To point out errors and explain their effect upon the
exercises.
(6) To keep constant watch on the adjustment and condi-
tion of the gun.
U 84. To ALINE FRONT SIGHT.---. As the Browning automatic
rifle, caliber .30, M1918, is not equipped with a wind gage
on the rear sight, provision has been made whereby the front
sight may be tapped to the right or left so that it will not be
necessary to aim off on account of a defective alinement of
the sights. The 1,000-inch range is the best place to do this
because the aiming point is small and well defined and at-
mospheric conditions will have no effect on the flight of the
bullet.
b. In firing, the soldier aims at the bottom edge of a desig-
nated figure on the 1,000-inch target, U. S. rifle, caliber .30,
M1. He fires three shots semiautomatically and very care-
fully, using exactly the same aiming point for all three. The
center of the resulting shot group indicates how much and in
what direction to move the front sight. The soldier then
verifies the front sight adjustment by firing two more rounds.
108
c. If the shot group is to the right of the aiming point, move

the front sight to the right; if the left, move the front sight
to the left. It should be borne in mind that to, move the
strike of the bullet 1 inch at a range of 1,000 inches requires
a movement of the front sight of only twenty-five one-thou-
sandths of an inch.
d. When the same rifle is being used by a group, the aline-
ment of the front sight will be executed by any soldier in
the group who has qualified in the record course with the
automatic rifle. If the group contains no such man, the firing
and alinement of the sight will be executed by any member of
the group holding the highest qualification with the service
rifle.
e. The front sight of the rifle will not be moved after it is
once zeroed, except by authority of an officer.
* 85. To DETERMINE ZERO OF RIFLE.-a. After the front sight
has been alined as prescribed in paragraph 84, to zero the
automatic rifle on the 1,000-inch target, a correct and steady
aim must be taken on a designated figure with the rear sight
set at an elevation of 300 yards for the first shot. Correction
in elevation to place the shots in the center of the scoring
space may be applied to the rear sight under the direction of
the coach after each shot.
b. For the zeroing on the known-distance range, the tar-
gets should be pulled after each shot of semiautomatic fire
and a spotter placed in the target to facilitate the correction
of errors in the sights.
c. When the same automatic rifle is being used by a group,
the highest qualified man with the service rifle in the group
will zero the weapon as far as the movement of the front
sight is concerned. Each member of the group should use his
zeroing ammunition to determine his zero elevation, and the
exact point of aim necessary for him to place his shots in the
center of the scoring space.
· 86. INSTRUCTION PRACTICE ON 1,000-INCH RANGE.--.. In-
struction practice on the 1,000-inch range will conform to
the regulations given in section V of this chapter for record
practice except that coaching is permitted and additional
personnel to score targets are not required.
257360--40 8 109
b. Each exercise on the 1,000-inch range will be preceded

by an appropriate fire order.
c. Form of fire order for slow fire. 1.000-inch range.
(1) Announce the position.
(2) Slow fire, figure 1.
(3) -------- rounds, with ball ammunition. LOAD.
(4) COMMENCE FIRING.
(5) CEASE FIRING.
(6) CLEAR RIFLE.
d. Form of fire order for rapid fire. 1,000-inch range.
(1) Announce the position, number of magazines, and
number of rounds per magazine.
(2) With ball cartridges, LOAD.
(3) Rapid fire, figures 1 and 2. -------- rounds on each
figure .
(5) CEASE FIRING.
(6) CLEAR RIFLE.
e. If the 1,000-inch range is equipped with pits and sliding
targets similar to those of a known-distance range, the fire
orders for rapid fire prescribed for the known-distance range
under paragraph 87d apply except that d(3) above is sub-
stituted for paragraph 87d(3).
* 87. INSTRUCTION PRACTICE ON KNOWN-DISTANCE RANGE.--a.
Instruction practice is carried out in conformity with the
regulations governing record practice as given in section V,
except that additional personnel for scoring targets are not
required and each firer will have a coach with him on the
firing line. The officer in charge of firing may prescribe the
sequence of firing the courses of instruction practice.
b. Each exercise on the known-distance range will be pre-
ceded by an appropriate fire order.
c. Form of fire order for slow fire, known-distance range.
(1) Announce the position and number of rounds to be
fired.
(2) With ball cartridges. LOAD.
(3) Slow fire.
(5) CEASE FIRING.
(6) CLEAR RIFLE.
110
d. Form of fire order for rapid fire, knoum-distance range.

(1) Announce the position, number of magazines, and
number of rounds per magazine.
(2) With ball cartridge, LOAD.
(3) Rapid fire.
(4) Ready on the right?
(5) Ready on the left?
(6) READY ON THE FIRING LINE?
(7) CEASE FIRING.
(8) CLEAR RIFLE.
The targets are withdrawn before the exercise starts and
the red flag displayed at the center target. The command
READY ON THE FIRING LINE is transmitted to the officer or non-
commissioned officer in charge in the pits who will have the
red flag waved and lowered on its receipt and who will cause
the targets to be run up simultaneously 5 seconds after the
flag is lowered. Upon the expiration of the proper time
interval he causes the targets to be withdrawn. The officer
in charge of the firing line gives the commands CEASE FIRING
and CLEAR RIFLE when targets are withdrawn.
* 88. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.-Safety precautions for observ-
ance by troops are self-contained and complete in this man-
ual. Reference to AR 750-10 is necessary for range officers,
the officer in charge of firing, and the commander responsible
for the location of ranges and the conduct of firing thereon.
All officers and men who are to fire or who are concerned with
range practice will be familiarized with the following safety
precautions before firing is commenced:
a. Danger flags will be displayed at prominent positions
on the range during firing. Do not fire unless such flags are
displayed.
b. Upon arrival at the range the automatic rifles of an
organization will be inspected by the officers to see that
chambers and barrels are free from obstruction.
c. All rifles on the range except those in use on the firing
line will have bolts in the forward position and magazines
withdrawn. Rifles on the firing line will not be loaded with-
out command.
111
d. Consider every rifle to be loaded until it is examined

and found to be unloaded. Never trust your memory as to
its condition in this respect.
e. Never point the rifle in any direction where an acci-
dental discharge may cause harm while the bolt is in its
rear position.
f. Firing will not begin on any range until the officer in
charge of firing has ascertained that the range is clear, and
has given the commands LOAD and COMMENCE FIRING.
g. At least one officer will be present at all firing.
h. No rifle will be removed from the firing line until an
officer has inspected it to see that the bolt is in its forward
position and the magazine is withdrawn.
i. No person will be allowed in front of the firing line for
any purpose until directed by an officer who has ordered all
rifles to be cleared and ascertained that the order has been
carried out.
i. All firing will immediately cease and rifles set at "safe"
(or cleared if ordered) at the command CEASE FIRING.
k. All loading and unloading will be executed on the firing
line with the muzzle directed toward the targets. Rifles will
never be loaded in rear of the firing line.
I. Care should be taken to avoid undue exposure of ammuni-
tion to the direct rays of the sun. This creates hazardous
chamber pressures.
m. Never grease or oil the ammunition or the walls of the
-rifle chamber.
n. See that the ammunition is clean and dry. Examine all
live and dummy ammunition. Turn in all cartridges with
loose bullets or which appear to be otherwise defective.
o. Never fire a rifle with any rust-preventive compound,
cleaning patch, dust, dirt, mud, snow, or other obstruction in
the bore. To do so may burst the barrel.
p. Before leaving the range all rifles and belts will be
inspected by an officer to see that they do not contain ammu-
nition, and men in ranks will be questioned as to whether
they have any ammunition in their possession.
q. See AR 45-30 for regulations covering report of accident
involving ordnance mat6riel.
r. No magazine test or magazine drill will be conducted in
rear of the firing line.
112
SECTION V
REGULATIONS GOVERNING RECORD PRACTICE
· 89. GENERAL.--a. Record practice for course A, B, or C is
fired on the known-distance range. Record practice for
course D is fired on the 1,000-inch range. Additional provi-
sions applicable for course D are given in paragraph 119.
b. Record practice will follow instruction practice.
c. When the record practice of an individual has com-
menced it will be completed without interruption by any other
form of firing. Instruction practice and record practice will
not be conducted simultaneously unless the two types of
practice are conducted on different parts of the range.
d. The officer in charge of firing may, at his discretion,
require record practice upon the day on which instruction
practice is completed.
* 90. FIRE ORDERs.-Every rapid-fire exercise fired in record
practice will be preceded by an appropriate fire order. Suit-
able forms for such orders are given in section IV of this
chapter.
* 91. SEQUENCE OF EXERCISES.-The exercises given in the
table for record practice will be fired in the sequence directed
by the officer in charge of firing.
* 92. STOPPAGES.--a. When a stoppage occurs which cannot be
cleared by operating the operating handle, the firer will call,
"Time." The officer in charge of firing, or one of his assist-
ants, will note the time left to complete the exercise and inves-
tigate the stoppage. The stoppage will be reduced. If the
stoppage was not due to any fault of the firer, he will be
authorized to load, aim, and commence firing on command
from the officer investigating the stoppage who will allow him
the unexpired time. In cases where the exact time remain-
ing was not determined by the officer in charge, the firer will
be allowed 2 seconds per round for the remaining rounds.
When time and ammunition permit, the complete exercise
will be refired.
b. If the stoppage is manifestly the fault of the firer in
failing to inspect either the gun, magazines, or ammunition,
or due to incorrect loading, or replacing of magazines, no time
113
will be allowed to complete the firing and only that part of

the exercise which was completed will be scored.
c. The firer will be allowed to fire rounds ejected in clear-
ing stoppages.
d. The soldier firing must not be given any information
with reference to the location of his previous hits on the
incompleted target until the score is completed.
e. Should a breakage occur, the gun will be repaired or
a different gun substituted and the exercise completed. If a
different rifle is substituted, the firer will be allowed extra
rounds to determine the zero of the substituted rifle.
I. The officer in charge, or his assistants, will render all
decisions on stoppages.
g. A firer, firing part of a rapid fire exercise, will begin his
firing with the entire target exposed.
* 93. MEN MARKING TARGETS NOT TO KNOW WHO IS FIRING.-
Officers and men in the pit will not be informed as to who is
firing on any particular target. In case of such violation the
firer will be required to repeat his score and appropriate dis-
ciplinary action taken.
* 94. TARGET DETAILS.-The details in the pit for the super-
vision, operation, marking, and scoring of targets during
record practice consist of officers, noncommissioned officers,
and privates as follows:
a. One commissioned officer assigned to each two targets.
When it is impracticable to detail one officer to each two
targets in the pit, an officer will be assigned to supervise the
marking and scoring of not to exceed four targets. In this
case the pit scores will be kept by the noncommissioned
officer in charge of each target who will sign the score cards.
The officer will take up and sign each score card as soon as
the complete course is recorded.
b. One noncommissioned officer assigned to each target to
direct and supervise the markers. This noncommissioned
officer will be selected from an organization other than the
one firing on the target which he supervises. If this is not
possible, the officer assigned to the target will exercise special
care to insure correct scoring.
114
c. One or two privates assigned to operate and mark each

target. These privates may be selected from the organiza-
tion firing on the targets to which they are assigned.
* 95. ORGANIZATON OF FIRING LINE.-a. Scorers seated close to
and to the right of the person firing.
b. Telephone operators, 5 paces in rear of the firing line.
c. Persons awaiting their turn to fire, 10 paces in rear of
the firing line.
d. Low arm racks or rifle racks and cleaning racks, 20
paces in rear of the firing line.
* 96. SCORE CARDS AND SCORING.-a. Duplicate score cards
will be kept, one at the firing point and one in the pit.
These cards will be of different colors. The cards at the
firing point will bear the date, the man's name, the number
of the target, and the order of firing. The pit record card will
not show the man's name, but will bear the date, the number
of the target, and the order of firing.
b. Entries on all score cards will be made in ink or with
indelible pencil. No alterations or corrections will be made
on the card except by the organization commander or officer
scorer in the pit who will initial each such alteration or
erasure made.
c. The scores at each firing point will be kept by a non-
commissioned officer of some organization other than the
organization firing on the target to which he is,assigned. If
this is not possible company officers will exercise special care
to insure correct scoring. As soon as the score is completed
the score card will be signed by the scorer, taken up, and
signed by the officer supervising the scoring. When con-
venient the score cards are turned over to the organization
commander. Except when required for entering new scores
on the range, score cards will be retained in the personal
possession of the organization commander.
d. In the pit the officer keeps the scores for the targets to
which he is assigned. As soon as the score is completed he
signs the score card. He turns these cards over to the organ-
ization commander at the end of the day's firing. The organ-
ization commander will check the pit records against the
firing-line records. In case of discrepancy between the two
the pit record governs.
115
e. Upon completion of the record firing and after the

qualification order is issued, the pit score card of each man
will be attached to his score card kept at the firing point.
These cards will be kept available for inspection among the
company records for 1 year and then destroyed.
* 97. MARKING.---. Slow fire.-(1) The value of the shot
is indicated as follows:
(a) A five by a white disk.
(b) A four by a red disk.
(c) A three by a white disk with a black cross.
(d) A two by a black disk.
(e) A miss by waving a red flag across the front of the
target.
(f) Ricochet hits will be counted as a miss and so indi-
cated.
(2) The exact location of the hit is indicated by placing
a spotter of appropriate size in the shot hole. The center
of the marking disk is placed over the spotter in marking
hits.
b. Rapid fire.-(1) The disks described in a above are
used to indicate the value of the hits.
(2) Spotters are placed in shot holes before running the
target up for marking.
(3) The marking begins with the hits of the highest
value. The center of the disk is placed over the spotter,
then swung off the target and back again to the next spot-
ter, care being taken each time to show the correct face of
the disk. The marking must be slow enough to avoid con-
fusing the scorer at the firing point. When one spotter
covers more than one shot hole the disk is placed over it
the required number of times. Misses are indicated by
slowly waving the red flag across the face of the target,
one time for each miss.
* 98. PROCEDURE IN SLOW FIRE.-a. On firing line.-(1) One
person will be assigned to each target in each order.
(2) As the value of each shot is signaled, the scorer an-
nounces the following data in a tone sufficiently loud to be
heard by the firer: The name of the firer, the number of
the shot, and the value of the hit. The scorer then records
the value of the hit on the score card.
116
(3) Whenever a target is marked before the individual

who is assigned thereto has fired. as will occur when an-
other man fires on the wrong target, the scorer will notify
the officer in charge of firing. The latter will notify the
officer in the pit assigned to the target to disregard that
shot. This precaution is necessary to prevent errors in the
pit record.
(4) When an individual fires on the wrong target he will
not be assigned a miss until the target to which he is as-
signed has beenrr pulled down and the miss signaled from
the pit.
(5) If the target is not half-masked at the completion
of a score thereon, or if it is half-masked at the wrong
time, the officer in charge of that firing point will adjust
the matter at once over the telephone. This precaution is
necessary to prevent the error from being carried on through
the scores that follow.
b. In pit.-(1) The target is withdrawn and marked after
each shot.
(2) When a shot is fired at a target, it is pulled down.
The noncommissioned officer indicates the location of the hit
to the officer assigned to the target who announces its value
and records it on the score card. A spotter is then placed
in the shot hole, the previous shot hole, if any, is pasted,
and the target is run up and marked. The noncommissioned
officer supervises the marking of each shot. The officer also
exercises general supervision over the marking.
(3) Whenrr the pit score card indicates a score has been
completed, the target is half-masked for about 30 seconds
as a signal to the firing line of such completion. At the end
of the 30 seconds the target is pulled fully down, the spotter
removed, the shot hole pasted, and the target run up for the
beginning of a new score.
(4) When a target frame is used as a counterweight for a
double sliding target, the blank side of such frame will be
toward the firing line.
* 99. PROCEDURE FOR RAPID FIRE.-a. On firing line.-(1) One
person only will be assigned to a target in each order.
(2) When all is ready in the pit the red flag is displayed
at the center target. At that signal the officer in charge
117
of the firing line will conduct the exercise to be fired in

accordance with the procedure given in section IV.
(3) If any individual fails to fire at all, he will be given
another opportunity. If he fires one or more shots, the score
must stand as his record except as provided in paragraph
92. He will not be permitted to repeat his score on the claim
that he was not ready to fire.
(4) As each shot is signaled from the pits, it is announced
by the scorer at the firing lihe. A score of 15 shots is an-
nounced as follows as each shot is marked: "Target 22; 1
five, 2 fives, 3 fives, 4 fives, 5 fives, 6 fives, 7 fives; 1 fbur,
2 fours, 3 fours, 4 fours, 5 fours, 6 fours, 7 fours: 1 two."
The scorer notes these values on a pad and watches the tar-
get as he calls the shot. After marking is finished he counts
the number of shots marked, and if it is more or less than
15 calls, "Re-mark No. If 15 shots have been
.___."
marked, he then enters the value of each hit and their total
value on the soldier's score card.
b. In pit.--(1) The time of fire allowed for each exercise
is regulated by the officer in charge of the pit. The pro-
cedure is as follows: The targets are withdrawn before the
exercise starts, and the red flag is displayed at the center
target. The command READY ON THE FIRING LINE iS trans-
mitted to the officer or noncommissioned officer in charge
in the pits who will have the red flag waved and lowered
on its receipt and who will cause the targets to be run up
simultaneously 5 seconds after the flag is lowered. Upon the
expiration of the proper time interval, he causes the targets
to, be withdrawn.
(2) The officers scoring in the pit examine each of their
targets in turn, announce the score, and record it on the pit
score cards. Spotters are then placed in the shot holes and
the targets run up and marked. The noncommissioned
officers supervise the marking of each shot. The officers
exercise general supervision over the marking of their targets.
(3) The targets are left up for about 1 minute after being
marked. They are then withdrawn, pasted, and made ready
for another score. They may be left up until ordered pasted
by the officer in charge of the firing line.
118
(4) If more than 15 shots are found on any target in

record practice, it will not be marked unless all of the hits
are of the same value. The officer in charge of the firing
line will be notified of the facts by telephone.
* 100. USE OF TELEPHONES.-a. Telephones will be used for
official communication only.
b. No one will ask over the telephone for information as
to the name or organization of any person firing on any
particular target, and no information of this nature will be
transmitted.
c. The following expressions will be used over the telephone
in the cases enumerated:
(1) When a shot has been fired and the target has not
been withdrawn from the firing position, "Mark No. ____-_."
(2) When a shot has been fired and a target has been
withdrawn from the firing position but not marked, "Disk
No. __-_._."
(3) When the target has been withdrawn from the firing
position and marked but the value of the shot has not been
understood, "Re-disk No. -____ ."
(4) When the firing line is ready for rapid fire, "Ready on
the firing line."
(5) When a shot is marked on a target and the person
assigned thereto has not fired, "Disregard the last shot on
No. -______"
* 101. COACHING PROHIBITED.-Coaching of any nature after
the firer takes his place on the firing line is prohibited. No
person will render or attempt to render the firer any assistance
whatever while he is taking his position or after he has taken
his position at the firing line.
* 102. USE OF INSTRUMENTS.-a. The use of field glasses is
authorized and encouraged.
b. The use of instruments or devices for determining the
force and direction of the wind is prohibited during record
practice.
* 103. SHELTER FOR FIRER.-Sheds or shelter for the indi-
vidual at the firing point will not be permitted at any range.
119
* 104. RESTRICTIONS AS TO RIFLE.-Troops will use the

Browning automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, as it is issued
by the Ordnance Department. The use of additional appli-
ances is prohibited. The sights may be blackened. Ord-
nance Department test equipment will not be used for deter-
mining the classification.
* 105. AMMUNITION.-The ammunition used will be the serv-
ice cartridge as issued by the Ordnance Department.
* 106. CLEANING.-Cleaning is permitted at any time.
A 107. USE OF GUN SLING.-The gun sling will be used as pre-
scribed for the various positions in these regulations, and
in no other manner.
a 108. PADS AND GLOVES.-a. Pads of moderate size and thick-
ness may be worn on both elbows to protect them from bruis-
ing. A smooth pad of moderate size and thickness may be
worn on the right shoulder. The use of other forms of pads
is prohibited. The use of a hook or ridge on the sleeve of
the shooting coat or shirt to keep the sling in place on the
arm is prohibited.
b. A glove may be worn on either hand provided it is not
used to form an artificial support for the rifle.
* 109. WARMING, FOULING, AND SIGHTING SHOTS.-No warm-
ing or fouling shots will be allowed. Two sighting shots are
authorized and required at 500 yards, slow fire.
* 110. SHOTS CUTTING EDGE OF SILHOUETTE OR LINE.-Any
shot cutting the edge of the silhouette will be indicated and
recorded as a hit in the silhouette. Because the limiting line
of each division of the target is the outer edge of the line
separating it from the exterior division, a shot touching this
line will be indicated and recorded as a hit in the higher
division.
1 111. SLOW FIRE SCORE INTERRUPTED.-If a slow fire score
is interrupted through no fault of the person firing, the un-
fired shots necessary to complete the score will be fired at the
first opportunity.
* 112. MIssES.-Before a miss is signaled in record firing
the target will be withdrawn and carefully examined by an
120
officer. Whenever a target is run up and a miss is indicated,

it will be presumed that this examination has been thor-
oughly made. No challenge of the value indicated will be
entertained, or resignaling of the shot allowed.
91 113. SHOTS To BE INCLUDED IN SCORE.-All shots fired by
the soldier in his proper turn after he has taken his place
at the firing line and the target is ready will be considered
as part of his score.
* 114. FIRING ON WRONG TARGET.-ShOts fired on the wrong
target will be recorded as a miss on the score of the man
firing, no matter what the value of the hit on the wrong
target may be. In rapid fire the soldier at fault is credited
with only such hits as he may have made on his own target.
[ 115. Two SHOTS ON SAME TARGET.-In slow fire, if two shots
strike a target at the same time, or nearly the same time,
neither will be marked. The individual who fired on his own
target will be allowed another shot.
* 116. WITHDRAWING TARGET PREMATURELY.-In slow fire, if
the target is withdrawn from the firing position just as a
shot is fired, the scorer at that firing point will at once
report the fact to the officer in charge of the scoring on
that target. The officer will investigate to see if the case
is as represented. Being satisfied that such is the case, he
will direct the shot be disregarded and that the man fire
another shot.
* 117. UNFIRED CARTRIDGES IN RAPID FIRE.-Each unfired car-
tridge will be recorded as a miss.
[ 118. MORE SHOTS THAN PRESCRIBED IN RAPID FIRE.-When
a target has more than the prescribed number of shots for a
rapid-fire exercise in record practice and these hits are of
different values the target will not be marked. The soldier
firing on that target will repeat the firing of his score. If all
the hits on the target have the same value the target will
be marked and he will be given the value of the authorized
number of shots.
* 119. RECORD PRACTICE FOR COURSE D, 1,000-INCH RANGE.---a.
The following special provisions apply only to record practice
for course D, which is fired on the 1,000-inch range.
121
b. So much of the foregoing regulations for record prac-

tice as can be applied will be followed. Suitable fire orders
for use on the type of 1,000-inch range which is equipped with
pits and movable targets, as well as suitable fire orders for
use on the type of 1,000-inch range which is not so equipped,
will be found in section IV.
c. When the record practice is fired on 1,000-inch ranges
not equipped with pits and movable targets, the following
rules will apply:
(1) Sufficient assistants will be detailed from companies
other than the ones firing to assist the officer in charge.
From the assistants, officers will be detailed as scorers at the
rate of one for every four targets.
(2) The officers detailed as assistants will aid the officer
in charge in every way possible. They will-
(a) Note deductions for penalties and report same to the
scorer. (See e(3) below.)
(b) Note the time out for stoppages and inspect to, deter-
mine whether the stoppage was due to any fault of the
soldier.
(c) Superintend the firing of rounds remaining from stop-
pages not the fault of the firer.
(d) Scorers will count the bullet holes in each target and
report any that have more than the prescribed number.
(e) Scorers will score the targets in accordance with the
provisions of e below.
d. (1) When a stoppage occurs that cannot be cleared by
pulling back the operating handle and releasing it, the firer
will call, "Time." The officer in charge of firing, or an assist-
ant, will note the time left to complete the exercise. The
stoppage will be reduced. The firer will load and complete
the firing on command from the officer in charge who will
allow the remaining time. In cases where the exact time
remaining was not determined by the officer in charge, the
firer will be allowed 2 seconds per round for the remaining
rounds.
(2) If the stoppage is manifestly the fault of the firer, no
time will be allowed to complete the exercise and only that
part of the exercise which was fired will be scored.
122
(3) Should a breakage occur, the rifle will be repaired or a

different rifle substituted. If a different rifle is substituted,
the firer will then be allowed four extra rounds to determine
the zero of the substituted rifle. He will then complete the
exercise.
e. The 1,000-inch record target will be scored in accordance
with the requirements for record firing as follows:
(1) Hits within or cutting the line of the inner silhouette
will count 5 points. Hits within or cutting the line of the
middle silhouette will count 4 points. Hits within or cutting
the line on the outside silhouette will count 3 points.
(2) Hits cutting the line of two scoring figures will be
counted so as to give the firer the higher score.
(3) For firing before COMMENCE FIRING or after CEASE
FIRING, 5 points will be deducted for each round so fired.
(4) In case of hits on the wrong target, the firer who re-
ceived the erroneous hits will refire his score. The firer who
placed his hits on the wrong target will count only those upon
his own and will not be permitted to refire the exercise.
SECTION VI
TARGETS AND RANGES
* 120. TARGETS.-The designations and dimensions of the two
types of target used for marksmanship courses for the Brown-
ing automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, are as follows:
a. The 1,000-inch target, U. S. rifle, caliber .30, MI (see
fig. 39).-This target is used for fire on the 1,000-inch range.
The scoring figures numbered from 1 to 4, inclusive, are uti-
lized in known-distance marksmanship (ch. 2). The figures
5 to 8 are suitable for instruction in the technique of fire
(ch. 5). Each of these scoring figures is composed of three
silhouettes. These silhouettes are reduced in scale to repre-
sent the appearance of target D on the known-distance range.
The inner silhouette of the 1,000-inch target represents the
silhouette of target D at 500 yards. The middle silhouette of
the 1,000-inch target represents the four space of target D
at 300 yards. The outer silhouette of the 1,000-inch target
represents the four space of target D at 200 yards. Hits in
the inner silhouettes of the 1,000-inch target count 5, in the
middle silhouettes 4, and in the outer silhouettes 3.
123
-A
oj;_4 - -t
'P1-
124
t/41tE V~
0
124
b. Target D.-This target is used for all slow and rapid

fire on the known-distance range. It consists essentially of
a square target, 6 by 6 feet in dimensions, upon which a
black silhouette representing a prone figure is centered. Hits
in the silhouette count 5, in the next space 4, and in the
next 3. Hits on the remainder of the target count Z.
U 121. RANGES.-a. Suitability.-Ranges suitable for range
firing with the U. S. rifle, caliber .30,' M1903 and M1, are
equally suitable for range firing with the Browning automatic
rifle, caliber .30, M1918.
b. Installation and construction.-The installation and
construction of target ranges for small-arms target practice
is governed by AR 30-1505. The installation of range com-
munication systems is governed by AR 105-20. Range regu-
lations for firing ammunition in time of peace are given in
AR 750-10 and include the safety limits and danger areas of
ranges. Information in regard to the selection of known-
distance ranges is contained in c below.
c. (1) Direction of range.-If possible, a range should be
so located that the firing is toward, or slightly to the east of
north. Such location gives a good light on the face of
the targets during the greater part of the day. However,
security and suitable ground are more important than
direction.
(2) Best ground for range.-The targets should be on the
same level with the firer, or only slightly above him. Firing
downhill should be avoided.
(3) Size of range.-The size of the range is determined by
its plan and by the number of troops that will fire over it
at a time. There are two general plans used in range con-
struction; one with a single target pit and firing points for
each range, the other with firing points on one continuous
line, the target pits for the various ranges being in echelon.
(4) Intervals between targets.-The targets should be no
farther apart than is necessary to reduce the chance of shots
being fired on wrong targets. As a general rule, the intervals
between targets are equal to the width of the targets them-
selves. Where the necessity exists for as many targets as
possible in a limited space, this interval may be reduced one-
half without materially affecting the value of the instruction.
257360'-40 9 125
(5) Protectionfor markers.-(a) Protection is provided for

the pit details by excavating a pit, or by constructing a
parapet in front of them, or by a combination of both
methods.
(b) Where there are several targets in a row, the shelter
should be continuous. It must be high enough to protect the
markers. The parapet may be of earth with a timber or
concrete revetment of sufficient thickness to stop bullets and
from 71/2 to 8 feet high above the ground or platform on which
the markers stand.
(6) Artificial butts.-If an artificial butt is constructed as
a bullet stop, it should be of earth not less than 30 feet high
and with a slope of not less than 45 ° . The slopes should
be sodded. The provisions of AR 750-10 must also be met
by the range.
(7) Hills as butts.-A natural hill to form an effective
butt should have a slope of not less than 45 °.
(8) Numbering, of targets.-Each target should be desig-
nated by a number. The numbers for ranges up to 600 yards
should be at least 6 feet in height and should be painted
black on a white background. Arabic numerals of the size
suggested will always be quickly recognized. They should
be placed on the butt behind each target or on the parapet
in front, and not so far above or below as to prevent the firer
seeing the number when aiming at the target.
(9) Measuring range.-The range should be carefully meas-
ured and marked with stakes at the firing point in front of
each .target. These stakes should be about 12 inches above
the ground and painted white. Black figures indicate the
number of the corresponding target.
(10) Ranges parallel.-The different ranges for the same
distance should all be parallel, so that similar conditions
with respect to wind and light may exist.
(11) Firing mounds.-If it is necessary to raise a firing
point, a low mound of earth no higher than required should
be made. The mound should be level, sodded, and not less
than 12 feet square. If the entire firing line is raised, the
firing mound should be level, sodded, and not less than 12
feet wide on top.
126
(12) Pit shed.-A small house or shed should be built in

or near the target pit for storing equipment.
(13) Danger signals.-A danger signal will be placed in
front of the targets when firing has been suspended. One
or more red streamers will be prominently displayed on all
ranges and at all times during firing.
(14) Range house.-On large ranges a house containing a
storeroom and office room is desirable.
(15) Telephone service.-Ranges should be equipped with
a telephone system connecting the target pit with each firing
point, the range house, and the station headquarters. The
number of telephones should not be less than one to each
ten targets.
(16) Electric bells.-On large ranges the installation for
each five targets of an electric bell that can be controlled
from a central point in the pit adds materially to the celerity
and uniformity of target manipulation for rapid fire.
(17) Covered ways between pits.-Where the pits are in
echelon, covered ways or tunnels should be provided between
the various pits. This construction will allow the pit details
to be shifted with safety without interrupting the firing.
(18) 1,000-inch range.-A 1,000-inch range without a land
danger area behind its backstop must meet the following
minimum requirements.
(a) Vertical bullet-proof backstop and wing walls (natu-
ral or artificial) not less than 30 feet high. Wing walls
must cover at least 15 ° on each flank. In case of artificial
wing walls, they should be set at an angle of 15° with the
backstop toward the firing points.
(b) Ricochet pit in front of firing points providing at least
a 4° slope downward from the normal. line of fire from a
prone position and extending to within 30 feet of the back-
stop and wing walls. If a vertical cliff or wall over 40 feet
high is available, no ricochet pit need be provided.
127
CHAPTER 3
MARKSMANSHIP-MOVING GROUND TARGETS
Paragraphs
SECTION I. General ------ ----------- ----------- 122-123
II. Moving vehicles --- ------- --------------- 124-126
III. Moving personnel ---------------------------- 127-128
IV. Moving targets and ranges and range precau-
tions - ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 129-130
SECTION I
GENERAL
* 122. GENERAL.-Personnel armed with the Browning auto-
matic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, will be trained to fire at
moving targets, such as tanks, armored vehicles, trucks, and
personnel at appropriate ranges. To this end they must
be trained in the technique of such fire.
· 123. FUNDAMENTALS.-a. The fundamentals of shooting as
presented in chapter 2 apply to firing at moving targets.
In applying these fundamentals the firer must adjust his
aim and trigger squeeze to the movement of the target.
b. Effective range.-While under exceptional conditions
moving targets may be engaged by riflemen armed with the
automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, at ranges above 600 yards,
effective results beyond that range are considered exceptional.
Fire at moving targets is, however, usually opened at ranges
under 600 yards, and training in the technique of fire is
normally limited to firing at such ranges.
c. Leads.-Targets which cross the line of sight at any
angle are classified as crossing targets. In firing at such
targets the firer must aim ahead of the target so that the
paths of the target and the bullet will meet. The distance
ahead of the target is called the lead. Targets which ap-
proach directly towards the firer or recede directly from the
firer will for all practical purposes require no lead.
SECTION II
MOVING VEHICLES
* 124. DETERMINATION AND APPLICATION OF LEADS.-a. The
lead necessary to hit a moving vehicle is dependent upon the
128
speed of the target, the range to the target, and the direction
of movement with respect to the line of sight. Moving at
10 miles an hour, a vehicle moves approximately its own
length of 5 yards in 1 second. A rifle bullet moves 400
yards in about one-half second and about 600 yards in about
1 second. Therefore, to hit a vehicle moving at 10 miles an
hour at ranges of 400 yards and 600 yards, the leads should
be 21/2 yards and 5 yards, respectively. At a speed of 20
miles an hour the leads should be 5 yards and 10 yards,
respectively.
b. Leads are applied by using the length of the target as it
appears to the firer as the unit of measure. This eliminates
the necessity for corrections due to the angle at which the
target crosses the line of sight because the more acute the
angle the smaller the target appears and the less lateral speed
it attains. The following lead table is furnished as a guide:
T'arget length leads
Target speed For ranges of For ranges of

in miles per 400 yards or 400 to 600
hour less yards
10 1
20 1 2
c. As an average rule troops should be instructed to use a

lead of 2 target lengths in firing at fast moving targets and
of 1 target length against targets which appear to move
slowly or to follow an interrupted course.
* 125. TECHNIQUE OF FIRE.-The following technique is em-
ployed for firing at moving targets at ranges of 600 yards or
less. The battle sight is used. Corrections for range are
made by aiming at the center of the target at 600 yards and
bringing the aim down to the bottom of the target for ranges
of 400 yards or less.
a. Approaching or receding targets.-The firer holds his
aim on the target in firing each shot.
b. Crossing targets.-The firer swings his line of sight
through the target and out to the estimated lead. The rifle
129
is kept swinging ahead of the target at the prescribed lead

in firing each shot.
c. Fire is executed as rapidly as proper aiming and pressing
of the trigger will permit.
* 126. PLACE IN TRAINING.-The technique of firing at moving
vehicles with service ammunition follows training in known-
distance marksmanship (ch. 2). When time and ammunition
allowances permit, 1,000-inch firing or caliber .22 firing may
be added as preliminary instruction.
SECTION III
MOVING PERSONNEL
* 127. METHOD OF AIMING.--a. An elaborate system of calcu-
lating leads or of setting sights is neither necessary nor desir-
able. The following general rule is used with the battle sight.
When firing at a man walking across the line of fire the point
of aim at the various ranges is taken as follows:
(1) At ranges of 0 to 200 yards, aim directly at the lower
part of the body.
(2) At ranges greater than 200 yards, aim at the lower part
of the body and lead him the width of his body.
b. When firing at a man advancing or receding from the
firer with the battle sight choose a point of aim as indicated
in paragraph 125a.
* 128. PLACE IN TRAINING.-As in the case of practice in firing
at moving vehicles, instruction in this type of firing should
follow instruction in known-distance firing and should im-
mediately precede the training of the squad in the technique
of fire.
SECTION IV
MOVING TARGETS AND RANGES AND RANGE

PRECAUTIONS
* 129. MOVING TARGETS AND RANGES.-a. Firing at moving
vehicles.-(1) Target.-A sled of the type shown in figure
40 has proved to be the most satisfactory kind of target. It
has the advantage of a low center of gravity which prevents
upsetting on rough ground and in making cha4ges of direc-
130
tion. The sled shown in the figure is 5 by 21/2 by 4 feet high

and weighs only 45 pounds. Figure 41 shows a similar sled
covered with target cloth.
(2) Towing.-For towing the target a Y/2-inch rope has
been found satisfactory, the power being furnished by a 11/2-
ton truck. The pulley shown in figure 41 is simply a chan-
nel wheel bolted to a short length of 2-inch board. This
board is staked to the ground at a point where: a change
of direction of the target is desired. The knot shown in the
figure should be 10 or 12 feet from the sled, depending on
CLOTH
TARGET FRAME FRONT VIEW OF TARGET
EDGE COVERED WITH TIN
ELEVATION OF BASE
FIGURE 40.-Target frame for moving target.
the speed at which the target is to be run. At faster speeds

the knot must be at a greater distance from the sled to pre-
vent the increased momentum of the sled from over-run-
ning the pulley.
(3) Set-up.-With 500 yards of rope, a set-up as shown in
figure 42 can be made. This set-up is only one of the many
which it is possible to make with 500 yards of rope. Acci-
dents incident to wrong laying may be prevented by keeping
just in rear of the gun a safety officer whose' duty is to see
131
FIGURE 41.-Sled target covered with target cloth; pulley and trip
knot for effecting changes of direction.
Target
Pultel
*GUN
FIGURE 42.-et-up for towing a target.
132
that the barrel is kept pointed in a direction not too near

the truck. The essential elements in training a gun squad
to fire at moving targets are much practice for the observer
in estimating angular speeds and for the gunner in laying
on a target in motion, and for everybody, speed.
b. Firing at moving personnel.-Any class A range is suit-
able for this purpose. E targets on sticks carried by men
walking in the pits are sufficient.
* 130. RANGE PRECAUTIONS.-For general range precautions
including danger areas, see AR 750-10. In addition to the
individual safety precautions prescribed in chapter 2, the
following precautions will be observed:
a. Firing at moving targets will not be permitted on any
range until the safety angles have been carefully checked
and markers have been placed so as to define clearly the
right and left limits of fire.
b. Personnel of trucks towing moving targets will operate
at such distance from the line of fire as to be protected not
only from 'direct hits but from ricochets.
c. Trucks replacing targets on the course or personnel
effecting repairs will be equipped with red flags.
133
CHAPTER 4
MARKSMANSHIP-AIR TARGETS
Paragraphs
SECTION I. Nature of air targets for the automatic rifle____ 131-132
II. Technique of antiaircraft fire __-_____________ 133-137
III. Marksmanship training_______--- ____________ 138-142
IV. Miniature range practice_ _______-____________ 143-146
V. Towed-target firing--____-------- _____________ 147-151
VI. Ranges, targets, and equipment_______________ 152-157
SECTION I
NATURE OF AIR TARGETS FOR THE AUTOMATIC
RIFLE
* 131. AIR TARGFTS SUITABLE FOR AUTOMATIC RIFLE FIRE.-

Combat arms take the necessary measures for their own
immediate protection against low-flying hostile aircraft.
Therefore all troops must be fully trained and imbued with
the determination to protect themselves against hostile aerial
attacks without reliance upon other arms. All low-flying
hostile airplanes are suitable targets for automatic rifle fire.
* 132. CLASSIFICATION OF AIR TARGETS.-From the point of
view of the rifleman air targets may be classified as-
a. Overhead.-Those which pass over or nearly over the
rifleman.
b. Nonoverhead.-Those which do not pass over or nearly
over the rifleman.
c. Either of the types listed above may be flying at a con-
stant altitude, or may be decreasing or gaining in altitude.
d. Direct-diving.-Targets which dive directly toward
rifleman are called direct-diving targets.
e. Direct-climbing.-Targets which climb directly away
from a rifleman are called direct-climbing targets.
SECTION II
TECHNIQUE OF ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRE
* 133. GENERAL.-Airplanes present very fleeting targets and

must be engaged promptly by all available weapons. This
134
section on the technique of fire deals with placing automatic

rifle fire on hostile low-flying planes. Details of antiaircraft
marksmanship training which deal with firing on various
types of targets are contained in sections III, IV, and V.
* 134. LEADS.-a. GeneraL-In order to hit an airplane in
flight, the firer must aim ahead of the target so that the
paths of the bullet and target will meet. The distance ahead
of the airplane is called the lead. A lead must be applied
in all firing except when the target is at an extremely close
range (100 feet), or when it is diving directly at the firer or
climbing directly away from him.
b. Application of leads.-The length of the target as it ap-
pears to the firer is used as the unit of measure for applying
leads. The number of times the firer applies this unit of
measure is explained in paragraph 136.
* 135. TARGET DESIGNATION.-a. Attacking aviation will often
fly in V-shaped formations of three or more airplanes each.
Therefore each one of the three airplanes of a typical hostile
flight may be designated as a target for an element of the unit
or team.
b. Automatic riflemen will assume the firing position as
soon as possible after receiving the warning of the approach
of hostile airplanes and track the target until it comes within
range.
* 136. INDIVIDUAL TECHNIQUE OF ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRE.-a. For
all direct-diving or direct-climbing planes, aim and fire each
shot at the target.
b. For all targets except direct-diving or direct-climbing
planes, aim and fire each shot with a lead of four target
lengths. The target considered in determining the lead of four
target lengths is a 30-foot airplane. In using this method for
towed-target firing the lead will have to be changed in ac-
cordance with the length of the sleeve target.
c. No attempt is made to use the peep sight. Fire by sight-
ing over the top of the rear sight and front sight.
* 137. DELIVERY OF FIRE.-a. Hostile flights are fired upon
whenever they come within a range of 600 yards. Fire is
maintained while they are within such range unless successive
135
flights appear, in which case fire is not delivered on receding

targets.
b. Each shot is aimed and the trigger squeezed. A well-
trained automatic rifleman can fire at the rate of about one
shot in 2 seconds. Fire is not permitted at faster rates than
will permit careful aiming and trigger squeeze.
c. Automatic rifle fire is a serious hazard to low-flying
planes and if unhesitatingly delivered will tend to discourage
such missions. Hits will frequently cause the airplane to
crash and even if the effect of hits cannot be immediately
observed may have caused serious damage.
d. The four target length lead prescribed in paragraph
136b is suitable for firing on hostile airplanes which have a
speed of around 200 miles per hour. This lead should be
proportionately increased for hostile airplanes having much
greater speed. See paragraph 224c.
SECTION III
MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING
* 138. GENERAL.-a-. Object of instruction.-The object of
automatic rifle antiaircraft marksmanship instruction is to
train the automatic rifleman to fire effectively at rapidly
moving aerial targets.
b. Basis of instruction.-(1) Prior to instruction in anti-
aircraft marksmanship the automatic rifleman should have
completed known-distance marksmanship (ch. 2) and his
firing at moving ground targets (ch. 3). To become a good
antiaircraft marksman he must be able to apply the funda-
mentals of marksmanship to firing at rapidly moving targets
and to perform the following operations with accuracy and
precision:
(a) Apply the length of the target as a Unit of measure in
measuring the required lead.
(b) Aline the sights of the rifle at the required lead rapidly
by sighting over the top of the rear sight and front sight.
(c) Swing the rifle with a smooth, uniform motion so as
to maintain the aim on the required lead while squeezing the
trigger and during the forward motion of the bolt.
136
(d) Properly apply the trigger squeeze so as to get the

shot off in a minimum of time and without disturbing the
aim.
(2) The course of training outlined in this section is in-
tended to train the soldier to obtain the correct performance
of the four operations combined into one continuous smooth
motion when firing in any direction at rapidly moving aerial
targets.
c. Sequence of training.-Antiaircraft automatic rifle
marksmanship is divided into preparatory exercises, minia-
ture range practice, and towed-target firing.
d. Personnel to receive training.-Officers and men as cov-
ered in AR 775-10 will receive antiaircraft marksmanship
training.
* 139. PREPARATORY EXERCISES.-a. General-(1) Descrip-
tion.-The preparatory exercises consist of the following
three distinct steps which should be completed on each of
the targets described hereafter prior to firing on those
targets:
(a) Position exercise.
(b) Aiming and leading exercise.
(c) Trigger-squeeze exercise.
(2) Method.-The coach-and-pupil method should be car-
ried on throughout the training. In the preparatory exer-
cise each coach should observe and correct his pupil to see
that the following points, as applicable, are observed:
(a) Proper position is taken.
(b) Slack is taken up promptly and firmly.
(c) Rifle is swung with a smooth, uniform motion.
(d) Rifle is swung by pivoting the body at the waist.
(e) Arms, shoulder, rifle, and head move as a -unit as the
rifle is swung.
(f) Pressure on the trigger is applied promptly, decisively,
and continuously.
(g) Eye is kept open and does not blink on the forward
motion of the bolt.
(h) Muzzle does not jerk coincident with the release and
forward motion of the bolt.
(i) Pupil continues the aim and trigger pressure during
the entire length of travel of the target.
137
b. Organization.-With the targets and target range de-

scribed hereinafter (see sec. VI), a group of 32 men per
target is the most economical training unit. This group is
formed in two ranks of 16 men each. For the preparatory
exercises this will permit 16 men to perform the exercises on
each type of target while the remaining 16 men act as coaches.
(See fig. 43.) When firing the Browning automatic rifle,
caliber .30 M1918, the interval between individuals on the
firing line should be increased. This is accomplished by plac-
ONonoverhead target.
®Overhead target.
FIGURE 43.-Organization for training.
138
ing only one-half the group on the firing line at one time.
Each group will complete all preparatory training and instruc-
tion firing on its assigned target. Groups then change places.
The preparatory training and instruction firing is then under-
taken on the new type of target. This procedure is followed
until each man of each group has completed his instruction
on each of the four types of targets.
* 140. FIRST STEP-POSITION EXERCISES.-a. The kneeling or
standing position is generally used in antiaircraft firing.
b. (1) These antiaircraft firing positions differ from those
used in firing at ground targets in that-
(a) The sling is not used.
(b) The arms move freely in any direction with the body.
(c) The hands grasp the piece firmly.
(d) The butt of the rifle is pulled hard against the shoulder
with the right hand and the cheek is pressed against the stock.
(e) In the kneeling position the buttock does not rest on
the heel, and the left foot is well advanced to the left front.
The weight is slightly forward.
(2) The positions are such that the rifle, the body from
the waist up, the arms, and the head can move as a unit.
(3) When leading a target the rifle is swung with a smooth,
uniform motion. This is accomplished by pivoting the body
at the waist. There is no independent movement of the arms,
the shoulders, the head, or the rifle.
(4) The instructor explains and demonstrates the position.
He points out that if the rifle is pulled or pushed in the
desired direction by means of the left hand and arm a jerky
motion instead of the smooth swing necessary for correct
aiming and trigger squeeze will result.
(5) Position exercises are conducted so that the automatic
rifleman will become proficient in rapidly assuming positions
for firing at hostile aircraft moving in any direction.
* 141. SECOND STEP-AIMING AND LEADING EXERCISES.-a.
Purpose.-The purpose of the aiming and leading exercises
is to teach the correct method of aiming and to develop skill
in swinging the rifle with a smooth, uniform motion.
b. Method.-(1) For the instruction of the groups as-
signed to the nonoverhead targets (see fig. 44 0) the pupils,
139
in the kneeling firing position, are placed in one line at

about a 11/2 -yard interval, 500 inches from and facing the
assigned target. The coaches take position so they can
observe the pupils. The commands for the exercise are: 1.
AIMING AND LEADING EXERCISE, 2. ONE (TWO) TARGET-LENGTH
LEADS, 3. TARGETS. At the command TARGETS, the targets
are operated at a speed of from 15 to 20 feet per second.
Each pupil alines his sights on the spotter indicating the
proper lead, and takes up the slack in his trigger. He then
swings his rifle with a smooth, uniform motion by pivoting
the body at the waist, and maintains the aim on the proper
lead during the travel of the target. The operation is re-
peated as the target is moved in the opposite direction. The
exercise is continued until the target has been moved four
times in each direction. The coach and pupil then change
places and the exercise is continued until all men have
acquired some skill in aiming and leading with one, two, and
three target-length leads, both from right to left and left
to right.
(2) For the instruction of the group assigned to the over-
head target (see fig. 44 0), the line is formed perpendicu-
lar to and facing the line of flight of the target. The pro-
cedure is the same except that one target-length lead only
is used.
* 142. THIRD STEP-TRIGGER-SQUEEZE EXERCISES.-a. Gen-
eral.-(1) The automatic rifleman is trained to squeeze the
trigger exactly as when firing rapid fire at stationary targets
except that the rifle is kept in motion during the trigger
squeeze, the forward motion of the bolt, the firing of the
shot, and momentarily after the firing of the shot.
(2) In firing at a rapidly moving target, the untrained
man has a tendency to permit the rifle to come to rest
momentarily while applying the final trigger squeeze or
during the forward motion of the bolt. This results in the
shots going behind the target. Another fault of the untrained
man is that of jerking the trigger quickly the instant the
aim is on the required lead. This causes a bad shot.
(3) Due to the short period of time during which the usual
aerial target will be within effective range, fire is opened as
soon as possible and delivered at as rapid a rate as possible
140
consistent with accuracy. The trigger is therefore squeezed

aggressively and decisively.
b. Object.-The object of the trigger squeeze exercises is to
train the automatic rifleman to apply pressure on the, trigger
while keeping the rifle in motion, to develop a decisive trigger
40
I~X
I-
T
(D Nonoverhead.
® Overhead.
FIGURE 44.-Aiming and Icading targets.
257360'--0-010 141
squeeze so that fire can be opened in a minimum of time with-

out loss of accuracy, and to train him to follow through' with
the shot.
c. Method.-(1) The trigger squeeze exercises are con-
ducted in a manner similar to the aiming and leading exer-
cises. The same targets are used but the spotters indicating
the various target-length leads will be removed. (See fig. 45.)
(2) The pupils in the kneeling firing position are placed in
one line at about a l1-yard interval, 500 inches from and
facing the assigned nonoverhead target. The coaches take
position so they can observe the pupils. The commands for
the exercise are: 1. SIMULATE LOAD, 2. TRIGGER SQUEEZE EXER-
CISE, 3. ONE (TWO) TARGET-LENGTH LEADS, 4. TARGETS. At
the command TARGETS, the targets are operated at the proper
speed. Each pupil takes up the slack in his trigger, estimates
the lead announced in the order, applies that lead by swinging
the rifle in the manner learned in the aiming and leading
exercises, and maintains his aim at the proper lead while
applying a constantly increasing pressure on the trigger until
the bolt is released. The aim and pressure on the trigger are
continued during the entire length of travel of the target re-
gardless of release of the bolt. The importance of following
through with the shot must be emphasized. It is by this
means that men develop the habit of keeping their rifles in
motion during the process of firing. All of the steps explained
above are performed in one continuous operation. The exer-
cise consists of having the pupil squeeze the trigger each time
the target moves across the front. The exercise for each
man consists of four passages of the target in each direction.
The coach and pupil then change places and the work is
continued until all men have become proficient in squeezing
the trigger correctly using various target-length leads.
(3) The procedure for overhead trigger-squeeze exercise
is the same except that the line is formed perpendicular
to and facing the flight of the target and one target-length
lead only is used.
142
O Nonoverhead.
Overhead.
N
FIGURE 45.-Instruction targets.
143
SECTION IV
MINIATURE RANGE PRACTICE

· 143. GENERAL.-a. Miniature range practice is divided into
two parts-instruction firing and group firing. There is no
record firing.
b. All firing is on moving targets on the 500-inch range.
A suggested arrangement of the range is given in section
VI. Provision is made for simultaneous firing by separate
groups on the horizontal, the diving, the climbing, and the
overhead targets.
c. The course is fired with the Browning automatic rifle,
caliber .30, M1918, if ammunition and danger area permit.
If not, the bolt action U. S. rifle, caliber .22, M1922M1
or M1922M2 will be used.
d. All rifles should be zeroed before range practice starts.
* 144. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.-a. The safety precautions
given in paragraph 88 are applicable to this firing and will
be observed.
b. If firers are permitted to go forward to inspect their
targets, rifles will be left on the firing line. If the Brown-
ing automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, is used, bolts will be
in their forward position and magazines withdrawn. If the
caliber .22 -rifle is used, bolts will be left open and clips
withdrawn.
c. Target operators remain behind the protective wall ex-
cept when ordered. to leave by the officer in charge of the
target which they are operating.
d. If the caliber .22 rifle is used, the bolt will not be forced
home if difficulty in feeding is experienced. Attempting to
force the bolt home may result in igniting a rim-fired
cartridge before the cartridge is chambered.
* 145. INSTRUCTION FIRING.-a. General.-(1) The purpose
of instruction firing is to teach the soldier to apply the funda-
mentals taught in the preparatory exercises to actual firing.
(2) During instruction firing each soldier works under the
supervision of a coach.
(3) As a group completes the preparatory training on a
target, instruction firing is taken up on that target and com-
pleted before the group moves to another target.
144
(4) Instruction firing consists of that indicated in table

XVI, which follows b(13) below.
b. Procedure.-(1) As the instruction firing on each type
of target follows immediately after the preparatory exercises
on that target, the organization of the training unit for
firing should be the same as that given in paragraph 139b.
(2) The front rank of each group is formed on the firing
line in the kneeling firing position. The rear rank men act as
coaches.
(3) One-half of the front rank of the group fires while
the remaining front rank men simulate firing.
(4) A silhouette is assigned to each individual firer. For
example, the four silhouettes on the right of the target are
assigned the first four men on the right of the line; the four
silhouettes on the left of the target are assigned the next
four men. Silhouettes for the men simulating firing are
assigned in the same manner, that is, the right four are
assigned silhouettes on the right of the target and the left
four are assigned silhouettes on the left of the target.
(5) The officer in charge of the target commands: 1. LOAD,
2. ONE (TWO) TARGET-LENGTH LEADS, 3. TARGETS. At the
command TARGETS the targets are operated at the proper speed.
Men assigned silhouettes on the right half of the nonoverhead
target aim and fire in accordance with the method learned
in the trigger-squeeze exercise (par. 142c(2)). They fire one
shot each time the target crosses from their right to left.
Men assigned silhouettes on the left half of the nonoverhead
target fire one shot each time the target crosses from left
to right.
(6) Men assigned silhouettes on the overhead target fire
one round each time the target is run in the approaching
direction in the same manner as explained above.
(7) Four rounds constitute a score. After each string of
four rounds, targets are scored and shot holes penciled.
(8) One point is awarded for each hit in the silhouette when
using one target-length lead, or in the proper scoring space
when using more than one target-length lead.
(9) Half-groups alternate firing and simulating firing.
145
(10) When front rank men have fired one score as the
target has moved in each direction, they change places with
the men in the rear rank and act as coaches.
(11) This procedure is followed until all men of the group
have performed the required firing.
(12) Upon completion of the firing prescribed in table XVI
below for any one type of target, the group moves to another
type target and continues until all have completed the instruc-
tion firing.
(13) Modifications of the above method of firing to meet
local conditions are authorized.
TABLE XVI.--InstructiO)1, fiing

(Range 500 inches)
Target 1 lead, 8 rounds 2 leads, 8 rounds 3 leads, 8 rounds Total
Horizonta I{4rounds right to left- 4 rounds right to left| 4 rounds right to left- 24
Climing-4roundsright
to left 4roundsright left
rounds left to right- 4rounds left totoright. 4 rounds right to left 24
H Gorizontal_.4 4 roundsleft to right 24
Diving......4 rounds right to left 4rounds right to left. 4 rounds right to left 24
4 rounds left to right 4roundslefttoright 4 rounds left to right
(4rounds approach- 4 rounds approach-
Overhead: ing- ing ------- -- g ............... 16
4 rounds receding_.- 4 rounds receding-.
Speed of all targets, 15 to 20 feet per second. Total rounds, 88.
* 146. GROUP FIRING.--a. General.-(1) Group firing is the

final phase of antiaircraft marksmanship training on the
miniature range.
(2) It provides for competitions and illustrates the effec-
tiveness of the combined fire of a number of automatic
riflemen.
(3) Group firing should not be undertaken until the pre-
paratory training and instruction firing have been completed.
b. Procedure.-(1) Two silhouettes, one to be fired upon as
the target moves from left to right and one to be fired upon
as the target moves in the opposite direction, are assigned to
each squad or similar group.
146
(2) Each man of the front rank followed by each man in

the rear rank fires four rounds at each silhouette as the
target moves in the appropriate direction.
(3) Targets.are scored after completion of the firing of
the entire unit or group.
c. Scoring.-A value of 1 is given each hit on the silhouette.
d. Score card.-A sample score card is shown in paragraph
153e.
SECTION V
TOWED-TARGET FIRING
* 147. GENERAL.-a. Towed-target firing is the final phase of

automatic rifle antiaircraft marksmanship. It is conducted
on the towed-target range described in section VI.
b. It consists of firing with caliber .30 ball or tracer ammu-
nition at a sleeve target at various ranges and on varied
courses.
c. Towed-target courses prescribed herein are guides which
may be modified. Safety measures and ammunition require-
ments restrict the length of the course. Safety measures also
prevent the adoption of courses to include direct-diving or
direct-climbing targets.
d. Towed-target firing will follow miniature range instruc-
tion firing. If, due to lack of facilities, a unit is unable to
conduct miniature range firing, it may be permitted to con-
duct towed-target firing, provided antiaircraft marksman-
ship preparatory training has been completed.
* 148. COURSES TO BE FIRED.-Units authorized to fire will
fire one or more of the courses enumerated in table XVII
below.
147
TABLE XVII.--Corses to be fired
T f ;m f light
Altitude of Horizontal range
2 Type of flight treof course Speed Remarks
Z rget (yards)
1 Nonoverhead- Minimum con- Minimum, 100; Maximum See fig-

horizontal(par- sistent with maximum de- possible. uire 57.
allel to firing safety. pends on width
line from left of danger area
to right). of range.
2 Nonoverhead- -.--- do----------..... do ---- - do----- Do.

horizontal (par-
allel to firing
line from right
to left).
3 Overhead (per- -_ do........

- Minimum and do ------ See fig-
pendicular to maximum in ure 58.
firing line). accord with
safety precau-
tions.
4 C o m bin e d do-..... Same . as for do See fig-

courses 1, 2, courses 1, 2, ure 59.
and 3. and 3.
t The horizontal distance from the firing point directly under the target.
The maximum slant range for all courses should not exceed 600 yards.
* 149. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.-a. Towed-target firing will be

conducted with due regard for the safety of the pilot of the
towing airplane, the personnel engaged in firing, and all
spectators. °
b. All firing is controlled by suitable signals or commands.
COMMENCE FIRING and CEASE FIRING are given in such a man-
ner as to be clearly and promptly understood by everyone
engaged in firing.
c. The signals and commands COMMENCE FIRING and CEASE
FIRING will be given at such time as to prevent any bullets
from falling outside the danger area.
d. For all overhead flights, the signal or command COM-
MENCE FIRING will not be given until the towing plane has
reached a point 50 yards or less, measured horizontally-on the
148
ground, from the firing point and there is no danger of bul-

lets striking the plane. The signal or command CEASE
FIRING will be given when the sleeve target is at least 100
yards, measured horizontally on the ground, in advance of
the firing line so there is no danger of bullets dropping
outside the firing area.
e. Whenever a towing cable breaks and the towing air-
plane is on a course which passes near the firing point, all
personnel in that vicinity will be warned to lie flat on the
ground until danger from the loose cable and the release
is past.
f. No rifle will be pointed at or near the towing airplane.
All tracking will be on the towed target. Muzzles will be
depressed during loading.
g. At least two safety officers will be designated to assist
the officer in charge of firing in carrying out safety pre-
cautions.
h. To provide for the safety of the towing airplane, firing
will be permitted only when the smaller angle In space be-
tween the gun-target line and the towline (or towline ex-
tended) is greater than 45 ° .
i. An Air Corps officer should be at the firing point during
an organization's initial practice for the season, for the pur-
pose of giving supplemental instruction and checking the
safety measures taken.
j. Additional safety precautions are covered in AR 750-10.
* 150. PROCEDURE OF FIRING.-a. The men to fire take the
antiaircraft kneeling firing position on the firing line with
at least 1½/2 yards between men.
b. The officer in charge of firing takes position in rear of
the center of the firing line.
c. Safety officers take position at either flank of the firing
line.
d. As the towing airplane approaches the left (right) side
of the danger area, the officer in charge of firing gives the
command 1. (so MANY) ROUNDS, 2. LOAD, 3. SLEEVE TARGET
APPROACHING FROM THE LEFT (RIGHT). Each automatic rifle-
man loads his piece and sets it at "safe."
e. As the towed target approaches the danger area, the
officer in charge of firing commands 4. FOUR TARGET-LENGTH
149
LEADS. (See par. 213c.) At this preparatory command each

automatic rifleman sets his piece at F, aims by swinging
through the sleeve to the announced lead, pivoting at the
waist, and maintains his estimated lead.
f. In firing at crossing targets, the safety officer stationed
at the end of the firing line opposite to the target's approach
signals or commands COMMENCE FIRING when the sleeve-target
has completely crossed the line marking the firing area.
The officer in charge of firing and such assistants as he
desires repeat the command or signal to insure that all firers
hear it. Each automatic rifleman squeezes the trigger until
the bolt is released and the first shot is fired. He then con-
tinues to re-aim rapidly and fire until the command or signal
CEASE FIRING is given. The safety officer at the end of the
firing point opposite to the target's departure observes the
flight of the sleeve-target during the firing. When he ob-
serves that the sleeve is about to leave the danger area he
signals or commands CEASE FIRING. The officer in charge of
firing and his assistants repeat the command or signal to
insure that all firers hear it.
g. In firing at overhead targets the same procedure is fol-
lowed except that the officer in charge of firing, from his
position behind the center of the firing line, determines when
firing commences and ceases. He gives the command or sig-
;nal COMMENCE FIRING when the towing plane is 50 yards or
less in advance of the firing line and gives CEASE FIRING be-
fore the sleeve is 100 yards in advance of the firing line.
(See par. 149.)
* 151. SCORING.--a,. The number of hits is found by dividing
the number of holes in the target by two. An odd hole is
counted as a hit.
b. The hit percentage is obtained by dividing the number
of hits as obtained in a above by the total number of rounds
fired at the target.
SECTION VI
RANGES, TARGETS, AND EQUIPMENT

* 152. RANGE OFFICER.-A range officer is appointed well in
advance of range practice. His chief duties are stated in
paragraph 80c.
150
* 153. MINIATURE RANGE.-a. The miniature range consists

of:
(1) One horizontal target. (See fig. 46.)
FIGURE 46.-Horizontal target.
(2) One double-climbing and diving target. (See fig. 47.)
TIC_
FIGURE 47.-Double-climbing and diving target.
(3) One overhead target. (See fig. 48.)
FIGURE 48.-Overhead target.
151
b. A suggested arrangement of the targets is shown in

figure 49.
E 4Z-' . 30.
-
-_-- FIRING ------ - FIRING -
POINT POINT
FIGURE 49.-Arrangement of targets.
c. For details of range apparatus, see figures 51 to 56, inclu-

sive, which are included at the end of this section.
d. Danger area required.-(1) The danger area required is
dependent upon the type of ammunition. (See AR 750-10
for size and shape.)
(2) The miniature range may be laid out in the same man-
ner as described in paragraph 154c. Care must be taken to
insure that the firing line and targets are placed so that no
fire will fall outside of the danger area.
e. Equipment required.-If the organization for training
is as suggested in paragraph 139b, the following equipment is
necessary:
1 Browning automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, for each
two men firing, or 1 caliber .22 rifle for each two men
firing.
4 aiming and leading targets (see fig. 44). (Each of
these targets consists of a piece of beaverboard on
which the silhouettes are pasted.)
6 instruction firing targets per range (see fig. 45).
(These targets are the same as the aiming and lead-
ing targets except that the spotters are eliminated.)
1 score card per man as follows:
152
INDIVIDUAL SCORE CARD

ANTIAIRCRAFT RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP
Date ------- , 19--
Name..........
1 TL lead 2 TL lead 3 TL lead

target
Rounds Hit Per Rounds Per- Round it Per-
fired s cent fired cent fired cent
Horizontal .-..............................
Climbing '
I- ..............................
Diving ......................................................................
Overhead..................................
Total................................
* 154. TOWED-TARGET RANGE.--a. In selecting the location of

a towed-target range, the danger area is the chief considera-
tion. (See AR 750-10.)
b. The firing point should accommodate at least 50 men
in line with a 11/2 -yard interval between men. A level strip
of ground, preferably on a hill, 75 yards long and 2 yards
wide is suitable. A firing point similar to the firing point
of a known-distance rifle range may be built (see par.
121c(11)).
c. (1) After the towed-target range has been selected, the
firing point, limits of fire, and danger area should be plotted
on a map or sketch of the area.
(2) From this map or sketch the range is then laid out
on the ground. First, each end of the firing point is marked
by a large stake. The right and left limits of fire are then
each marked by a post. Each post is placed at the maximum
distance at which it will be plainly visible from the firing
point. When these distances have been determined, the posts
are located in azimuth by the following method: To locate
the post marking the left limit of fire, an aiming circle or
other angle-measuring instrument is set up at the right end
153
154-156 BROWNING AUT'OMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918
stake of the firing point. It is then oriented. and laid on an

azimuth which, by reference to the map or sketch, is known
to be the farthest to the left that the rifle at the right end
of the firing point can safely be fired. The post marking
the right limit of fire is similarly located with the instrument
set up at the left end stake of the firing point. (See fig. 50.)
(3) Direction guides for the towing airplane to follow
should, within the limits of fire, be distinctly marked on the
ground for each course. White targets or strips of cloth
placed flat on the ground about 30 feet apart are suitable.
750TO MAXIMUM POSSIBLE
\( - --- DIRECTION LINE ESTABLISHED BY

E
AIMING CIRCLE TO LOCATE POSTS
MARKING LEFT AND RIGHT
LIMITS OF FIRE
100
-POSTS MARKING RIGH /

LEPT LIMITS OF
FIRE
/ RIGHT END STAKE OF

FIRING POINT
FIRING POINT
2 YDS. X 75 YDS.
FIGURE 50.-Towed-target range showing firing point and limit of

fire. Dotted lines show danger area.
· 155. TOWED TARGETS.-a. Type and source.-The targets

used in towed-target firing are sleeve-targets furnished by
the Air Corps unit assigned the towing mission. They are
returned to the Air Corps unit after they have been scored.
b. Towline.-The towing line will be not less than 600 yards
long.
* 156. INSTRUCTION TO PILOTS FOR TOWING MISSIONS.-a.
Towed-target firing requires the closest cooperation between
154
the pilot of the towing airplane and the officer in charge

of firing. Decisions affecting the safety of the plane rest
with Air Corps personnel.
b. The air mission for towed-target firing should be spe-
cifically stated. The commanding officer requesting airplanes
for towed-target firing should furnish, in writing, to the Air
Corps unit commander concerned the following information:
(1) Place of firing.
(2) Date and hour of firing.
(3) Number of missions to be flown; altitude, course, speed,
and number of runs for each.
(4) Ground signals to be used.
(5) Map of the area with the firing line, angle of fire,
danger area, the course of each mission, and the location of
the grounds for dropping targets and messages all plotted
thereon. An alternate dropping ground should be designated
when practicable and either or both dropping grounds are
subject to approval by the pilot.
(6) Length of towline, within limits established by the
Air Corps and subject to approval by the pilot.
(7) Number of sleeve-targets required.
c. Whenever practicable, the officer in charge of the firing
should discuss with the pilot the detailed arrangements men-
tioned in b above. This discussion should take place on the
towed-target range where the various range features can be
pointed out to the pilot. The courses over which the airplane
is to be flown should be distinguished on the ground (within
the angle of fire). Machine-gun targets placed flat on the
ground, about 30 feet apart, or strips of target cloth are
practicable for this purpose on some courses. On others a
terrain feature such as a beach line may be used.
* 157. SIGNALS.-a. Direct radio communication is the most
effective means by which the officer in charge of towed-target
firing and the pilot of the towing plane maintain contact with
each other. Even though radio is being used, panels should
be available in case radio communication fails.
155
b. For signaling from the ground to the pilot any method

agreed upon may be used. The panel signals generally used
are as follows:
Stand by ---------------------------- 00 2
Ready to fire ___________--------------0 0 0
Repeat run No. 1______
-------------- 0 9 1
Repeat run No. 2 _-_---------------
0 9 2
Repeat run No. 3 --------------------- 0 9 3
Repeat course------------------------ 0 9 4
Mission complete --------------------- Pick up panels
c. The pilot may also communicate with the officer in charge
of firing by dropped messages or by rocking his' wings.
156
zw
in
o30 -
0
o-' >
OIr
a. aEl
0v z~~~ z
:
p-' C m
T:
U~~~~
00~~~~
2~ ~~~"
uJ 4.
Cflu
w~~~~~
(c
(L 0
03 7C 5
a, =L
257360'-40-11
0
00 157
-J~~~~~~~~~~~J
C-
25F360°---40 1
-I N
w UJ
o~ U
25?360'-40----11 157
FIGURE 52.-Overhead target carrier.
FIGURE 53.-Rear view of nonoverhead range butts, showing drum,

guide wires, and bumper.
158
FIGURE 54.-Moving target drum. One complete turn moves

target 15 feet.
FIGURE 55.-Rear view of climbing and diving target.
159
FIGURE 56.-Rear view of climbing and diving target and method

of securing target to frame.
X \ Co" t-ei2 '
FIGURE: 57.-Courses Nos. 1 and 2. Firing takes place when target

is on shaded portion of course.
160
\\/ \'
FIGURE58CourseNo. 3. Firing takes place when target is on
\
, \\~t
FIGURE 59.-Course No. 3. Firing takes place when target

is on
shaded portion. Fire is opened when towing airplane is 50 yards
or less from firing point.
FIGURE 59.--Course No. 4. Heavy lines indicate when towed target

is fired upon.
161
CHAPTER 5
TECHNIQUE OF FIRE
Paragraphs
SECTION I. Introduction ________________________________ 158-160
II. Range estimation____________________________
-161-165
III. Target designation __-_______________________ 166-173
IV. Rifle fire and its effect____________________-__- 174-180
V. Application of fire ____________--____________- 181-188
VI. Landscape-target firing_ _____----__________.-- 189-196
VII. Firing at field targets _______________________ 197-202
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
· 158. GENERAL.-a. Instruction in the technique of fire is
given to automatic riflemen after they have completed or
progressed sufficiently in other allied subjects, such as known-
distance marksmanship, extended order, drill and combat
signals, and certain elements of scouting and patrolling.
This chapter deals with instruction in the technique of fire.
While the application of this training to combat should be
kept in mind, it does not include the solution of tactical
exercises.
b. Collective fire is the combined fire of a group of individ-
uals. It may include the fire of several different weapons.
c. A fire unit is one whose fire in battle is under the imme-
diate and effective control of its leader. The rifle fire unit
is usually the squad or a smaller group.
* 159. IMPORTANCE OF RIFLE FIRE.-Effective rifle fire is a
characteristic of successful Infantry and is an element which
may determine the issue of battle. Collective fire is most
effective when it is the product of teamwork.
* 160. ScoPE.-Instruction is progressive and is divided into
six consecutive steps. These are:
a. Range estimation.
b. Target designation.
-c. Rifle fire and its effect.
d. Application of fire.
e. Landscape-target firing.
f. Firing at field targets.
162
SECTION II
RANGE ESTIMATION
· 161. IMPORTANCE.-a. The battle sight for the Browning
automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, corresponds to a sight
setting of approximately 550 yards. With the use of the
battle sight a shot will strike the target with the following
approximate relation to the point of aim with respect to
elevation:
Range
(yards) Strike with use of battle sight
600------------------ 13 inches below point of aim.
550----------------- Strikes point of aim.
500------------------ 13 inches above point of aim.
400 ----------------- 24 inches above point of aim.
300 ----------------- 23 inches above point of aim.
200 ------- ------ 14 inches above point of aim.
100 ------------- ___-- 5 inches above point of aim.
b. It is therefore important for the leader or individual
soldier to be able to estimate the range, to the target in any
circumstances and to decide whether the battle sight or a
more exact setting will be used.
* 162. METHODS.-The following methods of estimating
ranges are considered in instruction in the technique of
rifle fire:
a. Use of tracer bullets.
b. Observation of fire.
C. Estimation by eye.
* 163. USE OF TRACER BULLETS.-The leader, or individual,
fires a tracer bullet with his sight set at the estimated
range. He then corrects the sight-setting according to the
strike of the bullet and continues the process until a tracer
appears to strike the target. The estimator then announces
the correct range, making allowance for the zero of his
own rifle.
* 164. OBSERVATION OF FIRE.-This method can be used with
ordinary ball cartridges when the ground is dry and the
163
strike of the bullet can be seen. The same procedure is

followed as in determining the range by tracer bullets.
* 165. ESTIMATION BY EYE.--a. Necessity for training.-The
usual method of estimating ranges in combat is estimation
by eye. Untrained men make an average error of 15 per-
cent of the range when estimating by eye. Hence, a defi-
nite system of range estimation, coupled with frequent prac-
tice, on varied terrain, is essential to success with this
method.
b. Unit-of-measure method.-(1) Ranges less than 500
yards are measured by applying a mental unit of measure
100 yards long. Thorough familiarity with the 100-yard unit
and with its appearance on varied terrain and at different
distances is necessary if the soldier is to apply it accurately.
(2) Ranges greater than 500 yards are estimated by select-
ing a point halfway to the target, applying the unit of
measure to this halfway point, and doubling the result.
(3) The average of a number of estimates by different men
will generally be more accurate than a single estimate. This
variation of the suggested method is used, when time permits,
by taking the average of the estimates of members of the
squad or group or of specially qualified men.
c. Apvpearance of objects.-If much of the ground between
the observer and the target is hidden from view, the applica-
tion of the unit of measure is impracticable. In such cases
the range is estimated by the appearance of objects. When-
ever the appearance of objects is used as a basis for range
estimation, the observer must make allowances for the fol-
lowing effects:
(1) Objects seem nearer-
(a) When the object is in a bright light.
(b) When the color of the object contrasts sharply with the
color of the background.
(c) When looking over water, snow, or a uniform surface
like a wheat field.
(d) When looking downward from a height.
(e) In the clear atmosphere of high altitudes.
(f) When looking over a depression most of which is
hidden.
164
(2) Objects seem more distant-

(a) When looking over a depression, most of which is
visible.
(b) When there is a poor light or fog.
(c) When only a, small part of the object can be seen.
(d) When looking from low ground upward toward higher
ground.
d. Exercises.-(1) Exercise No. 1.-(a) Purpose.-To famil-
iarize the soldier with the 100-yard unit of measure.
(b) Method.-Units of measure, 100 yards each, are staked
out on varied ground, using markers that will be visible up to
500 yards. The men are required to become thoroughly
familiar with the appearance of each unit of measure from the
prone, kneeling, and standing positions at various ranges.
(2) Exercise No. 2.-(a) Purpose.-To illustrate the appli-
cation of the unit of measure.
(b) Method.
1. Ranges up to 900 yards are measured accurately
and marked at every 100 yards by large markers
or target frames, each bearing a number to indi-
cate its range. Men undergoing instruction are
then placed about 25 yards to one side of the
prolonged line of markers and directed to place
a hat or other object before their eyes so as to
exclude from view all of the markers. They are
then directed to apply the unit of measure five
times along a straight line parallel to the line of
markers. When they have selected the final
point the eye cover is removed and the estima-
tions of the successive 100-yard points and the
final point are checked against the markers.
Accuracy is gained by repeating the exercise.
2. Ranges greater than 500 yards are then considered.
With the markers concealed from view men
estimate the ranges to points which are obvi-
ously over 500 yards distant and a little to one'
side of the line of markers. As soon as they
have announced each range they remove their
eye covers and check the range to the target
and to the halfway point by means of the
165
markers. Prone, sitting or kneeling, and stand-

ing positions are used during this exercise.
(3) Exercise No. 3.-(a) Purpose.--To give practice in
range estimation.
(b) Method.-From a suitable point ranges are previously
measured to objects within 1,000 yards. The men are re-
quired to estimate the ranges to the various objects as they
are pointed out by the instructor, writing down their esti-
mates on paper pads or slips. At least one-half of the esti-
mates are made from the prone or sitting positions. Thirty
seconds are allowed for each estimate. When all ranges
have been estimated the papers are collected and the true
ranges announced to the class. To create interest individual
estimates and squad averages may be posted on bulletin
boards.
SECTION III
TARGET DESIGNATION
* 166. IMPoRTANCE.-Target designation is a vital element
in the technique of fire unless the target is self-evident.
Battlefield targets are generally so indistinct that leaders
and troops must be able to designate their locations and ex-
tent. Small units and individuals must also be trained to
place heavy fire on indistinct or probable targets in appro-
priate circumstances.
* 167. INSTRUCTIoN.-Prior to instruction in target designa-
tion automatic riflemen should understand the topographical
terms normally employed in designating targets, for example,
crest, military crest, hill, cut, ridge, bluff, fill, ravine, cross-
roads, road junction, road center, road fork, skyline.
* 168. METHODS.-The following methods are used to desig-
nate targets:
a. Tracer bullets.
b. Pointing.
c. Oral description.
The method used should be the one best suited to the con-
ditions existing at the time of the appearance of the target.
* 169. TRACER BULLETS-a. The use of tracer bullets is a
quick and sure method of designating an obscure battlefield
166
target. Their use, however, has limitations, for they may dis-
close the position of the firer to the enemy; further, the effect
of a sudden burst of fire is lessened by preceding it with
tracers.
b. To designate a point target by this method, the leader,
or individual, announces, "Range 500; watch my tracer,"
and fires a tracer at the target. If the target has width,
the flanks are indicated by tracer bullets and announced,
"Left flank; right flank." Any range correction should be
announced.
* 170. POINTING.-Targets may be pointed out either with
the arm or the rifle. Pointing may be supplemented by oral
description. To use the rifle for this purpose, it is canted
to the right and aimed at the target. The head is then
straightened up without moving the rifle. A soldier standing
behind looks through the sights and locates the target. If
time permits a muzzle rest can be improvised for a rifle aimed
at the targets. In pointing, the range is always announced.
Usually some supplementary description will be necessary.
X 171. ORAL DESCRIPTION.-a. Use.-Oral description is often
used to designate targets. However, battlefield conditions will
rarely permit the leader to designate a target directly to all
members of his unit by this method. For this reason either
pointing or tracers are frequently used in combination with
oral description.
b. Elements of oral target designation.-The elements of
oral target designation are:
(1) Range.
(2) Direction.
(3) Description of target.
These elements are always given in the above sequence with
a slight pause between each element. An exception to this
rule occurs when the target is expected to be visible for a
short time only. In this case the target is pointed out as
quickly as possible; for example, such an oral target designa-
tion might be "Those men." No range is announced and
men open fire with the sight setting then on their rifles.
(Fig. 60, target at K.) If time permits the range is an-
nounced and men immediately set their sights before looking
for the target.
167
(II
-- I iii co
168
c. Direction.-The terms front, left front, right front, left

flank, and right flank, may be used to indicate the general
direction of the target; When necessary, the direction is
fixed more accurately by the methods hereafter described.
d. Simple description.-When the target is plainly visible,
or at an easily recognized point, a simple description is used;
for example (fig. 60, target at A):
Range: 425.
Left front.
Sniper at base of dead tree.
e. Reference point.-When the target is indistinct or in-
visible, and is not located at some prominent point, the direc-
tion of the target is indicated by the use of a reference point.
This is an object, preferably a prominent one; by reference
to which the location of other points may be determined.
In selecting a reference point, care must be taken that another
similar object is not mistaken for the one intended. A refer-
ence point on a line with the target and beyond it will give
greater accuracy than one between the observer and the
target. For brevity a reference point is called "Reference."
(1) When reference point is on. line with target.-The
description takes the following form (fig. 60, target at B):
Range: 450.
Reference: church spire.
Target: machine gun in edge of woods.
It will be noted that the range announced is that to the
target and not to the reference point. When the word
reference is used the word target is also used to differentiate
between the two objects. Another example follows (fig. 60,
target at C):
Range: 300.
Left front.
Reference: black stump.
Target: sniper on far side of road.
(2) (a) When reference point is not on line with target.-
In this case it is necessary to indicate the distance to the
right or left of the reference point at which the target is
located. This distance is measured in units called sights (see
par. 173b). Suppose that the rifle is pointed so that the left
edge of the raised sight leaf is on line with the reference
169
point and it is found that the right edge of the sight leaf
is in line with the target, the target is then one sight width
to the right of the' reference point and it is announced as
"Right, one sight." If the sight can be applied one and one-
half times in the above manner, the target is "Right, one and
one-half sights." The following examples illustrate this
method (see fig. 60):
(Target at D)-
Range: 600.
Reference: church spire. Right, two sights.
Target: group of enemy in shell hole near crest.
(Target at E)-
Range: 425.
Left front.
Reference: dead tree. Right one and one-half sights.
Target: sniper in edge of woods.
(Target at F)-
Range: 450.
Reference: church spire, left one-half sight.
Target: machine gun in corner of woods.
(b) The width or extent of targets is also measured in
sights (fig. 60, target G to H):
Range: 425.
Reference: church spire, left two sights.
Target: enemy groups in edge of woods extending
left two sights.
(3) Successive reference points may be used instead of
sight measurements from one reference point (fig. 60, target
at I). The following example illustrates this method:
Range: 500.
Reference: church spire; to the right and at a shorter
range, group of three trees; to the right and at the
same range.
Target: machine gun at left end of mound of earth.
(4) Combination of successive reference points and
sights.-Example (fig. 60, target at K):
Range: 600.
Reference: church spire; to the left and at a shorter
range, lone tree; left one sight and at the same
range.
Target: machine gun in clump of brush.
170
f. Variations.-If one end of a linear target is considerably

nearer than the other, the average range is announced,
since dispersion will cover the target. In oral description
the simplest, briefest, and clearest description that fits the
conditions is the most effective. Informal or conversational
description may be used to supplement the more formal
description when the target is not recognized from the
latter alone.
* 172. METHOD TO BE USED.-Troops should be trained in
all the methods of target designation, that is, use of tracer
bullets, pointing, and oral description. When methods are
equally effective, the simplest will be used.
* 173. EXERCISES.---a. Exercise No. 1.-(1) Purpose.-To af-
ford practice in target designation by means of tracer
bullets.
(2) Method.-(a) On a known-distance or field firing
range a concealed target representing a machine gun is
placed near a pit or other bulletproof shelter. About 500
yards in front of the target a firing position suitable for a
squad is selected. The location of the target should be
visible from the firing position, but the target itself is
carefully concealed.
(b) The unit or team is deployed along the firing posi-
tion and all except the leader are then faced to the rear.
(c) The leader takes the prone position and is told that
the waving of a red flag to his front will represent the
firing and smoke from the machine gun.
(d) A man stationed in the pit waves a flag in front of
the target for about 30 seconds and retires to the protection
of the pit.
(e) The unit or team is faced to the front and men take
the prone position. Rifles are loaded, the leader using tracer
ammunition and the remainder of the unit or team ball
cartridges.
(f) The leader points out the target by firing tracers and
announces the range, which is passed orally from man to
man.
171
(g) As soon as each man understands the location of the

target he opens fire with the proper sight setting.
(h) Shortly after all the men have taken up the firing the
instructor terminates the exercise.
(i) The leader observes the firing. The second in com-
mand assists the leader.
(j) After firing ceases, sight settings are checked by the
leader and the target is examined or the hits are signaled
to the unit or team.
b. Exercise No. 2.-(1) Purpose.-To teach the use of
sights and fingers for lateral measurement.
(2) Method.-(a) A number of short vertical lines one
foot apart are plainly marked on a wall or other vertical
surface. At a distance of 20 feet from the wall a testing
line is drawn or marked out by stakes. The instructor ex-
plains that the vertical lines are one sight (50 mils) apart
when measured from the testing line, so that the correct
distance from the rifle sight leaf to the eye can be determined
by pointing the rifle at the vertical lines and moving the eye
along the stock until the raised sight leaf covers the space
between one of the vertical lines and the next line to the
right or left. The instructor demonstrates with a rifle while
explaining.
(b) The men take positions on the testing line and each
determines the proper distance of his eye from the sight as
explained by the instructor. The position of the eye with
reference to the stock is carefully noted or marked on the
stock. (This will usually be about 14 inches from the eyes.)
(c) The instructor then explains and demonstrates the
use of fingers in measuring sights. First he holds his hand,
with palm to rear and fingers pointing upward, at such
distance from his eye that each finger will measure one sight
on the wall. Then, he lowers his hand to his side without
changing the angle of the wrist or elbow and notes/the exact
point at which the hand strikes the body. Thereafter when
measuring with the fingers he first places his hand at this
point and raises his arm to the front without changing the
angle of the wrist or elbow. His hand will then be in the
correct position for measuring sights by fingers. The men
172
then determine the proper distance of fingers from the eye

as explained by the instructor.
(d) Practice in lateral measurement is given, using con-
venient objects within view and using both sights and fingers.
c. Exercise No. 3.-(1) Purpose.-To afford practice in
target designation by pointing with the rifle.
(2) Method.-(a) The unit or team is formed faced to the
rear. The instructor then points out the target to the leader
who takes the kneeling or prone position, estimates the range,
adjusts his sight, alines his sight to the target, and then
calls, "Ready."
(b) The members of the unit or team then move in turn
to a position directly behind the leader and look through the
sights until they have located the target. The range is given
orally by the leader to each individual.
(c) As soon as each man has located the target he moves
to the right or left of the leader, sets his sight, places his
rifle on a sandbag or other rest, and alines his sights on
the target.
(d) The instructor, assisted by the unit or team leader,
verifies the sight setting and the alinement of the sights of
each rifle.
d. Exercise No. 4.-(1) Purpose.-To afford practice in tar-
get designation by oral description.
(2) Method.-(a) The unit or team is deployed faced to
the rear. The leader is at the firing point, where sandbags
or other rests have been provided for each rifle.
(b) At a prearranged signal the target is indicated by the
display of a flag. When the leader states that he under-
stands the position of the target the flag is withdrawn.
(c) The unit or team is then brought to the firing point,
placed in the prone position, and each man required to set
his sight, use the sandbag or other rest, and sight his rifle
on the target according to the oral description of the leader.
The leader gives his target designation from the prone
position.
(d) The leader's designation is checked from the ground.
Then men are required to leave their rifles on the rests, prop-
erly pointed, until checked by the instructor or leader.
257360 --40----12 173

SECTION IV
RIFLE FIRE AND ITS EFFECT

U 174. TRAJECTORY.-a. Naturel.-The trajectory is the path
followed by a bullet in its flight through the air. The bullet
leaves the rifle at a speed of about 2,700 feet per second.
Because of this great speed, the trajectory at short ranges
is almost straight or flat.
b. Danger space.-The space between the rifle and the
target in which the trajectory does not rise above a man of
average height is called the danger space. The trajectory for
a range of 700 yards does not rise above 68 inches. Therefore,
it is said that the danger space for that range is continuous
between the muzzle of the gun and the target. For ranges
greater than 700 yards, the bullet rises above the height of a
man standing, so that only parts of the space between the
gun and the target are danger spaces. Figure 61.
[ 175. DIsPERSION.-Because of differences in ammunition,
aiming, holding, and wind effects, a number of bullets fired
from a rifle at a target are subject to slight dispersion. The
trajectories of those bullets form an imaginary cone-shaped
figure called the cone, of dispersion.
* 176. SHOT GRovPs.-When the cone of dispersion strikes a
vertical target it forms a pattern called a vertical shot group.
A shot group formed on a horizontal target is called a hori-
zontal shot group. Due to the flatness of the trajectory,
horizontal shot groups on level ground vary in length from
100 to 400 yards, depending upon the range.
* 177. BEATEN ZONE.-The beaten zone is the area on the
ground struck by the bullets forming a cone of dispersion.
When the ground is level, the beaten zone is also a horizontal
shot group. The slope of the ground has great effect on the
shape and size of the beaten zone. Rising ground shortens
the beaten zone. Ground that slopes downward and in the
approximate curve of the trajectories will greatly lengthen
the beaten zone. Falling ground with greater slope than the
trajectory will escape fire and is said to be in defilade.
174
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· 178. CLASSES OF FIRE.-a. Fire, as regards direction, is clas-

sified as follows:
(1) Frontal.-Firedelivered on the enemy from his front.
(2) Flanking.-Firedelivered on the enemy from his flank.
b. Fire, as regards trajectory, is classified as follows:
(1) Grazing.-Fire approximately parallel to the ground
and close enough thereto to strike an object of a given height.
The average height of a man (68 in.) is usually taken as
determining grazing fire.
(2) Plunging.-Plunging fire is fire in which the angle of
fall of the bullets with reference to the slope of the ground
is such that the danger space is practically confined to the
beaten zone and the length of the beaten zone is materially
lessened. Fires delivered from high ground on ground lying
approximately at right angles to the cone of fire, or against
ground rising abruptly to the front with respect to the posi-
tion of the rifle, are examples of plunging fire. As the range
increases, fire becomes increasingly plunging because the
angle of fall of the bullets becomes greater.
(3) Overhead.-Fire delivered over the heads of friendly
troops.
c. Comparison.-Flankingfire is more effective than frontal
fire. Grazing fire is more effective than plunging fire, because
the beaten zone is much longer. Overhead fire with the
rifle is unusual and may be employed only when the ground
affords protection to the friendly troops.
* 179. EFFECT OF FIRE.-The fire of automatic riflemen atmed
with the automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, will generally be
opened as close to the enemy as possible. Such fire, properly
applied, is of decisive effect. It will also be used against low-
flying airplanes and against mechanized attacks. The effect
of fire on such targets is covered in chapters 3 and 4.
* 180. DEMONSTRATION OF TRAJECTORIES. - a. Purpose.- To
show trajectories.
b. Method.-The unit under instruction watches the firing
of a few tracer bullets at targets whose ranges are announced.
Ranges of 300, 600, and 800 yards are suitable selections.
The flatness of the trajectories is called to the attention of
the men.
176
SECTION V
APPLICATION OF FIRE
U 181. GENERAL.-a. Fire and movement are combined in
combat action of units. The application of fire by units is
essential to their success.
b. Application of fire in attack.-The automatic rifleman
must be trained to place a large volume of accurate fire upon
probable enemy locations and indistinct or concealed targets
such as enemy machine guns or small groups. The automatic
rifleman must be trained to apply such fire quickly upon the
order or signal of his leader and in appropriate circumstances
to apply it without such order.
c. Application of fire in delense.-In defense the fire of
automatic riflemen is delivered from positions which must
be held. They are placed to secure good field of fire covering
probable avenues of approach either on the ground or in the
air, and to take advantage of cover and concealment.
m 182. CONCENTRATED AND DISTRIBUTED FIRE.-The size and
nature of the target presented may call for the fire power
of the entire unit or team or only certain parts. The fire
of a unit or team must necessarily be either concentrated or
distributed fire.
a. Concentrated fire.-Concentrated fire is fire directed at
a single point. This fire has great effect but only at a single
point. Antitank guns and automatic weapons are examples
of suitable targets for concentrated fire.
b. Distributed fire.-(1) Distributed fire is fire distributed
in width for the purpose of keeping all parts of the target
under effective fire. It is habitually used on targets having
any considerable width such as a portion of the edge of a
woods or road.
(2) Unless otherwise instructed the automatic rifleman will
habitually cover the entire target. The first shot is fired
on that portion of the target corresponding generally to the
automatic rifleman's position in the unit or team.
(3) If other targets appear, the unit or team leader an-
nounces such changes in the fire distribution as are necessary.
177
*l 183. ASSAULT FIRE.-Assault fire is that automatic fire de-

livered by the automatic rifleman while steadily advancing
at a walk. Automatic riflemen load while advancing, the
rifle being carried as prescribed in paragraph 66.
[ 184. RATE OF FIRE.-The automatic rifleman fires at the
rate of fire most effective under existing conditions and gen-
erally at a rate of from 40 to 60 shots per minute semiauto-
matic fire. An excessive rate wastes ammunition without
corresponding effect.
* 185. FIRE DISCIPLINE.-Fire discipline in the unit or team
includes the careful observance of the instructions relative
to the use of the automatic rifle in combat and exact execu-
tion of the orders of the leader. It implies care in sight set-
ting, aim, trigger squeeze, close attention to the leader, inde-
pendent increase in the rate of fire when the target becomes
more favorable, cessation of fire on the unit or team leader's
order or signal, or when a target cannot be located with
sufficient definition to justify the expenditure of ammunition.
It also implies that when the unit or team leader has released
the automatic riflemen from the control of his fire order, the
automatic rifleman acts on his own initiative, selects sight
setting and target independently, and opens and ceases fire in
accordance with the situation.
* 186. FIRE CONTROL.---a. Fire control consists of the initia-
tion and supervision of the fire of the unit or team by its
leader. By initiating fire on order or signal the effect of
surprise is increased. On the other hand the irregular for-
mations adopted for an advance will often render such action
impracticable. In such case fire must be opened and main-
tained on the initiative of individuals as circumstances re-
quire. In any case the leader of the unit or team must super-
vise and seek to control the fire of his men so that it is
directed and maintained at suitable targets. All must under-
stand that controlled fire is always the most effective.
b. Howl exercised.-Unit or team leaders, assisted by their
seconds-in-command, exercise fire control by means of orders,
commands, and signals. The signals most frequently used
are-
SIGNALS FOR RANGE.
COMMENCE FIRING.
178
FIRE FASTER.
FIRE SLOWER.
CEASE FIRING.
ARE YOU READY?
I AM READY.
A description of the above signals is found in FM 22-5 and
FM 2-5.
U 187. FIRE ORDERS.--a. Purpose.-The leader of a unit or
group, having made a decision to fire on a target, must give
certain instructions as to how the target is to be engaged.
The instructions by which the fire of a unit or team is directed
and controlled form the fire order.
b. Basic elements of a fire order.-A fire order contains
three basic elements, which, are announced or implied in
every case. Only such elements or parts thereof will be
included as are essential. The sequence is always as follows:
Target-designation element.
Fire-distribution element.
Fire-control element.
(1) Target-designationelement.-The target may be desig-
nated by any one, or a combination, of the prescribed methods.
(See sec. III, ch. 5.)
(2) Fire-distribution element.-The fire-distribution ele-
ment is normally omitted from the fire order for rifle units.
The method of fire distribution described in paragraph 182b
is habitually employed. When necessary, the fire-distribution
element includes the subdivision of the target. For example-
(a) A leader desires to engage two machine-gun nests;
the distribution element of his order might be as indicated by
the italicized words below.
Range: 500.
Front.
Machine gun at base of lone pine.
Cooper, or Cooper, Emerson, Crane, Hines, Jones.
Range: 500.
Left flank.
Machine gun at base of haystack.
Brown, or Brown, Smith, Turner, Howard, Stone.
(b) The unit or team leader may engage several targets
by placing one automatic rifleman or one automatic rifleman
179
and several riflemen under the command of an assistant and

directing him to engage one target, while he engages another
with the remainder of the unit or team.
(3) Fire-control element.-The fire-control element nor-
mally consists initially of merely the command or signal
COMMENCE FIRING. It may include the number of magazines
or rounds. Other fire-control elements are-
AT MY SIGNAL (followed by hand signal).
ONE MAGAZINE (FIVE ROUNDS) COMMENCE FIRING.
(4) Example of a complete fire order follows:
(a) Target-designaticm element.
(Range) ----___--- ---- Range: 600.
(Direction) ________-__ Reference: right edge of lone
building.
(Description of target) __Target: group of enemy along
hedge.
(b) Fire-distributionelement.-(Implied.)
(c) Fire-controlelement.-oMMENCE FIRING.
* 188. DUTIES OF LEADERS.-The following summary of duties
of leaders relates only to their duties in the technique of fire.
a. Unit or team leader.-(1) Carries out orders of higher
commanders.
(2) Selects firing positions for unit or team.
(3) Designates targets and issues fire orders.
(4) Controls fire of unit or team.
(5) Maintains fire discipline.
(6) Observes targets and effect of fire.
b. Second-in-command.-(1) Carries out orders of unit or
team leader.
(2) Assists the leader to maintain fire discipline.
(3) Assumes command of unit or team in absence of leader.
(4) Participates in firing when the fire of his rifle is con-
sidered more important than other assistance to the unit or
team leader.
SECTION VI
LANDSCAPE-TARGET FIRING
1 189. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE.-a. After satisfactory progress
has been made in the preceding steps, the automatic rifleman
180
may be given practice in the application of those lessons by

firing at landscape targets.
b. The advantages of this training are as follows:
(1) Close supervision over all members of the firing group
is made possible by their close proximity.
(2) Accessibility and nature of the targets permit the
application and effect of the fire to be readily shown.
(3) It is a form of instruction which lends itself to in-
door training when lack of facilities or weather conditions
make it desirable or necessary.
c. In circumstances where there is a choice between land-
scape-target firing as covered in this section and firing at
field targets as covered in section VII, the latter is to be
preferred.
I'190. DESCRIPTION OF TARGET.-A landscape target is a
panoramic picture of a landscape, and is of such size that
all, or nearly all, of the salient features will be recognizable
at a distance of 1,000 inches. The standard target is the
series A target of five sheets in black and white.
[ 191. WEAPONS TO BE USED.-Firing at landscape targets
should be done with caliber .22 rifles, preferably the M1922M2
equipped with the Lyman receiver sight. When a sufficient
number of those rifles are not available, the Browning auto-
matic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, may be used.
* 192. PREPARATION OF TARGETS.-a. Mkountlng.--(1) The
sheets are mounted on frames made of 1- by 2-inch dressed
lumber, with knee braces at the corners. The frames for
the target sheets are 24 by 60 inches. These frames are
covered with target cloth which is tacked to the edges.
(2) The target sheets are mounted as follows: Dampen
the cloth with a thin coat of flour paste and let it dry for
about an hour; apply a coat of paste similarly to the back
of the paper sheet and let it dry about an hour; apply a
second coat of paste to the back of the paper and mount
it on the cloth; smooth out wrinkles, using a wet brush
or sponge, and work from the center to the edges. The
frame must be placed on some surface which will prevent
the cloth from sagging when the paper is pressed on it.
A form for this purpose can easily be constructed. It must
181
be of the same thickness as the lumber from which the

frames are built, and must have approximately the same
dimensions as the aperture of the target frame.
b. Supports for target frames.-The target frames de-
scribed above are set on posts placed upright in the ground,
5 feet from center to center. The target frames are sup-
ported on the posts by cleats and dowels in order to allow
for easy removal.
c. Range indicators.-In order to make all elements of
target designation complete, assumed ranges must be used
on landscape targets. Small cards on which are painted
appropriate numbers representing yards of range are tacked
along one or both edges of a series of panels. The firers
must be cautioned that the range announced in any target
designation is for the sole purpose of designating the target,
and that the sight setting necessary to zero their rifles must
not be changed.
d. Direction cards.-In order to provide the direction ele-
ment in oral target designation, small cards on which are
painted Front, Right front, Left front, Right flank, Left
flank are tacked above the appropriate panels of the landscape
series.
e. Scoring devices.--(1) A unit or team may be brought up
to the target and there view the results of its firing. Scoring
the exercises will tend to create competition between units or
teams and will enable the instructor to grade their relative
proficiency in this form of training. A scoring device, con-
forming in size to the 50 and 75 percent shot groups to be
expected of average shots firing at 1,000 inches, and at re-
duced ranges, can easily be made from wire, or a better one
may be prepared by imprinting a scoring diagram on a sheet
of transparent celluloid. The scoring space is outlined on the
target in pencil before the target is shown to unit or team
leaders. This procedure prevents any misunderstanding of
leaders as to the limits of the designated target. Upon com-
pletion of firing the entire unit or team is shown the target
and the results of the firing.
(2) While shot groups are in the form of a vertical ellipse,
the 50 and 75 percent zones' should be shown by the devices
as rectangles. This is for convenience in their preparation.
182
For a distance of 1,000 inches the 50 percent zone is a rec-

tangle 21/2 inches high by 2 inches wide; the 75 percent
rectangle is 5 inches high by 4 inches wide. For a distance
of 50 feet the 50 percent zone is a rectangle 1 l/2 inches high by
1.2 inches wide; the 75 percent rectangle is 3 inches high
by 2.4 inches wide. The target is at the center of the inner
rectangle, or 50 percent zone.
(3) For a linear target, such as a small area over which the
automatic riflemen will distribute their fire, the 50 percent
zone is formed by two parallel lines, drawn parallel to the
longer axis of the target (area) and with the target midway
between those lines. For a distance of 1,000 inches the lines
should be 21/2 inches apart; for a distance of 50 feet the lines
should be 1V/2 inches apart. Two additional lines, similarly
drawn, form the 75 percent zone. For a distance of 1,000
inches the lines should be 5 inches apart; for a distance of
50 feet the lines should be 3 inches apart. The width of the
zones will vary according to the size of the target selected.
For a distance of 1,000 inches, the zones extend 1 inch beyond
each end of the target; for a distance of 50 feet the zones
extend 0.6 inch beyond each end of the target. The zones
are then divided into a convenient number of equal parts,
the number depending on the length (width) of the target
and the number of men firing. This is done in order to give
a score for distribution of shots fired on a linear target (see
par. 195b).
3 193. ZEROING-IN OF RIFLES.-a. It will be necessary to
zero-in the rifles used before firing exercises on the land-
scape target. A blank target with a row of ten 1-inch-square
black pasters about 6 inches from and parallel with the
bottom edge of the target should be prepared and used for
this purpose. In all firing for zeroing-in, sandbag rests are
used.
b. The procedure in detail is as follows:
(1) The sights of the rifle are blackened.
(2) The squad is deployed on the firing points; the leader
takes the proper position in rear of the squad.
(3) The instructor causes each firer to set his sights at
zero elevation and zero windage, and checks each sight.
183
(4) Each man is assigned the particular small black paster

which corresponds to his pbsition in the squad as his aiming
point.
(5) Three rounds are issued to each man on the firing point
and are to be loaded and fired singly at the command of the
instructor.
(6) Each man fires three shots at his spotter at the com-
mand THREE ROUNDS, COMMENCE FIRING.
(7) The instructor commands: CLEAR RIFLES. The unit
or team leader checks to see that this is done.
(8) The instructor and unit or team leader inspect the
target and, based upon the location of the center of impact
of the resultant shot group, gives each man the necessary
correction for his next shot, as "Up 1 minute, right one-half
point."
(9) The firing continues as outlined above until all rifles
are zeroed-in, that is, until each man has hit his aiming
point.
c. For a caliber .22 rifle with the Lyman receiver sight, at
a distance of 1,000 inches, a change of 5 minutes in elevation
will move the strike of the bullet about 1½/2 inches. A change
of one point of windage moves the strike about 11/4 inches.
At a distance of 50 feet a change of 6 minutes in elevation
will move the strike of the bullet about 1 inch, and a change
of one point of windage, about 3/4 of an inch.
dc.To zero the Browning automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918,
at 1,000 inches, see paragraph 85.
1 194. FIRING PROCEDURE.-The following is the sequence of
events in conducting firing exercises:
a. All members of the unit or team, except the leader, face
to the rear.
b. The instructor takes the leader to the panels and points
out the target to him.
c. They return to the firing point; the leader takes charge
of the unit or team and causes the men to resume their
firing positions.
d. The leader gives the command LOAD, cautioning,
"- rounds per rifleman and - rounds per automatic
rifleman only."
184
e. The leader designates the target orally. Reference to

panels to indicate direction should not be allowed in the
designation. To complete the fire order, the leader adds,
COMMENCE FIRING.
f. When the unit or team has completed firing, the leader
commands: CEASE FIRING, CLEAR RIFLES. The unit or
team then examines the target. The target panel is scored
and marked with the unit or team number.
g. The instructor holds a short critique after each exercise.
* 195. SCORING.-a. Concentrated fire.-In concentrated fire
the sum of the value of the hits within the two zones is the
score for the exercise. For convenience of scoring and com-
parison, 100 is fixed as the maximum score. Any method of
scoring and of distribution of ammunition among members
of the unit or team may be used. The following examples
based on firing 50 rounds are given as suggested methods:
(1) Value of each hit in 50 percent zone, 2.
b. Distributed fire.-The following is a method of scoring
for distributed fire of the unit or team on a target of width.
(3) Value of each distribution space (if target is divided
into 10 equal spaces), 10.
(4) The score for distribution, plus the value of all hits,
divided by two is the score for the exercise.
* 196. EXERCISES.-The fire of the automatic rifleman armed
with the caliber .22 rifle will be employed against targets
appropriate to automatic rifle fire and as though such
weapons were being fired.
a. Exercise No. 1.-(1) Purpose.-To teach target designa-
tion and to show the effect of concentrated fire.
(2) Method.-The unit or team leader employs the fire of
his unit or team at one point-target indicated to him by
the instructor.
b. Exercise No. 2.-(1) Purpose.-To teach target designa-
tion and the division of fire on two points of concentration.
(2) Method.-The instructor indicates two point-targets to
the unit or team leader, giving the nature of each. The unit or
team leader applies the fire of part of his unit or team on
185
one target and the fire of the remainder of his unit or team
on the other. The scoring will be as for concentrated fire on
each target, the several scores being combined in totals for
the score for the exercise.
c. Exercise No. 3.-(1) Purpose.-To teach target designa-
tion and fire control in diverting part of the fire of the unit
or team to a suddenly appearing target.
(2) Method.-The instructor indicates a point-target to the
unit or team leader. The leader applies the fire of his unit or
team to the target. After firing has commenced, the instruc-
tor indicates and gives the nature of a new target to a flank.
When the second target is indicated, the leader shifts the
fire of part of his unit or team, as directed by the instructor,
from the first to the second target.
d. Exercise No. 4.-(1) Purpose.-To teach target designa-
tion, fire control, and the method of searching a small area
with automatic rifle fire;.
(2) Method.-The instructor indicates and gives the na-
ture of two point-targets. The leader applies the fire of his
unit or team on the two point-targets as directed by the
instructor. After firing has commenced, the instructor indi-
cates a small area, in which an enemy group is under cover.
When the area target is indicated, the leader is told to shift
the fire of an automatic rifleman to that target.
e. Exercise No. 5.-(1) Purpose.-To teach the application
of fire on an enemy group marching in formation, the fire
control necessary to obtain fire for surprise effect, and to
show the effect of fire on troops in formation.
(2) Method.-The instructor indicates to the leader a tar-
get that represents a small group! of the enemy marching in
approach march formation, formation for patrol, or the like,
the enemy not being aware of the presence of the unit or
team. The leader applies the fire of his unit or team; his
instructions must result in the simultaneous opening of fire
of all weapons and the distribution of fire over the entire
target. The assignment of half of his unit or team to fire at
the rear half of the target and the remainder of his unit or
team at the forward half is a satisfactory method of distrib-
uting fire over such target.
186
BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, -CALIBER .30, M1918 197-198
SECTION VII
FIRING AT FIELD TARGETS
* 197. SCOPE OF TRAINING.-The training in this step is simi-
lar to that given the soldier in landscape-target firing, but
with the added feature of firing the Browning automatic rifle,
caliber .30, M1918, at field targets at unknown ranges, the use
of cover, fire control under more usual conditions, and range
estimation. In order to make this training progressive, the
automatic rifleman is first given an opportunity to fire at
partially exposed field targets of unknown ranges. As a
final stage in this instruction he will be required to fire at
some targets which are concealed from view but exposed to
fire. Individuals preferably receive this training in the squad
or in smaller groups.
* 198. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.-a. Progressive training.-
The inclusion of the training in moving from an approach
march formation, or place of concealment, to firing positions
is primarily to teach the soldier the proper use of cover and
selection of firing positions and to connect up the technique
of applying and controlling collective fire with other pre-
requisite applied subjects.
b. Firing positions and representationof enemy.-In battle
a unit is not deployed with individuals abreast and at regular
intervals apart. The selection of individual and group posi-
tions is governed by the field of fire, cover or concealment
while firing, cover of approach to those positions, fire con-
trol, and nature of target. The representation of the enemy
will conform to irregular battle formations. Safety precau-
tions necessary in firing at field targets are given in paragraph
199.
c. Use of cover.-(1) The individual use of cover and con-
cealment is taught in FM 21-45 (now published as ch. 9,
BFM vol. I). In training in firing at field targets the
principles are the same.
(2) In seeking cover in a firing position men may move a
few yards in any direction, but they must not be allowed to
bunch together behind concealment which does not afford
protection from fire. They avoid positions which will mask
187
the fire of others or cause their own fire to be dangerous to

other men of their unit.
d. Marksmanship applied.--(1) The fundamentals of
known-distance automatic rifle marksmanship are followed in
this training insofar as they are applicable to field conditions.
(2) The fundamentals of known-distance marksmanship
should be applied to the technique of fire and to combat in a
common-sense way. For example, it will often be imprac-
ticable to keep the sights blackened and the soldier is per-
mitted to take advantage of trees, rocks, or any other rest
for his weapon which will make his fire more accurate.
e. Use of battle sight.-The battle sight corresponds to a
sight setting of approximately 550 yards. It is used on tar-
gets from 0 to 600 yards when time is lacking for setting the
sight, or in firing at moving targets. By keeping the sight
habitually set at 300 yards when not in use, the soldier has
two sights set ready for emergencies.
* 199. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.-a. In general, the safety pre-
cautions used on the known-distance ranges apply with equal
force to instruction in the technique of fire. Safety of per-
sonnel is of primary importance in conducting exercises which
require the firing of service ammunition. To this end exer-
cises should be drawn to conform to the state of training of
the units concerned.
b. The officer in charge of an exercise is responsible for
the safety of the firing; it is his duty to initiate and enforce
such precautions as he deems necessary under existing con-
ditions. No other officer can modify his instructions without
assuming the responsibility for the safety of the firing.
c. Before permitting fire to be opened all men should be
on a general line. No man should be permitted to be ahead
of or in rear of this line, a distance greater than one-half
the interval between himself and the man next to him. For
example, if the interval between men is 10 paces, then no man
should be more than 5 paces ahead of or behind the man
next to him.
d. Ball ammunition will not be loaded until each man is
in the firing position and the officer in charge has insured
that its safe for each man to fire. Upon completion of firing
188
the officer in charge will cause all rifles to be unloaded and

inspected, and the ammunition to be collected.
e. Upon completion of the day's firing automatic rifles and
belts will be inspected by an officer to insure that no ammuni-
tion remains in them.
I. Special precautions will be taken to insure that the range
is clear before ammunition is issued.
g. During the firing of exercises rifles will be pointed in
the direction of the targets at all times. Special vigilance is
required to enforce this rule while men are using a cleaning
rod to remove an obstruction from the chamber.
* 200. SITUATIONS FOR FIRING EXERCISES.-a. Each exercise
should be initiated by a unit-
(1) Already deployed in a firing position.
(2) Halted in approach march formation or in a place of
concealment with observers out.
b. In the first case, each man should be in a selected firing
position, special attention being paid to individual cover and
concealment.
c. In the second case unit or team leaders select the firing
positions for the members of their units or teams; they con-
duct their units or teams forward by concealed routes and
send the automatic riflemen to their firing positions by indi-
vidual directions. Occupation of the initial firing position of
a unit is done with the minimum of exposure.
* 201. CRITIQUE.-At the completion of the firing of any
exercise the instructor should conduct a critique of that
exercise with the firing unit. A suggested form for such a
critique is as follows:
a. Purpose of the exercise.
b. Approach and occupation of the firing position (individ-
ual concealment and cover).
c. Fire order (particular reference being made to the
target-designation element).
d. Time required to open fire (from the time the leader is
told the range is clear).
e. Rate of fire.
f. Fire control.
257360--40--13 189
g. Effect of fire. (Upon completion of firing and when the

range is clear, the targets are scored.)
h. Performance of the unit satisfactory or unsatisfactory.
* 202. SUGGESTED EXERCISEs.--a. Exercise No. 1.-(1) Pur-
pose.-Practicein fire orders, application of the fire of a unit
or team in position, fire control, and proper individual con-
cealment in the occupation of the firing position.
(2) Method.-Enemy is represented by one group of targets
exposed to fire but partially concealed from view, requiring
a simple fire order. The unit or team leader is shown the
targets (personnel with flag) and safety limits for firing
position of the unit or team. When the unit or team leader
fully understands the location and nature of the target and
the instructor informs him that the range is clear, he will
load ball ammunition, give the fire order, and fire the prob-
lem. The range should be estimated by eye and the target
designated by oral description.
b. Exercise No. 2.-(1) Purpose.-Practice in fire orders,
application of the fire of a unit or team armed with the
Browning automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918, on a linear
target, fire control, proper deployment and individual con-
cealment in the occupation of the firing position, and en-
gagement of a surprise target.
(2) Method.--Silhouette targets, representing an enemy
unit or team deployed in a firing position, are partially
concealed from view but exposed to fire. A screen behind
the targets is marked with distribution spaces to give unit
or team credit for the shots that did not hit the targets
but which would have had an effect on an enemy. The
unit or team is in rear of the firing position; unit or team
leader is shown the linear target (by flag) and then con-
ducts unit or team forward and disposes it in a concealed
firing position. When unit or team, leader is told the
range is clear, he will engage the target with surprise fire.
A surprise target, well to the flank of the first target, rep-
resenting an enemy machine gun, appears shortly after the
unit or team has engaged the linear target. The unit or
team leader is told the amount of fire to shift to the sur-
prise target. In addition to the suggested form of critique
in paragraph 201, proper distribution of fire on a linear
190
target and the engagement of the surprise target should be

discussed.
c. Exercise No. 3.-(1) Purpose.-Practicein the applica-
tion of automatic rifle fire over a small area in which an
eriemy is concealed.
(2) Method.-Targets are placed within a small area,
exposed to fire but concealed from view. An automatic
rifleman is directed to search that area with fire. He dis-
tributes his fire throughout the length and breadth of the
area, using a rapid rate of fire.
d. Exercise No. 4.-(1) Purpose.-Practice in firing at
moving targets.
(2) Method.-Automatic riflemen fire individually at
targets carried on long sticks by men in the pits of a class
A range. The men in the pits are each assigned a space,
the width of about five regular range-target spaces, in
which they walk continuously back and forth. By whistle
signal, targets are exposed to the firing line for 5 seconds
and then concealed for 5 seconds. Targets are exposed
once for each shot to be fired. On the firing line one
man is assigned to each target. Ranges of 200 or 300 yards
are best suited for this class of firing.
191
CHAPTER 6
ADVICE TO INSTRUCTORS
Paragraphs
SECTION I. General _---
.----------------- ---------- 203
II. Mechanical training ----------------------- 204
III. Marksmanship-known-distance targets_ ____ 205-219
IV. Marksmanship-air targets _----------------- 220-224
V. Technique of fire __------------------------- 225-233
SECTION I
GENERAL
* 203. PURPOSE.-The provisions of this chapter are to be

accepted as a guide and will not be considered as having
the force of regulations. They are particularly applicable
to emergency conditions when large bodies of troops are being
trained under officers and noncommissioned officers who are
not thoroughly familiar with approved training methods.
SECTION II
MECHANICAL TRAINING
* 204. POSITION STOPPAGE SET-UPS.---a. First-position stop-

pages.-(1) Place blown primer between lips of magazine and
top cartridge. Let bolt go forward. Replace magazine.
Answer: Failure to feed-change magazine.
(2) Place empty cartridge case in chamber. Let bolt go
forward. Replace magazine.
Answer: Insufficient gas-correct gas adjustment.
b. Second-position stoppage.-Place blown primer on face
of bolt or up in locking recess. Let bolt go forward. Replace
magazine.
Answer: Obstruction-remove blown primer.
c. Third-position stoppage.-Cock rifle, then place rup-
tured case in chamber. Replace magazine. Let bolt go
forward.
Answer: Call for ruptured-cartridge extractor.
d. Fourth-positionstoppage.-(1) Cock rifle. Insert empty
cartridge case in chamber. Replace loaded magazine. Have
man pull trigger.
Answer: Call for cleaning rod-examine extractor.
192
(2) Set change lever on "safe."

(3) Remove connector from trigger guard or have middle
prong of sear spring resting on wall of sear carrier.
SECTION III
MARKSMANSHIP-KNOWN-DISTANCE TARGETS
* 205. GENERAL.-a. Training is preferably organized and
conducted as outlined in paragraphs 55 and 56. Officers
should generally be considered as the instructors of their units.
As only one step is taken up at a time, and as each step
begins with a lecture and a demonstration showing exactly
what to do, the trainees, although not previously instructed,
can carry on the work under the supervision of the instructor.
b. It is advisable that personnel to fire be relieved from
routine garrison duty during the period of preparatory marks-
manship training and range practice with the automatic rifle.
* 206. PLACE OF ASSEMBLY FOR LECTURES.-Any small ravine
or cup-shaped area makes a good amphitheater for giving
the lecture-in case no suitable building is available.
* 207. ASSISTANT INSTRUCTORS.-a. It is advantageous to have
all officers and as many noncommissioned officers as possible
trained in advance in the prescribed methods of instruction.
When units are undergoing automatic rifle marksmanship
training for the first time, this is not always practicable. A
good instructor can give a clear idea of how to carry on the
work in his lecture and demonstration preceding each step.
In the supervision of the work following the demonstration,
he can correct any mistaken ideas or misinterpretations.
b. When an officer in charge of automatic rifle instruction
is conducting successive organizations through target prac-
tice, it is advisable to attach officers and noncommissioned
officers of the units to follow to the first organization taking
the course for the period of preparatory work and range
firing. These act as assistant instructors when their own
companies take up the work. Such assistants are particularly
useful when one group is firing on the range and another is
going through the preparatory exercises, both under the super-
vision of one instructor.
193
* 208. EQUIPMENT.---. All equipment used in the preparatory

exercises must be accurate and carefully made. One of the
objects of these exercises is to cultivate a sense of exactness
in the minds of the men undergoing instruction. They cannot
be exact with poor equipment.
b. The instructor should personally inspect the equipment
for the preparatory exercises before the training begins. A
set of model equipment should be prepared in advance by the
instructor for the information and guidance of the organiza-
tion about to take up the preparatory work. The sighting
bars must be made as described, and the hole representing the
peep sight must be absolutely circular. If the sights are made
of tin, the holes should be bored by a drill. Good rear sights
can be made for the sighting bars by using cardboard and
cutting the holes with a punch of the type used for cutting
wads for 10-gage shotgun shell. Silhouettes painted on a
white background are not satisfactory. The silhouette target
from the M1 1,000-inch target pasted on tin or stiff backing
makes the best aiming points either for sighting and aiming
exercises or for use in position and trigger-squeeze exercises.
* 209. INSPECTION OF RIFLES.-NO man is required to fire with
an unserviceable or inaccurate rifle. All automatic rifles
should be carefully inspected far enough in advance of the
period of training to permit organization commanders to re-
place all inaccurate or defective rifles. Rifles having badly
pitted barrels are not accurate and should not be used.
* 210. AMMUNITION.-The best ammunition available should
be reserved for record firing and the men should have a
chance to learn their sight settings with that ammunition
before record practice begins. Ammunition of different makes
and of different lots should be used indiscriminately.
* 211. ORGANIZATION OF WORK.--a. In preparatory training.-
(1) The field upon which the preparatory work is to be given
should be selected in advance and a section of it assigned to
each group. The equipment and apparatus for the work
should be on the ground and in place before the morning
lecture is given, so that each group can move to its place and
begin work immediately and without confusion. Figure 62
shows a suggested organization for the work when a number
194
200 yd diming targets

A _ 1
Aiming 4l4 t -1 -0 *1 4-
boxes ' L----
Group Group
Rifle p i E
Center line. One-half
company on each side
Group Group b 1
F 1CG
C F1 to
FIGURE 62.-Portion of field laid out for sighting and aiming

exercises.
Of groups are undergoing instruction at the same time. In

this way the instructors, whose positions are normally between
the lines, have all of their men under close supervision.
(2) The arrangement of the equipment is as follows:
(a) On each line are placed the sighting bars and rifle rests
at sufficient intervals to permit efficient work.
(b) Fifty feet from each line is placed a line of small boxes
with blank paper tacked on one side, one box and one small
sighting disk to each rifle rest.
(c) Two hundred yards from each line is placed a line of
frames suitable for use in making shot groups at 200 yards,
one frame to each unit the size of a squad. These frames
195
have blank paper tacked or pasted on the front. A long-range

sighting disk is placed with each frame. Machine-gun targets
make acceptable frames for this work.
(3) In position and trigger-squeeze exercises, targets should
be placed at 1,000 inches and 200 yards.
(4) When sufficient level ground is not available for the
above arrangement, the organizations will have to vary from
it in some particulars. It will nearly always be found, how-
ever, that all of the work except making shot groups at 200
yards can be carried on in two lines.
b. In range practice.-(1) The range work should be so or-
ganized that there is a minimum of lost time on the part of
each man. Long periods of inactivity while awaiting a turn
on the firing line should be avoided. For this reason the
number of men on the range should be accommodated to
the number of targets available.
(2) As a general rule six men per target is about the
maximum and four men per target the minimum for efficient
handling.
* 212. MODEL SCHEDULES.-The following schedules are sug-
gested for guides in a course in preparatory marksmanship
and firing course A:
a. Preparatory training.-(1) First day.
Time
Subject allotted
(hours)
Purpose of preparatory marksmanship training.-......................

First step-sighting and aiming exercises:
Explanation and demonstration ------------------------- 1.
First sighting and aiming exercise.-.............................
Sight blackening and second sighting and aiming exercise . ....-. 4
Third sighting and aiming exercise --------------------------- 2
Second step-position exercises:
Explanation and demonstration.-........................
Gun sling adjustment; trigger slack; holding the breath; general
rules for positions - ....--................. 1
Prone position, including sandbag rest ------------------------- 1
Sitting position -........................
Kneeling position.-....................................... 1
Assault fire .......
196
(2) Second day.
Subject Time allot-

ted (hours)
Review of positions -------------------------- 1

Third step-trigger-squeeze exercises:
Explanation and demonstration -.-.-. . .............. ½
Trigger-squeeze exercise, prone position (sandbag optional) -..... .
Trigger-squeeze exercise, sitting -..--.--.-½.--.-.......... - -
Trigger-squeeze exercise, kneeling ...-...... 1
Trigger-squeeze exercise, prone.-................... 1
Effect of wind: sight changes; use of score book--------------- 1I
Examination of all men by section and platoon leaders in all pre-
paratory subjects and exercises . l-.. 2
I Lack of proficiency disclosed by examination will be corrected at once by addi-

tional instruction.
NoTE.-The use of the scorebook and effects of light and wind
will be taken up with men who are not actually on the line under-
going instruction.
b. Range practice, course A.-(1) Third day.
Time
Subject allotted
(hours)
Rapid fire exercises, 1,000-inch range. Fire tables I and II (each score
preceded by a simulated run for each man).-...-. . ....... 8
(2) Fourth day.
Time
Subject allotted
(hours)
Fire tables III and IV (each score preceded by a simulated run) ---------- 8
197
(3) Fifth day.
Time
Subject allotted
(hours)
Fire table V (each score preceded by a simulated run)- .------------- 4

Fire table VI (each score preceded by a simulated run) -------------- 4
c. Record practice, course A.-Sixth day.
Time
Subject allotted
(hours)
Fire table VII ----------- 8
NoTE.-The time allotted, for firing the known-distance range is

based on six orders per target and a simulated run preceding each
practice for each man.
d. Courses B, C, and D.-The preparatory exercises and
1,000-inch firing are the same: as course A. All other firing
is conducted in a manner similar to course A, reducing the
time accordingly.
U 213. LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS.-a. The lecture at
the beginning of each step are an important part of the
instructional methods. The lectures may be given to the
assembled groups undergoing preparatory automatic rifle
training up to and including all the automatic riflemen of a
regiment. However, when a battalion takes up automatic rifle
training the talks and demonstrations as a rule are made
by an officer of each company. It is not necessary that they
be expert shots.
b. The notes on lectures which follow are to be used merely
as a guide. The points which experience has shown to be
the ones which usually require elucidation and demonstration
are placed in headings in italics. The notes which follow each
heading are merely to assist the instructor in preparing his
lectures. The lecturer should know in advance what he is
going to say on the subject. Under no circumstances will he
read over to a class the outlines for lectures contained herein,
198
BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M191B 213-214
nor will he read a lecture prepared by himself. During the

lecture the headlines in italics made out by himself serve as a
guide as to the order in which the subjects are to be dis-
cussed. If he cannot talk interestingly and instructively on
each subject without further reference to notes, he should not
give the lectures at all.
c. It is important to show the men undergoing instruction,
by explanation and demonstration, just how to go through
the exercises and to tell them why they are given these
exercises.
* 214. FIRST LECTURE: SIGHTING AND AIMING.-a. The class is
assembled in a building or natural amphitheater in the open,
where all can hear the instructor and see the demonstrations.
b. The following equipment is necessary for the dem-
onstrations:
(1) One sighting bar.
(2) One automatic rifle rest.
(3) One automatic rifle.
(4) One small sighting disk.
(5) One long-range sighting disk.
(6) One small box.
(7) Material for blackening sights.
c. The following subjects are the ones usually discussed
in the first lecture.
(1) Value of knowing how to shoot.-(a) Expertness in the
use of the automatic rifle gives the individual confidence and
a higher morale.
(b) Individual proficiency increases the efficiency of infan-
try as a whole.
(c) Automatic rifle firing is good sport.
(2) Object of target practice.-(a) To teach men how to
shuot.
(b) To show them how to teach others.
(c) To train future instructors.
(3) Training to shoot well.-(a) Any man can be taught
to shoot well. Shooting is a purely mechanical operation
which can be taught to anyone physically fit to be a soldier.
(b) It requires no inborn talent such as to play a violin
or paint a picture.
199
(c) There are only a few simple things to do to shoot well,

but these things must be done in a manner exactly right. If
they are done in a manner only approximately right, the
results will be poor.
(4) Method of instruction.-(a) The method of instruction
is the same as in teaching any mechanical operation.
(b) The instruction is divided into steps. The man is
taught each step and practices it before going to the next
step. When he has been taught all of the steps he is taken
to the rifle range to apply what he has learned.
(c) If he has been properly taught the various preparatory
steps he will do good shooting from the very beginning of
range practice.
(d) Explain coach-and-pupil method. Why used.
(5) Reflecting attitude of instructor.-If the instructor is
interested, enthusiastic, and energetic, the men will be the
same. If the instructor (unit or team leader) is inattentive,
careless, and bored, the men will be the same and the scores
will be low.
(6) Examination of men on preparatory work.-Each man
is examined in the preparatory work before going to the
range. An outline of this examination is given in para-
graph 75.
(7) Method of marking blank form.-Explain blank form,
paragraph 75. Explain marking system by the use of a
blackboard, if available.
(8) Five essentials to good shooting.-(a) Correct sighting
and aiming.
(b) Correct position.
(c) Correct trigger squeeze.
(d) Correct application of rapid-fire principles.
(e) Knowledge of proper sight adjustments.
(9) Today's work.-First step, sighting and aiming.
(10) Demonstration of first sighting and aiming exercise.-
Have a unit or team on stage or platform and show just how
this exercise is carried on.
(11) Blackening sights.-Explain why and demonstrate
how this is done.
(12) Demonstration of second sighting and aiming exer-
cise.-Assume that some of the squad have qualified in the
200
first exercise. Put these men through the second sighting

and aiming exercise and show just how it is done.
(13) Demonstration of third sighting and aiming exer-
cise.-(a) Assume that some of the squad have qualified in
the second sighting and aiming exercise. Put these men
through the third sighting and aiming exercise and show
just how it is done.
(b) Show how the unit or team is organized by the coach-
and-pupil method so as to keep each man busy all the time.
(14) Long-range shot group work.-Show the class the disk
for 200-yard shot group work. Explain how this work is
carried on and why. Show some simple system of signals
that may be used.
(15) Final word.-(a) Start keeping your blank form
today.
(b) Organize your work so that all men are busy at all
times.
(16) Are there any questions?
(17) Next lecture will be ---------.---- _-----. (State
hour and place.)
* 215. SECOND LECTURE: POSITION.-a. The following equip-
ment is necessary for the demonstrations in this lecture:
(1) One automatic rifle with sling.
(2) One sandbag.
(3) One box with small aiming target.
b. The following subjects are the ones usually discussed
in the second lecture:
(1) Importance of each step.-(a) Each step includes all
that has preceded.
(b) Each step must be thoroughly learned and practiced
or the instruction will not be a success.
(2) Necessity for correct positions.-No excellent shot
varies from the normal positions. Few men with poor posi-
tions are even fair shots. Few men with good positions are
poor shots. Instruction in positions involves correct aiming.
(3) Gun sling.-Demonstrate both of the gun sling adjust-
ments and explain why they are used and when each is used.
(4) Taking up slack.-Show the class the slack on the trig-
ger. Explain why it is taken up in the position exercises.
201
(Cannot begin to press the trigger until the slack has been
taken up.)
(5) Holding breath.-Explain the correct manner of hold-
ing the breath and have the class practice it a few times.
Explain how the coach observes the pupils' breathing by
watching their backs.
(6) Position of thumb.-May be either over the stock or on
top of the stock, but never along the side of the stock. Explain
why.
(7) Joints of finger.-Trigger may be pressed with first
or second joint. Second joint preferable when it can be done
conveniently.
(8) Prone positions.-(a) Demonstrate correct prone posi-
tions with and without sandbag rest, calling attention to the
elements which go to make up a correct prone position-body
at the correct angle, legs spread well apart, position of the
butt on the shoulder, position of the hands on the rifle, posi-
tion of cheek against the stock, and position of elbows.
(b) Mention the usual faults which occur in prone position.
(c) Demonstrate the correct position again.
(9) Sandbag rest position.-(a) Demonstrate in the same
manner as described above for prone position.
(b) Demonstrate coach adjusting sandbag to the pupil.
(10) Sitting position.-Demonstratein the same manner as
described above for the prone position.
(11) Kneeling position.-Demonstratein the same manner
as described above for the prone position.
(12) Today's work: position. exercises.-(a) Demonstrate
the duties of a coach in a position exercise, calling attention
to each item.
(b) Demonstrate the position of the coach. Always placed
so that he can watch the pupil's finger and eye.
(c) Place a group on an elevated platform and show how
the instructor organizes it by employing the coach-and-pupil
method so as to keep every man occupied.
(d) Continue the long-range shot group work today.
(13) Do not squeeze the trigger today.-Take up the slack
in these exercises but do not squeeze the trigger.
(14) Keep the blank forms up to date.-Examine each man
in the unit or team at the end of the day's work and assign
him a mark.
202

(16) Next lecture will be ---------------.__--. (State
hour and place.)
* 216. THIRD LECTURE: TRIGGER SQUEEZE.-a. The following
equipment is necessary for the demonstration:
(2) One sandbag.
(3) One box with small aiming target.
b. The following subjects are the ones usually discussed in
the third lecture.
(1) Trigger squeeze important.-Explain that in firing at
stationary targets the expert shot learns to increase the pres-
sure on his trigger only when the sights are in correct aline-
ment on the target. When the sights become slightly out
of alinement, he holds what he has with the finger and only
continues the increase of pressure when the sights again be-
come properly alined.
(2) Sandbagrest.-Explain why it is used in trigger-squeeze
exercise.
(3) Pulsations of body.-The natural movements of the
body and its pulsations produce more or less parallel move-
ment of the rifle. Very often men who are apparently very
unsteady make good scores. You thus see that if you press
the trigger the shot is displaced only by the amount of the
parallel movement and will be a good one. But if you give
the trigger a sudden jerk, you deflect one end of the rifle,
and the shot will be a poor one.
(4) Aim and hold.-Any man can easily learn to hold a
good aim for 15 to 20 seconds which is a much longer period
than is necessary to fire a well aimed shot. Poor shots are
usually the men who spoil their aim when they fire the rifles.
(5) Calling shot.-Explain calling the shot and why it is
done.
(6) Today's work: trigger-squeeze exercise.-(a) Demon-
strate the duties of a coach in the trigger-squeeze exercise by
calling attention to each item.
(b) The work is carried on as in position exercises, with
the pressing of the trigger added.
(c) Practice in the prone position only this morning, first
with, then without, the sandbag.
203
(d) Finish up the making of long-range shot groups today.

(7) Keep blank form up to~ date.-Examine each man in
the unit or team at the end of the day's work and assign him
a mark.
(8) Final word.-Do not let yourselves become bored with
this work. It is easy to learn, but it takes a lot of practice
to train the members and to get in the habit of doing the
right thing without thinking.
(10) Next lecture will be -------------------_ . (State
hour and place.)
U 217. FOURTH LECTURE: RAPID PIRE.-a. The following equip-
ment is necessary for the demonstration:
(2) Two magazines.
b. The following subjects are the ones usually discussed in
the fourth lecture:
(1) Trigger squeeze the same as in slow fire.
(2) Meaning of rapid fire.--Rapid fire is nearly continuous
fire. Rapidity comes from skill acquired by practice.
(3) Keeping eye on target.-Explainthe advantages of this
and how it gains time.
(4) Stress importance of aiming and trigger squeeze.
(5) Application in war.-Explain the advantages of keep-
ing the eye on the target in combat.
(6) Changing magazines.-(a) Explain how this is done.
(b) Demonstrate it.
(7) Today's work: changing magazines.-(a) Explain how
exercises are to be carried on.
(b) Demonstrate them.
(8) Keep blank forms up to date.-Examine each man in
the unit or team at the end of the day's work and assign
him a mark.
(10) Next lecture will be -___________________. (State
hour and place.)
* 218. FIFTH LECTURE: EFFECT OF WIND AND LIGHT; SIGHT
CHANGES; SCORE Boox.-a. This part of the preparatory in-
struction can be given on any day in which the weather forces
204
the work to be done indoors. If no bad weather occurs, this

work should follow rapid fire instruction.
b. The following equipment is necessary for the demon-
stration:
(1) One D target. This target to be mounted on a frame
and marked with the proper windage and elevation lines.
(2) Eight spotters that can readily be stuck into the target.
(3) Each man to have his rifle and a score book.
c. The following subjects are the ones usually discussed
in the fifth lecture:
(1) Targets.-(a) Explain the divisions on the target and
give the dimensions of each.
(b) Call attention to elevation lines. Have class compare
them with diagram in the score book. Explain why lines are
farther apart as the range increases.
(2) Weather conditions.-All weather conditions disre-
garded except wind.
(3) Wind.-(a) Explain how the direction of the wind
is described.
(b) Explain how the velocity of the wind is estimated.
(c) Explain the effect of wind. Effect increases with
distance from target.
(4) Windage for first shot.-Show the Table of Wind
Allowances shown in paragraph 8c on page 9 of W. D.,
A. G. O. Form No. 82, and explain its use.
(5) Elevation rule.-State rule and explain it.
(6) Light.--Explain effect.
(7) Score book.-(a) Explain the uses of score book on
range.
(b) Have 'class open score books and explain items of
keeping score.
(8) Exercises.-Give the class a number of small prob-
lems as a demonstration as to how the day's work is to
be carried on.
(9) Today's work-(a) Study and practice in sight set-
ting, sight changing, and the use of score book. Leaders
and instructors will work up problems for their units or
teams.
(b) Additional practice in the exercises of the preceding
days.
257360--40 14 205
218-219 BROWNING ANTOMATIC RIFLE, CALIBER .30, M1918

(11) Next lecture will be --------------------. (State
hour and place.)
* 219. SIXTH LECTURE: RANGE PRACTICE.-This lecture and
demonstration should immediately precede range firing. If
the class is not too large, it should be given on a firing
point of the rifle range.
a. The following equipment is necessary for the demon-
stration:
(1) Material for blackening sight.
(2) One automatic rifle with gun sling.
(3) One sandbag.
(4) Corrugated type dummy cartridges (see par. 18).
b. The following subjects are the ones usually discussed
in the sixth lecture.
(1) Preparatorywork applied.-Range practice is carried
on practically the same as the preparatory exercises except
that ball cartridges are used.
(2) Coaching.-Coach watches the man, not the target.
Coach does not keep the score for the pupil. Pupil must
make his own entries in his score book. Coach sees that he
does this.
(3) Officers and noncommissioned officers.-(a) Super-
vise and prompt the men acting as coaches.
(b) Personally coach pupils who are having difficulty in
making good scores.
(4) Spotters.-(a) Use in both slow and rapid fire.
(b) If a spotter near the edge of the silhouette bothers
the pupil in aiming, it may be removed before he fires again.
(5) Watching eye.-Explain how this indicates whether
or not the pupil is squeezing the trigger properly.
(6) Position of coach.-Demonstrate in each one of the
positions.
(7) Demonstration of coaching in slow fire.-(a) Place a
man on the firing point and show just what a coach does by
calling attention to each item.
(b) Demonstrate the use of dummy cartridges in slow fire.
(8) Demonstration of coaching in rapid fire.
(9) Read safety precautions.
206
SECTION IV
MARKSMANSHIP-AIR TARGETS
* 220. PRELIMINARY PREPARATION.-a. The officer in charge
of automatic rifle antiaircraft training should be thoroughly
familiar with the subject, should have detailed at least three
officers as assistant instructors, and should train the assist-
ant instructors and a demonstration group before the first
training period.
b. He should inspect the range and equipment in sufficient
time prior to the first training period to permit correction
of deficiencies.
* 221. DESCRIPTION OF MINIATURE RANGE,--a. Horizontal tar-
get.-This target is designed to represent a sleeve-target
towed by an airplane flying parallel to the firing point.
b. Double-diving and climbing target.-This target is in
two sections. The right section is designed to represent a
sleeve-target towed so as to pass obliquely across the front of
the firing line in the manner of an airplane diving, if run
from left to right, or climbing, if run from right to left. The
left section is the same but represents an airplane diving from
right to left and climbing from left to right.
c. Overhead target.-This target is designed to represent
a sleeve-target towed by an airplane which is approaching
the firing line and will pass overhead, or when run in the
opposite direction represents an airplane that has passed over
the firing line from the rear.
d. Size and speed of silhouette.-The black silhouette is a
representation at 500 inches of a 15-foot sleeve at a range
of 330 yards. It is 7.5 inches long. The speed of the sil-
houette should be between 15 and 20 feet per second. This
speed represents that of an airplane flying between 150 and
200 miles per hour at a range of 200 yards. The size and
speed of the silhouette are based upon the time of flight of
the caliber .22 bullet for 500 inches. This time of flight is
approximately 0.04 second. When the target is moving at a
speed of 15 feet or 180 inches per second it will move 180X0.04
or 7.2 inches. Therefore, in order to hit the silhouette the
aim must be directed approximately one silhouette length in
207
front of it. If two or three target-length (silhouette-length)

leads are used, the shot will hit in the appropriate scoring
spaces. This does not hold equally true on the overhead tar-
get. If the shot is fired when the range is less than 500 inches
from the firer, the lead necessary will be less than one target
length.
* 222. PREPARATORY EXERCISES.-a. A method of conducting
the preparatory exercises is given in paragraph 139.
b. Each assistant instructor is assigned a target and con-
ducts the preparatory training and firing of all groups on his
target.
c. In preparatory training coach and pupil should change
places frequently.
d. Forty-five minutes at each type of target should be suf-
ficient to train each soldier in the preparatory exercises.
e. A detail of one noncommissioned officer and four or six
men should be provided to operate each type of target.
* 223. MINIATURE RANGE FIRING.---. Caliber .22 rifle.-(1)
The rifle should have the open sight.
(2) Two magazines for each caliber .22 rifle should be
provided.
(3) Ammunition should be available immediately in rear
of the firing line at each type of target.
(4) Coaches should load magazines as they become empty.
(5) Scorers should be detailed for each type of target.
After each score is fired, they score the target. They call off
the number of hits made on each silhouette and pencil the
shot holes. The coaches enter the scores on the firer's
score card.
(6) A platform permitting the scorer to score the target
should be provided for each type of target.
(7) To stimulate interest, the instruction can be concluded
with a competition between individuals, squads, or training
groups.
(8) Targets as shown on figure 63 may be used on non-
overhead targets for group firing of competitions. Only one
target-length lead may be used in firing on this target.
(9) Considerable supervision is required in order to main-
tain target operation at the proper speed. This speed is
208
necessary because the lead is based upon speed of from 15
to 20 feet per second.
(10) Safety precautions must be constantly observed.
(11) Preparatory exercises with the caliber .22 rifle precede
the firing of that weapon.
-4 zi'-
]- T
FIGURE 63.-Nonoverhead record firing target.
b. Browning automatic rifle, caliber .30, M1918.-If the size

of the danger area permits, the Browning automatic rifle,
caliber .30, M1918, is fired on the miniature range. Such
firing is conducted in the same manner as with the caliber .22
rifle with the following exceptions:
(1) Sight over the top of the rear sight and front sight.
(2) The lead necessary to hit the black silhouette is ap-
proximately 2.5 inches. This is due to the difference in the
time of flight of the caliber .30 and caliber .22 bullets for
209
500 inches. The time of flight of the caliber .30 bullet for 500
inches is 0.15 second. When the target is operated at the
speed of 15 or 20 feet per second the silhouette will move
approximately 2.5 inches during the time of flight of the
bullet.
c. In sighting over the top of the rear sight and front sight
the line of aim is lower than the trajectory of the bullet.
Therefore it will be necessary to aim low in order to hit the
silhouette.
d. Men must be constantly cautioned to keep the weight
of the body forward. This is to prevent them from being
pushed over by the recoil of the weapon.
e. Preparatory exercises with the Browning automatic rifle,
caliber .30, M1918, precede the firing of that weapon.
; 224. TOWED-TARGET FIRING.-a. Range organ/zation.-(1)
Individual firing at a towed target being impracticable, all
members of a rifle platoon, including both rifles and auto-
matic rifles, are usually constituted as a group for such firing.
A group the size of a platoon is the most convenient group
for such firing.
(2) An ammunition line should be established 10 yards in
rear of the firing line. Small tables at the rate of one per
10 men in a firing group are desirable.
(3) Immediately in rear of the ammunition line the ready
line should be established.
(4) The first platoon or similar group to fire is deployed
along the ready line with each individual in rear of his place
on the firing line. Other platoons or similar groups are sim-
ilarly deployed in a series of lines in rear of the first unit
to fire.
(5) Upon command of the officer in charge the group on the
ready line moves forward to the firing line, securing ammuni-
tion en route; other groups close up.
(6) Upon completion of firing by one group it moves off the
firing line, passing around the flanks of the ready line so as
not to interfere with the group moving forward.
(7) An ammunition detail sufficient to issue ammunition to
groups as they move forward to the firing line and collect
unfired ammunition from the group which just completed
firing should be provided. These two operations should be
210
performed simultaneously. Unfired ammunition is delivered

to the statistical officer.
(8) The officer in charge should have at least three assist-
ants-two safety officers and one statistical officer.
b. Ammunition.-(1) Ball or tracer ammunition may be
used. Tracer ammunition is useful to show the groups wait-
ing to fire the size and density of the cone of fire delivered by
the firing group.
(2) Tracer ammunition will assist the officer in charge in
verifying the lead announced in the fire order. It also pro-
vides a means of checking the firer's estimate of the lead
ordered.
c. Technique of antiaircraft fire.-(1) Leads.-Th2 lead
used in the technique of antiaircraft fire described in para-
graph 136b is the average of two theoretical extremes. For
example, if the maximum slant range to a passing airplane
is 600 yards and the minimum slant range is 300 yards, the
lead used would be that required for a slant range of 450
yards. Fire is delivered with one fixed lead in order to sim-
plify the procedure. Experience indicates such a technique
is readily taught and that it is effective.
The lead table given below may be helpful. It is based
upon a 15-foot sleeve towed at 200 miles per hour and caliber
.30, M2, ammunition.
Slant range Lead required
]00 2
200 5
300 8
400 11
500 14
600 18
(2) Fire distribution.-The usual technique of fire is de-

scribed in paragraph 136. If time and ammunition allow-
ances permit other methods may also be taught.
(3) Variable lead method.-(a) In this method the auto-
matic rifleman fires each shot with a different lead. The
maximum lead is used when the target enters and again
when it leaves the firing area. The minimum lead is used
211
when the target is directly opposite the firing line. Example:

If three rounds are to be fired as the sleeve target passes across
the front of the firing line, the first round is fired shortly after
the target enters the firing area, the second round is fired
when the target is near the center of the firing area, and
the third shot is fired shortly before the sleeve leaves the
firing area. The fire order given by the officer in charge is:
1. SLEEVE-TARGET APPROACHING FROM THE LEFT (RIGHT), 2. LOAD,
3. 14-8-14 TARGET LENGTH LEADS, 4. THREE ROUNDS, 5. COM-
MENCE FIRING. In this example it is expected that the
three shots will be fired at slant ranges of approximately
500 yards, 300 yards, and 500 yards, respectively.
(b) This method has given good results but is more diffi-
cult to apply than the prescribed method.
(4) Safety precautions.-Safety precautions as given in
paragraph 149 must be rigidly enforced. This requires con-
stant supervision by the officer in charge.
d. The results of all towed-target firing should be recorded
and analyzed. The statistical officer should record the total
number of rounds fired and the hits obtained on each target.
If the number of hits falls below the number expected, the
reason should be sought and explained to the men. On the
other hand, when results are satisfactory the men should be
impressed with the value of rifle antiaircraft fire.
e. Estimating ranges.-Training in estimating ranges of
air targets is conducted by having individuals observe air-
planes flying at known ranges. The individual bases his
estimate on the appearance of the airplane at key ranges.
The following table, based on an 0-46A airplane (observation,
1936), will be useful:
(yards) Details seen
1,000 General outline of airplane.

700 Wheels, rudder, wing struts, and tail skid.
500 Antenna and small projections from fuselage.
200 Symbols and numbers. Letters on airplane can be seen plainly.
A flying mission of from 1 to 2 hours is sufficient for the

instruction of,a large group in estimating ranges.
212
SECTION V
TECHNIQUE OF FIRE
· 225. GENERAL.-The instructor should secure Necessary
equipment, inspect ranges, and detail and train necessary
assistants, including demonstration units, prior to the first
period of instruction. Instructors should use their initiative
in arranging additional exercises in the application of the
principles herein contained. It should be explained to
trainees how the exercises used illustrate the principles in
the technique of fire. Good work in the conduct of the
exercises as well as errors should be called to the attention
of all trainees.
* 226. RANGE ESTIMATION.-a. A number of ranges to promi-
nent points on the terrain should be measured so that a few
minutes of each period can be devoted to range estimation.
b. Range cards as shown below will be of assistance in
figuring percentage of errors.
RANGE ESTIMATION
Nam e --------------------------------------------------
Company -----------------------------------------------
Squad -----------------------------------------------
Num- Esti- Cor- Per- Remarks Num- Esti- Cor- Per- Remarks
ber mate reet cent ber mate rectcent
I .2- , ---- 221 1

-3.23_:Z
4 .... ------------ 24
- -- . ..
257
8- ...........
-.-..-. 28 ....
9 ..- -.- - - -9.....-...........
29....
-- --- --..---.....-- ---
s0 -- -- -.-.....-- ---- ------ ----------- 30 --.-----.... ...
-.-----. -----. ----. -- ---
12 ...-.... . ..-----. ------------ 30-.
- -- -- ----- -------
15 .
. ------ 35 ---__------- ------
.-----------. ------ ----- ------
1s . . .
18 -------.. .... . --..-- . .....-------

--.. 38 .- - - - - --...
20 ... ----- - 40......

----------
(Front)
213
TABLE FOR COMPUTING ERRORS IN RANGE

ESTIEMATTON
- Error (yards)
Range
(Yards)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4 50 100
250 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 40
275 2 4 5 8 9 11 13 15 16 18 36
300-2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 17 33
330- 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 15 30
350 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 29
380 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 13 26
400 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 25
420 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 24
440 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 23
460 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 22
480 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 21
500-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
520-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 19
540 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 19
560 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 18
580 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 17
600 - I
1----- 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 17
620-1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 16
640 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 16
660 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 15
680-- 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 15
700 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 14
720 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 14
740 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 14
760- 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 13
780- 0 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 13
800 ------ 0 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 13
850- 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 12
900 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 11
950 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 11
1,000 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 10
NOTE.-Example of the use of this table: Suppose the correct range to be 695 yards
and the estimated range to be 635. The "error in estimate" is consequently 60 yards.
Select two "errors in estimate" in the 700-yard space (the nearest to the correct range
given in the table) whose sum is 60 yards, as 50 and 10. Add the percentages shown
thereunder, and the result will be approximately your error. In this case:
7 plus I = 8 percent.
(Rear)
214
* 227. TARGET DESIGNATION.-The time devoted to target des-

ignation should include careful instruction in target desig-
nation by each of the following three usual methods:
a. Tracer bullets.
b. Pointing.
c. Oral description.
While more time is required to teach oral description, it
must be impressed on the men that all of the methods are
important and have their application. Instruction is pref-
erably conducted on varied terrain.
* 228. RIFLE FIRE AND ITS EFFECT.-This step in instruction
can best be covered by the use of a blackboard and several
automatic riflemen firing tracer bullets to demonstrate the
trajectory, danger space, dispersion, and classes of fire.
2 229. APPLICATION OF FIRE.-a. Sufficient time and explana-
tion should be devoted to the method of fire distribution to
insure that all men fully understand it and can explain it in
their own words.
b. A demonstration group simulating firing should suffice
to show the technique employed in assault fire.
* 230. LANDSCAPE-TARGET FIRING.-a. An explanation and
demonstration will be necessary to show the technique and
procedure of zeroing rifles and the firing of exercises on the
landscape targets.
b. Units should be given practical work in writing fire
orders for targets on the landscape panels prior to their
firing any exercises.
* 231. DISTRIBUTED FIRE.-Instruction in distributed fire re-
quired in field firing may be given the soldier by utilizing
the rows of silhouette targets on the 1,000-inch target, U. S.
rifle, caliber .30, M1, prior to instruction in firing at field
targets. See figure 39.
* 232. ASSAULT FIRE.-a. After the completion of record
practice, and.subject to authorized ammunition allowances,
all men who have completed record practice, with the excep-
tion of antiaircraft troops, may fire the following table:
215
Assault fire
Range Time
100------- No limit_ 5 Assault fire Assault fire--

(see b below).
100 to 125__60------- 20 -.. do -...
..-. do Two
... magazines of 10
rounds each. (Fire
while steadily ad-
vancing.)
b. The target is a screen 10 feet long and 3 feet high

with three prone silhouette targets placed 1 yard apart di-
rectly in front of the screen. After the firing, each soldier
marches up to the target to examine the effects of his firing.
* 233. FIRING AT FIELD TARGETS.-a. The most difficult fac-
tor in the preparation of problems for field firing is the
selection of the terrain which complies with the safety reg-
ulations contained in AR 750-10. A drawing should be made
on a map showing all safety angles, target positions, and
other required data.
b. The appearance of the ordinary prone or kneeling
silhouette (E or F target) depends a great deal upon the
direction of the sun, the background of the targets, and the
angle at which the targets are placed. The effect of solid-
ity can be obtained by using two figures placed at right
angles to one another. The effect of fire distribution on a
linear target can be determined by using a screen of E
targets nailed end to end. The screen should be located
so as not to disclose the position of concealed targets.
c. Maximum use should be made of the available terrain
to permit the firing of as many units or teams from one
firing position at one time as is possible. This firing should
be controlled from a central location. Telephone communi-
cation between the firing point and the pits will facilitate
this instruction. During this type of training, individuals
and units should approach and occupy their firing positions
with due regard to cover and concealment, after which men
are rearrranged on the firing position according to the
requirements of safety.
216
d. When sufficient time and ammunition are available

platoon exercises should be conducted.
e. About 60 to 70 percent of the score allotted for the
grading of units should be given for such parts of the exer-
cise as the approach march and occupation of the firing
position, fire orders, time required to open fire, rate of fire,
and fire control. The remaining 30 or 40 percent should
be given for the number of hits on the target and the
number of target hits.
f. A 13-week training schedule should include about 24
hours for this instruction.
217
INDEX
Paragraphs Pages
Accessories _---_------__------------------------ 40 65
Actions, immediate-_______- ___---___------------ 37 59
Advice to instructors__________---__---------- 203-223 192
Aiming:
Methods_----------__----------------------- 127 130
Place in training-_ _--_----
_------------ 128 130
Aiming and leading exercises____________-------- 141 139
Aiming and sighting, lecturing on ______-______- _ 214 199
Air targets:
Classification ---____-----_--_------------. -- 132 134
For automatic rifle fire _____- ____-----_-- --- 131 134
Ammunition____________-_____----------- 41, 105, 210 67,
120, 194
Ballistic data -_______-- _____--____----__---- 48 70
Care, handling, and preservation________-- ___ 46 69
Classification ------------------------------- 42 67
Grade__----__-_____---- ---------
__-- ---- 44 68
Identification__--____----- _ _--------------- 46 68
Lot number ---__________-.--------------- 43 68
Storage _---_--_-- __-- ____-------------- 47 70
Antiaircraft-
Fire:
Leads for _-_ _________- __.____.___-_____ 134 135
Technique_____ --- __---------------- _-- 133 134
Individual-------------------------- 136 135
Marksmanship training--__------------- __ 138-142 136
Application of fire_-__.____________-___________ 181, 229 177, 215
Assembly and disassembly, of rifle _______________ 4-12 4
Assault fire_--------------------------------- 183,232 178, 215
Ballistic data ----------------------------------- 48 70
Beaten zone --------- ________--.-----------_---_ 177 174
Buffer, functioning ---------------------------- _ 22 49
Care and cleaning of rifle _______-. _________ 13, 14, 106 36, 37, 120
Care, handling, and preservation of ammunition__ 46 69
Cartridges:
Dummy, use _-_________________-- - - -___ -___ 18, 27 39, 55
Unfired, in rapid fire ------- __----______--__ 117 121
Change lever setting -___________-________-______ 24 52
Change lever control setting _-_-------------___.- 32 57
Coaches, duties___-______-_____.---- _---------- - - 57 75
Coaching:
Range practice-_____________-_ - -___________ 83 107
Prohibited ___-______--_-__. _________ .___--_101 119
Concentrated fire _-_____________________________ 182 177
Courses fired -------------- _____-_______________ 148 147
Critique of exercises ___________-_-- _____________ 201 189
Cycle, functioning -___________-_.-_____________ 20
. 42
Description_ - _--- ________----------
--- 21 42
Delivery of fire ___-_____________________________ 137 135
Demonstration of trajectories_ _____- ___________ 180 176
219
INDEX
Paragraphs Pages
Demonstrations, instructional-______------------- 213 198
-----------------
Disassembling rifle ________-_-- 8 4
Dispersion ------------------------------------- 175 174
Distributed fire_---------.-------------------- 182, 231 177, 215
Duties of leaders -------------------------------. 188 180
Elevation rule ---------------------------------- 71 95
Equipment --__---_----------------------------- 208 194
Exercises ------------------------------------- ____ 196, 202 185, 190
Aiming and leading------------------------- 141 139
Critique__ --------------------------------- 201 189
Firing, situations for__________------------- 200 189
Marksmanship training____ -- --------------- 58-69 75
Position____--------------------------- 61-67, 140 80, 139
Preparatory -----------------------------
__ 139,222 137,208
Rapid fire -__------------------------------- 69 92
Sequence-___------------------------------- 91 113
Sighting and aiming____ ------------------- 58-60 75
Target designation ----------.--------------- 173 171
Trigger squeeze---------_____----------------- 68,142 91, 140
Extractor, removal and replacement without dis-
assembling rifle_----_--_------.------------- - - 11 31
Fire:
Antiaircraft:
Leads for ___________-________-_____-___ 134 135
Technique ------- _--------------------- 133 134
Individual___________ _--_--____-___ 136 135
Application of ____________________________ 181, 229 177, 215
Assault ----------------------.---------- 183,232 178, 215
Classes _____---_-----_------. --------------- 178 176
Concentrated and distributed_____________ 182,231 177, 215
Control__ ---------------- __. ..---- 186 178
Delivery__ 137
_--------------------_----------- 135
Discipline -____________----- - -_____- ________ 185 178
Effect ----------------------------------- _ 179,228 176,215
Orders ___________-________- _____________ 90. 187 113,179
Rapid:
Lecture on----_------------------------- .217 204
Procedure______________________________ 99 117
Unfired cartridges in____-_______________ 117 121
Rate of-____________________________________ 184 178
Rifle:
Effect________-------------------------- 228 215
Importance___-______---____-________--- 159 162
Scope of instruction in_ -_______________ 160 162
Slow:
Procedure----------------------______-_ 98 116
Score, interrupted_______-_______________ 111 120
Technique ________-_-___- ________ 125, 158, 225 129,
162,213
Place in training__ _-----____--___ 126 130
Firer, shelter for______________________________ 103 3 10
119
220
INDEX
Firing: Paragraphs Pages

Exercises, situations for _____-- _____-_______ 200 189
Field target----__----------.--------------- 233 216
General considerations _____- _________-__ 198 187
Safety precautions ------ _---___-- ___-- __ 199 188
Scope of training -- __ __._____..________ 197 187
Group-__---________-____--_________--_____- 146 146
Instructional _______________-__._______ __- 145 144
Landscape-target _________________-_____-_ .-
230 215
Scope and importance___________--__---- 189 180
Weapons used ---- _------.---_---------- 191 181
Line, organization _____- ______---__--__---- 95 115
Miniature range__---___-- __-__ -___--------- 223 208
On wrong target -__----__--_---- _---------- 114 121
Pin, removal without disassembling rifle______ 10 29
Points _____________________-__________.. .. 82 107
Procedure __________________-__________ 150, 194
.__ 149, 184
Rifle ______________________-____ ___-______ 31 . 56
Care and cleaning, before, during, and
after__---------------------- -------- 14 37
Sequence ___________-____-__-___-______.___ 77 100
Towed-target _-___-_______-__-_-_-________ 147, 224 147, 210
Fouling shots ________-__________-_______-- - -___ 109 120
Functioning cycle, rifle---___--- __--- ------------- 20 42
Description_________
- - _______--__--_------ 21 42
Functioning of-
Buffer__________________ ___-____.____-____ 22 49
Rifle ------------------------------
_________ 16-24 39
Trigger mechanism ____-____ - -______-______ 23 50
Gas adjustment ____________-_---_______________ 33 57
Gloves and pads _____- __-____-___--____ ________ 108 120
Group firing _---------------7------------- - .- 146 146
Gun sling, use-_____ ________
_._ .___.---___----
107 . 120
Handling of ammunition______- ________________ 46 69
Immediate action ----------------- ___---- __--- 37 59
Inspection of rifles _______-___-______________-__ 209 194
Instruction firing---__--________._______________ 145 144
Instruction in-
Disassembly and assembly-_ -- ______-_______ 4, 5 4
Firing positions-_L_ ______._________ -_______
61-67 80
Functioning of rifle ________________________ 16, 17 39
Immediate action and stoppages ____-___...__ 35,36 58
Marksmanship-______________ _____________ 49-51 71
Preparatory______________--_----------- 52-75 72
Operation of rifle _____-____- -________-_____ 25,26 55
Rifle fire, scope ____-____- __--_.____-__-____ 160 162
Target designation ------- _________ -_______167 166
Instruction practice on range:
1,000-inch ____________---------------------- 86 109
Known distance -____________._____-__._____ 87 110
Instructions to pilots for towingf missions---___--- 156 154
Instructors, assistant__________------------------ 207 193
Instruments, use _____- __----------------------- 102 119
257360--40 15 221
INDEX
Landscape target: Paragraphs Pages

Description ------
…_________________……-- 190 181
Firing __-----------------------_- -___-- 230 215
Scope and importance-_______--- ___----- 189 180
Weapons used - 191
-_______________________- 181
Preparation …________________-_____________ _ 192 181
Leaders, duties_ _______________________________
-- 188 180
Leading exercises -_-----_______________________.- 141 139
Leads:
Antiaircraft fire ------______________________ 134 135
Determination and application__________-- -- - 124 128
Lectures____._----------------____----_---------- 213 198
Fifth-effect of wind and light, sight changes,
and score books-________---.- ____--_------ 218 204
First-sighting and aiming --- __--------- ___ 214 199
Fourth-rapid fire - -_______________________-
217 204
Place of assembly for_ ______________________ 206 193
Second-positions -___________________
------ 215 201
Sixth-range practice __---_. ______-------- __ 219 206
Third-trigger squeeze_____________________ - -216 203
Loading of rifle -__-__-____-- _-___________-_____ 29 55
Magazine:
Disassembling and assembling ___________-__ 12 33
Loading ---------------- ___________________ 28 55
Marking, target ____-__-________________________ 97 116
Marksmanship:
Courses, fired_____---------- _ ______________ 78 100
Fundamentals -_____-__-____________________ 50 71
Object of chapter on________________________ 49 71
Training ----------------------------------- 205 193
Antiaircraft_________--------___ ________ 138 136
First step-position exercises_________ 140 139
Preparatory exercises________________ 139 137
Preliminary preparations -__________ 220 207
Second step-aiming and leading
exercises__________________________ 141 139
Third step-trigger squeeze exercises__ 142 140
Moving-
Ground targets-____________________ 122 128
Fundamentals__________________
-123 128
Personnel ________________________ 127, 128 130
Targets and4 ranges---________ ____ 129, 130 130, 133
Vehicles -------_ _________________ 124-126 128
Phases of_______________________________ 51 71
Preparatory - ----------- ________________ 52 72
Coaches, duties_____________________ 57 75
Elevation rule_--------________------ 71 95
Equipment ________________________ 564 72
Examinations ........................ _____ 75 96
Exercises:
Position -______________________ 61 80
Assault fire ________-_______ 66 90
Conducting procedure_____ -67 90
Kneeling -65________________ 83
222
INDEX
Marksmanship-Continued. Paragraphs Pages

Training--Continued.
Preparatory-Continued.
Exercises-Continued.
Position-Continued.
Prone, with-
Hasty or loop sling_____ 62 82
Sandbag rest _______-__ 63 83
Sitting_____________________
-64 83
Rapid fire _________-____________ 69 92
Sighting and aiming:
First-sighting bar __-______ 58 75
Second - alining silhouette
and sights ______________
-- 59 76
Third-making shot grcups__ 60 79
Trigger squeeze ______________-__ 68 91
Instruction method_________________ 56 74
Leaders,, duties_ -- -_________ -_______ 55 74
Score books__________
-_-- - -_________ 74 96
Sight setting ______________________ 70 95
Windage__________ ______-______---- 72 95
When taken up_-______________- 53 72
Zero, explanation _____--_________ 73 96
Method of aiming__-_______________ ___________ 127 130
Place in training__ - __- __-______- __-__-__- __ 128 130
Miniature range_________________________________ 153 151
Description______________- _____-_____-___ 221 207
Firing-_________________ ____. ___-__-_____ 223 208
Practice_----------------------------- 143 144
Safety precautions ______-_____-____--- -____ 144 144
Misses…_ 112 120
Firing on wrong target counted as_ ______-__- 114 121
Nomenclature of parts of rifle_____ ____-____.____ 7 4
Officers, range-_ _____- _ _ 152 150
Operation of rifle_- ____________ __-_________- 25-34 55
Organization of work -________-_________________ 211 194
Pads and gloves________
...............................
__________________ 108 120
Parts, spare…_----------- ------------ -- _ 39 64
Pointing targets-_ -_-___________-__170 167
Position, stoppage set-ups_________ ___-__________ 204 192
Positions, firing:
Assault fire__________________ __________-__ 66
Exercises on-------------------------------- 90
61 80
Procedure in conducting_ ____-___. _____ 67 90
Kneeling---------------------------- - 65 83
Lecturing on_-_______________
---- ___------- 215 201
Prone, with-
Hasty or loop sling_______-_________ ____ 62 82
Sandbag rest___________________________ 63 83
Sitting ------------------- 64 83
Preservation of ammunition-____________________ 46 69
Preparatory exercises_____________-_____________ 222 208
Procedure of firing_____________
-_______ _______ 150 149
223
INDEX
Paragraphs Pages
Estimation --------------------------- 161-164,226 163,213
By eye --------------------------------- 165 164
By observation of fire ------------------- 164 163
Importance____------------- -_--7 ----- 161 163
Methods _______------------------------ 162 163
Use of tracer bullets in _______----_.----- 163 163
Officer___------------------------------ 152 150
Practice __------------------------------- 76, 79-88 100, 105
Coaching------------------------------- 83 107
Firing points --------------------------- 82 107
Instructional-
1,000-inch range____---------------- 86 109
Known-distance range___________--- 87 110
Lecture on_________---- ------------- 213-219 198
Organization _____---------------------- 80 106
Safety precautions ______-__------------- 88 111
Scope and object___-_----------------- 76 100
Use of sandbag rest _______-------------- 81 107
Precautions___-------------------- ------- _- 130 133
Ranges ---------------------------------------- 121 125
Instructional practice on:
1,000-inch______ ----------------------- 86 109
Known-distance _______---------------- 87 110
Miniature _-------------------------------- 153 151
Description __-------------------------- - 221 207
Moving ______------------------------------ 129 130
----
Towed-target_____ ------------------ 154 153
Rapid fire:
Exercises __--------------------------------- 69 92
Lecture on --------------------------------- 217 204
Procedure ---------------------------------- 99 117
Unfired cartridges in_-___----_-------------- 117 121
Rate of fire___---------------------------------- 184 178
Record practice:
For course D, 1,000-inch range_______________ 119 121
Regulations governing---------------------- 89-119 113
Restrictions, rifle _----_------------------------ 104 120
Rifle:
Automatic, Browning, caliber .30, M1918 with-
out bipod:
Care and cleaning----------------------- 13, 14 36,37
Description _________------------------- 2 1
Disassembly and assembly:
Assembling __-_-------------------- 9 23
Care exercised in ------------------- 6 4
Disassembling ---------------------- 8 4
Extractor, without disassembling rifle_ 11 31
Fir in g pin, without disassembling
rifle ______----------------------- 10 29
Magazine__-------- ----------------- 12 33
Training in:
Organization for____-__________ 5 4
When taken up ---------------- 4 4
Firepower of____________________________ 3 1
Firing -------------
_--_---------------. 31 56
224
INDEX
Rifle-Continued. Paragraphs Pages

Automatic, Browning, caliber .30, etc.-Con.
FLmncticning -__________________________ '16-24 39
Buffer ______________-__-__--- ---- __ 22 49
Cycle ____-__--_--- _________________ 20 42
IDescription _______________-____ 21 42
Explanation ---_______________ ____ 19 40
Instruction in:
Use of dummy cartridges for____ 18 39
When taken up _--_____________ 17 39
Object of section on _______________ 16 39
Trigger mechanism _..--------- -___- 23 50
Loading _______-_______________________ 29 55
Nomenclature of parts ___- ______________ 7 4
Object of manual on ___________________ 1 1
Operation:
Gas adjustment ____________________ 33 57
Instruction:
Object of section on____________ 25 55
Use of dummy cartridges in.......____ 27 55
When taken up _--- ____________ 26 55
Magazine ______________________ 28 55
Safety precautions ________________-_ 34 58
Setting change' lever control_________ 32 57
Storage _____--- ________________________ 15 38
Unloading ----------- __________________ 30 56
Fire:
Importance of ---- _____________-________ 159 162
Scope of instructions in_ _______________ 160 162
Fire and its effect----_____________________-- 228 215
Inspection - __________---------------------- 209 194
Zeroing-in ___________________-___ _-_______ 193 183
Safety precautions __---__________ 34, 88, 144, 149, 199 58,
111, 144,
148, 188
Sandbag rests, use--___-------------____ ____
-- 63,81 ,83, 107
Schedules, model_-__---- _______________________ 212 196
Score-
Book_____________-------------------------- 74 96
Lecture on -_____________-_____________ 218 204
Cards _______________-_____.______________ 96 115
Shots included in ----.-- ____._-_________
- __ 113 121
Scoring __________________-________-_______ 96, 151, 195 115,
150, 185
Setting change lever__----_________.___ -_________ 24 52
Shelter for firer_____________ ___-___-_-___- _____ 103 119
Shot groups _______________-____- ____-_______ 60,176 79,174
Shots:
Recording of:
Cutting edge of silhouette or line_____-__ 110 120
Two on same target _____- ______________ 115 121
Warming, fouling, and sighting____
- ________ 109 120
Sight:
Changes, lecture on ____--_________ -______ 218 204
Front, how to aline-_________-________-____ 84 95
Setting--________________ ___-____________ 70 199
225
-INDEX
Paragraphs Pages
Sighting and aiming, lecture on________-___----- 214 199
Sighting bar instruction _-___------------------- 58 75
Sights and silhouette alinement ---------------- 59 76
Signals _-- --------------------------------- 157 155
Sling, use_ 107
........-.. ................ 120
Slow fire:
Procedure---------------------------------- 98 116
Score, interrupted …---------- 111 120
Spare parts------------------------------------- 39 64
Stoppages ---------------------------------- 38,92 59, 113
Storage of rifle_---------__ ---------------------- 15 38
Target-
Designation --_------------------ 135, 166-173, 227 135,
166, 215
By oral description _____- __------------- 171 167
By pointing __-------------------------- 170 167
Exercises -____-------------------------- 173 171
Importance__ ------ _------------------- 166 166
Instruction_____-____--- --------------- 167 166
Methods -------------
______________-- 168, 172 166, 171
Use of tracer bullets.in __________------- 169 166
Details ------------------------------------- 94 114
Marking 97
___-------------------------------- 116
Men not to know firer ___.-__-- ___------ 93 114
Targets __------------------------------------- 120 123
Air:
Classification ----..---------------------- 132 134
For automatic rifle fire _____-_____------ 131 134
Field, firing -------------------------------- 233 216
-------------------------
Description___ 190 181
Landscape:
Preparation __________------------------- 192 181
Moving 129
__---------------------_------------ 130
Towed-------------------------------------- 155 154
Withdrawing of, prematurely --------------- 116 121
Technique of fire _____-----_----- _------_ 125, 158, 225 129,
162,213
Place in training-__-_ __
__.___________------- 126 130
Telephones, use -------------------------------- 100 119
Towed-target-
Firing ----------------------------------- 147, 224 147,210
Safety precautions ___---. ___--____ ._---- 149 148
Scoring -------------------------------- 151 150
Range _-------------_------------_------ 154 153
Towing missions, instructions to pilots on________ 156 154
Tracer bullets, use -- ____-- __-_-- __-__--____ __ 163, 169 163, 166
Trajectory---__--------------------------------- 174 174
----.------------
Demonstration________ - 180 176
Trigger-
Mechanism, functioning __.----__ ___________ 23 50
Squeeze:
Exercises ____-______---__-- __________ 68, 142 91, 140
Lecture on __________________---_----__ 216 203
Unloading rifle -----

__-----.----- ..---------____ 30 56
226
INDEX
Use of- Paragraphs Pages

Instruments________________________________
-102 119
Telephones ___________-___------------------ 100 119
Warming shots -________________________________ 109 120
Wind and light, effect of, lecture on______________ 218 204
Windage ------- _____________________
---- 72 95
Work, organization of, in preparatory training____ 211 194
Zero:
Explanation ____________-_____________._____ 73 96
Of rifle, determination ______-_______________ 85 109
Zeroing-in of rifles -___________________________,_ 193 183
Zones, beaten _-_______________________________ 177 174
227

1940 US Army WWII Browning Automatic Rifle BAR .30

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BASIC FIELD MANUAL

BASIC FIELD MANUAL

BROWNING AUTOMATIC RIFLE

Prepared under direction of the

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 30 cents

CHAPTER 1. MECHANICAL TRAINING. Paragraphs Pages

~~,:6*-Igl~ ~ r Ct0 f ft[0000041

DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY

(1) Forearm group.

(I) Remove change lever spring.

LAY THE PIECEBARRELDOWN AND

WITH POINT OF CARTRIDGE UNLOCK

RFNOVE THE GAS CYLINDER TURE

.WITn In' MIDDLEAND INDEXFINGERSOF ...

FIGURE 3.--Method of disassembling.

(2) Trigger mechanism.-(a) Depress the ejector lock with

AND LETTnE M[CHANISMMOVEGE.NTL UNLOK ANP IEMOV. THE TRIGGtR GUARD

PLACEENDOf INDx FINGERON C9ECKERED

....AND REMOVE TIEb RECOIL

AND THf FOREFIN6ER

FIGURE 3.-Method of disassembling-Continued.

...[ [Pro TMmtMMER PINW'ILLB[ .. *ANDLE

IREOOVET'E "L LFT

ITTO TnF REAR, StAN1

3WINGTnt[LINVBCK dAND tMOVETnt SLIDLTOtHE FRONT

GIASPTM[LINKWITHTTH[ HUMB ANDFINGEIZ

FIGURE 3.-Method of disassembling-Continued.

L1rT TInMB:LTLOCKAND R.tOVE TnF .. USNG TnE rlRlEr PIN AS 0Sr T.

FIGURE 3.-Method of disassembling-Continued.

FIGURE 5.-Removing ejector.

FIGURE 6.-Removing magazine catch.

FIGURE 8.-Removing sear spring.

FIGURE 9.-Removing trigger pin.

FIGURE 10.-Removing trigger and connector.

FIGURE 11.-Removing sear.

(3) The forearm group, barrel group, buttstock and buffer

:1 5 .f-:· d': ' viY t

'! !' ';

* 9. ASSEMBLING RIFLE.-The rifle and its component groups

FIGURE 15.-Assembling connector.

FIGURE 16-Assembling sear spring.

FIGTTRE 17.-Assembling magazine catch spring.

Holding the connector, so that its head is in rear of the

INTO ITS SLAT

LIFl TMt BOLTLOCKBND RRPLACE TtL

F-ouaJ 18.-Method of assembling.

NOWWS; ThtEOLT McC.MaNISM

REPLACETHL 5LIDE ANP.. ;IIT TIC WAYBAK

NOWWITH Tht HMMECR

INSERTTht HAMMCR TV TnC rPHT.

REPLACETHr RECOIL5PRINGA.P GUIL, INTO WI TH

FIGURE 18.-Method of assembling-Continued.

..ND TURNIT DOWN INTO ITS

FIZ;mE 18.-Method of assembling-Continued.

10. To REMOVE FIRING PIN WITHOUT DISASSEMBLING.-To

FIGURE 19.-To remove firing pin without disassembling rifle-

1 11. To REMOVE AND REPLACE EXTRACTOR WITHOUT DISASSEM-

FIOURE 20.-To remove and replace extractor without disassembling

side so that the ejection opening is up. With the forefinger