HUSMILLO, GENEVA DARLEEN P.

BSP-2F
1. What is evolution?
Evolution is a theory, an idea with lots of evidence. It explains why animals and plants
are so good at surviving in their environments, the places where they live. What it means
is that a species changes over time and can even split in two new species.
2. What is creation?
"In the beginning" God created, i.e., called into being, all things out of nothing. This
creative act on the part of God was absolutely free, and for infinitely wise reasons. The
cause of all things exists only in the will of God.God's works, equally with God's word,
are a revelation from him; and between the teachings of the one and those of the other,
when rightly understood, there can be no contradiction.
3. What is scientific creationism?
Creation science or scientific creationism is a branch of creationism that attempts to
provide scientific support for the creation myth in the Book of Genesis and disprove or
reinterpret the scientific facts, theories and scientific paradigms about geology,
cosmology, biological evolution, archeology, history, and linguistics.
4. What are the different theories of life?
Primordial soup
Life on Earth began more than 3 billion years ago, evolving from the most basic of microbes into
a dazzling array of complexity over time. But how did the first organisms on the only known
home to life in the universe develop from the primordial soup?
One theory involved a "shocking" start. Another idea is utterly chilling. And one theory is out of
this world!
Inside you'll learn just how mysterious this all is, as we reveal the different scientific theories on
the origins of life on Earth.
Electric Spark
Lightning may have provided the spark needed for life to begin.
Electric sparks can generate amino acids and sugars from an atmosphere loaded with water,
methane, ammonia and hydrogen, as was shown in the famous Miller-Urey experiment reported
in 1953, suggesting that lightning might have helped create the key building blocks of life on
Earth in its early days. Over millions of years, larger and more complex molecules could form.
Although research since then has revealed the early atmosphere of Earth was actually hydrogenpoor, scientists have suggested that volcanic clouds in the early atmosphere might have held
methane, ammonia and hydrogen and been filled with lightning as well.

Community Clay
The first molecules of life might have met on clay, according to an idea elaborated by organic
chemist Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. These
surfaces might not only have concentrated these organic compounds together, but also helped
organize them into patterns much like our genes do now.
The main role of DNA is to store information on how other molecules should be arranged.
Genetic sequences in DNA are essentially instructions on how amino acids should be arranged in
proteins. Cairns-Smith suggests that mineral crystals in clay could have arranged organic
molecules into organized patterns. After a while, organic molecules took over this job and
organized themselves.
Deep-Sea Vents
The deep-sea vent theory suggests that life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal
vents spewing key hydrogen-rich molecules. Their rocky nooks could then have concentrated
these molecules together and provided mineral catalysts for critical reactions. Even now, these
vents, rich in chemical and thermal energy, sustain vibrant ecosystems.
Chilly Start
Ice might have covered the oceans 3 billion years ago, as the sun was about a third less luminous
than it is now, scientists say. This layer of ice, possibly hundreds of feet thick, might have
protected fragile organic compounds in the water below from ultraviolet light and destruction
from cosmic impacts. The cold might have also helped these molecules to survive longer,
allowing key reactions to happen.
RNA World
Nowadays DNA needs proteins in order to form, and proteins require DNA to form, so how
could these have formed without each other? The answer may be RNA, which can store
information like DNA, serve as an enzyme like proteins, and help create both DNA and proteins.
Later DNA and proteins succeeded this "RNA world," because they are more efficient.
RNA still exists and performs several functions in organisms, including acting as an on-off
switch for some genes. The question still remains how RNA got here in the first place. And while
some scientists think the molecule could have spontaneously arisen on Earth, others say that was
very unlikely to have happened. Other nucleic acids other than RNA have been suggested as
well, such as the more esoteric PNA or TNA.
Simple Beginnings

Instead of developing from complex molecules such as RNA, life might have begun with smaller
molecules interacting with each other in cycles of reactions. These might have been contained in
simple capsules akin to cell membranes, and over time more complex molecules that performed
these reactions better than the smaller ones could have evolved, scenarios dubbed "metabolismfirst" models, as opposed to the "gene-first" model of the "RNA world" hypothesis.
Theory of Special Creation
According to this theory, all the different forms of life that occur today on planet earth, have been
created by God, the almighty. This idea is found in the ancient scriptures of almost every
religion. According to Hindu mythology, Lord Brahma, the God of Creation, created the living
world in accordance to his wish. According to the Christian belief, God created this universe,
plants, animals and human beings in about six natural days. The Sikh mythology says that all
forms of life including human beings came into being with a single word of God. Special
creation theory believes that the things have not undergone any significant change since their
creation.
The theory of Special Creation was purely a religious concept, acceptable only on the basis of
faith. It has no scientific basis.
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
This theory assumed that living organisms could arise suddenly and spontaneously from any kind
of non-living matter. One of the firm believers in spontaneous generation was Aristotle, the
Greek philosopher (384-322 BC).
He believed that dead leaves falling from a tree into a pond would transform into fishes and
those falling on soil would transform into worms and insects. He also held that some insects
develop from morning dew and rotting manure. Egyptians believed that mud of the Nile river
could spontaneously give rise to many forms of life. The idea of spontaneous generation was
popular almost till seventeenth century. Many scientists like Descartes, Galileo and Helmont
supported this idea. In fact, Von Helmont went to the extent stating that he had prepared a 'soup'
from which he could spontaneously generate rats! The 'soup' consisted of a dirty cloth soaked in
water with a handful of wheat grains. Helmont stated that if human sweat is added as an 'active
principle' to this, in just 17 days, it could generate rats!
The theory of Spontaneous Generation was disproved in the course of time due to the experiment
conducted by Fransisco Redi, (1665), Spallanzani (1765) and later by Louis Pasteur (1864) in his
famous Swan neck experiment. This theory was disapproved, as scientists gave definite proof
that life comes from pre-existing life.
Theory of Catastrophism
It is simply a modification of the theory of Special Creation. It states that there have been several
creations of life by God, each preceded by a catastrophe resulting from some kind of geological
disturbance. According to this theory, since each catastrophe completely destroyed the existing
life, each new creation consisted of life form different from that of previous ones.

A French scientist Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) and Orbigney (1802 to 1837) were the main
supporters of this theory.
Cosmozoic Theory (Theory of Panspermia)
According to this theory, life has reached this planet Earth from other heavenly bodies such as
meteorites, in the form of highly resistance spores of some organisms. This idea was proposed by
Richter in 1865 and supported by Arrhenius (1908) and other contemporary scientists. The
theory did not gain any support. This theory lacks evidence, hence it was discarded.
Theory of Chemical Evolution
This theory is also known as Materialistic Theory or Physico-chemical Theory. According this
theory, Origin of life on earth is the result of a slow and gradual process of chemical evolution
that probably occurred about 3.8 billion years ago. This theory was proposed independently by
two scientists - A.I.Oparin, a Russian scientist in 1923 and J.B.S Haldane, an English scientist, in
1928.
According to this theory,

Spontaneous generation of life, under the present environmental conditions is not

Earth's surface and atmosphere during the first billion years of existence, were radically different
from that of today's conditions.

The primitive earth's atmosphere was a reducing type of atmosphere and not oxidising
type.

The first life arose from a collection of chemical substances through a progressive series
of chemical reactions.

Solar radiation, heat radiated by earth and lighting must have been the chief energy
source for these chemical reactions.

5. The seven days of creation.

God creates dry land. Continents and islands are above the water. The large bodies of water are
named seas and the ground is named land. God declares that all this is good.
God creates all plant life both large and small. He creates this life to be self-sustaining; plants
have the ability to reproduce. The plants were created in great diversity (many kinds). The
earth was green and teeming with plant life. God declares that this work is also good. This
creative work takes one day.
Creation Day 4 (Genesis 1:14-19)
God creates all the stars and heavenly bodies. The movement of these will help man track time.
Two great heavenly bodies are made in relation to the earth. The first is the sun which is the
primary source of light and the moon which reflects the light of the sun. The movement of these
bodies will distinguish day from night. This work is also declared to be good by God. This
creative work takes one day.
Creation Day 5 (Genesis 1:20-23)
God creates all life that lives in the water. Any life of any kind that lives in the water is made at
this point. God also makes all the birds. The language allows that this may be the time God made
flying insects as well (or, if not, they were made on day six). All of these creatures are made with
the ability to perpetuate their species by reproduction. The creatures made on Day 5 are the first
creatures blessed by God. God declares this work good, and it occurs in one day.
Creation Day 6 (Genesis 1:24-31)
God creates all the creatures that live on dry land. This includes every type of creature not
included on previous days and man. God declares this work good.
When God was creating man, He took counsel with Himself, God said, Let us make man in our
image, in our likeness (Genesis 1:26). This is not an explicit revelation of the trinity but is part
of the foundation for such, as God reveals an us within the Godhead. God makes man, and
man is made in the image of God (men and women both bear this image) and is special above all
other creatures. To emphasize this, God places man in authority over the earth and over all the
other creatures. God blesses man and commands him to reproduce, fill the earth and subdue it
(bring it under the rightful stewardship of man as authorized by God). God announces that man
and all other creatures are to eat plants alone. God will not rescind this dietary restriction
until Genesis 9:3-4.
Gods creative work is complete at the end of the sixth day. The entire universe in all its beauty
and perfection was fully formed in six literal, consecutive, 24-hour days. At the completion of
His creation, God announces that it is very good.
Creation Day 7 (Genesis 2:1-3)
God rests. This in no way indicates He was weary from His creative efforts, but denotes that the
creation is complete. Further, God is establishing a pattern of one day in seven to rest. The
keeping of this day will eventually be a distinguishing trait of the Gods chosen people (Exodus
20:8-11).
6. Which do you believe? Creation or evolution?
I believe in creation because it is from God and I am a strong believer of God while
Evolution is just a theory of scientist.