EXPLORING POSSIBILITIES OF ECOTOURISM IN THE ECONOMIC

AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF KUMAUN REGION

Dr. Manjari Agarwal

Dr. Prachi Pathak

Assistant Professor
School of Management Studies and Commerce
Uttarakhand Open University, Uttarakhand
E-mail: [email protected]

Assistant Professor
School of Management
Doon University, Uttarakhand
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Ecotourism can preserve ecological and cultural

environment of a region. Further, it can also contribute in green
growth by promoting energy and water conservation and can also
create economic opportunities for local communities.
Uttarakhand which is renowned for its great Himalayan
Mountain Ranges, Forests, and Rivers have many tourist
destinations which may allure tourist from all over the world. But
due to the catastrophe that took place in the State; domestic and
foreign tourists are hesitant in visiting tourist destinations in
Kumaun. In this perspective ecotourism can be used as a
strategic tool for enhancing income generation of the local
community with the true intention of conserving biodiversity.
Thus, this paper attempts to identify various potential ecotourism destinations in the Kumaun Region. Further, it also
attempts to explore potential of ecotourism in the local capacity
building and sustainable development of Kumaun Region.
Keywords-Eco-tourism; Suistanable; Kumaun; Economics;
Development;

I.

INTRODUCTION

Ecotourism intends to achieve economic growth and

development along with the preservation of the environment. It
is a part of nature based tourism which aims to develop a
region economically with various eco-friendly programmes and
activities with an intention of preserving cultural integrity of
local people and particularly, the environment. It is tourism
aiming economic development through protecting biodiversity.

Ecotourism and related small-scale, entrepreneurial tourism

businesses visualize possibilities for combining rural valuecapture with economic, social and ecological sustainability
(Marsden and Smith, 2005)1. Thus, ecotourism can preserve
ecological and cultural environment of a region. Further, it can
also contribute in green growth by promoting energy and water
conservation and can also create economic opportunities for
local communities. It has therefore, proven to be a powerful
incentive for conservation in many parts of the world. (Ban Kimoon, 2012 )2
Ecotourism is identified as the fastest growing sector of the
global tourism industry (Roberts and Thanos, 2003)3. The
growing economic and national importance of this kind of
tourism has, over the last few years attracted the attention of
most governments around the world, and particularly, those of
developing countries. Accordingly, in India, the Ministry of
Tourism has shown tremendous interest in promoting
ecotourism in the country in a responsible and sustainable
manner4. With this mandate, in the year 2011, the Ministry
prepared Sustainable Tourism Criteria and Indicators for hotels,
tour operators and other stakeholders. Further, it has also
developed criteria and indicators for rural tourism and homestays. Besides these, the following principles were also
formulated to guide initiatives of Ministry of Tourism for
promoting ecotourism in India;
a)
Involvement of local community for overall economic
development of an area.
b)
Resolution of conflicts between resources utilised for
ecotourism and livelihood of local inhabitants.
c)
Compatibility of type and scale of ecotourism
development with the environment and socio-cultural
characteristics of the local community, and
d)
Overall area development strategy, guided by an
integrated land-use plan avoiding inter-sectoral conflicts and
ensuring sectoral integration, associated with commensurate
expansion of public services.
These principles have been laid-down to establish an ideal
balance between tourist numbers without sacrificing with
natural and cultural heritage. With these directives, the
Government of Uttarakhand has also initiated for promoting
ecotourism as an endeavour of the ten-

Index Copernicus(ICValue: 6.14),

A wing has also been created by the State Government to draft

policies and to provide funding for various eco-tourism
projects. With this mandate, Centre for Ecotourism and
Sustainable Livelihood has also been established near Corbett
Tiger Reserve by the Forest Department of Uttarakhand.
Further, Uttarakhand Tourism Development Master Plan
(2007-2022) has recognized the importance of ecotourism and
sustainable development5. But still, implementation of these
ecotourism initiatives in Uttarakhand is still in a very nascent
stage.
II.

NEED OF STUDY

Ecotourism have a huge potential in contributing

sustainable development of Uttarakhand by providing socioeconomic benefits to local communities together with
preserving physical, cultural and environmental heritage.
Uttarakhand which is renowned for its great Himalayan
mountain range, forests, and rivers have many tourist
destinations which may allure tourist from all over the world.
But, due to the catastrophe that took place in the State,
domestic and foreign tourists are hesitant in visiting tourist
destinations. Further, the livelihood of the people involved in
tourism has been ruined by the natural calamity that hit the
State last year. Consequently, the business from tourism has
been reduced to 20 to 30 percent due the floods and landslides.
Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the possibilities
for reviving confidence of tourists towards Uttarakhand and for
bringing domestic and international tourist to the State. In this
perspective ecotourism can be used as a strategic tool for
enhancing income generation of the local community with the
true intention of conserving biodiversity.
Thus, this paper attempts to identify various potential ecotourism destinations in the Kumaun Region. Further, it also
attempts to explore potential of ecotourism in the local capacity
building and sustainable development through eco-tourist
destinations of Kumaun Region.
A. Eco-tourism
Ecotourism means travelling to the undisturbed natural
areas with the minimal impact on environment and local
culture. It involves visiting the places which are close to nature
without much disturbing flora and fauna of that region. As per
oxford dictionary, eco tourism is a tourism directed towards
exotic natural environments, intended to support conservation
efforts and observe wildlife. Initially, it was defined by
Ceballosundisturbed and uncontaminated natural areas with the specific
objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and
its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural
mani
A subsequent definition is given by Goodwin in which he
identified key criteria for ecotourism that includes activities
which must be environmentally and culturally sensitive and
these must directly benefit conservation and local people who
in turn have an incentive for conservation and these must be
self sustaining within the context of the natural and cultural
habitats in which it takes place. (Goodwin 1996)7.
Index Copernicus(ICValue: 6.14),

Further, in the recent years it has been elaborately explained

responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed
natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any
accompanying cultural features both past and present) that
promotes conservation, has lower visitor impact, and provides
for beneficially active socio-economic involvement local
-Lascurian H. 1996) 8.
Moreover,
ecotourism has been defined very differently by Ecotourism
Kenya (EK), as
conservation activities directly linked to addressing human
development needs, and promotes equitable sharing of benefits
accrued from tourism with local communities while supporting
their nature conserv
Ecotourism has also been studied in different perspectives.
For example, Farrel and Runyan in year 1991 even
distinguished it with the nature tourism and has described it as
more exclusively purposeful and focused on the enhancement
or maintenance of natural systems10. Higham has seen it as a
subset of sustainable tourism, as it complies with the principles
of sustainable development (Higham 2007)11. This becomes
evident in the discussion by Kruger (2005), who wrote that the
rise of interest in ecotourism can be largely attributed to the rise
of the term sustainability12. It has also been studied with
Adventure and Culture and has been interpreted to include
nature tourism in the broader perspective (Fennell, 1999) 13.
In nutshell, ecotourism is travelling to the places which are
relatively undisturbed natural areas for enjoying and
appreciating nature and culture as well as garnering positive
benefits, both for the environment and the local communities
visited.
III.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the present study are;

A. To identify the potential tourist destinations for ecotourism in Kumaun region of Uttarakhand
B. To explore potential of ecotourism in the local capacity
building and suistanable development of Kumaun Region.
C. To suggest various steps for promoting ecotourism in the
Kumaun region.
This paper empirically examines the local communities
based ecotourism in an interpretive and naturalistic way.
IV.

POTENTIAL OF ECO-TOURISM IN KUMAUN REGION

Kumaun is a renowned for its vast natural resources,

majestic Himalayas, soaring and enthralling Pine and Deodar
tradition and culture which offers variety of fairs, festivals and
revels in Kumaun. It includes districts of Almora, Bageshwar,
Champawat, Nainital, Pithoragarh and Udham Singh Nagar. It
shares its border by Tibet in North, Nepal on the East, Garhwal
on the West and South by Uttar Pradesh.

Climate and topography of Kumaun offers tremendous

opportunities for the people who wish to ensure that their
holiday creates positive benefits, both for the environment and
the local communities visited. The same has been affirmed by
-dweller is caught
up in the mind-numbing pressures of the jet-age, the hills
beckon for a fascinating re-discovery of our roots, untouched
by pollution and hurly-burly of urban life, waiting to open
vistas of nature in its pristine, glory, leaving an unforgettable
imprint
experiences varying climatic conditions all throughout the year
which add to opportunities for eco-tourists. Thus, Kumaun
could be best described as extremely interesting place for ecotourism.

Soaring Himalayan Ranges

Eye Catching layered agriculture farms

V.

EXPLORING POTENTIAL OF ECO-TOURISM IN THE LOCAL

CAPACITY BUILDING AND SUISTANABLE DEVELOPMENT OF
KUMAUN REGION

Identified places for establishing eco-hubs and ethnic

villages in Kumaun
Keeping in mind the scope of eco-tourism in the region,
the following places are identified as major places where ecohubs or ethnic villages can be established in Kumaun. These
are Ranikhet, Almora, Bageshwar, Baijnath, Someshwar,
Kapkot, Gangolihat, Pithoragarh and Didihat. These places
have tremendous potential of attracting tourist in the Kumaun
region of Uttarakhand without much eroding its natural or
cultural assets. Not only it will help in revenue generation but
will also help in providing employment and business
opportunities to the unemployed people in the State.

Index Copernicus(ICValue: 6.14),

Economically, ecotourism in Kumaun is of great

importance, especially at uphills where incomes avenues are
meager; it can make significant contribution to livelihoods. In
remote areas, there are usually fewer income generating
alternatives and ecotourism can lend a hand in diversifying the
economic status of the local community. Consequently, it can
also assist in reducing migration of youth from the hills to
urban areas.
The ecotourism opportunities which can supplement in
local capacity building and sustainable development of
Kumaun are explored as under;
A. Eco-packages Tours and Camps
Ecotourism
Eco-tourism activities in the form of eco-package tours and
camps can magnify potential revenues of tourism operators,
planners and administrators in the region. Centre for
Ecotourism and Sustainable Livelihoods have initiated in
organizing eco-camps at Choti Haldwani, Bhimtal, Munsyari
and Maheshkhan, but the same needs to be replicated to other
prime locations of Kumaun. Tourism operators and planners in
the region can act as eco-entrepreneurs in planning and
organising ecotours with the local community. Participative
management with the local community will not only improve

ecosystem and environmental conditions of these places but

will also yield substantial revenues. The places where eco
camps can be organised are Pawalgarh, Dhauladevi, Dalar,
Risal,
Didihat,
Kausani,
Marchula,
Manila,
Chilianaula,Dhunaghat, Lohaghat,Madkote and Pancheshwar.
Further, tourism operators like KMVN and Forest
Department, individually as well as collaboratively may
organise eco camps in the picturesque locations of Ranikhet,
Someshwar, Bageshwar and Pithoragarh. Further, National
Parks and wild life sanctuaries like Pawalgarh, Binsar and
Nandhaur should be developed as the eco-clusters especially
to attract international tourists in the region..
B. Accessibility of eco-hubs to the tourist
Eco fragile areas should be easily accessible and available
to the eco-visitors. It is observed that the transport and
communications network in Kumaun is fragmented and costly.
Therefore,
development
of
basic
infrastructure,
improvement of accommodation facilities and availability of
transport arrangements in eco-hubs at Kumaun would help in
attracting eco-travelers in the region.
However, this
development should preserve the natural beauty of the place
without much affecting its flora and fauna. Additionally,
creation of traditional homes in eco hubs with the local
community would definitely result in earning extra income to
the local people and would also provide accommodation
facilities to the travelers. The model of Choti Haldwani near
Corbett may be replicated in the places identified for promoting
eco-tourism in the region. Home-stays in traditional huts,
celebrating rituals and festivals with the local habitants,
discovering of local habitats and wildlife with the local people
will help in generating extra income. Part of income so earned
can be ploughed back in funds for empowering local
community for developing their areas and will assist them in
conserving environment. Further, these funds will also provide
support solutions to the native problems of the local
communities. It will also help them in rebuilding their areas
quickly in case of any landslides or disasters. Therefore, proper
roads, basic utilities and health care facilities shall be
developed in these eco-hubs for providing safe and healthy
stay.

Traditional houses in hilly areas for offering home stays

for tourists
C. Involvement of local people in eco-hubs
Ecotourism can provide viable economic development
alternatives for local communities with various incomegenerating options and accordingly, local people should be
involved in ecotourism activities in numerous ways. The
community-focused approach of ecotourism will help in
improving quality of life of local inhabitants as well as will
help in the conservation of the resources. Association of local
people with the tourists will also ameliorate tourist in gaining
life. Accordingly, the local community
management of Home Stays and in providing facilities to the
travelers. Strategically, ecotourism can be promoted in
Kumaun by picking up the following key initiatives:
Foremost, Local Women (including senior female
members of the families called Aama) may be involved in
promoting eco tourism such as preparing local cuisine,
mythological storytelling and providing interactive workshops
on handicrafts to the travelers. This will attract tourists from
various parts of the country as well as from foreign countries.

Involvement of Local Women

Eco tourism can also create additional employment
for local people as eco-tour guides, camp managers, sales
assistants, care takers, cooks and drivers. Therefore, capacity
building programmes in terms of trainings, short-term courses
and workshops shall be organised in eco-hubs for making local
inhabitants competent enough in handling the above capacities
effectively.
Interactive craft workshops like crafts from Ringal,
Candle making, Aipan art, Shawls, Wooden work etc. can be
organized with the help of the local community. This will help
in promoting Kumaoni art and culture among the tourists.
Further, local haats and crafts fairs shall also be organised
with the help of NGOs and Cooperatives as they are very
effective in attracting travelers for buying rural art and crafts

Index Copernicus(ICValue: 6.14),

items and will also augment income generating possibilities in

the hilly areas.
D. Cultural carnivals, fairs and festivals
Kumaun have rich custom of celebrating functions and
festivals that represents religious, social and cultural pride of
the region. These local and regional festivals provides major
source of recreation and entertainment through dance
performances, kumauni cuisine and exquisite Handicrafts.

segments of

Kumaun

Ecotourism

destination

Rural

Choti

Tourism

Munsayari,

as

eco-

promoting
tourism

Haldwani,
Mahesh

Khan,

Ranikhet,

Eco-huts, ethnic
villages
home-stays

Adventure

Bageshwar,

Almora,

Tourism

Nainital,Sigri, Munsiyari,

Trekking
excursions

Champawat, Pithoragarh
Dhangari,

Ramnagar,

Didihat, Betal Ghat and

River Rafting

Pindari Glacier
Ghat

(Kosi

Corbett,

River),

Paragliding

Marchula

(Ramganga River)
Falgun Utsav, Ranikhet

Champawat, Pithoragarh,
Haldwani,

Bhimtal,

Ranikhet
Water Sports

Sports
Tourism

Ghat

(Kosi

Corbett,

River),
Marchula

AeroSports

(Ramganga River)
Munsyari,

Bhim

Tal,

Pantnagar, Haldwani and

Kandali Mahostav, Chaudas Valley, Pithoragarh

Pithoragarh

Ecogaze/ Eco parksNature in Traditional ecotourism is developing towards a

medium for self-fulfillment (Gossling S. and Hultman
J.,2006)15. Thus, nature based tourism provides an opportunity
to tourist to observe flora and fauna in their natural habitats. In
Kumaun, National Parks like Corbett, Nainital, Binsar , Wild
Life Sanctuaries like Pawalgarh, Nandhaur, Ascot and Binsar
allows tourists to experience nature reflexively.
There are various terms that are related to ecotourism, some
of them are identified to promote ecotourism in the Kumaun
region.
Sites

identified

and

Dwarahat and Madkote

acquaintances with the local aesthetic.

Related

eco

in

Activities

Index Copernicus(ICValue: 6.14),

for

Green

Pangot,

Kausani,

Tourism

Munysari,

Ranikhet,

Dwarahat, Mukteshwar,
Bhowali,

Almora,

Ramgarh,

Binsar,

Didihat,

Jageshwar,

Someshwar, Champawat,
Lohagat,
Ramgarh

Chalthi

and

Eco-gaze

and

Cultural

Kashipur (Chaiti fair)

Fair

Tourism

Nainital

Festivals

and

Almora

and

area
Visit

to

(Nanda Devi, Harela )

having

Almora,

produce

Nainital,

farms
local

Bageshwar, Bhowali, Kot

fruit orchards,

(Dangoli) and also in the

flower and herbs

far flung villages of Johar

garden

( like Milam and Martoli

)
Pithoragarh

(Hilljatra,

Kandali)
Bageshwar,
Haldwani,

Community-

Ramnagar,

Nainital,

Conferences

based

Bhimtal,

Kausani,

based tourism

ecotourism

Ramgarh, Ranikhet

Camps

Rameshwar,

Fair )

SUGGESTIONS

Devi

RajjatDevidhura
(Bagwal, Devidhura Fair)
Fair

(Champawat)
Dharchula
(Pantnagar)
Health

Kausani,

Kiccha,

Tourism

Nainital,

Mukteshwar,

Bhowali,

Almora,

and

Workshops

Sult Mahadev ( Utarayani

Purnagiri

for

Films

Dwarahat,

Nanda

Shooting

Indigenous
health

care

traditions

like

Ranikhet, Ramgarh and

Ayurveda,

Binsar

Siddha,

Unani,

Homeopathy,
Naturopathy, and
Yoga .
Agri-

Chafi,

Pantnagar,

Exploring

Tourism

Ramnagar,

Munsyari,

Horticulture and

Bageshwar,Ranikhet,

Agriculture

Chaukutiya, Mukteshwar.

activities in these

Index Copernicus(ICValue: 6.14),

To suggest a few, the following steps if taken may be

an initiative towards eco-tourism;
1.
Conducting tourism awareness programme for larger
communities would increase the footfalls of the tourists to
beautiful destinations.
2.
Sensitizing the frontline people about the eco
responsibility may be another step towards eco-tourism.
3.
The steps may be taken to train the tour guides who
actually act as a guardian to the environment.
4.
The visitors can also support the local business by
purchasing the goods which are locally produced.
5.
Solar light equipments may be used at the places
which need to be conserved for tourism.
6.
Construction of toilets at the camping sites would
help in preserving the environment and keeping the place
clean and hygienic.
7.
Publishing hand-book containing the details of the
local and regional culture of the destinations and making them
available to the traveler free of cost would be an ideal solution.
8.
Creation of website advertising the local visiting
spots and display of photographs would also enhance the
prospects of the tourists to visit such places.
9.
Local camps at the unexplored areas would certainly
result into adventurous tours and would attract the tourists.
10.
One-stop solution such as obtaining permission to
visit the designated places from competent authorities,
providing accommodation, facilitating transport arrangements
with the help of bus/ taxi operators etc. would widen the scope
of ecotourism in the region.
11.
Establishment of eco-museums at the prime locations
of Kumaun will help in depicting the culture and traditions of
Kumaun and will also preserve traditional artistic work,

jewelry, treasures of historical importance etc. This will also

give mythological insight into the values and ancient traditions
of the place.
12.
Community participation in the decision
making process of tourism development will ensure
sustainability and acceptability of tourism in the untouched
areas of Kumaun.

[6]

[7]

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

disseminated to the masses so that they may realize that
ecotourism is the way to maximise economic, environmental
and social benefits of tourism. Today, everyone is a
stakeholder in the process of conserving the environment and
the same can be sustained when everyone shares the equal
responsibility. Ecotourism provides income-generating
opportunities to the local communities with an honest
intention of conserving and preserving ecology and culture,
respectively. However, a planned and integrated approach on
the part of Government, NGO, Tourism Promoting Agencies
and Local people is essential in encouraging ecotourism for
producing sound, economic, social and environmental
outcomes. Further, carrying capacities of the different ecoregions have to be explored vis--vis influx of tourists in the
main eco-circuits.
Greater Synergies among Forest Department, Vikas
Nigams, and Government of Uttarakhand, Uttarakhand
Tourism Board, Eco-Vikas committees shall be needed. Thus,
focused approach for enterprising ecotourism in Kumaun in
relation with the natural environment is the need of an hour.
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Manjari Agrawal is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Management
Studies, Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani. Her area of
specialisation is Finance. Her research interest is in the area of Securities
Market, Distance Learning and e-learning . Her interest is to research in
a multi disciplinary perspective.
Prachi Pathak is an Assistant Professor at the School of Management, Doon
University, Dehradun. She completed her M.B.A. with dual
specialization in Human Resource Management and Marketing
Management. Her area of research interest includes Entrepreneurship,
Work Culture and Psychological Well- being.