FT.-C-.'T T - 0-,: - , LRTR

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o

serniconducto"g he.^re- condrrcLfr, ity

anA

i rr

-[-'.,o

sr.l-^-Lors

L1

pe

s o$

5t v"X/,e

LzL-r-r-n

con&r.ctprs

.gqrr^ i c o ndr,r-c

e-Q-e-" e

".t
. Si,(rc"n

t, v.

se-yvr

i co ndrr..to v

GrRoup \v

in Pertodrt ti'LQe'
o Ge-rrnnqn i**
J
dk Cowtpoun[ sqyv1 i conArrc\ot
o Go.Qfu*rn .iA,L

. covnLini't2^ysR-n
.,.| Xrr*f,t
**,lrtr
ft.-Ct--0-,

.'t

o Nh\

is

Si,Qjcon

a. ssyvtic"nd,rrc\ex

Vakncz-

5i

vi -U

bonAs ay( \rrtact.


qrrL $ru<- 1"" c ond.uct c us-ye-nt
cf

&

a.*,oms

v\o &.trons

IJ
(

(_

I
(

Rr"kr n

Fvsx- Ek-cLroo.

+(

Cova-krrt
Bond.

^roovn txontpeva-lu^.a s o*e .r',a,{z*t bo*As breaK


c\r ,q to t,hz t".ol znrrf y -> r<,9n As i"y *-b.Lvoyls.

At

q,\oove tgg /ggUlt5 c4\^ c45r5 e-Q'ecl-v'-c


is nppt.;-r./- '
gur.x-'rrP-nt i f
bet'u'A
Ab =enc,ee-Pe.+,yovl i n 'thai o*oun lAAvLs
"l
L posittve. .lr,a tf
tth

Thz

';"&-le*taia!)'

r,la"

itt ve tho Yf is co'-t'l'zA


r Cond.rr.tjo"r c-a\n hop ?eo rn {o!fu-tny .^rafs:-

-) TV,'t-s

P s
o

-+ Ftn-z <,tc-rtforns unovtnrtd 8**

+.

->

frn*c\

pOtzntto-t

k-ev p ot-e.nt[.l, .
**, oLhrv covo)tn*- b or^ A
E !.x.ctrons $tra- P rr< t' L Dus h o(e thus
in
*?
t,
lill
t
p
Jr*.
b e-hi^A a- h o.0a . Th tre woue-w\e't*'., oI
U^rt^f
'[+'o*
hi8hzr to h*t I otantca't W
\^"1"
^
hrX

tsAAs

+" a. .,rlvent 9ln*.

.,| $ruz e.lr--LYons.


$ove-wtenth ol,(-= "l
o sincx- "sit' ".y=t"-{- is @
n u-, t-^1
-Lhavm"l+
->

M,1verurent,

A,

shoJ{

EzwzuaJciont ",$ "U^.].;,-:r*


bE a}^*lnu^^.bzy.

in

--\.a/\.^-

h r-Q.qs

"

@
Fres- Pk.L*o'nt arnd ho,'Q4s $tov?
iRacovnbino*iol1
;#
.rrand,ovnl,f in th4- c-*I*t'l tl Ll^'e a-t' ssr,rc{ o[ 4n

a(ecL^.rc +f"U " u.'hilz ranA'o^[Y

vnol

in2

th<-

*.,({''f
,,.*[ hol.ts -tftF @
in tt,a d.jssopp aayax\cl "$ l 8&-dgE\rcn P4A(:
e-gu:ttro*,

A{tr trrrevtnaL **;h[wfrvn "^6 covn btna.bt"avl ra*e


rr*g
=
yneva:\Irn

'

o TLvrs,

: p = h,L= \n\Xirtsle
blz -E/ant
nL= BT <y1

-\r,erz,

3
6 = T.3 Xr ott .h^

c- l,r

Et= eand6T

concx'ntra-,tt'cvr

tf'/^ G""t-rro-Q\- Ac-pe.&"J)


SL

a*y f = \" t2 eV {.,r_s.t

K = BoJ-t5v'raws const-. - g'6qxto"u/t<


'1 : Tew\pe'rmtuvu- in Kt,Q.vtn .

ir.. )avl'ces
t..=4,+1.
rre.(altonslrap (Sn-rtva{5pr1
\*
nrrnztZa.,;#\l

P\1
.o\z.re ^
-'*'-2

b.\.A.,A,A/
oPED

.r,r.=f

= n]
to

/
ni= r,5Xro /r"*
g

yooyq

t*rp

i.r,3ooK.

Se.tqtCoNOucToR-s '. -

. ,^rh\ ft, f-o" d.opinft ?


rooil/r t"*P
o N*'*bev o4 @:e$fu
Potv @
is not ,{-"'x.;roph +o Pt"of ide- Lno"6[l
covrdtctton,
&Q.ro + i ho,hs +o.Lzetvons frz o f^r"trln
tzrnpuaht.e (*L " ffd Lfu"p),
"$

\'tyt *vo.l.ar*tt' oY ^t panta -o)'zrrk" unt*e*ts


+- =1{1*^ ovurcowtes t-t^l a.-)bovz tro " iss ttls
L\^a*,
sin<-e ai$k*^t u)'z-ev'ks 62 "il'Le
e,r.-LYnen*S
c-onuzrt P r:Ge- S i ttr \* t^r?- Si-' t-["2-= a

AAil*n1

.^lhi i mPurrttfzs' '


o AAfu{t o^ ol imPurt'lurzs i s .rJJaJ,'&r*,xl and- thz
st is .J.Q.zA t'{ypgL--sj "
a'rr-

Tvpes
OF ImPuA\ttEs',*
n.ali.-r.-,j

tfas - E-t Borwt


m Drr- h o[as
v nl.e-n.-e artectrons =)

o frivaLer^*, i rvrpurri

o,

3-

*vr,t'.ch has

P-

t\ re

stlicon

u=-L:":
:t uvalb\k ho",d.
+o
f,*r^
4ror* nziXhto*i",1 ^tpun
rs.s,^-tf,trr7o i o- t^ SU- \n th-e vr-e-fnh b o rr n7 o*p"t
^
Th-e \*pu.ritrq is .o-[l,eA " **&f*^ *I3 ".
Txiuu!..rt \.npu'.t\'r6 --) acc-uPts

e/

tl acssptov dogtnl coro.-e-raLYa,tfo n is NA,


-hrl.e N n =)n i +lnu[-rr h r.Q.e cov\ c.entralfo4
ist
Pp x Na -) \il'z?z^d2."'t o$ t*'P'
Con..ent.na*,r on o| rr\iyr ot1L1 cay?rters i=,

rP= +=,
N,1

@
o Tt^ur5 Co$rc-ent)firdrt"oyl "+ vlrt[norttl cq\rTteYs {s
t*-wrf

e.

raJurr*-

Ar-P

and'znt'

klu5-I.lgr s3gg$aF: e8 ' Pho=PhslfL\s r,,tn'r'h


has 6

val,e-ncL e-!'c-cLrovls

'

Fxe9. c,lz;-t.lcovl

Arnn&A br
iqgu^.r,[1

N -LYPZ

^ton

gilr-.r,n

P.r,t^, il;.,rr/- \- P "vi L1

CA'o"^)

f,$ con cen.l,ro-b I au. ,]


Nls >) r,r2 thc.n,

r^3
Fov - \F
",

A-ov,

N5

=)

o4,
y1
n pn =

ni2-

ox torrts
\

ni

nAzpe"A-e^t

t t-u

"l

*-e*peria*U-ce

E'l.r-ctrons cr{- MtoriLy cqtrfers


i
"f \

,.,h-ar<

*zm prarahwe

1_

ND
tn

si-{+c

:) pnZ
wr

a-kpwr

co.

rrrtzrs-,

d-e.p-et

Azrt

qvl& h'o,Qgs a r{

Cr\' U RREN\T
'' ". ^"4/

DRte r Cu
RRENT
..ra!,-v^.-\.4.-^
An.za.-

t-uow

-\-t{

/^Va..^!.^

S-efv\_l

f\,L

cpN DuC T9RS,

i?E-

Vz.0oci{u5

"$ h"&-s = *p-o-tlt = Fe E

Vz.Loci{y

o} elo.tro^s = *-or,'lt = A"E

wwr<^
tr
-/
I

= "pp.trerl ..t-octtt.c 4teld.

Pp=

F", = ")-2"*oq

Norp
r\.,r{'',

alr"t

t.^ = vu
n
zltrp
Fn

rp\s

x |eo .n'/ t,

h"0.e 'r\Aohihty

:>
:)

\ntrrt nsrt- s i

nnobt"0ttl

ta 5o

*Ytl" 4"'

\r.trinsic St

r=-l;.6drons rrto\,,<
rrro\,,< S^=t<-v thon
-e-Le6drons
h

".&-s.

r<spr .tiu oly , Lh'q

o0z coYv\P o'z^t "+

l',.tlL c uYrznt Fln*i'n1 thvoun h ba'r t = '


f,r = AT? *r_ar,$L
=)

I?= A?P fel,

The- c,^xroznL Aa-nsitX


5?

$ot

is 6iven bY,

T\e.

&rc +D {-"2

cur1.enL dr-nsill

5n=

1/

Y\

l.tn

e-l'scbvo*\

lt,

Th.e tDta_|" Ar., lt cu\rrrln/U ,'=,

g=

+ _f -*h*r{, G.

ond f
ohwrs

,/f

*Tn

(-

XVY,

"

ty

n-

xzstsLiuitl'=
C

aa^ \o*-

f=

+ "r{ril

l=

f : TL?trP +nl"lil
arhxv<
t

c orn drr.{:r

--

[a't"r,,

5?

'=

t^r.c t'

-/ I Ptar-t n Lt")

Ltr u,

\
=

a.s

XApe+n/{
.

E/l

/
,i
L
= O/;i
te"Li'neUts
(n-'(tn =r/.*\
wVzve anits r+ f qr ohtns i'('c'n
9I9Jtf& - trt',d Te-sr stJ r, i L1 "| q-1.,t:ti ".:*
(lse nL= \'5xto''/''\t
a.n[ Q9 p^L\p SL r.rrt-t]-, NR= tot6fr''T3.
4"v i"'tvtnstc sL'
crrr-fVt4l?--48oc^-/t/s'
I3'e
/tn=
d*ped" si'

fn= lrtoc^o/vt + lt?=4oo'^'/vs 'C'tlf ' tOFr- i'n\x insrt- Si ,

=n = n{ = l' 5x,rto /r*3


-fhrrs,
, 2 2'a I XtOt -'-ffi
? (eru "nf 0
rli r,29x ,f/c^s
tr") {:ov p-Lf fc sit
nP=
=

,r

F/, =

TIws"/

J)=
I

Nft=

lo''/r^3"=)

t (frt +nfln)

= l'5 5"sl-'crvl

Nn

)k- Fov A"gzA

s; resistivi\ is Aalt*od, ?yy@

b1 d-op
inq
ry

eon
#-

[n.^.-'(.r

Do

?\'I

Ynaq n

ant

red.aczs

i{ixdr-

M0r^.^.-,^'-v

ra-tt o5,

.nesrsLi"ity by gX45
"4

Houe
rNf,g,cTrotl

u)

F
c
d
t-

tJl

J 2
Z

.l cuvten* at eqqtn po,rtT=]^ropowtJ ohol


c*ntra;bf on
t*&-vLt,

lo(nifud.aCorA

+r

A Kxl

+ -?5r A*
=

w\,zrz, Sp

= Ho.h Cnvtenf D.ensi\ U/r^)


b p = D i4furs [o n cons t /^t 1-r]$us iv ily
/
PCr)= Ho.Qe

cDy\czrrtvrtfon ..1r p o iruL">d',

A Kx)

i..
d'* ' r

naqaltvC
(

+ posiUt,e cuylr"* +{",,., int


x- d,ire.{loq C,.rhf 2 ?)

Foy d-e-ctron ,*llusfort .uv-e^i,

Jn:?r" d#,ntx)
l$ocE..6f6n a*}-41 vLncR \n S,.
L/\..A,/

wQ-

\atz,

& 59' }3 H Hg W??

F"t int-r[nstc stfucorr


t)- e
^"/g
Dn= 35c^u/s,
* tuheve- d."oes A*'f,ltrs f on c u)rrre nt *!n *
5p =

{t

).

Who c4xszs tJrQ- concznt-m.tioY1 Xr*d+e"t 2


\
(Nn"p $nusq in vrind , Wdll, q.mswzF it, t-"*'ev),

Rer-nrroNs*\P Qq.pEE{
' v'^-Al

Dn =

lr"

Q,e &(:Sla
DP =Vvr

K T.
wl*vx, V.TT=
=
=

Thev*a.,{ f) o["LaXz

(: rso,L\ma.vrrs cons{-= \,3a X to-23*ttr6 -ftx'


t(/-l'6xlo^'tc

= T"nnp.eva-lr.xe

in Ke{vr\

P.g1rg.-ru

?xsrxAg

2tr B$-)vN:xro
A N gDG.

l,W $lt5

-subst'r&

Rt R)-*rsuw

AtIosq

CAIH obE

*JuNCTtoN UNDER, OPesr CtR.cutT:PN


.\-/\Arn-z'r.ra.n/;1,^.-,^'.^t\.^..^-

.-

..

./-.

^_

--)xp
<=* ES
Hol{g

't ++ -t -t-t +
tat*+
1+
r+'t .t +1f

e/t sJl EugcrRrsrg

ol oi
o o'

^---l

-r+(+r-ra o
+t{++t* ,9 iB,

se-rll+io\^

unA Ch avles

orrrtlfr

>c-)

r- bt^e- t^o
Q^ff{*stot
/\./\ .^./v\.^ (4-*4nL
nn .-.r...r^-r.
C on cu-vrtxafu orn
,'rA qxadiev*h o.k* qp \vtL $rrrn
"*
"*
o
e - Llpe tD n -bfoF.Cvno'o on tjnis t *"1'1
Csnc-ernLwatiort

u-Lu.*o,.s

Xradrent
"+
'p
('ruto"< {'t,"t)

%otr(t

4ro* ,.''-typ{ to -tXpx-{iDirsr-cLtr^ ol cuvrap{, {nrrn p-{-yfe to n^t_\p^g.

$EPLErtoN
ReoroN
/\-^./^*,4.,/
@

.
t
.

\{

oll.s &if,fu.z

Nz-ar L\\z

.1

^.-

&r*

u ncLt

a\

-LrPa +o n {1Pz '

l-l''.e-sc- h

"{.q=

c'ovrbivrz

t'r'

ith

'$rax- &.troY\S 7 tn L}* n - t19e *Af ovr '


Th n - \ pe r-eq ion Lu 4s o r i7 i^^ilr p-le'cIxi'a-19
'i

r', h aA qp os it-r re .ha r?& c, -ntzv p arf in the {ot- '{


u
th,e n,.r.c&us "{ tL{ pzntavo-ln* i*PuriLY'
l5 u.c tr rLco*kinet,t on nu^a"lr +-k .Juh "t1"o'n
v'zr.rtra.t

o.

, ,.r) rrT

lrzz

"a)-e.tjrt

th,e- genta ,&t *. \vnp,mtL1 "tptn -hnc-h h ad'


P'sittv-Q. .ho Xf is sa id. tp b haue 6 u"t
sa-i{ to
*ryx:gyg{. T\.,i:' P osiUvr- .kary is

bz " [gg pg*Xg .^!'1S"'

rqron wdyx- "trzeonn b(nclL on h"Ppznsd


is t*rlz6d ,$ [o*- eLL"1;roy\s Ve-ncx- u'1"t
x"7to" is .oJlaJ.. "&f,&#.X XA-i99"
The-

,e*^cL saro/r.e tJni^1 hagPzv\s in thx- P-LYP{aqte} /ca "4 hr&-s.


vaj.uon *hich
T\nx-

ff*r
Thz, *f&;$* X?ptA is *t..
",bSrte Tgt{g}
Rec4r,LSe
f te,oA,"u

T\n'is

,l

b-Uad "spac-q-

'.

th"c-

eho\qz-

tj,ore ts

ax\ ,-ls&v-''e-,c,

"-

e-{rcL:r*._

?t'll' ?rLve-ts -$artl"st A''{lusi"l

,l ho,ks e^nd- ur{,e&"rp1t-s o.c Yoss Lh{ j^.{,"rtl

thrrs rrz&run7 +J.z

$UHg1 Xtt(I&.

@
-,Detr-r
CuRRENT
O,t:*
61./^.,/\.a../^A.,
vni'noTltf CarrliR-ws,
o 3 ue- +, +)r$\\"11
/
frzv:LYa*l-&
tl
o Thc- barrtev v oLLaTr" cat)'sLg t\^z wrlnrvtt:1
caTrteYs 'L, I btxt ', -

.,cu

e-lz.t-rvrs

4tr*

-Lfroz

to

-L1pe

lw
Y ._=;:'z
ff;
4gl! cS,Xf! , Is -

off"Ih

u,
is coJ,SzL

'

P_rrrz-

o I-e i s a- stror,,7 X-*cLr'r rr


",| &^p.raJ.,qye
' r-s is A in/a f."d"^t nl tlr-(- vap,(.leLton W*"
vol*nqt
Vo.
6J
.

U
n

xr

seR

, . -^

O Pexr Crn cul


11'6...a-

1l..^.-^.a,

CpfsefaqN.A-^-'z-

rD: r<
anA ts mqrnt&trsd,
u"olryW t*ro ca-seg

by barf te x vo!*af Uo. VtS


*lr-erm Is * Is.

tA= f ',- fs, ) Es :) M ore bo..r,d .ho\ff-s


ruill bz qn c ovlx Ld, o n both si&s , d. ylzLrrn
9a1n *rll *d,e.ut aud Uo wu!')" i^c rtaeL t-ht h
*kI. cars-Q- Ip to lec.",.qsp- t "^ti,1 Sp = 15.
n,CAse-2
a..r^.-z--\

Lu 4 }s + Th<.ve u,&l L2- Q'e'st bow'td'


;n^rt" => :*:zArtcn-;. de-?!ztio,,1 9,nyz, =) Vo t,,W'()-acx,Lxsz =) :tr-D has tp \nc^rq'sz *'tt.tl- \ =qs'

txx*:xx hxx: Es k!rAGE",-hr-xr,

tr\ n

8, H$ qYe
iAe

bPrry.

Concz

ntr,arttovls,

sihr 'cespecti "r4.


F oY ,Ls
Vo t\p \.4 varics bztt-QQ\\ o'LV "-r4 o'1v
@ )roonn te*pe rdwYz-.
,of p-s

c r.rt n -

(=4-s \Y! V o qs inq a- V^"1&)C&-y ?


'L u)X.,iz vsl .-F,-*^-a!- n't''(^ "^ '
l?)--,{
Crtztct vol*ay @ YAaUI - sjrQicondr..tor ju,.ctions

t^l
hV car^,
'{}ii\^.

6L

th{ {rr*irnat, t L^^ct& LoL""z LUe- bo-r ie-x

v o.Qiagc

RN

lxxxxl

W.w NAiIP "p;

Pt

f tf f + ++
+ +-t + +ff
+ ++ I +
r+ *t t t f f

{*

Pp=Na

a;L
1\Po=
M

( r>
t ',9
.rr.
rt''(

flr, : trtg
(

gl

oni
r\o-

3
Ot

-&,
&-t^J
, 'fr

le.+\ =

2_

lC

A1/ Np Xq

The

t*

bo.rr,A ,hra

1.,

Lt\r p-stJz & n-s;A!- qYz five"

b;',

\Q-\ = A 7, Nn xP

,rnA. \a*\
u,,h.g.rt,

N> xn

i, tl^z- g.Q.o*z. PuPenir.,.Q-o-v to thz

P"ff'

\a-\ = \a* \

)A
4
A,Q.ro

fr1

cYosg'-s"cLir.^.{, a'rt?-L "} P-^ i*.n'tior1

A--

No-,

--

Nnxp

41, Nr x^
Nn

xh
Xp

, 4trrn Aev t c{

^\u
P

hY 5i c s

W = Xr,-rXp=
,oherr,

"

Lrt= [- ),ec6.o! ?xrv\ittvt'lr4 ,f s;

a\\'?x S.gsxio-ttF /r^=

T\r;.^il,.'U'
T h*rs2

anAT

= \ \' v Lo

l-o4xro-t'ol

is in tk{ r_uny? 4rt"n D'lpwr

Xn = \ J

xe ='w

L' \F''

Na
N* rNo
NP
NA +ND

st orqd o n ciLh-er,- srdelzgtr.-Urn Yet f tzn i t,

Cha yX7-

a; ? [ a*l

+a5=47

"^

.t

= \ q-\

Nn No
\.\n * No

on.tj o*

Y1

w=oJr16g;v"

PN
UNoeR
&r.reTroN
r\.n^
a\Alr^\/\^_Aa-i
RR"YEA:E A,'S (4" A Li rnrr uE, A vn uvs,s)
.4,.Atzr-2.r,**"2.-) to

*ts

->TU
*tg

(.
1

?.res c sJ&r

t/./rrh 'rLvqrs

Reunse
Bres
71rrA*rt-Z
^.,4..^-

fas

) s.z-fls{ion
-> fa eTs

tLgio vt tt, r dzns

-> S\nc< Ls is )" 2 +"


t*:hose

wl

is

(u:t y ??)
inori1

carrtrr7s

pryo*UrL
&pen )evvb, bh" ^rcve.rsc- htas cu.:-vent rb
sLr on gly tcwr Vero*urz dnp"r"t^ert, .
-+ Th ouero!& cut-re n.t, uhdtr rev{<Tse_ bi4s
is vyf sv,na.t,t
t/Jl^4t is tU tr.s{PXt .-jr"ctJ'rn qy,dsr TveysqLtas

on

as\rtra.*,r'av1

tA.rn

"$

Ths davi.-<ca.

pac

ta

,pLra*as

tr.

a-s

G. =ro)

L volLa72
M?*^dtrr*,
6

* AE r-svorrS tros incrr{agrs t[r{- c,a?actfanc2 d,etreAses


=) v o.Lt^32 d'oqznd.t^rt ca-pacilgtnc-e'
CvnRAcro0
)F Th& .^pqcitana.e ,$ ju^.tfr"r u" i*, at.La ts,
f

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