Case Study

Taxi Wars- OLA, UBER & MERU

Using their war chest to offer incentives to drivers and discounted fares to riders, both Ola Cabs and Uber are
making other taxi companies irrelevant in India.Chander Singh apologises as he is a tad late when he comes to
pick up this writer in his new Swift Dzire. Singh has been a driver for many years; most recently with The
Imperial, a heritage hotel in Delhi. He earned a lot from tips foreign tourists doled out, but was getting tired of
polishing his shoes every morning - a demand from his managers he found hassling. Instead, he wanted to work
on his own terms. So a few months ago he, along with a friend, bought a car on loan and started working for
San Francisco-based cab hailing company Uber. He hopes he will make Rs 25,000 a month on average. Uber,
says Singh, also tops up with Rs 300 per trip during peak hours. At the end of the trip, from Noida to South
Delhi, Singh quips: "I am trying out Uber. If this doesn't work, I will go to Ola. I am also getting calls from
Meru every day. All marketplaces have a choke point. In the case of e-tailers, it is the consumers whose
appetite for discounts leads them to flame venture capital money. In the case of on-demand taxi aggregators
such as Uber , Ola Cabs and Meru Cabs, it is the drivers. Taxi aggregators typically don't own any cabs or
employ drivers; they connect customers with drivers through a tech platform, the front-end for the customer
being an app. According to one estimate, 1.6 million vehicles in India are licensed to run as cabs but there are
not as many quality drivers. It is quite a task for aggregators to convince drivers - used to a mom-and-pop
model or radio taxis - to work with them. And those who are available, like Singh, may not remain loyal to one
company. Securing the supply side has become a slugfest among India's top three on-demand taxi companies ANI Technologies, which runs Ola , Uber and Meru - as they pour money to capture the market. Ola and Uber,
particularly, backed by global venture capitalists, are threatening to make every other taxi company in India
irrelevant. Home-bred Ola has thus far raised more than $700 million. Uber has mopped up $6 billion and has
committed $1 billion for India in the next nine months. Both are using their war chest to offer incentives to
drivers and discounted fares to riders. Traditional radio cabs and small-time operators are struggling to match
up. The existential threat has made them cry out "market monopolisation". Companies such as Meru,
Carzonrent and Mega Cabs have thrown their collective might to regulate the "unregulated" on-demand
companies. Legal tussles have greeted the aggregators. But more about that later.
Meanwhile, big money is making this battle worth fighting for. According to the Association of Radio Taxi
India, the taxi business in the country is growing at 20 to 25 per cent a year. The organised taxi sector accounts
for just four to five per cent of the industry and totals $800 million. It is expected to grow to $7 billion by 2020.

RIDE SHARE
Ola has emerged as the clear leader in terms of market share. According to a presentation by SoftBank Corp., an
investor in Ola, the company had a 60 per cent share in November 2014, based on data of registered vehicles.
TaxiForSure - a company Ola acquired in March this year - had 14 per cent share. Meru had the second-largest
share at 16 per cent while Uber, which is now the world's most valued technology start-up at $50 billion, just
had five per cent of the market. Ola appears to have expanded its share if we were to go by the disclosures
SoftBank made during its earnings presentation for its fiscal year on May 11. The combined market share of
Ola and TaxiForSure is 80 per cent. Meru's share has dropped to 12 per cent while Uber is at four per cent. All
other taxi companies together have the rest.Ola had a head start in the aggregation market, having started in
December 2010. TaxiForSure was founded a few months later, in June 2011. Uber entered India only in
October 2013. Meru, of course, started much before, in 2007, but it mostly had owned cars - it bought cars and
employed drivers. It began a shift to the aggregation model in 2011. Ola managed to raise money faster; its
Series A funding came from Tiger Global in 2012 and Series B from Matrix Partners and Tiger Global in
November 2013. In contrast, TaxiForSure's Series A came only in June 2013. That allowed Ola to aggregate
cabs faster than anybody else and innovate on the technology. Ola introduced the mobile app for cab booking in
2011 while TaxiForSure and Meru both managed that only in June 2013.

Ola today claims 250,000 vehicles on its platform, including autos, and a presence in more than 100 cities. It
says it is adding 1,500 vehicles every day. Meru, however, says the market share mathematics should not be
based on the number of cars; it has to be on consumer revenue. If that is factored in, Meru claims its share
would be 23 per cent. Uber, which operates in 18 cities, disputes the market share numbers. An Uber
spokesperson contends that the company is much closer to Ola in terms of overall market size. "It's not as onesided as that report or subsequent media reports have made it out to be," he says. "We are the same size or
larger in many big metro cities in India."Whatever the size, Ola does get the bragging rights for now. It publicly
prides itself for beating Uber in being more India-centric. On July 4, Ola teased Uber on Twitter. From its
official handle, it posted: "@Uber_India Couldn't agree more! uberGO, Auto, Wallet, Cash - that's a lot of
flattery! #WelcomeToIndia". Uber laughed it off: "@Olacabs Haha so contemptuous. Have a good weekend,
guys!" What was Ola pointing out? "These are things they learnt from us," a social media handler from Ola
says, laughing. "Competition is good."
GIG BATTLES
While Ola, Uber and Meru are all aggregators, their approaches are nuanced. They differ in some cases and
converge in many. Uber is a pure play app-based service and has a westernised template. One can book a cab
only through the app. No cash payments are accepted globally though the company recently made a significant
exception in India. Customers can pay through the Paytm wallet, credit cards, debit cards, as also cash in a few
cities. In India, the company offers uberGO (hatchback vehicles or small cars that are the cheapest), uberX
(mid-sized sedans that are costlier) and uberBLACK (larger vehicles at premium pricing).Almost all countries
have the uberX service but only India has a cheaper version in uberGO. And there is a subtle difference in the
operational model between India and the US. While in India only a driver with a commercial driver's licence

and commercial insurance can enlist, in the US, anybody with a personal vehicle can become an Uber driver
provided he has a driver's licence and insurance.That, in fact, is Uber's global model and has heralded the rise of
the on-demand economy or the 'gig economy' - flexible employment where the worker is more a contractor than
an employee. It has sparked debates on changing labour market dynamics and spurred a new wave of micro
entrepreneurship not seen before. Freelancers, like Chander Singh, can potentially make more money than his
peers employed by a company to drive cars. Using technology, Uber has succeeded in matching sparse capacity
with demand. In its marketplace, riders can get picked up in as little as five minutes while drivers now spend
less time sitting idle. The success reflects in numbers: Uber operates in 329 cities across more than 59 countries.
The gig economy model is highly scalable because it is cost efficient. The burden of owning, licensing, insuring
and maintaining a car rests with the driver, not Uber. The model, loved by investors, has led to a boom of ondemand start-ups across the world. And in India, too. Deep-pocketed venture firms have allowed on-demand
companies to chase market share and gain scale even as they bleed heavily. Ola's losses, for instance, are
growing every year. It had a net loss of Rs 34.22 crore in 2013/14, according to disclosures made with the
Registrar of Companies. In 2012/13, it lost Rs 22.80 crore. Recently, Bloomberg News reported that Uber's
global operating losses total $470 million but it did not mention the time period. That number may be outdated
by now. Uber-like services include Lyft in the US that has made an imprint in the car pooling market. Sidecar
will help you reach a destination, and deliver a package along the same route, too. GrabTaxi matches taxis with
passengers in Southeast Asia. In China, there is Didi Kuaidi, and it aggregates shuttle busses too. Need a quick
ride in Mumbai? No problem. HeyTaxi will connect you with a two wheeler.
Ola was founded in Mumbai by IIT Bombay graduates Bhavish Aggarwal and Ankit Bhati. They shifted
headquarters to Bangalore in 2012. Aggarwal says Ola's approach works better in India. "We have built a very
Indian service with an Indian business model. For instance, we accept cash (in all cities), unlike Uber," he says.
Customers have the option to pay by wallet as well. However, today, half of Ola's payments are made through
cash. When Business Today spoke to Aggarwal a few months ago, he boasted of running a call centre as a
differentiator. "You can also book an Ola through a call centre. A lot of Indians are not comfortable booking
through an app," he had said. But from August 1, Ola discontinued the call centre for bookings - the centres are
only for support. That makes its model more Uber-like.Meru is the only player amongst the three to have a
hybrid model. According to CEO Siddhartha Pahwa, 70 per cent of its cars are today aggregated. The rest are
owned by Meru and are given under a subscription model to drivers. "It creates a sense of ownership. The driver
becomes owner of the car after four years," he explains.The gap with Ola notwithstanding, both Uber and Meru
say they have long-term plans for India. They are picking their battles, trying to outdo each other in innovation
and promotions.Ola introduced autos on its platform in October 2014; Uber announced it in April this year. In
March, Ola introduced Ola Cafe, a food delivery service - customers can order through the app and Ola cabs

will deliver the order in quick time. Uber doesn't have a similar product in India but Ola Cafe is similar to
Uber's uberFRESH service in the US and uberEATS in Spain. Uber has run promotions around food delivery in
India with uberGOURMET, a gourmet meal service curated by celebrity chefs. In April, restaurant discovery
company Zomato said it has integrated an Uber button on its app that will help users book cabs to the restaurant
they wish to visit. And after a rape incident in an Uber car in Delhi in December last year, both Uber and Ola
introduced an in-app 'SOS' button.
Now for the other significant rivalry. Cab aggregators have heralded an era of ridiculously low prices - a cab
ride in some cities can be as low as Rs 5 a kilometer. To be in business, all aggregators must discount the
consumer on one hand but also compensate the driver on the other. Because securing supply is pertinent, that
often means pampering drivers with all sorts of incentives. That is a game traditional radio taxi operators,
focused on profitability, cannot play. "Because they (aggregators) have raised money, they are selling (fares) at
half the price. Drivers are being lured by incentives and benefits which have no relation to the cost of
transaction," says Rajiv Vij, CEO of Carzonrent, which runs radio taxi EasyCabs in four cities. He has 2,500
owned cabs and makes profits.
NOW THE WAR
During a 10-km journey from Kalkaji to Sunder Nagar in New Delhi one Thursday morning, Meru driver
Nadeem couldn't stop talking about what a good time it is to be a driver. He didn't own the car he was driving
and pays a daily rent of Rs 1,200 to Meru. At times, he chooses to work throughout the day, catching up on
sleep between 11 p.m. and 4 a.m. when demand for rides is low. He can make up to Rs 2,000 a day, after paying
Meru its daily share, fuel and maintenance expenses. But he has plans. "I will go to Uber once I buy my car," he
says. Why not any other aggregator? "I have heard Uber pays an additional Rs 250 as incentive for every
completed trip. That is higher than everybody else." The ability to discount rides for customers and incentivise
drivers is directly proportional to the war chest each company has. Today, Uber has the largest globally - its
commitment of $1 billion for nine months in India translates into a monthly spend of around $111 million. That
is nearly the combined monthly cash burn rate of India's three largest e-tailers - Flipkart, Amazon and Snapdeal.
"We can expand and improve our operations, expand into newer cities, develop new products as well as
payment solutions, and establish a great support network," says Amit Jain, the lanky President of Uber India.
The company, which primarily operates through regional general managers and city general managers, made a
significant departure from its global policy by appointing a country head for the first time, in May. The former
Rent.com executive has now relocated to Gurgaon in India from the US. "With this investment and the strong
rate of growth we are seeing, we expect to hit over one million trips per day in the next six to nine months," Jain

adds. Uber currently completes 200,000 trips a day, say sources. Ola claims 750,000 plus rides a day, though its
competitors dispute the number.
Uber launched in Bangalore, its first city in India. It is now in 18 cities, which makes India its largest
geographic market outside the US. "We are continuing to see robust 40 per cent growth month-on-month and
with more investment in product, hiring, and payment solutions, we expect to grow at an even faster rate," Jain
says. Neeraj Singhal, Head of Expansion for India at Uber, says the company offers various incentives to
drivers from time to time but didn't disclose any details. The incentives differ in each city. In Delhi, for
instance, Uber did not charge commissions from drivers between January and July. It has restarted taking
commissions. Globally, it takes a 20 per cent cut from every completed trip. The company's appetite to drop
prices and incentivise drivers can only head north. A Financial Times report in June said the company was close
to securing another $4 billion in equity and credit financing - that would bring its overall funding to $10 billion,
which "far exceeds the sums raised by Facebook or Google before their initial public offerings".On February 27
this year, Uber announced it has dropped fares up to 40 per cent across 11 Indian cities including the metros.
"Lower prices increase demand for rides, meaning drivers do more trips at every hour of the day; maximising
their income any time they choose to go online," the company wrote in a blog. In July, the company added
Coimbatore, Bhubaneshwar, Mysore, Indore, Nagpur, Visakhapatnam and Surat to its portfolio of cities in
uberGO, costing between Rs 5 and Rs 7 a kilometre.
CAN BHAVISH AGGARWAL STOP AMIT JAIN?
Uber's runaway success globally is playing out a tad differently in the emerging markets of China and India
where local players are more dominant. Like Ola, the dominant player in China is Didi Kuaidi - according to a
Chinese media report, it has 80 per cent of the car hire service market as of June while Uber holds 11.5 per cent.
Didi Kuaidi recently raised $2 billion to fight Uber. Aggarwal needs more cash to continue playing the game he
has thus far succeeded in. Ola has raised a disclosed amount of $652 million; overall, more than $700 million. A
few media reports have indicated that the company is in the process of securing another $500 million. That
would be good ammunition to retain its lead. Thus far, Ola has been using its cash shield effectively to undercut
competition. It killed most of its domestic competition, including TaxiForSure.
Ola launched a new service, Ola Mini (small cars), "at auto fares" in February 2014 in some cities. In August
2014, Ola dropped its Mini rates from Rs 13 to Rs 10 a km and Sedan rates from Rs 16 to Rs 13 a km. That
started a price war with TaxiForSure, which in November 2014 was forced to drop prices to Rs 49 for fourkilometre in all cities it operates in, down from Rs 200 for 10 km. TaxiForSure couldn't sustain these prices.
"Nobody was using taxis for short distances. They used autos. We wanted to make it cheaper for the customer,"
says Raghunandan G., co-founder of TaxiForSure. Cab drivers, however, didn't agree to such low prices. "So

we said whatever is the deficit we will pay. We started paying them Rs 150 to begin with. Now it has dropped
to Rs 75 to Rs 80 as the number of trips they do has increased and they earn more," he adds.Raghunandan
recently exited the company after it was acquired by Ola in March this year for $200 million. TaxiForSure
couldn't raise the funding it would have required to discount customers and compensate drivers after the Uber
rape incident resulted in regulatory uncertainty and spooked investors.Ola continues to play the same game
today. Between May 27 and June 29, the company revised its fares twice. First, it dropped its Mini prices to Rs
8 a kilometre in Delhi NCR from Rs 10. Then Sedan prices were slashed from Rs 16 a kilometre to Rs 11. In
July, rates for TaxiForSure hatchbacks halved, from Rs 14 a km to Rs 7. That matches uberGO's fare. At current
rates, Ola is undercutting Uber in sedans in Delhi. Radio taxis are far more expensive; their sedans don't cost
below Rs 20 a kilometre.
Radio taxi companies have christened Ola's pricing "predatory", a strategy wherein a player offers a service at
extremely low rates to create a monopoly to drive out the competitors and create entry barriers. "Of late, we
have observed that a few app-based cab aggregators are indulging in predatory pricing," says Kunal Lalani,
Chairman of the Association of Radio Taxi India and owner of Mega Cabs that runs 2,300 owned vehicles and
250 aggregated ones. "The Competition Commission of India has initiated an investigation into this matter," he
adds. Meru CEO Pawha says he has observed that the app-based aggregators are incentivising their drivers at
around Rs 150 per trip to retain them in their network and compensate for their loss. He says Ola has a burn rate
of $15 million to $20 million a month, Uber around $8 million to $10 million while Meru is at $1.5 million to
$2 million per month. Uber's $1 billion commitment for nine months will make a mockery of this math. Ola
didn't comment on its cash burn rate and an Uber spokesperson dismissed Pawha's estimate. "Our business and
Meru's is very different. I would take those comments with a grain of salt," he said.
Ola's Aggarwal acknowledges that there are tactical incentive structures in some cities. Ola's gap funding - the
money paid to the driver to compensate low trip fares - can be performance driven. "The incentive structure is
based on customer feedback. So for X number of trips completed, you can qualify for Y amount. There could be
more incentives on special days such as Dussehra," a spokesperson says. Meru, which has a funding of $125
million from India Value Fund, says it doesn't have to offer incentives to drivers in the way Ola and Uber do.
"A Meru driver earns about Rs 2,500 of consumer revenue every day, which is significantly higher than the
revenue given by our competitors," says Pahwa, who was in a combative mood. "Meru charges Rs 20 a
kilometre. Our trip size is roughly 14 to 15 km. The competition is able to charge about Rs 12 to Rs 14 a
kilometre from the consumer and has a trip size of seven to 10 kilometre," he says. The race, though, has just
begun. Since August last year, Meru has run a happy-hour scheme, 30 per cent cash back offers from time to
time, and a 25 per cent discount booking offer. A radio promotion in Delhi is currently urging people to

download its app. The company may be burning far less cash right now but will have to do more if it were to
remain relevant.
REGULATORY SKIRMISHES
The rapid rise of Uber globally, and other app-based cab aggregators, has come with its own set of headwinds none more threatening than a tsunami of regulatory battles the companies have to ward off. Protests and
lawsuits against Uber have surfaced from Paris to San Francisco. The fate of Uber and Ola has a common
thread here. Scales may tilt in favour of whoever handles the regulators better. City governments are worried
about the safety of commuters. In Delhi, after the rape incident in December 2014, sporadic complaints of
indecent behaviour have been made. In July, a lady complained of a TaxiForSure driver masturbating while
driving her. "He had little control over the wheel as well as his perverseness. He had a smile on his face that
will haunt me for nights to come. A #PSYCHOTIC man with a severe chemical imbalance for a driver is
nothing but serious," she later wrote in a Facebook post that went viral. A similar complaint surfaced from an
Uber-user in Kolkata.Governments are also concerned about a host of other issues, from whether the app-based
service providers are meeting local transport regulations to if they should classify drivers working on their
platforms as employees. The 'contractors' versus 'employees' debate is particularly hot in the US in the run up to
the presidential elections. And that is something that questions the very basis of the gig economy model. In
July, Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton commented: "This on-demand or so-called 'gig'
economy is creating exciting opportunities and unleashing innovation, but it's also raising hard questions about
workplace protections and what a good job will look like in the future." If you are not an employee, there are no
benefits - no company insurance and holidays, for instance. At the heart of this debate is the control on-demand
companies exert on the contractor. A Uber driver might be independent, but his routes are monitored and the
fare he charges are regulated by the company. That makes him less of a freelancer.In June, the California Labor
Commissioner's Office said Uber drivers are employees and asked Uber to pay Barbara Ann Berwick, who
worked as a driver for a few weeks, $4,152.20 in expenses. The commission's ruling, however, is non-binding
and applies to a single driver. Uber is facing a similar legal action in the UK, brought about by the union for
professional drivers, GMB. Uber is appealing the California order.
Can this spill over to India? Manish Sabharwal, owner of staffing company Teamlease, says chances are low
unless Uber and Ola goof up. "If they don't make payments on time, there might be an issue. Otherwise, I am
not sure. Self-employed drivers in Uber and Ola have much higher productivity than kaali-peeli taxis (blackand-yellow coloured local taxis) because of capacity utilisation," he says. "If you make them (drivers)
employees, the on-demand model doesn't work. Uber is a labour market app that allows higher capacity
utilisation of self-employed people. Self-employment is a different contract and a different decision."

In India, Delhi has been the hotbed of legal tussles ever since the Uber rape incident of December 2014. After
the incident, the Delhi government banned the services of app-based aggregators who were non-compliant with
the Modified Radio Taxi Scheme of Delhi's Transport Department. Ola says it does not require such a licence
since its cabs have All-India Tourist Permits (AITPs). However, the AITP cabs run on diesel and that violates a
Supreme Court order mandating commercial vehicles in the city to run only on the less polluting compressed
natural gas (CNG). Both Ola and Uber have continued to operate in Delhi without a Radio Taxi licence since
the state government found it difficult to implement the ban. The Delhi government, in the meantime, refused
these companies' applications for radio taxi licences.