FEATI University

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

AND AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
Helios St. Sta. Cruz Manila, Philippines

AIRPORT OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

IN THE PHILIPPINES

AE527(11)
Airport Engineering and Management
Arman John D. Aguil
12-00110
September 30, 2016

Introduction
A drastic change in air transportation is seen especially in the past two decades. Air
transportation is awarded as the safest mode of transportation in the world. The
researcher aims to know how the airport in the country is being owned and
manage. The researcher also aims to know the different classification of airport in
the country. The researcher also aims to know what are the different challenges
encountered by the airports in the Philippines. At the end of this comprehensive
study, the researcher will recommend am idea on how to improve the airport
ownership and management in the country.

Discussion of the Methodology used in the study

The method used to answer all the objectives in this comprehensive study is
through interview. The interview needed was accomplished in Civil Aviation
Authority of the Philippines (CAAP). The objective that wasnt answer in the said
office is gathered in online resources.

Discussion of the Report Objectives

A. Airport ownership in the Philippines
According to Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP), The Airport
ownership in the Philippines is classified according to FAA. The three distinct
classifications of FAA are Private-Use Airport, Public-Use Publicly Owned
Airports, and Public-Use Privately Owned Airports.
I.

Private-Use Airports are used privately by its owner; it is limited via the
owners objective on how will he operate the aerodrome. It can be usually
found in private lot, or a private airstrip.

II.

Public-Use Publicly Owned Airport is the most common type of airport found
in the Philippines. Typically own by a government body (either by whole or
share of stock). Limited by its own span and length, any aircraft can land in
this type of airport by either consulting the government or the airport
regulator that is the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP).

III.

Public-Use Privately Owned Airports thought very uncommon, the Philippine

government is trying regulate the concept of this idea. With the help of
Public-Private Partnership (PPP), the concept begins when the government
strikes a deal with a Private company to fund the construction of an airport
while the government pays it via installment. The company then funds the
construction

however;

this

company builds

stores

and

landmarks

surrounding the airport for their own business interest. This type of Airport
becomes a Public-Use Publicly Owned Airport when the government have
paid the certain amount agreed on.
B. List of public airports in the Philippines

Classification

Airport

Location

Laoag

Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

D. Macapagal International Airport

Angeles City, Pampanga

Authority
Subic Bay International Airport

Subic Bay, Olongapo City

Authority
Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Pasay City, Metro Manila

Authority
Puerto Princesa
International
Airport

Puerto Princesa City,

Palawan

IloIlo Airport

Barangay Duyan-Duyan,
Cabanatuan, IloIlo

Kalibo

Kalibo, Aklan

Mactan-Cebu International Airport

Mactan, Lapu-Lapu City,

Authority Authority

Cebu

Zamboanga

Zamboanga City, Zamboanga

del Sur

Davao International Airport

Diversion Road, Buhangin,

Davao City

General Santos (Tambler)

General Santos City, South

(SOCCSKSARGEN)

Cotabato

Tuguegarao

Tuguegarao, Cagayan

San Jose

San Jose, Occidental

Mindoro

Butuan

Butuan City, Agusan del

Norte

Bacolod Silay Airport

Silay City, Negros Occidental

Cotabato (ARMM)

Awang, Maguindanao,
Cotabato

Principal

Tacloban

San Jose, Tacloban City

Dipolog

Dipolog City, Zamboanga del

Class 1

Norte
Laguindingan

Laguindingan, Misamis
Oriental

Dumaguete

Sibulan, Negros Oriental

Legazpi

Legazpi City, Legazpi

Naga

San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur

Pagadian

Pagadian City, Zamboanga

del Sur

Roxas

Roxas City, Capiz

Tagbalaran

Tagbalaran City, Bohol

Baguio

Brgy. Loakan, Baguio City

Basco

Basco, Batanes

Marinduque

Gasan, Marinduque

Principal

Romblon

Tugdan, Alcantara, Romblon

Class 2

Evelio B. Javier Airport

San Jose de Buenavista,

Antique

Busuanga

Coron Island, Palawan

Calbayog

Trinidad, Calbayog, Western

Samar

Camiguin

Mambajao, Camiguin
Province

Catarman

Poblacion, Catarman,
Northern Samar

Godofredo P. Ramos Airport

Malay, Aklan

(TDHC)*
Cuyo

Cuyo Island, Palawan

Principal

Jolo (ARMM)

Jolo, Sulu

Class 2

Masbate

Masbate, Masbate

Ormoc

Barangay Airport, Ormoc City

Sanga-Sanga (ARMM)

Bangao, Tawi-Tawi, Sulu

Siargao

Sayak del Carmen, Surigao

del Norte

Surigao

Surigao City, Surigao del

Norte

Tandag

Tandag, Surigao del Sur

Virac

Virac, Catanduanes

Lingayen

Lingayen, Pangasinan

San Fernando Authority

San Fernando, La Union

Rosales

Carmen, Rosales Pangasinan

Vigan

Vigan City, Ilocos Sur

Bagabag

Bacabag, Nueva Viscaya

Cauayan

Cauayan, Isabela

Community

Palanan

Palanan, Isabela

Airport

Itbayat

Itbayat, Batanes

Plaridel

Plaridel, Bulacan

Iba

Iba, Zambales

Baler

Baler, Aurora

Alabat

Perez Alabat, Quezon

Calapan

Calapan, Oriental Mindoro

Libang

Libang, Occidental Mindoro

Jomalig

Pollio Island, Quezon

Mamburao

Mamburao, Occidental

Mindoro
Pinamalayan

Pinamalayan, Oriental
Mindoro

Wasig

Wasig, Mansalay, Oriental

Mindoro

Allah Valley

Surallah, South Cotabato

Bacon/Sorsogon

Gubao, Bacon, Sorsogon

Bantayan**

Bantayan Island, Cebu

Biliran

Catmon, Biliran, SubProvince

Bislig

Bislig, Surigao del Sur

Borongan

Punta, Maria Borongan,

Eastern Samar

Community

Bulan Closed

Bulan, Sorsogon

Cagayan de Sulu

Mapun, Cagayan de Sulu,

Airport

Zamboanga del Sur

Catbalogan

Buri, Catbalogan, Western

Samar

Daet

Bagasbas, Daet, Camarines

Norte

Guiuan

Guiuan, Eastern Samar

Hilongos

Hilongos, Southern Leyte

Iligan

Balo-I, Iligan City, Lanao del

Norte

Ipil Closed

Ipil, Zamboanga del Sur

Liloy

Liloy, Zamboanga del Norte

Maasin

Panan-Awan, Maasin,
Southern Leyte

Malabang (ARMM)

Malabang, Lanao del Sur

Mati

Mati, Davao Oriental

Ozamis***

Ozamis City, Misamis

Occidental

Siocon

Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte

Community

Siquijor

Siquijor, Negros Oriental

Airport

Ubay Closed

Ubay, Bohol

Wao Operational

Wao, Lanao del Sur

C. Definition and nature of operations of Public Airports in the Philippines.

The Public Airports in the Philippines are used for aircraft transportation and
another aerial works.
The airport is divided into three classification according the CAAP.

International Airport
- Airports with border control facility used for international flight

Principal Airport
- Airports used for domestic flight. It is differentiated into two distinct
i. Principal Class 1 Airport
Airports serving passenger capacities more than 100
ii.
Principal Class 2 Airport
Airport serving propeller aircraft or Jet aircrafts which
has below 100 but more than 19 passenger
capacities.

Community Airport
- Airport used for General Aviation.

D. List of private airports in the Philippines

Airport

Location
City/Municipality

Province

Acoje Airstrip

Candaleria

Zambales

Alto Airfield

Tarlac City

Tarlac

Amoroy Airstrip

Aroroy

Masbate

Aparri (Maura) Airport

Aparri

Cagayan

Apuao Grade Airstrip

Mercedes (Apuao Grande

Camarines Norte

Island)
Apurawan Airstrip

Aborlan

Palawan

Aras-Asan Airstrip

Cagwait

Surigao del Sur

Asturias Airstrip

Asturias

Cebu

Azagra Airstrip

San Fernando (Sibuyan

Romblon

Island)
Bacuyangan Airstrip

Hinoba-an

Negros
Occidental

Baganga (Lambajon

Baganga

Davao Oriental

Balabagan Airstrip

Balabagan

Lanao del Sur

Balesin (Tordesillas)

Polillo (Balesin Island)

Quezon

Barit Airstrip

Aparri (Barit Island)

Cagayan

Barlo Airstrip

Dasol, Pangasinan

Pangasinan

Barradas Airfield

Tanauan, Batangas

Batangas

Basay Airstrip

Basay

Negros Oriental

Batag Airstrip

Laoang (Batag Island)

Northern Samar

Bato Airstrip

Taytay

Palawan

Berong Airstrip

Quezon

Palawan

Bicobian Airstrip

Ilagan

Isabela

Binalonan Airport

Binalonan

Pangasinan

Brooke's Point Airstrip

Brooke's Point

Palawan

Buenavista Airfield

Buenavista

Agusan del Norte

Bugsuk (Bonbon) Airport

Balabac (Bugsuk Island)

Palawan

Bundagul Airstrip

Mabalacat

Pampanga

Cabaluyan Airstrip

Mangatarem

Pangasinan

Cagayan North

Lal-lo

Cagayan

Cagayancillo Airstrip

Cagayancillo

Palawan

Calanay Airstrip

Aroroy

Masbate

Calatagan (Hacienda

Calatagan

Batangas

Camotes Airstrip

San Francisco (Pacijan Island)

Cebu

Candaraman Airstrip

Balabac (Candaraman Island)

Palawan

Airport)

Airport

International Airport

Zobel) Airstrip

Caranoche Airstrip

Santa Catalina

Negros Oriental

Carranglan Airstrip

Carranglan

Nueva Ecija

Casiguran Airport

Casiguran

Aurora

Cesar Lim Rodriguez

Taytay

Palawan

New Bataan

Compostela

(Taytay-Sandoval)
Airport
Cogonan Airstrip

Valley
Consuelo Airstrip 1

New Bataan

Compostela
Valley

Consuelo Airstrip 2

New Bataan

Compostela
Valley

Coron Rural Airport

Coron (Busuanga Island)

Palawan

Culion Airstrip

Culion

Palawan

Dacudao Airstrip

Davao City

Davao del Sur

Dalaguete (Casay)

Dalaguete

Cebu

San Antonio (Dalupiri Island)

Northern Samar

Dapco Airstrip

Panabo

Davao del Norte

Datu Paglas Airstrip

Datu Paglas

Maguindanao

Del Monte Plantation

Manolo Fortich

Bukidnon

Del Pilar Airport

Roxas

Palawan

Delta Airstrip

Kapalong

Davao del Norte

Diatagon Airstrip

Lianga

Surigao del Sur

Digal Airstrip

Buluan

Maguindanao

Dilasag Airstrip

Dilasag

Aurora

Dinapigue Airstrip

Dinapigue

Isabela

Divilacan Airstrip

Divilacan

Isabela

Dizon Airstrip

Mawab

Compostela

Airstrip
San Antonio (Dalupiri)
Airport

Airstrip

Valley
Dolores (Picardo) Airport

Dolores

Eastern Samar

Doa Flavia Airstrip

San Luis

Agusan del Sur

Doa Rosario (Tubay)

Tubay

Agusan del Norte

El Nido (Lio) Airport

El Nido

Palawan

Evergreen Farms Airstrip

Panabo

Davao del Norte

Farmington Airstrip

Santo Tomas

Davao del Norte

Fuga Airstrip

Aparri (Fuga Island)

Cagayan

General Emilio

Sablayan

Occidental

Airstrip

Aguinaldo (Sablayan)

Mindoro

Airstrip
Guianga Airstrip

Davao City

Davao del Sur

Guihing Airstrip

Hagonoy

Davao del Sur

Guimaras Airfield

Buenavista

Guimaras

Hermana Mayor Airstrip

Santa Cruz (Hermana Mayor

Zambales

Island)
Hermana Menor Airstrip

Santa Cruz (Hermana Menor

Zambales

Island)
Ibonan Airstrip

Dingalan

Aurora

Inandeng Airstrip

San Vicente

Palawan

Isugod Airstrip

Quezon

Palawan

Jesus F. Magsaysay

Castillejos

Zambales

Kalamansig Airport

Kalamansig

Sultan Kudarat

Kalaong Airstrip

Maitum

Sarangani

Kasapa Airstrip

Loreto

Agusan del Sur

Kasilak Airstrip

Panabo

Davao del Norte

Kenram Airport

Isulan

Sultan Kudarat

Kling Airstrip

Kiamba

Sarangani

La Filipina Airstrip

Tagum City

Davao del Norte

Laconon Airstrip

T'Boli

South Cotabato

Lagao Airstrip

General Santos

South Cotabato

Lahuy Airstrip

Caramoan (Lahuy Island)

Camarines Sur

Lambayong Airstrip

Lambayong

Sultan Kudarat

(Castillejos) Airfield

Lamidan Airstrip

Don Marcelino

Davao Occidental

Laminga Airstrip

La Paz

Agusan del Sur

Lanuza (Carmen) Airstrip

Lanuza

Surigao del Sur

Lapanday Airstrip

Davao City

Davao del Sur

Larap (Jose Panganiban)

Jose Panganiban

Camarines Norte

Latuan Airstrip

Isabela

Basilan

Latud Airstrip

Rizal

Palawan

Lebak Rural Airport

Lebak

Sultan Kudarat

Lebak Airstrip

Lebak

Sultan Kudarat

Lepanto Airstrip

Mankayan

Benguet

Long Beach Airstrip

Morong

Bataan

Lucena Airport

Lucena

Quezon

Lunga-og Airstrip

Santo Tomas

Davao del Norte

Lurugan Airfield

Valencia

Bukidnon

Lutopan Airstrip

Toledo

Cebu

Mabantao Airstrip

Kapalong

Davao del Norte

Mabag Airstrip

Aparri (Mabag Island)

Cagayan

Maconacon Airport

Maconacon

Isabela

Madaum (Hijo) Airstrip

Tagum

Davao del Norte

Maduao Airstrip

Panabo

Davao del Norte

Magallanes Airstrip

Magallanes

Agusan del Norte

Magapit Airstrip

Lal-lo

Cagayan

Magat River

Ramon

Isabela

Magatos Airstrip

Asuncion

Davao del Norte

Malalag Airstrip

Malalag

Davao del Sur

Malangas Airstrip

Malangas

Zamboanga

Airport

Multipurpose Project
(MRMP) Airport

Sibugay
Malita Airport

Malita

Davao Occidental

Malubal Airstrip

Roseller T. Lim

Zamboanga
Sibugay

Mampising Airstrip

Mabini

Compostela
Valley

Manato Airstrip

Milagros

Masbate

Mangal Airstrip

Sumisip

Basilan

Mapawa Airstrip

Maragusan

Compostela
Valley

Maramag Airport

Maramag

Bukidnon

Maraymaray Airstrip

Don Carlos

Bukidnon

Marsman Airstrip

Santo Tomas

Davao del Norte

Mawab Airstrip

Mawab

Compostela
Valley

Milbuk Airport

Palimbang

Sultan Kudarat

MILUDECO Airstrip

Kiamba

Sarangani

Minuyan Airstrip

Norzagaray

Bulacan

Mountainview College

Valencia

Bukidnon

Sipalay

Negros

Airstrip
Nabulao Airstrip

Occidental
Nampicuan Airstrip

Nampicuan

Nueva Ecija

Nasuli (Bangcud) Airstrip

Malaybalay

Bukidnon

Neda Airstrip

Monkayo

Compostela
Valley

New Corella Airstrip

New Corella

Davao del Norte

Nonoc Airport

Surigao City (Nonoc Island)

Surigao del Norte

North Cotabato Rural

M'lang

North Cotabato

OMNI Aviation Complex

Angeles

Pampanga

Pagbilao Grande Airport

Pagbilao (Pagbilao Grande

Quezon

Airport

Island)
Pamalican (Amanpulo)

Agutaya (Pamalican Island)

Palawan

Paniqui Airstrip

Paniqui

Tarlac

Paracale Airstrip

Paracale

Camarines Norte

Airstrip

PASAR-LIDE Airport

Isabel

Leyte

PICOP Airstrip

Bislig

Surigao del Sur

Pinili (Upper Pampanga

San Jose

Nueva Ecija

Pintatagan Airstrip

Banaybanay

Davao Oriental

Polomolok (Dole

Polomolok

South Cotabato

Poon Coto Airstrip

Masinloc

Zambales

Refugio Airstrip

San Carlos

Negros

River Project) Airstrip

Cannery) Airstrip

Occidental
Rio Tuba Airport

Bataraza

Palawan

Rizal (PNOC-EDC)

Kananga

Leyte

Sagay

Negros

Airstrip
Sagay Airstrip

Occidental
Samal (Bataan Paper

Samal

Bataan

Sampao Airstrip

Kapalong

Davao del Norte

San Isidro Airstrip

San Isidro

Davao Oriental

San Isidro (Dolores

Las Navas

Northern Samar

Caraga

Davao Oriental

Sangi Airport

Toledo

Cebu

Santa Josefa (Aurora)

Santa Josefa

Agusan del Sur

Concepcion

Tarlac

Semirara Airport

Caluya (Semirara Island)

Antique

Siasi Airport

Siasi

Sulu

Sicogon Airport

Carles (Sicogon Island)

Iloilo

Sipalay Airport (San

Sipalay

Negros

Mills) Airport

Timber) Airstrip
San Luis (Baculin Bay)
Airstrip

Airstrip
Santa Rosa (Voice of
America) Airstrip

Jose Airstrip)
Sirawai Airport

Occidental
Sirawai

Zamboanga del
Norte

SUMAPI (Old Busuanga)

Busuanga (Busuanga Island)

Palawan

Braulio E. Dujali

Davao del Norte

Panabo

Davao del Norte

Tagbina Airstrip

Tagbina

Surigao del Sur

Tagbita Airport

Rizal

Palawan

Taggat Airport

Claveria

Cagayan

Talakag Airstrip

Talakag

Bukidnon

Tambo Airstrip

Tayasan

Negros Oriental

Tampakan Airstrip

Tampakan

South Cotabato

Tapian Airport

Santa Cruz

Marinduque

Tibagon Airstrip

Pantukan

Compostela

Airstrip
TADECO I (North)
Airstrip
TADECO II (South)
Airstrip

Valley
Tolong Airstrip

Santa Catalina

Negros Oriental

Tumajubong Airport

Sumisip

Basilan

Tungao Airstrip

Butuan

Agusan del Norte

VICMICO Airstrip

Victorias

Negros
Occidental

Waloe Airstrip

Loreto

Agusan del Sur

Woodland Airpark

Magalang

Pampanga

(Gordon Boyce Airfield)

E. Definition and nature of operations of the private airports in the Philippines

The Private Airports in the Philippines are not classified because they are not
owned by the Philippine Government and thus neglected by CAAP.
According to International Air Transport Association, with their document publish
on 2015 of May, entitled Immediate and Long-Term Priorities for Manila
Airports, In the Philippines, there is no independent economic and service
regulator present that is dedicated to regulating privatized airports. This lack of
regulation is seen as weakness in the governmental framework. This might lead
to corruption and abuse of power and might become a disadvantage for the
competing government owned airports.

F. Challenges encountered by public airports in the Philippines

Bird Strike
Defective runway lights runway pavement
Depression
Faded runway markings
Obstruction/Obstacle limitation surface a distance to go marker

G. Challenges encountered by private airports in the Philippines

Lack of management personnel

Lack of revenue
Issuance of certification (Air Operators Certificate)

H. International airports in the Philippines

Airport

Location

1.

Laoag

Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

2.

D. Macapagal International Airport

Angeles City, Pampanga

Authority
3.

Subic Bay International Airport

Subic Bay, Olongapo City

Authority
4.

Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Pasay City, Metro Manila

Authority
5.

Puerto Princesa

Puerto Princesa City, Palawan

6.

IloIlo Airport

Barangay Duyan-Duyan, Cabanatuan,

IloIlo

7.

Kalibo

Kalibo, Aklan

8.

Mactan-Cebu International Airport

Mactan, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu

Authority Authority
9.

Zamboanga

Zamboanga City, Zamboanga del Sur

10.

Davao International Airport

Diversion Road, Buhangin, Davao City

11.

General Santos (Tambler)

General Santos City, South Cotabato

(SOCCSKSARGEN)

I. Who manage International Airports in the Philippines?

The International Airports in the Philippines is managed by The Director
General is empowered to issue airport certificates to, and to establish
minimum safety standards for the operation of, airports that serve any
scheduled or unscheduled passenger operation of air operators or foreign air
operator aircraft.. (Republic Act 9497 Sec. 68 (b)), According to the CAAP.

J. Organizational structure of an international airport authority in the Philippines

1) Civil Aviation Authority of Philippines (CAAP)

2) Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA)

3)

K. Secondary airports in the Philippines

1. Antique
2. Baguio
3. Basco
4. Busuanga
5. Calbayog
6. Camiguin
7. Catarman
8. Caticlan (TDHC) Trans are development Holding Corporation
9. Cuyo
10. Jolo
11. Marinduque
12. Masbate
13. Ormoc
14. Romblon
15. Sanga Sanga
16. Siargao
17. Surigao
18. Tandag
19. Virac

L. Who manages secondary airports in the Philippines?

According to the old Air Transportation Office (ATO) system and Republic Act No.
776, the Air Transportation Office is the one who manages the secondary airports
in the Philippines. When the degrading of airports occurs in the Philippines, all
powers, duties and rights vested by law and exercised by the ATO is transferred
to the Authority. The Authority mention is the Civil Aviation Authority of the
Philippines created on Republic Act No. 9497. (Republic Act No. 9497 Chapter XII
Se. 85)

M. Organizational structure of a secondary airport authority in the Philippines

1. CAAP

2. MIAA

N. Challenges encountered by International Airports in the Philippines

Bird Strike
Defective runway lights runway pavement
Depression
Faded runway markings
Obstruction/Obstacle limitation surface a distance to go marker

O. Challenges encountered by Secondary Airports in the Philippines

Bird Strike
Defective runway lights runway pavement
Depression
Faded runway markings
Obstruction/Obstacle limitation surface a distance to go marker

Summary and Conclusions

The researcher has summarized and conclude the following data:

The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) manages all

the private and public airports in the Philippines. This includes the
International, Domestic and private-use airports.
The Air Transportation Office is the old system that manages the
airports in the Philippines. However, after the downgrade of airport
class in the Philippines, the Republic Act 9497 created the CAAP.

Three classification of Airport

International Airport
Principal Airport
Community Airport

Recommendations
To reduce new airport construction and to improve the major airports in the
Philippines. The government should build an authority who can manage all the
airports in the Philippines.

References

(n.d.). http://ppp.gov.ph/?page_id=37595.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2008/ra_9497_2008.html
AIRPORT ENGINEERING. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/airport+engineering.
(n.d.). AIRPORT ENGINEERING CAAP DATA.
CHAPTER 4 THE GENEREAL AVIATION INDUSTRY. (n.d.).
ENGR. ARIEL F. BORLADO, D. M.-A. (n.d.).
IATA SUBMISSION MANILA AIRPORT. (2015, MAY). Retrieved from
https://www.iata.org/about/worldwide/asia_pacific/Documents/IATA-submission-ManilaAirport-May2015.pdf
MIAA ONLNE. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_International_Airport_Authority
WIKIPEDIA NAME OF UNCLASSIFIED AIRPORTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Philippines#Unclassified_aerodromes

Acknowledgement
I want to acknowledge my appreciation to all my acquaintances and instructor.
To my beloved parents for their moral and financial support in order to finish this
report.
To my fellow friends, especially to Ms. Mykee Joyce Licot for sharing their
knowledge. To Engr. Arnel F. Borlado, Engr. Jomel E. Lorenzo and Engr. Alexander
C. Rasonable for giving the descriptive data from Civil Aviation Authority of the
Philippines (CAAP) which serve as basis to help me to construct this report.
And Last of all, to my fellow instructors Engr. Dela Cruz and Engr. Delicano, for their
patient and guidance and whose knowledge were generously shared.