Axi PDF

M.
Vable
Notes for finite element method: Axi-symmetric, plates and shells, 3-D
Polar Coordinates
The small strain-displacement equations in polar coordinates are:
rr =
u r
r
u r 1 v
= ---- + --r r
1 u r v v
+
---- r = --r
r r
rz =
zz =
w
z
w u r
+
r z
1 w v
z = --+
r z
The Generalized Hookes Law can be written as:

2G
rr = -------------------- [ ( 1 ) rr + + zz ]
( 1 2 )
2G
= -------------------- [ ( 1 ) + rr + zz ]
( 1 2 )
2G
zz = -------------------- [ ( 1 ) zz + + rr ]
( 1 2 )
r
r = -----G
rz
rz = -----G
z
z = ------G
E
G = -------------------2( 1 + )
Axi-symmetric problems
For a problem to be axi-symmetric the following requirements must be met:
1. The geometry must be symmetric about an axis of revolution.
2. The material properties must be symmetric about the axis of revolution.
3. The loading and boundary conditions must be symmetric about the axis of
revolution.
Implications: Displacements and stresses must be independent of angular location
() and there can be no twist (v must be zero).
rr =
u r
r
ur
= ---r
zz =
w
z
r = 0
rz =
w u r
+
r z
z = 0
Note radial displacement causes tangential normal strain.

zz
rz
rr
M. Vable
z
r
Smooth
Surface
Pressurized
3-node Triangular Element
Displacements are linear in r and z directions

ur = a0 + a1 r + a2 z
(e)
w3
(e)
u r3
(e)
w2
2
(e)
u r1
(e)
u r1
(e)
u r ( r, z ) = N i ( r, z )u i
(e)
w1
i=1
(e)
(
e
)
u r2
u
r2
(e)
=
{
}
d
3
(e)
w
(e)
2
w ( r, z ) = N i ( r, z )v i
(e)
i=1
u r3
(e)
w3
3
(e)
w1
w = b0 + b1 r + b2 z
u r
w
= a1
zz =
= b2
x
z
ur
a0
a2 z
= ---- = ----- + a 1 + -------r
r
r
u r w
+
= a2 + b1
z r
rr =
rz =
Tangential normal strain is not constant
Same as CST
You can use any 2-D element, but will need to post-process the results of
displacements and strains to get , rr , , zz .
M. Vable
Thin Plate
A thin two-dimensional structural element that is subjected to bending loads.
Plane stress in z-direction

z
y
pz(x,y)
Mid-surface
is neutral surface
Mid-plane is initially flat

Plane sections before deformation remain plane after deformation. (displacements
u and v are linear in z, i.e., through the thickness.)
Kirchhoff Plate Theory
Plane sections initially perpendicular to the mid-surface remains perpendicular

after deformation ( xz 0
yz 0 ) --Shearing action is small)

u = z
w
x
v = z
w
y
w is the displacement in the z-direction and is only a function of x and y. u and v are
displacements in x and y direction.
For small strain:

2
xx
u
w
=
= z 2
x
x
yy
v
w
=
= z 2
y
y
xy
u v
w
=
+
= z
y x
xy
Stresses in plane stress:

2
xx
[ xx + yy ]
Ez w
w
= E ----------------------------=
-----------------+
2
2
2
2
(1 )
(1 )x
y
yy
[ yy + xx ]
Ez w
w
= E ----------------------------=
-----------------+
2
2
2
2
(1 )
(1 )y
x
xy
E
E z w
= -------------------- xy = -------------------2(1 + )
2 ( 1 + ) xy
M. Vable
Internal Forces and Moments:

t2
Mx =
t2
z xx dz
t 2
z yy dz
M xy =
t 2
t2
qx =
My =
t2
z xy dz
t 2
t2
xz dz
qy =
t 2
yz dz
t 2
The moments and shear forces have units of moments and forces per unit length.
Moment Curvature Formulas:

2
Mx = D
My = D
w
y
w
x
M xy
w
= D ( 1 )
xy
Et
where, D = ------------------------is called the plate rigidity.
2
12 ( 1 )
Differential Equation: Bi-harmonic Equation

4
w
x
w
2
x y
where, =
w
4
= p z ( x, y ) or w = w = p z ( x, y )
is the harmonic operator.
A kinematically admissible deflection w requires continuity of w,
w w
,
at all
x y
points.
2
At a corner the requirement that w = w results in the condition that w

xy
yx
xy
be continuous at the corner.
Rectangular element: Each node has four degrees of freedom (dof) per node:
2
w w w
w,
,
,
. Can be used only with rectangular sides parallel to x and y
x y xy
axis. Hermite polynomials are used for interpolation functions.

y
21 dof
16 dof
x
M. Vable
To ensure w = w at any orientation, requires all second derivatives to be

xy
yx
continuous at nodes.
Triangular element: Each corner node has six degrees of freedom per node
2
w w w
w w
w,
,
,
,
,
and the middle node on each side has one degree
2
2
x y
xy
x
y
of freedom w where the n direction is the normal direction to the side.
n
The continuity of second derivatives implies that moments must be continuous. If

there is a line load of moment then this will leads to problems.
Non-conforming elements do not satisfy all continuity requirements. Nonconforming elements are used in plate analysis.
Mindlin Plate Theory
Mindlin plate theory differs from Kirchhoff plate theory in the same way as
Timoshenkos beam theory differs from classical beam theory.
The assumption of plane sections initially perpendicular to the mid-surface

remains perpendicular after deformation is dropped and transverse shear is
accounted.
Displacements:
u = z y
v = z x
where, x and y are the rotation about x and y axis, respectively, of a line that was
initially perpendicular to the mid surface.
Strains
xx =
y
u
= z
x
x
xz =
u w
w
=
+ y
+
z x
x
Note y
yy =
x
v
= z
y
y
yz =
xy =
y x
u v
+
= z
y x
y x
u w
w
=
x
+
z x
y
w
w
= and x =
reduces Mindlins theory to Kirchhoffs theory.
x
y
Kinematically admissibility requires that w,
x, y must be continuous. Can use
Lagrange polynomial for interpolation functions.
M. Vable
Thin Shell Elements

Curved plate: Combination of membrane (2-D in-plane) and plate bending.
The elements are similar to plate elements but requires definition of curved
geometry.
FEM codes usually have shallow thin shell elements which can be used to also
simulate plate elements.
M. Vable
Three Dimensional Elements

Tetrahedron
Displacements are linear in x and y, resulting in constant strains.
Constant Strain
u = a0 + a1 x + a2 y + a3 z
v = b0 + b1 x + b2 y + b3 z
w = c0 + c1 x + c2 y + c3 z
1
z
x
x
x4
5
y
xz
yz
xy
x3y
x4y
x2y2
x3y2
xy3
x2y3
z3
z3
z3
y3
xy2
x2 y
x3
z2
xy4
y4
y5
M. Vable
Hexahedron (Brick) Element

Trilinear
1
N 1 = --- ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 )
8
1
N 4 = --- ( 1 + ) ( 1 + ) ( 1 )
8
1
4
20 node quadratic
Iso-parametric:
u =
(e)
Ni ( , , )ui
x =
i=1
n
v =
i=1
n
(e)
Ni ( , , )vi
y =
i=1
n
w =
Ni ( , , )xi
Ni ( , , )yi
i=1
n
(e)
Ni ( , , )wi
z =
Ni ( , , )zi
1 1 1
[K
(e)
] =
[B]
[ E ] [ B ] ( dx ) ( dy ) ( dz ) =
[ B ]
[ E ] [ B ] J ( d ) ( d ) ( d )
1 1 1

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M.

The Generalized Hookes Law can be written as:

Note radial displacement causes tangential normal strain.

3-node Triangular Element

Displacements are linear in r and z directions

Tangential normal strain is not constant

Plane stress in z-direction

Mid-plane is initially flat

Kirchhoff Plate Theory

Plane sections initially perpendicular to the mid-surface remains perpendicular

yz 0 ) --Shearing action is small)

For small strain:

Stresses in plane stress:

Internal Forces and Moments:

Moment Curvature Formulas:

Differential Equation: Bi-harmonic Equation

is the harmonic operator.

A kinematically admissible deflection w requires continuity of w,

At a corner the requirement that w = w results in the condition that w

axis. Hermite polynomials are used for interpolation functions.

To ensure w = w at any orientation, requires all second derivatives to be

The continuity of second derivatives implies that moments must be continuous. If

Mindlin Plate Theory

The assumption of plane sections initially perpendicular to the mid-surface

Kinematically admissibility requires that w,

x, y must be continuous. Can use

Lagrange polynomial for interpolation functions.

Thin Shell Elements

Three Dimensional Elements

Hexahedron (Brick) Element

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