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    Chapter 3: Network Protocols and Communications: Objectives

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    This chapter discusses network communication and protocols. It explains that communication requires agreed upon rules between sender and receiver regarding language, delivery method, and timing. Network protocols like TCP and IP govern how devices communicate by establishing standard formats and processes for message encapsulation, error handling, and session setup. Standards organizations like IETF and IEEE create and maintain open network protocols to ensure interoperability. The OSI and TCP/IP reference models describe how data is encapsulated and transmitted between devices in layers with protocol data units like segments, packets and frames.

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    Chapter 3: Network Protocols and Communications: Objectives

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    This chapter discusses network communication and protocols. It explains that communication requires agreed upon rules between sender and receiver regarding language, delivery method, and timing. Network protocols like TCP and IP govern how devices communicate by establishing standard formats and processes for message encapsulation, error handling, and session setup. Standards organizations like IETF and IEEE create and maintain open network protocols to ensure interoperability. The OSI and TCP/IP reference models describe how data is encapsulated and transmitted between devices in layers with protocol data units like segments, packets and frames.

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    CCNA c3-s1

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    S1-c3

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    This chapter discusses network communication and protocols. It explains that communication requires agreed upon rules between sender and receiver regarding language, delivery method, and timing. Network protocols like TCP and IP govern how devices communicate by establishing standard formats and processes for message encapsulation, error handling, and session setup. Standards organizations like IETF and IEEE create and maintain open network protocols to ensure interoperability. The OSI and TCP/IP reference models describe how data is encapsulated and transmitted between devices in layers with protocol data units like segments, packets and frames.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    45 views8 pages

    Chapter 3: Network Protocols and Communications: Objectives

    Uploaded by

    ovidiu0702
    This chapter discusses network communication and protocols. It explains that communication requires agreed upon rules between sender and receiver regarding language, delivery method, and timing. Network protocols like TCP and IP govern how devices communicate by establishing standard formats and processes for message encapsulation, error handling, and session setup. Standards organizations like IETF and IEEE create and maintain open network protocols to ensure interoperability. The OSI and TCP/IP reference models describe how data is encapsulated and transmitted between devices in layers with protocol data units like segments, packets and frames.

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    of 8

    Chapter 3: Network Protocols and Communications

    Objectives
    After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
    -Explain how rules are used to facilitate communication.
    -Explain the role of protocols and standards organizations in facilitating interoperability in network
    communications.
    -Explain how devices on a LAN access resources in a small to medium-sized business network.
    3.1 Rules of Communication
    3.2 Network Protocols and Standards
    3.3 Moving Data in the Network
    3.4 Summary

    3.1 Rules of Communication


    The Rules
    What is Communication?

    Establishing the Rules


    An identified sender and receiver
    Agreed upon method of communicating (face-to-face, telephone, letter, photograph)
    Common language and grammar
    Speed and timing of delivery
    Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements
    Message Encoding
    Message Formatting and Encapsulation
    Example: Personal letter contains the following elements:
    -Identifier of the recipients location
    -Identifier of the senders location
    -Salutation or greeting
    -Recipient identifier
    -The message content
    -Source identifier
    -End of message indicator
    Message Size
    An overview of the segmenting process:
    -The size restrictions of frames require the source host to break a long message into individual pieces (or
    segments) that meet both the minimum and maximum size requirements.
    -Each segment is encapsulated in a separate frame with the address information, and is sent over the network.
    -At the receiving host, the messages are de-encapsulated and put back together to be processed and
    interpreted.

    Message Timing
    -Access Method
    -Flow Control
    -Response Timeout
    Message Delivery Options

    3.2 Network Protocols and Standards


    Protocols
    Rules that Govern Communications

    Network Protocols
    -How the message is formatted or structured
    -The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks
    -How and when error and system messages are passed between devices
    -The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
    Interaction of Protocols
    -Application Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
    -Transport Protocol Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
    -Internet Protocol Internet Protocol (IP)
    -Network Access Protocols Data link & physical layers
    Protocol Suites
    Protocol Suites and Industry Standards

    Creation of Internet, Development of TCP/IP


    -The first packet switching network and predecessor to todays Internet was the Advanced Research Projects
    Agency Network (ARPANET), which came to life in 1969 by connecting mainframe computers at four locations.
    -ARPANET was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense for use by universities and research laboratories.
    Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) was the contractor that did much of the initial development of the ARPANET,
    including creating the first router known as an Interface Message Processor (IMP).
    -In 1973, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf began work on TCP to develop the next generation of the ARPANET. TCP
    was designed to replace ARPANETs current Network Control Program (NCP).
    -In 1978, TCP was divided into two protocols: TCP and IP. Later, other protocols were added to the TCP/IP suite
    of protocols including Telnet, FTP, DNS, and many others.
    TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication

    Standards Organizations
    Open Standards
    -The Internet Society (ISOC)
    -The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
    -The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
    -Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    -The International Organization for Standards (ISO)
    ISOC, IAB, and IETF
    IEEE, ISO

    Other Standards Organization


    The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
    The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
    The International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
    The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
    The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
    Reference Models
    Benefits of Using a Layered Model

    The TCP/IP Reference Model

    The OSI Reference Model

    Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models

    3.3 Moving Data in the Network


    Data Encapsulation
    Communicating the Messages
    Segmenting message benefits Different conversations can be interleaved Increased reliability of network
    communications
    Segmenting message disadvantage Increased level of complexity

    Protocol Data Units (PDUs)


    -Data
    -Segment
    -Packet
    -Frame
    -Bits
    Protocol Encapsulation

    Moving Data in the Network


    Accessing Local Resources

    Protocol De-encapsulation

    Accessing Local Resources


    Communicating with Device / Same Network

    MAC and IP Addresses

    Accessing Remote Resources


    Default Gateway

    Communicating Device / Remote Network

    Summary
    In this chapter, you learned:
    Data networks are systems of end devices, intermediary devices, and the media connecting the devices. For
    communication to occur, these devices must know how to communicate.
    These devices must comply with communication rules and protocols. TCP/IP is an example of a protocol suite.
    Most protocols are created by a standards organization such as the IETF or IEEE.
    The most widely-used networking models are the OSI and TCP/IP models.
    Data that passes down the stack of the OSI model is segmented into pieces and encapsulated with addresses
    and other labels. The process is reversed as the pieces are de-encapsulated and passed up the destination
    protocol stack.
    The OSI model describes the processes of encoding, formatting, segmenting, and encapsulating data for
    transmission over the network.
    The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard protocol that has been endorsed by the networking industry and
    ratified, or approved, by a standards organization.
    The Internet Protocol Suite is a suite of protocols required for transmitting and receiving information using the

    Internet.
    Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite: data, segment, packet,
    frame, and bits.
    Applying models allows individuals, companies, and trade associations to analyze current networks and plan
    the networks of the future.

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