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    Clase 4 Ospf Multiarea

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    JorgeALeon
    - The document discusses multi-area OSPF routing and the different types of routers and LSAs used. It describes how OSPF uses a hierarchical structure with areas to reduce routing overhead. - Key concepts covered include the different LSA types (e.g. router LSAs, network LSAs, summary LSAs), and the different router types like internal routers, backbone routers, ABRs, and ASBRs. - The benefits of multi-area OSPF are summarized as smaller routing tables, reduced link-state overhead, and localized impact of topology changes within areas.

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    Clase 4 Ospf Multiarea

    Uploaded by

    JorgeALeon
    29 views33 pages
    - The document discusses multi-area OSPF routing and the different types of routers and LSAs used. It describes how OSPF uses a hierarchical structure with areas to reduce routing overhead. - Key concepts covered include the different LSA types (e.g. router LSAs, network LSAs, summary LSAs), and the different router types like internal routers, backbone routers, ABRs, and ASBRs. - The benefits of multi-area OSPF are summarized as smaller routing tables, reduced link-state overhead, and localized impact of topology changes within areas.

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    - The document discusses multi-area OSPF routing and the different types of routers and LSAs used. It describes how OSPF uses a hierarchical structure with areas to reduce routing overhead. - Key concepts covered include the different LSA types (e.g. router LSAs, network LSAs, summary LSAs), and the different router types like internal routers, backbone routers, ABRs, and ASBRs. - The benefits of multi-area OSPF are summarized as smaller routing tables, reduced link-state overhead, and localized impact of topology changes within areas.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    29 views33 pages

    Clase 4 Ospf Multiarea

    Uploaded by

    JorgeALeon
    - The document discusses multi-area OSPF routing and the different types of routers and LSAs used. It describes how OSPF uses a hierarchical structure with areas to reduce routing overhead. - Key concepts covered include the different LSA types (e.g. router LSAs, network LSAs, summary LSAs), and the different router types like internal routers, backbone routers, ABRs, and ASBRs. - The benefits of multi-area OSPF are summarized as smaller routing tables, reduced link-state overhead, and localized impact of topology changes within areas.

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    CONMUTACIN Y RUTEO II

    Clase 4. OSPF MULTIAREA


    Alberto Arellano A. Ing. Msc.
    [email protected]
    CCNA CCNP - CCSP

    Multi-Area OSPF

    Multi-Area OSPF
    Hierarchical routing enables you to separate large internetworks
    (autonomous systems) into smaller internetworks that are called areas.
    With this technique, routing still occurs between the areas (called inter-area
    routing).
    Some operations are restricted within an area:

    Flooding of LSAs

    Recalculating the database

    Re-running the SPF algorithm

    OSPF LSA Types


    OSPF uses a LSDB (link state database) and fills this with LSAs (link state
    advertisement). Instead of using 1 LSA packet OSPF has many different types of
    LSAs.

    Type 1 Router LSA


    Each router within the area will flood a type 1 router LSA within the area. In this
    LSA you will find a list with all the directly connected links of this router. How do we
    identify a link?

    The IP prefix on an interface.

    The link type.

    Type 2 Network LSA


    The network LSA or type 2 is created for each multi-access network.

    Multi-Area OSPF
    Type Routers

    Internal: Routers with all their interfaces within the same area
    Backbone: Routers with at least one interface connected to area 0
    ABR: (Area Border Router): Routers with interfaces attached to multiple areas.
    ASBR: (Autonomous System Boundary Router): Routers that have at least one
    interface connected to an external internetwork (another autonomous system)

    Internal Routers
    This is a router that has all of its interfaces in the same area.
    Internet

    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    All internal routers in an area have identical LSDBs.

    Backbone Routers
    Backbone router have at least one interface in Area 0.
    This is a router with an interface(s) in the backbone area.

    Internet

    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    Area Border Router (ABR)


    This is a router that has interfaces attached to multiple areas.

    Internet

    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    ABRs:

    Maintain separate LSDBs for each area it is connected to.

    Are exit points for the area.

    Distribute the routing information into the backbone and the


    backbone routers then forward the information to the other ABRs.

    Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR)


    This is a router that has at least one interface attached to an external
    non-OSPF network. (Internet )
    Internet

    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    An ASBR can redistribute non-OSPF network information into and


    out of the OSPF network.

    Type 3 Summary LSA


    Type 1 router LSAs always stay within the area. OSPF however works with
    multiple areas and you probably want full connectivity within all of the areas. R1 is
    flooding a router LSA within the area so R2 will store this in its LSDB. R3 and R4
    also need to know about the networks in Area 2.

    R2 is going to create a Type 3 summary LSA and flood it into area 0. This LSA
    will flood into all the other areas of our OSPF network

    Type 4 Summary ASBR LSA


    R1 that is redistributing information from the RIP router into OSPF. This makes R1
    an ASBR (Autonomous System Border Router). What happens is that R1 will
    flip a bit in the router LSA to identify itself as an ASBR. When R2 who is an ABR
    receives this router LSA it will create a type 4 summary ASBR LSA and flood it
    into area 0. This LSA will also be flooded in all other areas and is required so all
    OSPF routers know where to find the ASBR

    Issues With a Large OSPF Area


    Large routing table:

    OSPF does not automatically summarize routes and therefore


    routing tables can become very large, depending on the size of the
    network.

    R1

    My routing table is too


    big and I am running
    low on memory.

    R2

    Issues With a Large OSPF Area


    Large link-state database (LSDB):

    The LSDB maintain an entry for every network in the area, even if not
    every route is selected for the routing table.

    Too many routers in one area would make the LSDBs very large and
    increase the load on the CPU.

    R1

    Im receiving too
    many LSAs.

    R2

    Issues With a Large OSPF Area


    Frequent SPF algorithm calculations:

    In a large network, changes are inevitable, so the routers spend many


    CPU cycles recalculating the SPF algorithm and updating the
    routing table.

    R1

    R2

    My SPF algorithm is
    running too often for me to
    route properly.

    Multi-Area OSPF
    Multiarea OSPF uses a two-layer area hierarchy using a backbone area
    interconnecting regular areas.

    Useful in larger network deployments to reduce processing and


    memory overhead.
    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    All regular areas must interconnect to the backbone area (area 0).

    Interconnecting routers are called Area Border Routers (ABR).

    Backbone (Transit) Area


    OSPF area whose primary function is the fast and efficient movement of
    IP packets.

    Backbone areas interconnect with other OSPF area types.

    Generally, end users are not found within a backbone area.


    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    The backbone area is also called OSPF area 0.

    Hierarchical networking defines area 0 as the core to which all other


    areas directly connect.

    Regular or Normal Areas


    Connects users and resources.

    Areas are usually set up along functional or geographical groupings.


    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    By default, all traffic from other areas must cross an ABR.

    A regular area does not allow traffic from another area to use its links to reach
    other areas.

    Multiarea OSPF Advantages


    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    Smaller routing tables:

    Fewer routing table entries because network addresses can be summarized


    between areas.

    Route summarization is not enabled by default.


    Reduced link-state update overhead:

    Minimizes processing and memory requirements.


    Reduced frequency of SPF calculations:

    Localizes the impact of a topology change within an area.

    For instance, it minimizes routing update impact because LSA flooding stops at
    the area boundary.

    Topology Change Impacts Local Area Only


    The ABR (R2) isolates the fault to area 51 only.

    Link failure affects the local area only (area 51)

    Only R2 and routers in area 51 exchange LSAs


    and run the SPF algorithm.
    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    Link fails
    Routers in areas 0 and 1 do not need the run the SPF algorithm.

    OSPF Implementation Guidelines


    Area 1

    Area 0
    R1

    Area 51
    R2

    The optimal number of routers per area varies based on factors such as
    network stability.
    However, guidelines recommend:

    A router should not be in more than three areas.

    An area should have no more than 50 routers.

    Any single router should not have more than 60 neighbors.

    OSPF Multiarea Example

    Configuring Multiarea OSPF on R1

    Configuring Multiarea OSPF on R2

    Configuring Multiarea OSPF on R3

    Verify Multiarea OSPF on R3

    Check connectivity between PCs

    Lab5. OSPF v3

    OSPF Virtual Links


    Look at my picture above. We have three areas and on the left side is
    area 0. Area 2 is behind area 1. Normally this is not going to work since
    area 2 has to be directly connected to area 0. We can make this work
    by using a virtual link. By using a virtual link we can extend area 0
    through area 1 so area 2 will be directly connected to area 0.

    OSPF Virtual Links

    A virtual link has the following two requirements:

    It must be established between two routers that share a common area and
    are both ABRs.

    One of these two routers must be connected to the backbone.


    Doyle, should be used only as a temporary fix to an unavoidable topology
    problem.

    Config OSPF Virtual Links

    The command to configure a virtual link is as follows:


    area <area-id> virtual-link <remote-router-id>
    RTA(config)#router ospf 1
    RTA(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0
    RTA(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
    RTA(config-router)#area 3 virtual-link

    RTB(config)#router ospf 1
    RTB(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
    RTB(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
    RTB(config-router)#area 3 virtual-link

    0.0.0.255 area 51
    0.0.0.255 area 3
    10.0.0.1

    0.0.0.255 area 3
    0.0.0.255 area 0
    10.0.0.2

    Lab6. OSPF & Virtual Links

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