Designation: D1816 12

Standard Test Method for

Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using

VDE Electrodes1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1816; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope*

2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dielectric breakdown voltage of insulating liquids (oils of petroleum
origin, silicone fluids, high fire-point mineral electrical insulating oils, synthetic ester fluids and natural ester fluids). This
test method is applicable to insulating liquids commonly used
in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and similar apparatus as an insulating and cooling medium. Refer to Terminology D2864 for definitions used in this test method.
1.2 This test method is sensitive to the deleterious effects of
moisture in solution especially when cellulosic fibers are
present in the liquid. It has been found to be especially useful
in diagnostic and laboratory investigations of the dielectric
breakdown strength of insulating liquid in insulating systems.2
1.3 This test method is used to judge if the VDE electrode
breakdown voltage requirements are met for insulating liquids.
This test method should be used as recommended by professional organization standards such as IEEE C57.106.
1.4 This test method may be used to obtain the dielectric
breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Method D2225
and Specification D4652, provided that the discharge energy
into the sample is less than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown
for five consecutive breakdowns.
1.5 Both the metric and the alternative inch-pound units are
acceptable.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.05 on Electrical Test.
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally
approved in 1960 as D1816 60 T. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as
D1816 04. DOI: 10.1520/D1816-12.
2
Supporting data is available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D27-1006.

2.1 ASTM Standards:3

D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
D2225 Test Methods for Silicone Fluids Used for Electrical
Insulation
D2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
D3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in
Electrical Apparatus
D4652 Specification for Silicone Fluid Used for Electrical
Insulation
D6871 Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids
Used in Electrical Apparatus
2.2 IEEE Standard:
Standard 4 IEEE Standard Techniques for High Voltage
Testing4
C57.106 Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment4
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage of an insulating liquid
is of importance as a measure of the liquids ability to
withstand electric stress without failure. The dielectric breakdown voltage serves to indicate the presence of contaminating
agents such as water, dirt, cellulosic fibers, or conducting
particles in the liquid, one or more of which may be present in
significant concentrations when low breakdown voltages are
obtained. However, a high dielectric breakdown voltage does
not necessarily indicate the absence of all contaminants; it may
merely indicate that the concentrations of contaminants that are
present in the liquid between the electrodes are not large
enough to deleteriously affect the average breakdown voltage
of the liquid when tested by this test method (see Appendix
X1.)
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
4
Available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., PO
Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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D1816 12
3.2 This test method is used in laboratory or field tests. For
field breakdown results to be comparable to laboratory results,
all criteria including room temperature (20 to 30C) must be
met.
4. Electrical Apparatus
4.1 In addition to this section, use IEEE Standard 4 to
determine other requirements necesary for conducting test
measurements, and maintaining error limits using alternating
voltages. Procedures to ensure accuracy should follow the
requirements of IEEE Standard 4. Calibration(s) shall be
traceable to national standards and calibration should be
verified annually or more often to ensure accuracy requirements. IEEE Standard 4 is required during the manufacturing
of the test apparatus and utilized during calibration of the
equipment.
4.1.1 Test VoltageThe test voltage shall be an alternating
voltage having a frequency in the range from 45 to 65 Hz,
normally referred to as power-frequency voltage. The voltage
wave shape should approximate a sinusoid with both half
cycles closely alike, and it should have a ratio of peak-to-rms
values equal to the square root of 2 within 65 %.
4.1.2 Generation of the Test Voltage The test voltage is
generally supplied by a transformer or resonant circuit. The
voltage in the test circuit should be stable enough to be
unaffected by varying current flowing in the capacitive and
resistive paths of the test circuit. Non-disruptive discharges in
the test circuit should not reduce the test voltage to such an
extent, and for such a time, that the disruptive discharge
(breakdown) voltage of the test specimen is significantly
affected. In the case of a transformer, the short-circuit current
delivered by the transformer should be sufficient to maintain
the test voltage within 3 % during transient current pulses or
discharges, and a short circuit current of 0.1 A may suffice.
4.1.3 Disruptive Voltage Measurement Design the measurement circuit so the voltage recorded at the breakdown is
the maximum voltage across the test specimen immediately
prior to the disruptive breakdown, with an error no greater than
3 %.

4.4 Measuring SystemsThe voltage shall be measured by

a method that fufills the requirements of IEEE Standard No. 4,
giving rms values.
4.5 Connect the electrode such that the voltage measured
from each electrode with respect to ground during the test is
equal within 5 %.
4.6 AccuracyThe combined accuracy of the voltmeter and
voltage divider circuit shall be such that measurement error
does not exceed 3 % at the rate-of-voltage rise specified in 4.3.
For equipment manufactured prior to 1995 the maximum
allowable error is 5 %.
5. Electrodes
5.1 The electrodes shall be polished brass sphericallycapped electrodes of the VDE (Verband Deutscher
Elektrotechniker, Specification 0370) type having the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 61 %, mounted with axes horizontal and
coincident within 61 mm.
6. Test Cell
6.1 The test cell shall be designed to permit easy removal of
the electrodes for cleaning and polishing, verification that the
shape is within the specified tolerance, and to permit easy
adjustment of the gap spacing. The vector sum of the resistive
and capacitive current of the cup, when filled with oil meeting
the requirements of Specification D3487, shall be less than 200
A at 20 kV, at power frequency. Mount the electrodes rigidly
from opposite sides with the spacing axially centered within
61 mm. Clearance from the electrodes to all sides, bottom,
cover or baffle, and any part of the stirring device is at least
12.7 mm (12 in.). Provide the test cell with a motor-driven
two-bladed impeller and drive shaft, constructed of a material
having high dielectric strength. The two-bladed impeller is 35
mm (138 in.) 65 % between the blade extremities, having a

4.2 Circuit-Interrupting Equipment Design the circuit

used to interrupt the disruptive discharge through the specimen
to operate when the voltage across the specimen has collapsed
to less than 100 V. It is recommended that the circuit design
limit the disruptive current duration and magnitude to low
values that will minimize damage to the electrodes and limit
formation of non-soluble materials resulting from the
breakdown, but consistent with the requirements of 4.1.2, but
in no case should the short-circuit current exceed 1 mA/kV of
applied voltage.
4.3 Voltage Control EquipmentUse a rate of voltage rise
of 0.5 kV/s. The tolerance of the rate of rise should be 5 % for
any new equipment manufactured after the year 2000. Automatic equipment should be used to control the voltage rate of
rise because of the difficulty of maintaining a uniform voltage
rise manually. The equipment should produce a straight-line
voltage-time curve over the operating range of the equipment.
Calibrate and label automatic controls in terms of rate-of-rise.
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FIG. 1 VDE Electrode

D1816 12
pitch of 40 mm (1.57 in.) 65 % (blade angle of twenty degrees
(20) 6 5 %), operating at a speed between 200 and 300 rpm.
The impeller, located below the lower edge of the electrodes,
rotates in such a direction that the resulting liquid flow is
directed downward against the bottom of the test cell. Construct the test cell of a material of high dielectric strength, that
is not soluble in or attacked by any of the cleaning or test
liquids used, and is nonabsorbent to moisture and the cleaning
and test liquids. So that the breakdown may be observed,
transparent materials are desirable, but not essential. In order to
preclude stirring air with the sample, provide the cell with a
cover or baffle that will effectively prevent air from contacting
the circulating liquid.
7. Adjustment and Care of Electrodes and Test Cell
7.1 Electrode SpacingWith the electrodes held firmly in
place, check the electrodes with a standard round gage for 2 6
0.03-mm (0.079-in.) spacing. If a dielectric breakdown does
not occur during any of the consecutive breakdown tests using
the 2 mm spacing or the sample is not adequate for the 2 mm
spacing test cell a 1 6 0.03-mm (0.039-in.) spacing should be
used to determine the breakdown voltage and the spacing
reported. Flat go and no-go gages may be substituted
having thicknesses of the specified value 60.03 mm for
electrode spacing of 1 or 2 mm. If it is necessary to readjust the
electrodes, set the electrodes firmly in place and check the
spacing. For referee tests or tests that will be used for close
comparisons, the laboratories shall agree in advance on the
spacing for the tests and ensure that all other requirements of
this test method are met. The spacing agreed upon shall be
measured with the gage that corresponds exactly to the selected
spacing within tolerance stated above for the gage.
7.2 CleaningWipe the electrodes and cell clean with dry,
lint-free tissue paper, or a clean dry chamois. It is important to
avoid touching the electrodes or the cleaned gage with the
fingers or with portions of the tissue paper or chamois that have
been in contact with the hands. After adjustment of the spacing,
rinse the cell with a dry hydrocarbon solvent, such as kerosine
or solvents of Specification D235. Do not use a low boiling
point solvent, as its rapid evaporation may cool the cell,
causing moisture condensation. If this occurs, before using,
warm the cell to evaporate the moisture. Avoid touching the
electrodes or the inside of the cell after cleaning. After
thorough cleaning, flush the cell with new insulating liquid of
the type to be tested that is filtered through a 5-micron filter or
smaller and containing less than 25 ppm moisture. Conduct a
voltage breakdown test on a specimen of this insulating liquid
in the manner specified in this test method. If the breakdown
voltage is in the expected range for this conditioned insulating
liquid, the cell is considered properly prepared for testing other
samples. A lower than anticipated value is considered as
evidence of cell contamination; then repeat the cleaning and
the breakdown test with clean dry insulating liquid.
7.3 Daily UseAt the beginning of each days testing, the
electrodes shall be examined for pitting and carbon
accumulation, and the spacing checked. If the test of any
sample is below the breakdown value being used by the
operator as a minimum satisfactory value, drain the cell and

flush the cell with new insulating liquid of the type to be tested
that is filtered through a 5-micron filter and containing less than
25 ppm moisture before testing the next specimen. When not in
use, keep the cell filled with oil that meets the requirements of
Specification D3487 of the type normally tested. Alternatively,
the cell may be stored empty in a dust-free cabinet. At the
beginning of each days testing, clean according to 7.2.
7.4 Polishing of ElectrodesWhen electrodes show slight
etching, scratching, pitting, or carbon accumulation, they
should be removed from the test cup and polished by buffing
with jewelers rouge using a soft cloth or soft buffing wheel.
The residue from the buffing should be removed by repeated
wiping with lint-free tissue paper saturated with a suitable
solvent, followed by solvent rinsing or ultrasonic cleaning.
After careful inspection, any electrodes from which pitting
cannot be removed by light buffing should be discarded, as
more refinishing would destroy the electrode contour and
dimensions shown in Fig. 1. Reinstall the electrodes in the test
cup and adjust spacing and clean in accordance with 7.1 and
7.2.
8. Sampling
8.1 Obtain a sample of the insulating liquid to be tested
using appropriate ASTM sampling apparatus. Insulating liquid
sampling procedures are detailed in Practice D923. Particular
reference should be made to the general precaution statement
of this test method. The sample shall be taken in a dry, clean,
non-permeable bottle. Tightly seal and shield from light until
ready to be tested. Plastic bottles are permeable and moisture
content of the sample may change resulting in a measurable
difference when compared to samples collected in nonpermeable containers. Prior to starting the test, the sample shall
be inspected for the presence of moisture, sludge, metallic
particles, or other foreign matter. If the sample shows evidence
of free water, the dielectric breakdown test should be waived,
and the sample reported as unsatisfactory.
9. Test Procedure
9.1 Allow the sample and the test cup to equilibrate to
ambient temperature. Laboratory and referee tests shall be
conducted at room temperature (20 to 30C).
9.2 To ensure a homogenous sample, gently invert and swirl
the sample container several times. Rapid agitation is
undesirable, since an excessive amount of air may be introduced into the liquid. Within 1 min after agitation, use a small
portion of the sample to rinse the test cell. Drain the rinse.
Within 30 s of the rinse, fill the cell slowly with the remaining
portion of the sample. The cell is full when closing the cover
or baffle allows no air to be in contact with the insulating
liquid.
9.3 Wait at least 3 min but no more than 5 min between
filling the cup and application of voltage for the first breakdown. For high fire-point electrical insulating oils, natural
esters and synthetic esters, the hold time before the initial
application of voltage shall be at least 30 min. Apply the
voltage increasing from zero at the rate of 0.5 kV/s 6 5 % until
breakdown occurs as indicated by operation of the circuitinterrupting equipment; record the highest rms voltage value

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D1816 12
that occurred immediately prior to each breakdown. Occasional momentary discharges may occur which do not result in
operation of the interrupting equipment; these shall be disregarded until the voltage across the specimen collapses to less
than 100 V. Conduct four additional breakdowns waiting at
least 60 s but no more than 90 s before applications of voltage
for successive breakdowns. (During the intervals before voltage application, between breakdowns, and at the time voltage
is being applied, the propeller shall be circulating the insulating
liquid.)
9.4 Calculate the mean of the five breakdowns as follows:
1
X 5
5

(X

i51

where:
X
= mean of the five individual values,
X i = ith breakdown voltage.
9.5 Using the breakdown voltage values determined in 9.3,
determine that the range of the five (5) breakdown voltages
does not exceed the values indicated as follows:
Range 5

X Highest 2 X Lowest

where:
XHighest = the highest breakdown voltage of the five
readings, and
XLowest = the lowest breakdown of the five readings.
1 mm gap setting
2 mm gap setting

Range must be less than 120 % of the mean

of the five (5) breakdown voltages
Range must be less than 92 % of the mean
of the five (5) breakdown voltages

10. Report
10.1 Include in the report the following:
10.1.1 The test method used,
10.1.2 The volts (rms value) at each breakdown, and the
mean of all breakdowns reported to two significant digits,
10.1.3 The approximate temperature of the insulating liquid
at the time of the test, and
10.1.4 The electrode spacing.
11. Precision and Bias5
11.1 Single-Operator PrecisionThe single operator percent coefficient of variance of a single test result comprised of
5 breakdowns has been found for the 1 mm gap to be 14 % and
for the 2 mm gap 11 %. Therefore, results of two properly
conducted tests by the same operator on the same sample
should not differ by more than 40 % and 30 % respectively. The
maximum allowable range for the series of 5 breakdowns
should not exceed 120 % for the 1 mm gap and 92 % for the
2 mm gap.
11.2 Multilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratory percent coefficient of variance has been found for the 1 mm gap to
be 17 % and for the 2 mm gap 14 %. Therefore, two separate
test results conducted by separate laboratories on the same
sample of insulating liquid should not differ by more than 47 %
of the mean of the two tests if the 1 mm gap was used or differs
by more than 40 % of the mean of the two tests if the 2 mm gap
was used. The precision statement for the 1 mm gap is
temporary, because sufficient laboratories were not available
and testing is planned to replace the precision statement before
2009.

If this range is exceeded and there is sufficient volume of test

specimen, repeat the analysis on a new cup filling. If an
insufficient volume of test specimen is available, the test result
can be reported with an additional comment that the range of
the breakdowns exceeds the allowable range.

11.3 BiasNo statement can be made about the bias of this

test method because a standard reference material is not
available.

9.6 When it is desired merely to determine if the dielectric

strength is above or below a specified level, five breakdowns
are required, provided the five values are all above or all below
this level. Otherwise, follow the procedure described in 9.3
9.5

12.1 breakdown voltage; dielectric strength; insulating liquids; insulating oils; test cell; VDE electrodes

12. Keywords

5
Supporting data is available from ASTM International Headquarters. Request
RR:D27-1014.

APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF
INSULATING LIQUIDS AT COMMERCIAL POWER FREQUENCIES

X1.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage of an insulating

liquid at commercial power frequencies is also affected by:
X1.1.1 The degree of uniformity of the electric field,
X1.1.2 The area of the electrodes,
X1.1.3 Volume of the insulating liquid under maximum
stress,
X1.1.4 Insulation on the electrodes,

X1.1.5 Water content of the insulating liquid,

X1.1.6 Size and number of particles in the insulating liquid,
X1.1.7 Length of time for which the insulating liquid is
under stress,
X1.1.8 The temperature of the insulating liquid as it affects
the relative saturation level of moisture in solution,

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D1816 12
X1.1.9 Gassing tendencies of the insulating liquid under the
influence of electric stress,
X1.1.10 Concentration of dissolved gases if saturation levels are exceeded as a result of a sudden cooling or decrease in
pressure, which may cause the formation of gas bubbles,
X1.1.11 Incompatibility with materials of construction, and
X1.1.12 Velocity of flow.
X1.1.13 A decrease in dielectric strength of the insulating
liquid can have an accentuated effect on the electric creepage
strength of the solid insulating materials immersed in the
insulating liquid.

X1.2 Because of the separate, cumulative, and in some

cases, interacting effects of the influences listed above, the
average breakdown voltage of a liquid as determined by this
test method cannot be used directly for design purposes.
Procedures utilizing electrode shapes and configurations similar to those used in insulating liquid filled apparatus are used to
determine design data and to study the influence of the
variables. However, test results utilizing the rounded electrodes
in this test method do give an indication of the relative
dielectric strength of the insulating liquid in the insulation
system.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D27 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D1816-04)
that may impact the use of this standard.
(1) Revised title to include other insulating liquids (silicone
fluids, natural and synthetic esters).
(2) Changed the volume requirement for the test cell in 6.1.
(3) Added Requirements for handling samples containing free
water in 8.1.
(4) Added hold time for testing natural and synthetic esters and
high fire point fluids in 9.3.

(5) Removed the standard deviation calculation and added

Range calculation in 9.4 and 9.5.
(6) Added Instructions for handling test results when they
exceed the allowable range and there is insufficient sample to
retest.

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