Challenging Problems01

CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS:
CHAPTER 1
A Click here for answers.
1. Evaluate lim
x l1
3
x1
s
.
sx 1
2. Find numbers a and b such that lim
xl0
3. Evaluate lim
xl0
sax b 2
1.
x
2x 1 2x 1 .
x
4. The figure shows a point P on the parabola y x 2 and the point Q where the perpendicular bisec-
y=
Q
Click here for solutions.
tor of OP intersects the y-axis. As P approaches the origin along the parabola, what happens to Q?
Does it have a limiting position? If so, find it.
5. If x denotes the greatest integer function, find lim x l xx.

6. Sketch the region in the plane defined by each of the following equations.
(a) x 2 y 2 1
0
FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 4
(b) x 2 y 2 3
(c) x y 2 1
(d) x y 1
7. Find all values of a such that f is continuous on :
f x
x 1 if x a
x2
if x a
8. A fixed point of a function f is a number c in its domain such that f c c. (The function doesnt
move c; it stays fixed.)

(a) Sketch the graph of a continuous function with domain 0, 1 whose range also lies
in 0, 1. Locate a fixed point of f .
(b) Try to draw the graph of a continuous function with domain 0, 1 and range in 0, 1 that does
not have a fixed point. What is the obstacle?
(c) Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to prove that any continuous function with domain 0, 1
and range a subset of 0, 1 must have a fixed point.
9. If lim x l a f x tx 2 and lim x l a f x tx 1, find lim x l a f xtx.
10. (a) The figure shows an isosceles triangle ABC with B C. The bisector of angle B intersects
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007
FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 10
the side AC at the point P. Suppose that the base BC remains fixed but the altitude AM of the
triangle approaches 0, so A approaches the midpoint M of BC. What happens to P during this
process? Does it have a limiting position? If so, find it.
(b) Try to sketch the path traced out by P during this process. Then find the equation of this curve
and use this equation to sketch the curve.
11. (a) If we start from 0 latitude and proceed in a westerly direction, we can let Tx denote
the temperature at the point x at any given time. Assuming that T is a continuous function of x,
show that at any fixed time there are at least two diametrically opposite points on the equator
that have exactly the same temperature.
(b) Does the result in part (a) hold for points lying on any circle on Earths surface?
(c) Does the result in part (a) hold for barometric pressure and for altitude above sea level?
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
Solutions
1.
2
3
3. 4
5. 1
7. a 2 2 s5
1
9.
3
4
11. (b) Yes
(c) Yes; no
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
SOLUTIONS
Exercises
1. Let t =
6
x, so x = t6 . Then t 1 as x 1, so
3
x1
t2 1
(t 1)(t + 1)
t+1
1+1
2
= lim
= lim 2
= 2
=
lim
= lim 3
x1
t1 t 1
t1 (t 1) (t2 + t + 1)
t1 t + t + 1
1 +1+1
3
x1

3
Another method: Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by ( x + 1)
x2 + 3 x + 1 .
3. For 12 < x < 12 , we have 2x 1 < 0 and 2x + 1 > 0, so |2x 1| = (2x 1) and |2x + 1| = 2x + 1.
Therefore, lim
x0
|2x 1| |2x + 1|
(2x 1) (2x + 1)
4x
= lim
= lim
= lim (4) = 4.
x0
x0
x0
x
x
x
5. Since [[x]] x < [[x]] + 1, we have

[[x]] , so
x
[[x]] + 1
[[x]]
<
[[x]]
[[x]]
[[x]]
x
1
<1+
for x 1. As x ,
[[x]]
[[x]]
1
x
1
0 and 1 +
1. Thus, lim
= 1 by the Squeeze Theorem.
x [[x]]
[[x]]
[[x]]
7. f is continuous on (, a) and (a, ). To make f continuous on R, we must have continuity at a.

Thus, lim f (x) = lim f (x)
xa
xa+
lim x2 = lim (x + 1) a2 = a + 1 a2 a 1 = 0
xa
xa+

[by the quadratic formula] a = 1 5 2 1.618 or 0.618.
9. lim f(x) = lim

xa
xa
1
2
[f (x) + g(x)] +
1
2

[f (x) g(x)] =
1
lim [f(x)
2 xa
+ g(x)] +
1
lim [f (x)
2 xa
2 + 12 1 = 32 , and

lim g(x) = lim [f(x) + g(x)] f (x) = lim [f (x) + g(x)] lim f (x) = 2
=
xa
1
2
xa
xa
k
lk
l
So lim [f (x)g(x)] = lim f (x) lim g(x) =
xa
xa
xa
xa
3
2
1
2
3
2
g(x)]
= 12 .
= 34 .
Another solution: Since lim [f (x) + g(x)] and lim [f (x) g(x)] exist, we must have
xa
lim [f (x) + g(x)]2 =
xa
xa
2

2
lim [f(x) + g(x)] and lim [f(x) g(x)]2 = lim [f (x) g(x)] , so
xa
xa
xa

lim [f (x) g(x)] = lim 41 [f (x) + g(x)]2 [f (x) g(x)]2
[because all of the f 2 and g2 cancel]
xa
xa
1
4

lim [f (x) + g(x)]2 lim [f(x) g(x)]2 = 14 22 12 = 34 .
xa
xa
11. (a) Consider G(x) = T (x + 180 ) T (x). Fix any number a. If G(a) = 0, we are done:
Temperature at a = Temperature at a + 180 . If G(a) > 0, then

G(a + 180 ) = T (a + 360 ) T (a + 180 ) = T (a) T (a + 180 ) = G(a) < 0
Also, G is continuous since temperature varies continuously. So, by the Intermediate Value Theorem, G has a
zero on the interval [a, a + 180 ]. If G(a) < 0, then a similar argument applies.
(b) Yes. The same argument applies.

(c) The same argument applies for quantities that vary continuously, such as barometric pressure. But one could
argue that altitude above sea level is sometimes discontinuous, so the result might not always hold for that
quantity.

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CHALLENGE PROBLEMS

2. Find numbers a and b such that lim

Click here for solutions.

5. If x denotes the greatest integer function, find lim x l xx.

FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 4

7. Find all values of a such that f is continuous on :

move c; it stays fixed.)

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 10

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

11. (b) Yes

5. Since [[x]] x < [[x]] + 1, we have

7. f is continuous on (, a) and (a, ). To make f continuous on R, we must have continuity at a.

9. lim f(x) = lim

lim [f (x) + g(x)]2 =

Temperature at a = Temperature at a + 180 . If G(a) > 0, then

Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

(b) Yes. The same argument applies.

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