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Special article

Implementing a Death with Dignity Program

at a Comprehensive Cancer Center
Elizabeth Trice Loggers, M.D., Ph.D., Helene Starks, Ph.D., M.P.H.,
Moreen Shannon-Dudley, M.S.W., L.I.C.S.W., Anthony L. Back, M.D.,
Frederick R. Appelbaum, M.D., and F. Marc Stewart, M.D.

A bs t r ac t
Background

The majority of Death with Dignity participants in Washington State and Oregon
have received a diagnosis of terminal cancer. As more states consider legislation
regarding physician-assisted death, the experience of a comprehensive cancer center
may be informative.
Methods

We describe the implementation of a Death with Dignity program at Seattle Cancer

Care Alliance, the site of care for the Fred HutchinsonUniversity of Washington
Cancer Consortium, a comprehensive cancer center in Seattle that serves the Pacific Northwest. Institution-level data were compared with publicly available statewide data from Oregon and Washington.

From the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (E.T.L., F.R.A., F.M.S.),
Group Health Research Institute (E.T.L.),
Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (E.T.L.,
M.S.-D., A.L.B., F.R.A., F.M.S.), and the
University of Washington (E.T.L., H.S.,
A.L.B., F.R.A., F.M.S.) all in Seattle.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Loggers
at 825 Eastlake Ave. E., Seattle, WA
98109, or at [email protected].
N Engl J Med 2013;368:1417-24.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1213398
Copyright 2013 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Results

A total of 114 patients inquired about our Death with Dignity program between
March 5, 2009, and December 31, 2011. Of these, 44 (38.6%) did not pursue the
program, and 30 (26.3%) initiated the process but either elected not to continue
or died before completion. Of the 40 participants who, after counseling and upon
request, received a prescription for a lethal dose of secobarbital (35.1% of the
114patients who inquired about the program), all died, 24 after medication ingestion (60% of those obtaining prescriptions). The participants at our center
accounted for 15.7% of all participants in the Death with Dignity program in
Washington (255 persons) and were typically white, male, and well educated. The
most common reasons for participation were loss of autonomy (97.2%), inability to
engage in enjoyable activities (88.9%), and loss of dignity (75.0%). Eleven participants lived for more than 6 months after prescription receipt. Qualitatively, patients
and families were grateful to receive the lethal prescription, whether it was used
or not.
Conclusions

Overall, our Death with Dignity program has been well accepted by patients and
clinicians.

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n 1997, Oregon became the first state

in the United States to pass legislation that
offered a physician-assisted approach to dying for adults with poor short-term prognoses.1
The Washington State legislature followed Oregon
more than a decade later, passing an almost identical law, the Washington Death with Dignity Act,
in November 2008.2 Under the law, competent
adults residing in Washington who have a life
expectancy of 6 months or less because of a diagnosed medical condition may request and selfadminister lethal medication prescribed by a
physician (Table 1).
As of December 2011, a total of 255 patients
had participated in the Washington Death with
Dignity program.3 Of those participants, approximately 78% (and 81% of the 596 Oregonians) had cancer as their underlying terminal
diagnosis. Although several articles have touched
on the experiences of patients with cancer, family
members, and physicians regarding Death with
Dignity programs in the two states,4-18 none

Table 1. Essential Elements and Safeguards of the Washington State Death

with Dignity Law.
The patient must make both an initial oral and written request

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have addressed institutional responses to the

laws. Given ongoing efforts to introduce similar
legislation in other states (including Hawaii,
Pennsylvania, and Vermont),17,19-21 increasing
numbers of health care institutions may be faced
with the questions of whether, and how, to respond to requests for assisted dying. Because this
legislation has a disproportionate effect on patients with cancer and their families, the response of a comprehensive cancer center may be
particularly instructive.
Seattle Cancer Care Alliance is the outpatient
site of care for patients with cancer from the Fred
Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the University of Washington, and Seattle Childrens, all in
Seattle, and is the only National Cancer Institute
designated comprehensive cancer center serving
the Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, and
Idaho region. In response to the Washington law,
Seattle Cancer Care Alliance developed a Death
with Dignity program, adapted from the existing
programs in Oregon. This article describes the
implementation and results of our Death with
Dignity program, designed to adhere to legal regulations, maintain safety, and ensure the quality
of patient care.

After the initial oral request, the patient must wait 15 days to make a second
oral request
Before prescribing the lethal medication, the prescribing physician must:
Make an initial determination of the terminal nature of the disease
Determine the patients competency and the voluntary nature of the
request, with referral to a state-licensed psychiatrist or psychologist,
if necessary, to ensure competency and the absence of a mental
health disorder causing impaired judgment
Confirm Washington State residency (defined as possession of a
Washington State drivers license, registration to vote, or evidence
of lease or ownership of property in Washington State)
Assess informed consent on the basis of the patients awareness of the
medical diagnosis, the prognosis, the risks of the medication, the result of the medication (death), and the alternatives (palliative care,
hospice, and pain control)
Recommend that the patient notify next of kin, have someone present at
ingestion, and not take the medication in a public place
The consulting physician confirms the diagnosis, the patients competency,
and the voluntary nature of the request
At the time of prescribing, the prescribing physician must:
Offer the patient an opportunity to rescind the request
Verify that the patient is making an informed decision at the time of
prescription
Deliver the prescription directly to the pharmacist
The pharmacist dispenses the medication directly to the patient or an identified agent of the patient

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Me thods
Policy Development

After considerable internal debate, Seattle Cancer

Care Alliance instituted a Death with Dignity policy (see the Supplementary Appendix, available
with the full text of this article at NEJM.org), which
was written by the medical director and approved
by a simple majority of Medical Executive Committee members, as is consistent with all our
clinical policies. In addition, we created informational packets for patients, physicians, and patient advocates (described further below) for use
during the process (available on request from the
corresponding author). The policy and its implementation addressed basic aspects of the program as well as issues that were more controversial. For example, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
does not accept new patients solely for the purpose of accessing our Death with Dignity program. Instead, patients are referred to Compassion and Choices of Washington, a local affiliate
of a national patient-advocacy organization that
provides education and support for those pursuing physician-assisted death. Although this is not

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Death with Dignity Progr am at a Cancer Center

part of the formal policy, we do not post information pertaining to Death with Dignity legislation or our program in public spaces, effectively
requiring patients to initiate requests or their
physicians to raise the topic. In addition, we require that participants sign an agreement not to
take the lethal prescription in a public area or
manner a more restrictive measure than that
in the law, which only recommends this to participants.
Finally, no staff or faculty members are compelled to participate in the program. To determine how many clinicians might be willing to
participate, we conducted a confidential survey
in March 2009, asking clinicians whether they
would be willing to act as either a prescribing or
a consulting clinician. The survey followed an
institution-wide educational program outlining
the provisions of the law and the planned program at Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. Of 200
physicians surveyed, 81 responded (40.5%, a
typical response rate for a general survey with
no follow-up), with 29 physicians willing to act
as a prescribing or consulting physician (35.8%),
21 willing to act as a consulting physician only
(25.9%), and 31 unwilling to participate or undecided about participation (38.3%). The small cadre
of willing physicians was thought to be sufficient to support implementation.
Implementation of the Death with Dignity
Program

After clinician or patient referral to the Death

with Dignity program, each potential participant
is assigned a patient advocate (hereafter referred
to as advocate), one of three (of six) licensed social workers employed by Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. The advocate assists patients, family members, pharmacists, and physicians throughout the
multistep process, while prospectively tracking
compliance with required documentation submitted to the Washington Department of Health. The
advocate describes the Death with Dignity process and the alternatives (specifically, palliative
care and hospice, with these services offered as
additions to, or in lieu of, Death with Dignity).
The advocate then assesses the patients rationale
for and interest in further participation. In nearly
all cases, family members are present.
If the patient elects to participate in the Death
with Dignity program, the advocate conducts a
preliminary chart review to confirm documenta-

tion of the terminal prognosis or, if absent, to

request that the attending physician document
the prognosis explicitly. The advocate then determines whether the attending physician will act as
the prescribing physician. If not, the advocate
identifies a prescribing physician and a consulting physician from the list of willing providers,
preferentially choosing physicians who specialize
in the type of cancer that the patient has. (General care of the patient is not transferred to the
prescribing or consulting physician, unless the
patient requests this.) The advocate then formally
documents the patients request for assistance
with dying and provides the patient with written
information that describes the program (including a timeline of the required requests, assessments, and waiting periods), which must be
signed by the patient. The advocate also verifies
that the patient is a Washington resident and
completes a psychosocial assessment. At Seattle
Cancer Care Alliance, social workers provide the
first line of psychological evaluation for all patients, regardless of whether or not they are participating in the Death with Dignity program,
using interview-based techniques and standardized assessments (e.g., the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 questionnaire). Although physicians retain
the responsibility to evaluate patients for depression and decision-making capacity, advocates make
these assessments as part of their standard practice. Advocates refer patients to the Psychiatry and
Psychology Service if there is any history of, or
positive screening for, a mental health disorder
or impaired decision-making capacity.
The advocate then collects copies of the Physician Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment (a form
that delineates the patients preferences for interventions such as mechanical ventilation or
resuscitation) and health care directives, assisting
in their completion if desired; arranges for a clinician to be present at the time of medication ingestion, if requested (this is rare); provides advice
regarding the securing and disposal of unused
medication; provides grief support and legacy
support (e.g., help in preparing letters or videos
by which to be remembered) through periodic
calls or visits; and requests that the family inform us when the patient ingests the medication, so that we can provide assistance in the case
of complications, offer bereavement support,
and aid the prescribing physician in completing

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the required after-death reporting forms. Advocates participate in two in-person meetings with
the patient and family on average (range, one to
four); we have not assessed our use of telephone
follow-up.
The patient (and family) meets sequentially
with the prescribing clinician and the consulting
clinician to review the medical diagnosis, prognosis, risks of medication, and alternatives (including
palliative and hospice care and specialized care
for pain). After the mandatory waiting period of
15 days, if all requirements are met, a written prescription is given to our retail pharmacy. The
pharmacist schedules a private room to meet with
the patient (and family) in order to discuss preparation of the drug for ingestion, potential side effects, and the use of antiemetic therapy (ondansetron is routinely prescribed). Because of the lack
of availability of pentobarbital, we currently use
secobarbital, although 16.9% and 36.1% of Death
with Dignity participants in Washington and
Oregon, respectively, received pentobarbital.
Checklists and medical charts are randomly
audited annually by the director of supportive care
and specialty clinics. We have had 100% compliance with the completion of mandated forms and
processes, with the exception of one unintentional failure to observe the full waiting period
early in our program.

R e sult s
Characteristics of Patients at Seattle Cancer
Care Alliance

Data on patients who have participated in the

Death with Dignity program at Seattle Cancer
Care Alliance are presented in Table 2, along with
comparable data publicly reported by Washington
and Oregon for all Death with Dignity participants from March 5, 2009, through December 31,
2011, and from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2011, respectively.1,2 During the former
period, 114 patients inquired about our Death
with Dignity program. Of those, 44 patients
(38.6%) did not pursue Death with Dignity further or were deemed ineligible. We have refused
participation to only 1 patient, who expressed an
unwillingness to ingest the medication privately.
Thirty patients (26.3%) initiated the process by
making a first oral request but either elected not
to pursue Death with Dignity or died before completing the process (average time from first oral
request to death, 16.6 weeks [range, 2.3 to 97.1]).
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Our patients seldom contact Compassion and

Choices without also discussing this with their
physician (Miller R, Compassion and Choices of
Washington: personal communication).
Forty patients (35.1% of all those who made
an initial inquiry) received prescriptions for lethal medication; all 40 have died, 24 (60.0% of
those receiving prescriptions) after ingesting the
medication. The 40 patients who died represent
15.7% of the 255 Washington State Death with
Dignity participants. Although we do not formally track patient deaths, Death with Dignity
participants account for 0.02% of annual deaths
among patients at Seattle Cancer Center Alliance, on the basis of recent estimates. Most
participants were white, male, and college-educated, characteristics that are consistent with the
statewide Washington and Oregon data. Seattle
Cancer Care Alliance participants may be more
likely than overall Washington participants to be
working, given the higher percentage of persons
with both private and Medicare insurance in our
patient population. Participants typically have
known their oncologist for 8 months. At the
time of the initial request, 54.2% of our Death
with Dignity participants are enrolled in hospice; Seattle Cancer Care Alliance has not formally tracked hospice enrollment at the time of
death. However, 80.9% of patients in Washington State and 89.7% of those in Oregon are enrolled in hospice at the time of death.
No unexpected complications have occurred;
however, one patient died a day after taking the
medication, with the protracted process causing
distress on the part of family members and clinicians (similar cases have occurred in Washington State in general and in Oregon). We have not
received any complaints from family members
or caregivers regarding our process or the manner of death. Anecdotally, families describe the
death as peaceful (even when death has taken
longer than the average of approximately 35
minutes). In addition, both patients and families
frequently express gratitude after the patient
receives the prescription, regardless of whether
it is ever filled or ingested, typically referencing
an important sense of control in an uncertain
situation. Eleven participants lived longer than
the expected 6 months. Of these, nine died after ingesting the lethal prescription an average
of 7.4 weeks (range, 0.1 to 18.9) beyond the
6-month cutoff.
The most common reasons given by patients

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Death with Dignity Progr am at a Cancer Center

Table 2. Characteristics of Death with Dignity Participants at Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, as Compared with Participants
in All of Washington State and in Oregon.*
Characteristic
Medication dispensed no.
Died no./total no. (%)
After ingesting medication

Seattle Cancer
Care Alliance

Washington State

Oregon

40

255

935

40/40 (100)

241/255 (94.5)

NA

24/40 (60.0)

157/241 (65.1)

596/935 (63.7)

Died at home

20/24 (83.3)

145/155 (93.5)

562/596 (94.3)

Enrolled in hospice at time of initial request

13/24 (54.2)
127/153 (83.0)

522/582 (89.7)

Enrolled in hospice at time of initial request or

death
Age
1864 yr no./total no. (%)

14/40 (35.0)

67/213 (31.5)

187/596 (31.4)

6584 yr no./total no. (%)

23/40 (57.5)

114/213 (53.5)

409/596 (68.6)

3/40 (7.5)

32/213 (15.0)

71/596 (11.9)

85 yr no./total no. (%)

Range yr

4291

41101

2596

Male sex no./total no. (%)

22/40 (55.0)

111/213 (52.1)

308/596 (51.7)

Non-Hispanic white no./total no. (%)

29/40 (72.5)

180/189 (95.2)

579/593 (97.6)

Married no./total no. (%)

22/40 (55.0)

90/189 (47.6)

271/593 (45.7)

High-school diploma or higher level of education

no./total no. (%)

39/40 (97.5)

177/188 (94.1)

551/591 (93.2)

1/40 (2.5)

12/213 (5.6)

43/593 (7.3)

12/40 (30.0)

63/182 (34.6)

382/577 (66.2)
185/577 (32.1)

Residence east of the Cascade Mountains no./

total no. (%)
Insurance status no./total no. (%)
Private insurance
Medicare, Medicaid, or other public insurance

13/40 (32.5)

84/182 (46.2)

Combination of private and public insurance

11/40 (27.5)

30/182 (16.5)

NA

4/40 (10.0)

5/182 (2.7)

10/577 (1.7)

166/213 (77.9)

480/596 (80.5)

22/213 (10.3)

44/596 (7.4)

9/213 (4.2)

25/596 (4.2)

None
Diagnosis no./total no. (%)
Cancer

24/24 (100)

Neurodegenerative disease
Respiratory disease (including COPD)
Heart disease
Other or unknown

10/213 (4.7)

10/596 (1.7)

6/213 (2.8)

37/596 (6.2)

* Data for Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and Washington State are complete from March 5, 2009, through February 29,
2012, for patients prescribed medication through December 31, 2011. Data for Oregon are complete from January 1,
1998, through February 29, 2012, for patients prescribed medication through December 31, 2011. Washington State
does not release data for research purposes. Annual reports are released, but data from those reports are not updated
in subsequent years. Therefore, data can be missing because the data were not reported on required forms, the data
were reported as unknown, or forms were not available at the time of finalizing the annual report. COPD denotes
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and NA not available.
Oregon tracks prescriptions written, not those dispensed (as is done in Washington).
The total number of deaths and data on combined public and private insurance coverage are not tracked in Oregon.

for wanting to participate in Death with Dignity

were loss of autonomy (97.2%), inability to engage in enjoyable activities (88.9%), and loss of
dignity (75.0%) (Table 3). Eight of 36 participants (22.2%) reported uncontrolled pain or concerns of future pain (as compared with 34.7%
and 22.6% of Washington State and Oregon

participants, respectively). None of the patients

who inquired about Death with Dignity and were
found to have either current or previous depression or decisional incapacity elected to move
forward with the process. Among patients who
have pursued Death with Dignity, no participants were deemed to require mental health

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Table 3. Aspects of Death with Dignity Experience for Participants Receiving Care at Seattle Cancer Care Alliance,
as Compared with Participants in All of Washington State and in Oregon.*
Seattle Cancer
Care Alliance

Variable

Washington State

Oregon

End-of-life concerns no./total no. (%)

Loss of autonomy

35/36 (97.2)

183/202 (90.6)

538/592 (90.9)

Inability to engage in enjoyable activities

32/36 (88.9)

179/202 (88.6)

523/592 (88.3)

Loss of dignity

27/36 (75.0)

151/202 (74.8)

386/592 (65.2)

Loss of control of bodily functions

10/36 (27.8)

105/202 (52.0)

318/592 (53.7)

8/36 (22.2)

78/202 (38.6)

214/592 (36.1)

Inadequate pain control or concern about it

8/36 (22.2)

70/202 (34.7)

134/592 (22.6)

Financial implications of treatment

0/36

8/202 (4.0)

15/592 (2.5)

189/202 (93.6)

493/522 (94.4)

Burden on family, friends, or caregivers

Patient informed family of decision no./total no. (%)

32/40 (80.0)

Duration of patientphysician relationship wk

Median

33

14

12

Range

4637

31404

01905

Time from ingestion of medication to death min

Median

35

45

25

Range

151680

51800

1104

7/157 (4.5)

100/526 (19.0)

Other provider, prescribing physician not present

80/157 (51.0)

231/526 (43.9)

No provider

52/157 (33.1)

72/526 (13.7)

18/157 (11.5)

123/526 (23.4)

Health care provider present at time of ingestion

no./total no. (%)
Prescribing physician

Unknown

24/24 (100)

* Data for Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and Washington State are from March 5, 2009, through February 29, 2012. Data
for Oregon are from January 1, 1998, through February 29, 2012.
In Oregon, whether the patient informed the family of the decision was recorded beginning in 2001. Since then, 21 of
522 patients (4.0%) have chosen not to inform their families, and 8 patients (1.5%) have had no family to inform. Data
were missing for 1 patient in 2002, for 2 in 2005, and for 1 in 2009.
Washington State presents the data in categories (1 to 90 minutes, 91 minutes, or unknown), with the range of times.
To approximate the median, the middle of the most common category for the 3 years was selected.
The data shown are for 2009 through 2011 in Washington State and for 2001 through 2011 in Oregon. Information
about the presence of a health care provider or volunteer, in the absence of the prescribing physician, was first collected in 2001 in Oregon. The procedure in Oregon was revised in mid-2010 to standardize reporting on the follow-up
questionnaire. With the new procedure, information about the time of death and the circumstances surrounding death
is recorded only when the physician or another health care provider is present at the time of death. This change resulted in a larger number of patients for whom the information was unknown, beginning in 2010.

evaluation for depression or decisional incapacity (as compared with 10 of 209 patients [4.8%]
in Washington State and 40 of 596 patients
[6.7%] in Oregon).

Discussion
Our Death with Dignity program has been well
accepted by patients, families, and staff. We attribute this to the professionalism of our advocates, the great care taken by our prescribing and
consulting clinicians when interacting with pa-

1422

tients and families, the low profile of the Death

with Dignity program overall, and the willingness of the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance leadership to allow considerable debate before the program was developed. A few clinicians who were
initially strongly opposed to the Death with Dignity program subsequently expressed their willingness to participate as consulting or prescribing clinicians, which further supports acceptance
of the program.
The reasons for participation in our program
reflect concern about autonomy, dignity, and

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Death with Dignity Progr am at a Cancer Center

functional status rather than disease-related

symptoms or depression, findings that are consistent with the literature.9 Patients, caregivers,
and family members have frequently expressed
gratitude after the patient obtained the prescription, regardless of whether it was ever filled or
ingested, typically referencing an important sense
of control in an uncertain situation. However,
we continue to identify and address process and
quality issues. For example, although consistent
with the broader reported experience in Washington and Oregon, the eight reports of uncontrolled pain or fear of future symptoms at the
time of the initial request for Death with Dignity deserve attention. Seattle Cancer Care Alliance provides specialized care for pain and palliative care services in the outpatient setting.
Both services have nurse practitioners and physicians who provide care in the oncology clinic.
Clinicians (social workers, nurses, and physicians) can directly refer patients to either service; however, these services have been invoked
infrequently for Death with Dignity participants
(perhaps because the participants typically do
not have symptoms at the time of the request).9
Regardless, palliative care consultations will be
offered as a matter of policy to all Death with
Dignity participants going forward. It is our hope
that this will also encourage earlier enrollment
in hospice.
Opponents of Death with Dignity legislation
have raised the concern that it might disproportionately affect vulnerable populations (e.g., racial or ethnic minorities and lower-income populations). The Oregon experience does not
support this concern.21 Nor do we have evidence
that our population differs from the broader
Washington State population on the basis of

U.S. Census data.22 Also consistent with the literature is the finding that only a small subset of
patients who are initially interested in Death
with Dignity go on to pursue this option.23 Some
patients do not complete the process owing to
rapidly deteriorating performance status or
death, and others live longer than the estimated
6 months, findings that represent opportunities
to improve both prognostication and communication. However, we have purposefully not informed prescribing and consulting physicians
when Death with Dignity participants live longer
than 6 months, because of the concern that such
feedback may unintentionally delay prognostic
conversations until clinicians are certain of the
timing, thereby reinforcing the more persistent
and likely problem of communicating the prognosis (too) late in the course of illness.
In conclusion, our Death with Dignity program both allows patients with cancer who wish
to consider this option to do so within the context of their ongoing care and accommodates
variation in clinicians willingness to participate. The program ensures that patients (and
families) are aware of all the options for highquality end-of-life care, including palliative and
hospice care, with the opportunity to have any
concerns or fears addressed, while also meeting
state requirements.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with
the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
We thank Barbara Glidewell, M.B.S., C.E.C., former patient
relations director, ombudsman, and assistant professor, Oregon
Health and Science University (OHSU), and Linda Ganzini,
M.D., M.P.H., professor of psychiatry and medicine, OHSU, for
their consultation and expertise early in the formation of our
Death with Dignity program; Danika Kubota for her administrative assistance; and the University of Washington Palliative Care
Center of Excellence for its support.

References
1. Oregon Health Authority. Death with

Dignity Act, 2012 (http://public.health

.oregon.gov/ProviderPartnerResources/
EvaluationResearch/DeathwithDignityAct/
Pages/index.aspx).
2. Washington State Department of
Health. Death with Dignity Act, 2012
(http://www.doh.wa.gov/
YouandYourFamily/IllnessandDisease/
DeathwithDignityAct.aspx).
3. Hafner K. In ill doctor, a surprise reflection of who picks assisted suicide.
New York Times. August 12, 2012:A1.
4. Ganzini L, Nelson HD, Schmidt TA,

Kraemer DF, Delorit MA, Lee MA. Physicians experiences with the Oregon Death
with Dignity Act. N Engl J Med 2000;
342:557-63. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2000;
342:1538.]
5. Ganzini L, Nelson HD, Lee MA, Kraemer DF, Schmidt TA, Delorit MA. Oregon
physicians attitudes about and experiences with end-of-life care since passage
of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act.
JAMA 2001;285:2363-9.
6. Ganzini L, Lee MA. Psychiatry and assisted suicide in the United States. N Engl
J Med 1997;336:1824-6.

7. Ganzini L, Johnston WS, McFarland

BH, Tolle SW, Lee MA. Attitudes of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
and their care givers toward assisted suicide. N Engl J Med 1998;339:967-73.
8. Ganzini L, Goy ER, Dobscha SK. Oregonians reasons for requesting physician
aid in dying. Arch Intern Med 2009;
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