SECTION 10.

655

Method of Superposition

Problem 10.4-15 A temporary wood flume serving as a channel for

irrigation water is shown in the figure. The vertical boards forming the
sides of the flume are sunk in the ground, which provides a fixed support.
The top of the flume is held by tie rods that are tightened so that there is
no deflection of the boards at that point. Thus, the vertical boards may be
modeled as a beam AB, supported and loaded as shown in the last part of
the figure.
Assuming that the thickness t of the boards is 1.5 in., the depth d of
the water is 40 in., and the height h to the tie rods is 50 in., what is the
maximum bending stress
in the boards? (Hint: The numerically largest
bending moment occurs at the fixed support.)

t = 1.5 in.

h=
50 in.

d=
40 in.

Solution 10.4-15

Side wall of a wood flume

COMPATIBILITY

MA

B
(B)  (B)
0

q0 a3 (5L  a)
40 L3

RA

MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT

RB
L

1
Mmax
MA
q0 a2  RB L
6
q0 a2


(20 L2  15 aL  3a2 )
120 L2

Select RB as redundant.
Equilibrium: MA

q0 a2
 RB L
6

RELEASED STRUCTURE AND FORCE-DISPL. EQS.

q0
B
(B)1

From Table G-1, Case B:

(B ) 1

q0 a4
q0 a3
q0 a3

(L  a)

(5L  a)
30EI 24 EI
120 EI

(B ) 2

RB L3
3 EI

RB

NUMERICAL VALUES
a
40 in. L
50 in. t
1.5 in.
b
width of beam
Mmax
bt2
S

s

6
S

62.4 lb/ft3
0.03611 lbin.3
t
N.A.
b

(B)2

RB

L3

RB
3EI

Pressure p
a q0
pb
ab
ga3b
Mmax

(20 L2  15 aL  3a2 )
19605 b
120 L2
Mmax
bt2
S


0.3750 b s


509 psi
6
S

656

CHAPTER 10

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Problem 10.4-16 Two identical, simply supported beams AB and CD

are placed so that they cross each other at their midpoints (see figure).
Before the uniform load is applied, the beams just touch each other at
the crossing point.
Determine the maximum bending moments (MAB)max and (MCD)max
in beams AB and CD, respectively, due to the uniform load if the intensity
of the load is q
6.4 kN/m and the length of each beam is L
4 m.

q
D

B
C

Solution 10.4-16

Two beams that cross

F
interaction force between the beams

UPPER BEAM
q

UPPER BEAM
A

B
5qL
16

RA

RB
RA

RA

L
2

L
2

(B)
downward deflection due to q

1
5qL4


384EI

Mmax
M
M1

(B)
upward deflection due to F

2
FL3


48EI

x1

x1

11L
32
121qL2
Mmax

2048
3qL2
121qL2
M1

(MAB ) max

64
2048
x1

AB
(B)  (B)

1
4

11qL
32

2
3

5qL
FL

384EI 48EI

LOWER BEAM
F

LOWER BEAM
FL 5qL2
Mmax



4
64
M

L
2

L
2

FL3
CD

48EI
COMPATIBILITY

(MCD ) max

AB
CD

5qL4
FL3
FL3



384EI 48EI 48EI

5qL

F

16

5qL2
64

NUMERICAL VALUES
q
6.4 kN/m
L
4m

(MAB)

max

(MCD)

max

6.05 kN
m

8.0 kN
m

SECTION 10.4

Problem 10.4-17 The cantilever beam AB shown in the figure is an

S 6  12.5 steel I-beam with E
30  106 psi. The simple beam DE is a
wood beam 4 in.  12 in. (nominal dimensions) in cross section with
E
1.5  106 psi. A steel rod AC of diameter 0.25 in., length 10 ft, and
E
30  106 psi serves as a hanger joining the two beams. The hanger
fits snugly between the beams before the uniform load is applied
to beam DE.
Determine the tensile force F in the hanger and the maximum bending
moments MAB and MDE in the two beams due to the uniform load, which
has intensity q
400 lb/ft. (Hint: To aid in obtaining the maximum
bending moment in beam DE, draw the shear-force and bending-moment
diagrams.)
Solution 10.4-17

S 6  12.5
B
6 ft
Steel rod

D
C
Wood beam
10 ft

10 ft

(3) BEAM DCE

Select F as redundant.

F
q

(1) CANTILEVER BEAM AB

E

D
F

L1
L3
2

S 6  12.5 I1
22.1 in.4

L1
6 ft
72 in.
E1
30  106 psi
(A ) 1

FL31

187.66  106F
3E1I1

F
lb
b

in.

(2) HANGER AC
F

L3
2

L3
20 ft
240 in.
q
400 lb/ft

33.333 lb/in.
E3
1.5  106 psi
4 in.  12 in. (nominal)
I3
415.28 in.4
(C ) 3

5qL43
FL33

384E3I3 48E3I3

F
lb

2.3117 in.  462.34  106 F b

in.
L2

C
F

d
0.25 in. L2
10 ft
120 in.

E2
30  106 psi
d

0.049087 in.2
4

elongation of AC
2

A2

FL2

81.488  106F
E2A2

(F
lb, 
in.)

COMPATIBILITY
(A)  
(C)
1
3
187.66  106 F  81.488  106 F

2.3117  462.34  106 F
F
3160 lb
(1) MAX. MOMENT IN AB
MAB
FL1
(3160 lb)(6 ft)

18,960 lb-ft
(3) MAX. MOMENT IN DCE
RD

10 ft

400 lb/ft

Beams joined by a hanger

F
tensile force in hanger

657

Method of Superposition

qL3 F

2420 lb
2
2

658

CHAPTER 10

Statically Indeterminate Beams

SHEAR-FORCE AND BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAMS

2420
V
(LB)

1580

x1
6.050 ft

x1
1580

2420

Mmax
M
(LB  FT)

Mmax
7320 lb-ft

Mc

MC

4200 lb-ft

x1

x1

MDE
7320 lb-ft

q

Problem 10.4-18 The beam AB shown in the figure is simply supported

at A and B and supported on a spring of stiffness k at its midpoint C.
The beam has flexural rigidity EI and length 2L.
What should be the stiffness k of the spring in order that the
maximum bending moment in the beam (due to the uniform load)
will have the smallest possible value?

k
L

Solution 10.4-18

Beam supported by a spring

q

MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT

B

M1
(M) x
x1

R2A
2q

MAXIMUM NEGATIVE MOMENT

RA

RB
RA

MC
(M) x
L
RAL 

qL2
2

RC

FOR THE SMALLEST MAXIMUM MOMENT:

|M1|
|MC|
M1

M1

M
O

x1

BENDING MOMENT

qL2
R2A

RAL 
2q
2
RA
qL( 12  1)

M
RAx 

qx2
2

LOCATION OF MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT

dM

0
dx

or M1
MC

Solve for RA:

MC

RA  qx
0

x1

RA
q

EQUILIBRIUM
a Fvert
0

2RA  RC  2qL
0
RC
2 qL (2  12)

SECTION 10.4

DOWNWARD DEFLECTION OF BEAM

COMPATIBILITY

5 qL4 RC L3
qL4
(C ) 1




(812  11)
24 EI
6EI
24 EI

Solve for k:

DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF SPRING

(C ) 2

RC 2 qL


(2  12)
k
k

(C)
(C)
1

48 EI
(6  512)
7 L3
EI

89.63 3
L

k

Problem 10.4-19 The continuous frame ABC has a fixed support at A,

a roller support at C, and a rigid corner connection at B (see figure).
Members AB and BC each have length L and flexural rigidity EI.
A horizontal force P acts at midheight of member AB.
(a) Find all reactions of the frame.
(b) What is the largest bending moment Mmax in the frame?
(Note: Disregard axial deformations in member AB and consider
only the effects of bending.)

2
P

VC
L

2
A
VA

Solution 10.4-19

Select VC as redundant.
HA
P

L
VC
L

(C)1
(B)1

L
2

(C)2

RELEASED STRUCTURE AND FORCE-DISPL. EQS.

(uB ) 2

VCL2
EI

(C ) 2
(uB ) 2L 
A

COMPATIBILITY
(uB ) 1

VCL3 4VCL3


3EI
3EI

(C)
(C)
1

Substitute for (C) and (C) and solve:

PL2
8EI

(C ) 1
(uB ) 1L

MA

C
(B)2

MA
PL2  VC L

L
2

HA

Frame ABC with fixed support

EQUILIBRIUM VA
VC

PL3
8EI

659

Method of Superposition

3P
VC

32
FROM EQUILIBRIUM:
VA

3P
32

HA
P

MA

13PL
32

660

CHAPTER 10

Statically Indeterminate Beams

REACTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS

L

3PL
32

L
2

P
3P
32

L
2
A

P
13PL
32

13PL
32
3P
32

Mmax

13PL
32
L

Problem 10.4-20 The continuous frame ABC has a pinned support at

A, a pinned support at C, and a rigid corner connection at B (see figure).
Members AB and BC each have length L and flexural rigidity EI. A
horizontal force P acts at midheight of member AB.
(a) Find all reactions of the frame.
(b) What is the largest bending moment Mmax in the frame? (Note:
Disregard axial deformations in members AB and BC and consider only
the effects of bending.)

VC

P
L

2
A

HA

VA

Solution 10.4-20

Frame ABC with pinned supports

Select VC as redundant.
EQUILIBRIUM VA
VC
P
HC
 VC
2

P
HA
 VC
2

B
L
2

(C)1
L

VC

VC L2
L


3 EI
3EI
VC L3 2VC L3
(C ) 2
(uB ) 2L 


3 EI
3 EI
(uB ) 2
(VCL)

COMPATIBILITY

L
2
A

(uB ) 1

(C)2

(B)2

RELEASED STRUCTURE AND FORCE-DISPL. EQS.

(B)1

PL2
PL3

(C ) 1
(uB ) 1 L

16EI
16EI

(C ) 1
(C ) 2

2VC L3
PL3
3P


VC

16 EI
3 EI
32

FROM EQUILIBRIUM:
VA

HC

3P
13P
19P

HA


HC

32
32
32

SECTION 10.4

Method of Superposition

661

REACTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS

L

L
2
P

3P
32

3PL
32

19P
32

B
13PL
64

L
2
A

13P
32

3P
32

Mmax

13 PL
64

Problem 10.4-21 A wide-flange beam ABC rests on three identical

spring supports at points A, B, and C (see figure). The flexural rigidity
of the beam is EI
6912  106 lb-in.2, and each spring has stiffness
k
62,500 lb/in. The length of the beam is L
16 ft.
If the load P is 6000 lb, what are the reactions RA, RB, and RC? Also,
draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for the beam, labeling
all critical ordinates.

Solution 10.4-21

C
k

RB

RC

EQUILIBRIUM
P RB
RC

4
2

1
(B ) 1
[ (A ) 1  (C ) 1 ] 
2

RB

L
L 2
B 3L2  4 R
4
4
48EI

RB

RB
2k
RB
(C ) 2

2k
RB L3
1
(B ) 2
[ (A ) 2  (C ) 2 ] 
2
48 EI
RB RB L3




(upward)
2k 48 EI
(A ) 2

3P

RA

3P
4k
P
(C ) 1

4k

RELEASED STRUCTURE AND FORCE-DISPL. EQS.

(Case 5, Table G-2)

P 11 PL3

(downward)
(B ) 1

2k 768EI

Select RB as redundant.

3P RB
RA


4
2

(A ) 1

Beam on three springs

RA

C
k

C
k

RC

662

CHAPTER 10

COMPATIBILITY

Statically Indeterminate Beams

(B ) 1  (B ) 2

RB
k

NUMERICAL VALUES
EI
6912  106 lb-in.2

Substitute and solve:

L
16 ft
192 in.

384 EI  11kL3
RB
P

1152 EI  16 kL3

kL3

64
EI
RA
3000 lb

RB

V
(lb)

3000
O

P 1344  13k*
RA

32
72  k*

3000

M
(lb-in.)

3P 64  k*

32 72  k*

144,000

Problem 10.4-22 A fixed-end beam AB of length L is subjected to a

uniform load of intensity q acting over the middle region of the beam
(see figure).
(a) Obtain a formula for the fixed-end moments MA and MB in terms
of the load q, the length L, and the length b of the loaded part of the beam.
(b) Plot a graph of the fixed-end moment MA versus the length b of
the loaded part of the beam. For convenience, plot the graph in the
following nondimensional form:
MA
b
2
versus 
qL /12
L
with the ratio b/L varying between its extreme values of 0 and 1.
(c) For the special case in which a
b
L/3, draw the shear-force
and bending-moment diagrams for the beam, labeling all critical ordinates.
Solution 10.4-22

RB

MA

B
a1

b1
L

MA
MB
qb
2

MB

Lb
2

RA

MA

a

MB

MA

FROM EXAMPLE 10-4, EQ. (10-25a):

RA
RB

Fixed-end beam
q

RA

RC
0

SHEAR-FORCE AND BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAMS

P 384  11k*

16
72  k*

FROM EQUILIBRIUM:

RC

P
6000 lb

RB
3000 lb

k*

kL3

(nondimensional)
Let k*

EI

k
62,500 lbin.

MA

Pa1b21
L2

MB

RB

SECTION 10.4

FOR THE PARTIAL UNIFORM LOAD

(b) GRAPH OF FIXED-END MOMENT

MA
b
b2

3


qL2
12 2L
L2

qdx

1.0

MA
x

dMA

MA

MA
qL2
12

0.5

(qdx)(x)(L  x) 2
L2

ab

dMA

663

Method of Superposition

q
L2
q
L2

(Lb)
2

dMA




(Lb)
2

0.5

1.0

(c) SPECIAL CASE a
b
L3

(Lb)
2

(Lb)
2

b
L

RA
RB

x(L  x) 2dx

qL
6

MA
MB

13qL2
324

(Lb)
2

(L2x  2 L x2  x3 ) dx

(Lb)
2

1/6

V
qL 0

1
6

q L2x2 2Lx3 x4 (Lb)
2

B

 R
3
4 (Lb)
2
L2 2

19
648
5
 324

. . . (lengthy substitution) . . .
qb
(3L2  b2 )
24 L
qb
(a) MA
MB

(3L2  b2 )
24L

13
 324

13
 324

Problem 10.4-23 A beam supporting a uniform load of intensity q throughout its length rests on pistons at points A, C, and
B (see figure). The cylinders are filled with oil and are
connected by a tube so that the oil pressure on each piston
is the same. The pistons at A and B have
diameter d1, and the piston at C has diameter d2.
(a) Determine the ratio of d2 to d1 so that the largest
bending moment in the beam is as small as possible.
(b) Under these optimum conditions, what is the largest
bending moment Mmax in the beam?
(c) What is the difference in elevation between point C
and the end supports?

C
p

d1

d2

d1

664

CHAPTER 10

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Solution 10.4-23

Beam supported by pistons

Solve for RA:

q
A

EQUILIBRIUM
a Fvert
0

RA

L
RC

RA
qL( 2  1)

2RA  RC  2 qL
0
RC
2qL(2  2)

RB

REACTIONS BASED UPON PRESSURE

M1

M1

M
O

x1

RA
RB
p

M
RA x 

qx2
2

(b)

MMAX
M1

RA  qx
0

x1

RA
q

d 22

R2A qL2


(3  22)
2q
2

0.08579 qL2

LOCATION OF MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT

dM

0
dx

RC
p

RC
d2
2(2  2)
4





8
d1 B RA B 2  1

1.682

(a)
MC

BENDING MOMENT

d 21

(c) DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION

By symmetry, beam has zero slope at C.

MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT

q

R2A
M1
(M) x
x1

2q
MAXIMUM NEGATIVE MOMENT
MC
(M) x
L
RAL 

qL2
2

FOR THE SMALLEST MAXIMUM MOMENT:

|M1|
|MC|
R2A
2q

OR
2

RAL 

qL
2

M1
MC

RA
qL( 2  1)

A

A
Difference in elev.

RA

qL4
RAL3 qL4



(82  11)
3EI
8EI 24EI

0.01307 qL4EI
Point C is below points A and B by the amount
0.01307qL4EI.

Problem 10.4-24 A thin steel beam AB used in conjunction with an

electromagnet in a high-energy physics experiment is securely bolted
to rigid supports (see figure). A magnetic field produced by coils C results
in a force acting on the beam. The force is trapezoidally distributed with
maximum intensity q0
18 kN/m. The length of the beam between
supports is L
200 mm and the dimension c of the trapezoidal load is
50 mm. The beam has a rectangular cross section with width b
60 mm
and height h
20 mm.
Determine the maximum bending stress
max and the maximum
deflection max for the beam. (Disregard any effects of axial deformations
and consider only the effects of bending. Use E
200 GPa.)

q0

c
h

C
L

SECTION 10.4

Solution 10.4-24
L
4

Fixed-end beam (trapezoidal load)

L
4

q0

1

L
c
4

MA

1
24EI

MB

4q0x
(x)(3L2  4x2 ) dx
L

1
24EI

RB

L
2

q0 x(3L2  4x2 ) dx

L
4

19q0 L
19q0 L4
361q0 L4



7680EI 2048EI 30,720EI

FROM SYMMETRY AND EQUILIBRIUM

3q0L
RA
RB

8

RELEASED STRUCTURE WITH APPLIED LOAD

2

(A)2

(B)2

MA

SELECT MA AND MB AS REDUNDANTS

MB
MA

RELEASED STRUCTURE WITH REDUNDANTS

(A)
(B)
2

MB
MA

FROM Case 10, Table G-2:

q0
A

(A)1
(B)1

B
1

(A)1

L
4

RA

MA
MB

Method of Superposition

(uA ) 2

(B)1

MAL
2EI

2

MA L2
8EI

COMPATIBILITY
Consider the following beam from Case 6, Table G-2:
P

x
0

0

0

Px(L  x)
Px
u0

0

(3L2  4x2 )
2 EI
24 EI
Consider the load P as an element of the
distributed load.
Replace P by qdx, where
4q0 x
x from 0 to L 4
L
q
q0
x from L 4 to L 2

A
(A)  (A)
0
1

19 q0 L3 MAL


0
512 EI
2 EI

MA

19q0 L2
256

DEFLECTION AT THE MIDPOINT

max
1  2

361q0 L4
MA L2

30,720 EI
8 EI

361q0 L4
19q0L2
L2


30,720 EI
256
8 EI

19q0 L4
7680 EI

q

1
(uA ) 1

2EI

L
4

1

2EI

4q0x

(x)(L  x) dx
L

L
2

q0x(L  x) dx

BENDING MOMENT AT THE MIDPOINT

MC
RA

q0 L2 q0 L2
L
 MA 

2
24
32

3q0 L L
19q0 L2 7q0 L2 31q0 L2




8
2
256
96
768

L
4

11q0L3 19q0 L3
13q0 L3



1536 EI 384 EI
512EI

MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT

MA 7 MC

Mmax
MA

19q0 L2
256

665

666

CHAPTER 10

Statically Indeterminate Beams

NUMERICAL VALUES
q0
18 kNm L
200 mm
h
20 mm
E
200 GPa
s

bh2

4.0  106 m3
6

I

bh3

40  109 m4
12

Mmax

19 q0 L2

53.44 N
m
256

smax

Mmax

13.4 MPa
S

max

19 q0 L4

0.00891 mm
7680 EI

b
60 mm

Temperature Effects
The beams described in the problems for Section 10.5 have constant
flexural rigidity EI.
Problem 10.5-1 A cable CD of length H is attached to the midpoint
of a simple beam AB of length L (see figure). The moment of inertia
of the beam is I, and the effective cross-sectional area of the cable
is A. The cable is initially taut but without any initial tension.
Obtain a formula for the tensile force S in the cable when the
temperature drops uniformly by T degrees, assuming that the beam
and cable are made of the same material (modulus of elasticity E and
coefficient of thermal expansion ). (Use the method of superposition
in the solution.)

Solution 10.5-1

T

2
Cable

SL3

(downward)
48 EI

BEAM

(C ) 1

CABLE

(C ) 2
H(T) 

RELEASED STRUCTURE
COMPATIBILITY
Beam

T
L

Uniform temperature change

T
Decrease in temperature use method of

superposition. Select tensile force S in the cable as
redundant.

Beam

S
S
C
T

H
D

I
Moment of inertia
A
Cross-sectional area

(C ) 1
(C ) 2
SL3
SH

H(T) 
48 EI
EA

SOLVE FOR S:
Cable

SH

(downward)
EA

S

48 EIAH(T)
AL3  48 IH

SECTION 10.5

Problem 10.5-2 A propped cantilever beam, fixed at the left-hand

end A and simply supported at the right-hand end B, is subjected to
a temperature differential with temperature T1 on its upper surface
and T2 on its lower surface (see figure).
Find all reactions for this beam. (Use the method of superposition
in the solution. Also, if desired, use the results from Problem 9.13-1.)

RA

MA
RA

RB
L

(uA ) 2

RB

MA L

(counterclockwise)
3EI

COMPATIBILITY

(A)
(A)
1

L(T2  T1 ) MAL


2h
3 EI

RELEASED STRUCTURE
T1

MA

Use the method of superposition.

Select MA as redundant.

T2

MA

T2

Beam with temperature differential

T1

T1

Probs. 10.5-2 and 10.5-3

Solution 10.5-2

667

Temperature Effects

MA

3 EI(T2  T1 )
2h

EQUILIBRIUM

a MB
0 MA  RAL
0
3 EI(T2  T1 )
RA

2hL

T2

L(T2  T1 )

(clockwise)
2h
(From the answer to prob. 9.11-1)
(uA ) 1

RB
RA
a Fvert
0
3 EI(T2  T1 )
RB

2hL

Problem 10.5-3 Solve the preceding problem by integrating the

differential equation of the deflection curve.

Solution 10.5-3

Beam with temperature differential

B.C.

y
h

T1

B
x

T2

MA

L
RA

RB

M
RB (L  x)

v(0)
0

EIv
RBL

 EI(T2  T1 ) 2
x2
x3
 RB 
x  C2
2
6
2h

B.C.

v(0)
0

B.C.

v(L)
0

RB


C1
0

C2
0

3 EI (T2  T1 )
2hL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (EQ. 10-39b)

EIv
M 

 EI(T2  T1 )
h

 EI(T2  T1 )
or
EIv
RB (L  x) 
h
 EI(T2  T1 )
x2
EIv
RB Lx  RB 
x  C1
2
h

FROM EQUILIBRIUM:
RA
RB

MA
RAL

3 EI(T2  T1 )
2hL
3 EI(T2  T1 )
MA

2h

668

CHAPTER 10

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Problem 10.5-4 A two-span beam with spans of lengths L and

L/2 is subjected to a temperature differential with temperature
T1 on its upper surface and T2 on its lower surface (see figure).
Determine all reactions for this beam. (Use the method of
superposition in the solution. Also, if desired, use the results from
Problems 9.8-5 and 9.13-3.)

T1

T2

T2

RA

RB

Probs. 10.5-4 and 10.5-5

Solution 10.5-4

T1

RC

Beam with temperature differential

h

T1

T2
RC
L

RA

RB

From prob. 9.8-5:

RC

(C ) 2

Use the method of superposition.
Select RC as redundant.

RC L3
(upward)
8 EI

COMPATIBILITY

(C)  (C)
0

T1

RC L
3L (T2  T1 )


8h
8 EI
3 EI(T2  T1 )
RC

hL

RELEASED STRUCTURE
A

T2

FROM EQUILIBRIUM:
RC
3 EI(T2  T1 )
RA

2
2hL
3RC
9 EI(T2  T1 )
RB

RB

2
2hL

From prob. 9.13-3:

3 L2 (T2  T1 )
(C ) 1

(upward)
8h

RA

Problem 10.5-5 Solve the preceding problem by integrating the

differential equation of the deflection curve.

Solution 10.5-5

Beam with temperature differential

For convenience, Let b

y
A

T1

T2
RA

RB

 EI(T2  T1 )
h

EIv
M  b

(2)

PART AB OF THE BEAM (0 x L)

RC

EIv
RA x  b

M
RA x

EIv
RA x
2  bx  C1
EIv
RAx36  x22  C1x  C2
2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (EQ. 10-39b)

EIv
M 

 EI(T2  T1 )
h

(1)

B.C.

v(0)
0

C2
0

B.C.

v(L)
0

RAL2  6C1
3L

(3)
(4)

(5)

SECTION 10.6

PART BC OF THE BEAM (L x 3L2)

CONTINUITY CONDITION AT B

M
RAx  RB (x  L)

(EIv) AB
(EIv) BC

From equilibrium, RB
3RA

M
2RAx  3RAL

(6)

EIv
M  b
2RAx  3RAL  b

EIv
RAx2  3RALx  bx  C3
(7)
3
2
2
EIv
RAx 3  3RALx 2  x 2  C3x  C4
3
v(L)
0
3

7RA L  6C3 L  6C4
3L2

B.C.

B.C.

(8)
(9)

v(3L2)
0

18RAL3  12C3L  8C4
9L2

(10)

669

Longitudinal Displacements at the Ends of Beams

At x
L

From Eqs. (3) and (7):

RA(L22)  L  C1
RAL2  3RAL2  L  C3
or
3RAL2  2C1  2C3
0
(11)
SOLVE EQS. (5), (9), (10), AND (11) FOR RA:
3b
3 EI(T2  T1 )


2L
2hL
Also: C1
L 4
C2
0
C4
3L24
RA


From Eq. (6): RB

C3
2L

9 EI (T2  T1 )
2hL

From equilibrium:
3 EI(T2  T1 )
RC
2RA

hL

Longitudinal Displacements at the Ends of Beams

Problem 10.6-1 Assume that the deflected shape of a beam
AB with immovable pinned supports (see figure) is given by the
equation v
 sin x/L, where  is the deflection at the midpoint
of the beam and L is the length. Also, assume that the beam has
constant axial rigidity EA.
(a) Obtain formulas for the longitudinal force H at the ends
of the beam and the corresponding axial tensile stress
t.
(b) For an aluminum-alloy beam with E
10  106 psi,
calculate the tensile stress
t when the ratio of the deflection
 to the length L equals 1/200, 1/400, and 1/600.
Solution 10.6-1

Beam with immovable supports

(b) ALUMINUM ALLOY

(a)
v
 sin

y
H

x
L

1
Eq. (10-42): l

2

dv

x


cos
dx
L
L

dv 2
22
dx

dx
4L

E Al 2 E A2


Eq. (10-45): H

L
4L2
2
H  E2
Eq. (10-46): st


A
4L2

E
10  10 6 psi

L

t (psi)

st
24.67  106
1
200
617

1
400
154

 2
(psi)
L
1
600
69

Note: The axial stress increases as the deflection

increases.

670

CHAPTER 10

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Problem 10.6-2 (a) A simple beam AB with length L and height h

supports a uniform load of intensity q (see the first part of the figure).
Obtain a formula for the curvature shortening  of this beam. Also,
obtain a formula for the maximum bending stress
b in the beam due
to the load q.
(b) Now assume that the ends of the beam are pinned so that
curvature shortening is prevented and a horizontal force H develops
at the supports (see the second part of the figure). Obtain a formula
for the corresponding axial tensile stress
t.
(c) Using the formulas obtained in parts (a) and (b), calculate
the curvature shortening , the maximum bending stress
b, and
the tensile stress
t for the following steel beam: length L
3 m,
height h
300 mm, modulus of elasticity E
200 GPa, and
moment of inertia I
36  106 mm4. Also, the load on the beam
has intensity q
25 kN/m.
Compare the tensile stress
t produced by the axial forces with
the maximum bending stress
b produced by the uniform load.
Solution 10.6-2

q
A

q
A

h
Height of beam

(b) IMMOVABLE SUPPORTS

(a) CURVATURE SHORTENING

Eq. (10-45): H

From Case 1, Table G-2:

q
dv


(L3  6 L x2  4 x3 )
dx
24 EI
1
Eq. (10-42): l

2

dv 2
dx
dx
2 7

17q L
40,320 E2I2

Mc qhL2


I
16I

EAl
L
17q2L6
H El
Eq. (10-46): st




A
L
40,320 EI 2
(c) NUMERICAL VALUES q
25 kNm
L
3 m h
300 mm E
200 GPa
I
36  106 mm4

0.01112 mm

b
117.2 MPa
t
0.7411 MPa
The bending stress is much larger than the axial
tensile stress due to curvature shortening.

BENDING STRESS
c

H
L

sb

q
B

qL2
8

Beam with uniform load

Mmax

B
h

h
2