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    Wind Energy Lect-1

    Uploaded by

    muhammad_ajmal_25
    This document discusses wind energy and provides information on various topics related to wind turbines. It begins by explaining where wind comes from as a byproduct of solar energy and atmospheric pressure zones. It then defines wind energy and discusses how wind turbines convert kinetic wind energy to mechanical and electrical energy. The document provides the wind power equation and describes factors that influence wind power like wind speed, air density, and rotor area. It compares horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbine designs and their advantages and disadvantages. In the end, it discusses different wind turbine configurations and the tradeoffs involved in the various designs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Wind Energy Lect-1

    Uploaded by

    muhammad_ajmal_25
    81 views31 pages
    This document discusses wind energy and provides information on various topics related to wind turbines. It begins by explaining where wind comes from as a byproduct of solar energy and atmospheric pressure zones. It then defines wind energy and discusses how wind turbines convert kinetic wind energy to mechanical and electrical energy. The document provides the wind power equation and describes factors that influence wind power like wind speed, air density, and rotor area. It compares horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbine designs and their advantages and disadvantages. In the end, it discusses different wind turbine configurations and the tradeoffs involved in the various designs.

    Original Description:

    Wind Energy

    Original Title

    09. Wind Energy Lect-1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    This document discusses wind energy and provides information on various topics related to wind turbines. It begins by explaining where wind comes from as a byproduct of solar energy and atmospheric pressure zones. It then defines wind energy and discusses how wind turbines convert kinetic wind energy to mechanical and electrical energy. The document provides the wind power equation and describes factors that influence wind power like wind speed, air density, and rotor area. It compares horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbine designs and their advantages and disadvantages. In the end, it discusses different wind turbine configurations and the tradeoffs involved in the various designs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    81 views31 pages

    Wind Energy Lect-1

    Uploaded by

    muhammad_ajmal_25
    This document discusses wind energy and provides information on various topics related to wind turbines. It begins by explaining where wind comes from as a byproduct of solar energy and atmospheric pressure zones. It then defines wind energy and discusses how wind turbines convert kinetic wind energy to mechanical and electrical energy. The document provides the wind power equation and describes factors that influence wind power like wind speed, air density, and rotor area. It compares horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbine designs and their advantages and disadvantages. In the end, it discusses different wind turbine configurations and the tradeoffs involved in the various designs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    Wind Energy

    Dr. Muhammad Ajmal


    Lecturer, Agri. Engg. Dept.
    UET Peshawar

    Wind Energy

    From

    and

    to

    Dr. Muhammad Ajmal

    Lecturer, Agri. Engg. Dept. UET Peshawar

    Wind Energy
    Contents
    What is Wind and from where it comes
    Wind energy potential in the country
    Application of wind energy (domestic/agriculture)
    Importance of vertical and horizontal axis for wind mills
    Wind operated pumps for water lifting

    Where Does the Wind Come From?


    Wind
    The wind is a by-product of solar energy.
    The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun.

    About 2% percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is


    about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all
    plants on earth.
    The surface of the earth heats and cools unevenly,
    creating atmospheric pressure zones that make
    air flow from high- to low-pressure areas.

    Where Does the Wind Come From?


    Wind

    What is Wind Energy?


    Wind Energy
    Wind is simply air in motion that carries kinetic energy with it.
    The kinetic energy is first converted to mechanical energy and

    then electrical energy through generators.


    The Harnessing of electrical power from wind is gaining
    momentum due to the depletion of fossil fuels and their rising
    running cost.
    Wind energy can be used for driving ships, pumping water,

    grinding grains etc.


    6

    Wind Energy
    Wind Energy Influence and Conversion
    Winds are influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to
    100 meters.

    Wind is slowed by the surface roughness and obstacles.


    When dealing with wind energy, we are concerned with surface winds.
    A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the
    wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades.
    The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends on
    the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed.

    Wind Energy
    Wind Energy Influence and Conversion
    The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its mass (or
    weight).

    The kinetic energy in the wind thus depends on the density of the air, i.e.
    its mass/volume.
    In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is received by the

    turbine.
    At 15C air weighs about 1.225 kg/m3, but the density decreases
    slightly with increasing humidity.

    Wind Energy
    Wind Power
    Wind power is a measure of the energy available in the wind. It is
    a function of the cube (third power) of the wind speed.

    If the wind speed is doubled, power in the wind increases by a


    factor of eight.
    This relationship means that small differences in wind speed lead
    to large differences in power.

    Wind Energy
    Wind Power
    The amount of power available in the wind is determined by the
    equation:

    P = 1/2 A v 3
    where P is power, is air density, A is the rotor area, and v is the

    wind speed.
    Air density varies according to elevation, temperature and weather
    fronts.

    10

    Wind Energy
    Wind Power
    The amount of power available in the wind is determined by the
    equation:
    K.E.
    Power

    time

    (mass) (velocity)2
    time

    mass
    density area velocity
    time

    Power 1 2 ( density) area ( velocity)


    3

    AV 3
    2

    A is the rotor area, and V is the wind speed.


    Air density varies according to elevation, temperature and weather
    fronts.
    11

    Wind Power - Example


    Example:
    V = 10 m/s
    A = (2 m)2 = 4 m2
    = 1.2 kg/m3
    http://enneagon.org/footprint/jpg/dvc01w.jpg
    http://z.about.com/d/gonewengland/1/0/5/C/leaf5.gif

    Power 1 2 ( density) area ( velocity)


    3

    AV 3
    2

    Wind Power Example, cont.

    1.2 kg m 4m 10 m s
    P
    3

    kg m 2
    kg m m
    m
    2400 3 2400 2 2400 N
    s
    s
    s
    s
    N m
    P 2400
    2400W Theoretical Maximum
    s
    Betz Limit (Albert Betz, 1928): 59.3% of the theoretical is the
    maximum amount extractable by a wind energy conversion device
    (WEC)

    PBetz 0.593( 2400W ) 1423.2 W

    Practical Maximum

    Wind Turbine Size-Power


    Comparison
    Turbine Options: Vertical Axis
    vs. Horizontal Axis

    Power production Wind power equation


    Swept area At of turbine
    blades:

    v
    1

    vt

    v
    2

    The disks have larger


    cross sectional area
    from left to right
    because
    v1 > vt > v2 and
    the mass flow rate
    must be the same
    everywhere within the
    streamtube.
    Therefore, A 1 < At < A 2

    v
    x

    Power production Wind power equation


    v

    1. Wind velocity:

    x
    t

    2. Air mass flowing: m Ax

    3. Mass flow rate at swept area:


    4a. Kinetic energy change:

    1
    KE m v12 v22
    2

    5a. Power extracted:


    P

    Qt

    m At x

    At vt
    t
    t

    4b. Force on turbine blades:


    F ma m

    KE 1 m 2 2 1

    v1 v2 Qt v12 v22
    t
    2 t
    2

    v m
    v Qt v1 v2
    t t

    5b. Power extracted:

    P Fvt Qt vt v1 v2

    6b. Substitute (3) into (5b):


    6a. Substitute (3) into (5a):
    2
    2
    2
    P

    A
    v
    t t (v1 v2 )
    P (1 / 2) At vt (v1 v2 )
    7. Equate

    Power production Wind power equation


    (1 / 2)vt (v22 v12 ) vt2 (v2 v1 ) (1 / 2)vt (v1 v2 )(v1 v2 ) vt2 (v1 v2 ) (1 / 2)(v2 v1 ) vt

    8. Substitute (7) into (6b):


    P At ((1 / 2)(v1 v2 ))2 (v1 v2 )

    9. Factor out v13:


    P

    At v13
    4

    (1 (

    v2 2
    v
    ) )(1 2 )
    v1
    v1

    At
    4

    (v12 v22 )(v1 v2 )

    Power production Wind power equation


    10. Define wind
    stream speed ratio, a:

    v2
    a
    v1

    11. Substitute a into


    power expression of (9):

    This ratio is fixed for a given


    turbine & control condition.

    At v13

    12. Differentiate and find a


    which maximizes function:

    13. Find the maximum power


    by substituting a=1/3 into (11):

    (1 a 2 )(1 a)

    P At v13

    2a (a 1) (1 a 2 ) 0
    a
    4
    2a 2 2a 1 a 2 3a 2 2a 1 0
    (3a 1)(a 1) 0 a 1 / 3, a 1
    P

    At v13
    4

    At v13 8 4 8At v13


    1 4
    (1 )( )

    9 3
    4 93
    27

    Power production Wind power equation


    14. Define Cp, the power (or performance) coefficient, which
    gives the ratio of the power extracted by the converter, P, to
    the power of the air stream, Pin.
    power extracted
    At v13
    P
    (1 a 2 )(1 a)
    by the converter
    4
    power of the P KE 1 m v 2 0 1 Q v 2 1 A v v 2 1 A v 3
    in
    1
    1 1
    t 1 1
    t 1
    t
    2 t
    2
    2
    2
    air stream
    At v13
    P
    Cp

    Pin

    (1 a 2 )(1 a )
    1
    At v13
    2

    1
    (1 a 2 )(1 a )
    2

    1
    P C p Pin C P At v13
    2

    15. The maximum value of Cp occurs when its numerator


    is maximum, i.e., when a=1/3:
    The Betz
    P 1 8 4 16
    Cp
    ( )( )
    0.5926
    Pin 2 9 3 27
    Limit!

    Power production Cp vs. a

    Horizontal Vs Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

    Horizontal Vs Vertical Axis Wind Turbine


    Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

    Advantages:

    The towers are relatively tall which allows the blades to face
    much higher velocity winds in high altitude.
    In some places, the power output of the wind turbine could
    increase up to 30% every ten meters in altitude because the
    wind speed is increased by 20%.
    High efficiency, the blades always move perpendicular to the
    wind, receiving power through the whole rotation unlike
    vertical axis wind turbines.

    Horizontal Vs Vertical Axis Wind Turbine


    Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

    Disadvantages:

    High construction and installation costs. Large Machinery is


    needed.
    Aesthetically unpleasing. Wind turbines are unappealing to
    an otherwise beautiful and visually pleasing landscape.

    Horizontal Vs Vertical Axis Wind Turbine


    Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

    Advantages:

    Does not have to be pointed towards the wind to be effective.


    This creates a flexible location for placement of the turbine
    in an area with varying wind direction.
    Capable of operating during minimal wind speed. Long
    curved propellers are designed to be pushed by a small
    amount of wind.
    Does not have to installed at a very high place via a tower.
    City ordinance regulations do not take effect and lowers cost
    due to materials needed for construction. Aesthetically more
    pleasing.

    Vertical Vs Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

    Easily visible to wildlife. While spinning or at rest, a


    vertical axis turbine appears as a solid object.
    The generator does not have to be installed on the top of
    a tower. Important for maintenance considerations.
    Disadvantages:
    The lower the place, the slower the wind. This reduces
    the turbines efficiency which makes it less cost effective

    Wind Turbine Configurations


    HAWT

    VAWT

    Boyle, G., Renewable Energy, 2nd ed., Oxford


    University Press, 2004

    Wind Turbine Comparison

    Configuration Tradeoffs
    Factors
    Efficiency

    Power produced per unit cost


    Directionality
    Support configuration
    Speed of rotation
    Reliability
    Cost
    Maintainability

    Which type is best, HAWT or VAWT?

    Two Types of Turbine Designs


    Drag

    Designs

    Savonius

    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Savonius_Querschnitt.png

    Lift

    Designs

    VAWT Darrieus
    Most HAWT designs

    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Darrieus.jpg

    THANKS!!!
    Save Resources to use it in future!!!!!
    31

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