appi

Ptosis

TB: features
TB is characterised by 4 C's:
Caseation
Calcification
Cavitation
Cicatrization
Scrotum masses
SHOVE IT:
Spermatocele
Hydrocele/ Haematocele
Orchitis
Varicocele
Epidymal cyst
Indirect inguinal hernia
Torsion/ Tumor

Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone

"Kinds Of Tumors Leaping Primarily To Bone":
Kidneys
Ovaries
Testes
Lungs
Prostate
Thyroid
Breasts
Alternatively: "Promptly" instead of "Primarily".
Alternatively: "BLT2 with a Kosher Pickle".

Histiocytosis X: hallmark finding

"Birbeck's rackets is X":
Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X.
Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation.

Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms

MARBLES:

Multiple fractures
Anemia
Restricted cranial nerves
Blind & deaf
Liver enlarged
Erlenmeyer flask deformity
Splenomegaly
Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram).

Paget's disease of bone: signs and symptoms

Four L's:
Larger hat size
Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve
Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face)
Light-headed (Paget's steal)

Vitamin toxicities: neonatal

Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic)
Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis)
Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)

Cyanotic congenital heart diseases

5 T's:

Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the great arteries
Tricuspid atresia
Tetrology of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types

Use your five fingers:
1 finger up: Truncus Arteriosus (1 vessel)
2 fingers up: Dextroposition of the Great Arteries (2 vessels transposed)
3 fingers up: Tricuspid Atresia (3=Tri)
4 fingers up: Tetralogy of Fallot (4=Tetra)
5 fingers up: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (5=5 words)

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): components

"Remember to decrease the RATE of IV fluids in these patients":
Renal failure
Anemia (microangiopathic, hemolytic)
Thrombocytopenia
Encephalopathy (TTP)

Measles: complications
"MEASLES COMP" (complications):

Myocarditis
Encephalitis
Appendicitis
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Laryngitis
Early death
Sh!ts (diarrhoea)
Corneal ulcer
Otis media
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
Pneumonia and related (bronchiolitis-bronchitis-croup)

Russell Silver syndrome: features

ABCDEF:
Asymmetric limb (hemihypertrophy)
Bossing (frontal)
Clinodactyly/ Cafe au lait spots
Dwarf (short stature)
Excretion (GU malformation)
Face (triangular face, micrognathia)

Williams syndrome: features

WILLIAMS:

Weight (low at birth, slow to gain)

Iris (stellate iris)
Long philtrum
Large mouth
Increased Ca++
Aortic stenosis (and other stenoses)
Mental retardation
Swelling around eyes (periorbital puffiness)

Cystic fibrosis: exacerbation of pulmonary infection

CF PANCREAS:
Cough (increase in intensity and frequent spells)
Fever (usually low grade, unless severe bronchopneumonia is present)
Pulmonary function deterioration
Appetite decrease
Nutrition, weight loss
CBC (leukocytosis with left shift)
Radiograph (increase overaeration, peribronchial thickening, mucus plugging)
Exam (rales or wheezing in previously clear areas, tachypnea, retractions)
Activity (decreased, impaired exercise intolerance, increased absenteeism)
Sputum (becomes darker, thicker, and more abundant, forming plugs)

Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis

"Very Angry Hepatocytes":

Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
Halothane

Antiarrhythmics: class III members

BIAS:
Bretylium
Ibutilide
Amiodarone
S otalol

Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity

Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding away on a cart that rolls on pinwheels.
Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate ISA respectively, making them acceptable for use in some
diabetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non-seletive beta blockers.

Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions

ABCDE:

Block (heart block)

COPD
Diabetes mellitus
Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)

Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects

CAPTOPRIL:
Cough
Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis
Proteinuria/ Potassium excess
Taste changes
Orthostatic hypotension
Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)
Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
Indomethacin inhibition
Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications, interactions

HMG-CoA:
Side effects:
Hepatotoxicity
Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis]
Contraindications:
Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children
Interactions:
Coumarin/ Cyclosporine

Patent ductus arteriosus: treatment

"Come In and Close the door":
INdomethacin is used to Close PDA.

Propranolol and related '-olol' drugs: usage

"olol" is just two backwards lower case b's.
Backward b's stand for "beta blocker".
Beta blockers include acebutolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol.

Warfarin: action, monitoring

WePT:
Warfarin works on the extrinsic pathway and is monitored by PT.

Warfarin: metabolism
SLOW:
Has a slow onset of action.
A quicK Vitamin K antagonist, though.
Small lipid-soluble molecule
Liver: site of action
Oral route of administration.
Warfarin

Gynaecomastia-causing drugs
DISCOS :
Digoxin
Isoniazid
Spironolactone
Cimetidine
Oestrogens
Stilboestrol

K+ increasing agents
K-BANK:

K-sparing diuretic
Beta blocker
ACEI
NSAID
K supplement

Propythiouracil (PTU): mechanism

It inhibits PTU:
Peroxidase/ Peripheral deiodination
Tyrosine iodination
Union (coupling)

Steroid side effects

CUSHINGOID:
Cataracts
Ulcers
Skin: striae, thinning, bruising
Hypertension/ Hirsutism/ Hyperglycemia
Infections
Necrosis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head
Glycosuria
Osteoporosis, obesity
Immunosuppression

Diabetes

Lupus: drugs inducing it

HIP:
Hydralazine
INH
Procanimide

Diuretics: thiazides: indications

"CHIC to use thiazides":
CHF
Hypertension
Insipidous
Calcium calculi

Nitrofurantoin: major side effects

NitroFurAntoin:
Neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy)
Fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis)
Anemia (hemolytic anemia)

Osmotic diuretics: members

GUM:

Glycerol
Urea
Mannitol

SIADH-inducing drugs
ABCD:
Analgesics: opioids, NSAIDs
Barbiturates
Cyclophosphamide/ Chlorpromazine/ Carbamazepine
Diuretic (thiazide)

Sulfonamide: major side effects

Sulfonamide side effects:
Steven-Johnson syndrome
Skin rash
S olubility low (causes crystalluria)
S erum albumin displaced (causes newborn kernicterus and potentiation of other serum albumin-binders
like warfarin)

4-Aminopyradine (4-AP) use

"4-AP is For AP":
For AP (action potential) propagation in Multiple Sclerosis.

Antimuscarinics: members, action

"Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat":

Ipratropium
Pirenzepine
Atropine
S copolamine
Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.

Aspirin: side effects

ASPIRIN:
Asthma
S alicyalism
Peptic ulcer disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/ Premature
closure of PDA
Intestinal blood loss
Reye's syndrome
Idiosyncracy
Noise (tinnitus)

Benzodiazapines: ones not metabolized by the liver (safe to use in liver failure)
LOT:
Lorazepam
Oxazepam
Temazepam

Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin

Action: "Botulism Bottles up the Ach so it can't be the released":
Related bungarotoxin: "Botulism is related to Beta Bungarotoxin (beta-, not alpha-bungarotoxin--alpha
has different mechanism)

Delerium-causing drugs
ACUTE CHANGE IN MS:
Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin)
Cardiac drugs (digoxin, lidocaine)
Urinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics)
Theophylline
Ethanol
Corticosteroids
H2 blockers
Antiparkinsonian drugs
Narcotics (esp. mepridine)
Geriatric psychiatric drugs
ENT drugs
Insomnia drugs
NSAIDs (eg indomethacin, naproxin)
Muscle relaxants
S eizure medicines

Ipratropium: action
Atropine is buried in the middle: iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine

Lead poisoning: presentation

ABCDEFG:
Anemia
Basophilic stripping
Colicky pain
Diarrhea
Encephalopathy
Foot drop
Gum (lead line)

Lithium: side effects

LITH:
Leukocytosis
Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
Tremor/ Teratogenesis
Hypothyroidism
MAOIs: indications
MAOI'S :
Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression]
Anxiety
Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia]
Imagined illnesses [hypochondria]
S ocial phobias
Listed in decreasing order of importance.
Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc.

Methyldopa: side effects

METHYLDOPA:
Mental retardation
Electrolyte imbalance
Tolerance
Headache/ Hepatotoxicity
psYcological upset
Lactation in female
Dry mouth
Oedema
Parkinsonism
Anaemia (haemolytic)

Morphine: effects
MORPHINES:
Miosis
Orthostatic hypotension
Respiratory depression
Pain supression
Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations
Increased ICT
Nausea
Euphoria
S edation

Parkinsonism: drugs
SALAD:
S elegiline
Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)
L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)
Amantadine
Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)

Phenytoin: adverse effects

PHENYTOIN:
P-450 interactions
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-browning of skin
Teratogenicity
Osteomalacia
Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache

Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine

"MorPHINE: Fine. AmPHETamine: Fat":
Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine).
Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).

Serotonin syndrome: components

Causes HARM:
Hyperthermia
Autonomic instability (delirium)
Rigidity
Myoclonus

Sodium valproate: side effects

VALPROATE:
Vomiting
Alopecia
Liver toxicity
Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
Retention of fats (weight gain)
Oedema (peripheral oedema)
Appetite increase
Tremor
Enzyme inducer (liver)

SSRIs: side effects

SSRI:
S erotonin syndrome
Stimulate CNS
Reproductive disfunctions in male
Insomnia

Succinylcholine: action, use

Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore.
You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation.

Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effects

TCA'S:
Thrombocytopenia
Cardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke)
Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc)
S eizures

Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy

MCAT:
Metronidazole
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycoside
Tetracycline

Busulfan: features
ABCDEF:
Alkylating agent
Bone marrow suppression s/e
CML indication
Dark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e
Endrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/e
Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e
Etoposide: action, indications, side effect
Action:
Inhibits TOPoisomerase II
Indications:
Testicular carcinoma
Oat cell carcinoma of lung
Prostate carcinoma
Side effect:
Affects TOP of your head, causing alopecia

"eTOPoside":

Metabolism enzyme inducers

"Randy's Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes":
Rifampin
Barbiturates
Carbamazepine
Grisoefulvin
Phenytoin
Phenobarb
Smoking cigarettes

Torsades de Pointes: drugs causing

APACHE:
Amiodarone
Procainamide
Arsenium
Cisapride
Haloperidol
Eritromycin

Respiratory depression inducing drugs

"STOP breathing":
S edatives and hypnotics
Trimethoprim
Opiates
Polymyxins

Teratogenic drugs: major non-antibiotics

TAP CAP:
Thalidomide
Androgens
Progestins
Corticosteroids
Aspirin & indomethacin
Phenytoin

Hb-oxygen dissociation curve shifts: effect, location

Left shift: causes Loading of O2 in Lungs.
Right shift: causes Release of O2 from Hb.

PGI2 vs. TxA2 coagulation function

TxA2 Aggregates platelets.
PGI2 Inhibits aggregation.
Note: full name of PGI2 is prostaglandin I2 or prostacyclin, full name of TxA2 is thromboxane A2.

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms

THYROIDISM:
Tremor
Heart rate up
Yawning [fatigability]
Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat
Diarrhea
Irritability
Sweating
Musle wasting & weight loss

TIA: internal carotid vs. vertebrobasilar

MD vs. DPM
Internal carotid:
Monocular blindness (amaurox fugax)
Dominant hemisphere (apahsia)
The weakness or numbness is still less in the legs.
Vetebrobasilar:
Diplopia/ Double blindness
Paralysis (quadriplesia)
Motor weakness (ipsilateral)
Ataxia is characteristic in veterbrobasilar lesions.

Mania: cardinal symptoms

DIG FAST:
Distractibility
Indiscretion (DSM-IV's "excessive involvement in pleasurable activities")
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Activity increase
S leep deficit (decreased need for sleep)
Talkativeness (pressured speech)

Mania diagnostic criteria

Must have 3 of MANIAC:
Mouth (pressure of speech)/ Moodl
Activity increased
Naughty (disinhibition)
Insomnia
Attention (distractability)
Confidence (grandiose ideas)

Schizophrenia: negative features

4 A's:
Ambivalence
Affective incongruence
Associative loosening
Autism

Substance dependence: features (DSM IV)

"WITHDraw IT":
3 of 7 within 12 month period:
Withdrawal
Interest or Important activities given up or reduced
Tolerance
Harm to physical and psychosocial known but continue to use
Desire to cut down, control
Intended time, amount exceeded
Time spent too much

Esophageal cancer: risk factors

ABCDEF:
Achalasia
Barret's esophagus
Corrosive esophagitis
Diverticuliis
Esophageal web
Familial

"Go Look For the Adenoma Please":

Tropic hormones affected by growth tumor are:
GnRH
LSH
FSH
ACTH
Prolactin function

Head CT scan: evaluation checklist

"Blood Can Be Very Bad":
Blood
Cistern
Brain
Ventricles
Bone

Lung cancer: main sites for distant metastases

BLAB:
Bone
Liver
Adrenals
Brain

Lung cancer: notorious consequences

SPEECH:
Superior vena cava syndrome
Paralysis of diaphragm (Phrenic nerve)
Ectopic hormones
Eaton-Lambert syndrome
Clubbing , Horner syndrome/ Hoarseness

Mole: signs of trouble

ABCDE:
Asymmetry
Border irregular
Colour irregular
Diameter usually > 0.5cm
Elevation irregular

Osteoarthritis: x-ray signs

LOSS :
Loss of joint space
Osteopyhtes
Subcondral sclerosis
Subchondral cysts

Felty's syndrome: components

SANTA:
Splenomegaly
Anaemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Arthritis (rheumatoid)

Carpal tunnel syndrome

TINel's sign:
TINgling sensation after
Tapping on
Traumatized nerve in carpal
Tunnel syndr

Henoch schonlein purpura: signs and symptoms

NAPA:
Nephritis
Arthritis, arthralgias
Purpura, palpable (especially on buttocks and lower extremities)
Abdominal pain (need to rule out intussusception)

Melanoma sites
"Mel SEA" (Pronounced "Mel C" from the Spice Girls)
Melanoma sites, in order of frequency:
Skin
Eyes
Anus

Compartment syndrome: signs and symptoms

5 P's:
Pain
Palor
P ulseless
Paresethesia
Pressure (increased)

Dialysis: indications
AEIOU:
Acid-base problems (severe acidosis or alkalosis)
Electrolyte problems (hyperkalemia)
Intoxications
Overload, fluid
Uremic symptoms

Enlarged kidneys: causes

S clerderma
HIV nephropathy
Amyloidosis
Polycystic kidney disease
Endocrinophathy (diabetes

Nephrotic syndrome: causes for secondary nephrotic syndrome

DAVID:

SHAPE:

Diabetes mellitus
Amyloidosis
Vasculitis
Infections
Drugs

Polycystic kidney: genetic marker

"P" is the 16th letter of the alphabet.
Autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease is associated with abberation on the 16th chromosome.