Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 171 views

    Lecture 19 Rheology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Riddhi Archon Mandal
    This document provides an overview of material properties of deformed rocks covered in the lecture. It discusses how the rheology and strength of rocks is dependent on factors like temperature, confining pressure, and strain rate. It also describes different deformation mechanisms including brittle fracture, ductile flow, and creep. Experimental data is used to construct failure envelopes on Mohr diagrams that predict the conditions for shear fracture. Anderson's fault theory from the 1940s is introduced, which models the expected dips of normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults based on the orientation of principal stresses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 19 Rheology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Riddhi Archon Mandal
    171 views29 pages
    This document provides an overview of material properties of deformed rocks covered in the lecture. It discusses how the rheology and strength of rocks is dependent on factors like temperature, confining pressure, and strain rate. It also describes different deformation mechanisms including brittle fracture, ductile flow, and creep. Experimental data is used to construct failure envelopes on Mohr diagrams that predict the conditions for shear fracture. Anderson's fault theory from the 1940s is introduced, which models the expected dips of normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults based on the orientation of principal stresses.

    Original Title

    Lecture 19 Rheology.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of material properties of deformed rocks covered in the lecture. It discusses how the rheology and strength of rocks is dependent on factors like temperature, confining pressure, and strain rate. It also describes different deformation mechanisms including brittle fracture, ductile flow, and creep. Experimental data is used to construct failure envelopes on Mohr diagrams that predict the conditions for shear fracture. Anderson's fault theory from the 1940s is introduced, which models the expected dips of normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults based on the orientation of principal stresses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    171 views29 pages

    Lecture 19 Rheology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Riddhi Archon Mandal
    This document provides an overview of material properties of deformed rocks covered in the lecture. It discusses how the rheology and strength of rocks is dependent on factors like temperature, confining pressure, and strain rate. It also describes different deformation mechanisms including brittle fracture, ductile flow, and creep. Experimental data is used to construct failure envelopes on Mohr diagrams that predict the conditions for shear fracture. Anderson's fault theory from the 1940s is introduced, which models the expected dips of normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults based on the orientation of principal stresses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 29

    ES3101: Advanced Structural Geology

    Lecture 19: Material Properties of Deformed Rocks


    Reference: Structural Geology , Fossen, Chapter 6

    Course Outline

    General Introduction
    Primary structures in rocks & their role in deciphering rock deformation
    Unconformity
    Deformation
    Strain & strain analyses in deformed rocks
    Stress
    Material properties of deformed rocks
    Fracture criteria & Faulting & Paleostress analysis
    Joints, Veins
    3D structure of faults
    Structures in Convergent Boundaries
    Structures in Divergent Boundaries
    Strike-Slip structures
    Foliations & Lineations
    Mechanics of folding, Superposed folding
    Fold thrust belt Structural Geology

    Module 1

    Module 2

    Module 3

    Introduction to Mechanics & Concepts of Balanced Cross sections

    Microstructures & deformation mechanisms


    Shear zones

    Module 4

    Rheology
    Response of Rocks to Deformation:
    Quartz: Frictional regime ~ 300-350C (10-12 km)
    Feldspar: Frictional regime ~ 500C (20-30 km)
    Olivine: Frictional regime ~ 50km
    Two flow laws: Brittle-plastic transition
    (Gradual & recurring)

    Crystallography anisotropy
    Temperature
    Confining Pressure
    Pore pressure
    Strain rate
    Chemical environment

    Nonrecoverable
    Visco-Plastic material (Bingham material): Linear
    viscous behavior above yield stress
    e.g. wet paint certain yield stress for it to flow
    that prevents it from running down after a thin
    application

    Liquid silicic lava behaves as a visco-plastic material over a significant range of T

    Nonrecoverable

    Visco-Elastic material (Maxwell material): Permanent

    strain accumulates viscously. It begins as soon as stress is


    applied first as elastic deformation, then gradually viscously.
    It behaves like elastic material for loads of short duration &
    as a viscous material for loads of long duration -- Crust &
    Mantle

    Stress is released, spring will try to return


    to original position, movement delayed
    by dashpot

    Load on Water soaked sponge

    But, generally, non-linear material behavior

    n>1

    Ductile deformation experiments

    Constant Strain Rate Experiments

    Extrapolations to geologically
    meaningful lower strain rate

    Ductile deformation experiments

    Constant Strain Rate Experiments

    Extrapolations to geologically
    meaningful lower strain rate

    Ductile deformation experiments

    Constant Strain Rate Experiments

    Strength of a rock depends on its structural fabric (anisotropy)

    Work-hardening & Work-softening (rocks do not behave as


    perfectly plastic material during plastic deformation)

    Steady state

    Work-hardening: greater differential stress required to accumulate permanent strain


    -> rocks become stronger Strain-hardening
    Work-softening: lower differential stress needed to accumulate permanent strain
    -> Strain-softening

    Constant Stress Experiments (Creep)


    Creep: Slow, continuous deformation. Plastic deformation of a material that is subjected
    to a persistent and constant stress when that material is at a high homologous T (Th= T/Tm)

    Failure/Rupture

    I Primary or transient creep; strain rate decreases at constant


    stress (work hardening/strain hardening); material less ductile
    with increasing strain

    II Secondary or steady state creep; strain rate constant


    III Tertiary or accelerated creep; strain rate goes up

    Problems of using Brittle & Ductile


    Refer to deformation style

    Frictional & Plastic microstructural deformation mechanisms

    Course Outline

    General Introduction
    Primary structures in rocks & their role in deciphering rock deformation
    Unconformity
    Deformation
    Strain & strain analyses in deformed rocks
    Stress
    Material properties of deformed rocks
    Fracture criteria & Faulting & Paleostress analysis
    Joints, Veins
    3D structure of faults
    Structures in Convergent Boundaries
    Structures in Divergent Boundaries
    Strike-Slip structures
    Foliations & Lineations
    Mechanics of folding, Superposed folding
    Fold thrust belt Structural Geology

    Module 1

    Module 2

    Module 3

    Introduction to Mechanics & Concepts of Balanced Cross sections

    Microstructures & deformation mechanisms


    Shear zones

    Module 4

    Fracture Criteria

    Reference: Chapter 7: Fossen


    Chapter 10; Marshak & Mitra
    Chapter 8: Twiss & Moore

    Failure: Rock is unable to support stress increase without permanent deformation

    Brittle Failure Rock breaks to form continuous fractures resulting in the loss of
    cohesion.
    Ductile Failure Material deforms permanently without losing cohesion.

    Brittle Failure 1. Development of new fracture in an intact rock

    2. Slip on a pre-existing fracture in a previously fractured rock

    Different Types of Fractures

    Relative displacement is
    perpendicular to fracture

    Relative displacement is
    Parallel to the fracture;
    perpendicular to edge of fracture

    Relative displacement is
    Parallel to the fracture;
    parallel to edge of fracture

    Fracture criterion for Shear Fractures

    Criterion that could predict the state of stress at which a given rock under compression is at the
    verge of failure (critically stressed).
    Critical shear stress (s) & normal stress (n) acting on a potential fracture at the moment of failure

    ls l = n
    (Amontons Law)
    s = critical shear stress
    = coefficient of internal friction
    =tan 0.6 (for rocks)
    =angle of internal friction
    For loose sand, relates friction between sand grains & critical slope angle of the sand (angle
    of repose ~30)

    Fracture criterion for Shear Fractures


    Fracture forms only when the internal strength or cohesion (c) of the rock is exceeded

    Navier-Coulomb/ Mohr-Coulomb fracture criteria


    ls l = c + n
    s = critical shear stress
    c = cohesion/cohesive strength= critical
    shear stress along a surface across
    which n=0

    = coefficient of internal friction


    =tan 0.6 (for rocks)
    =angle of internal friction
    From experimental data, a shear fracture
    envelope on Mohr Diagram can be constructed
    that separates stable from unstable states of
    stress.

    Fracture criterion for Shear Fractures


    From experimental data, a shear fracture envelope on Mohr Diagram can be constructed that
    separates stable from unstable states of stress.

    Navier-Coulomb/ Mohr-Coulomb fracture criteria


    ls l = c + n
    s = critical shear stress
    c = cohesion/cohesive strength= critical
    shear stress along a surface across
    which n=0

    = coefficient of internal friction


    =tan 0.6 (for rocks)
    =angle of internal friction
    For loose sand, T=C=0 ls l = n
    (Amontons Law)
    More sand lithifies, higher T, C,
    Higher mean stress (confining P) higher
    differential stress required to create fracture
    T, C, vary from one rock to another

    Fracture criterion for Shear Fractures


    From experimental data, a shear fracture envelope on Mohr Diagram can be constructed that
    separates stable from unstable states of stress.

    Navier-Coulomb/ Mohr-Coulomb fracture criteria


    Coulomb Failure envelope

    Fracture criterion for Shear Fractures


    From experimental data, a shear fracture envelope on Mohr Diagram can be constructed that
    separates stable from unstable states of stress.

    Navier-Coulomb/ Mohr-Coulomb fracture criteria

    Most rocks develop shear fractures at angles < 45 to 1

    (Competing effects of minimum normal stress &


    maximum shear stress)

    Most rocks develop shear fractures with planes oriented at 30 to 1

    Stress Distribution & Faulting


    Andersons Fault Theory (1940s)

    Assumptions:

    Earth surface has no shear stress


    Earth surface is a principal plane of stress; principal stresses are
    normal & parallel to it
    Principal axis is perpendicular to earths surface
    Coaxial Deformation
    Isotropic material

    Andersons Fault Theory (1940s)


    Normal fault

    Dip of the fault =60

    Andersons Fault Theory (1940s)


    Reverse fault

    Dip of the fault =30

    Andersons Fault Theory (1940s)


    Strike-slip fault

    Dip of the fault =90

    You might also like