L01 Introduction and ICs 21336

CSEN605: Digital Systems Design
Lecture 1
Dr. Mohamed Elmahdy

[email protected]
Useful Information
Lecturer: Mohamed Elmahdy, office: C7.312,

[email protected]
TA: Yasmin Mohamed, office: C7-201, [email protected]
Mohamed Lotfy
Webpage: http://met.guc.edu.eg/ (to be checked regularly)
Prerequisite: ELCT 201: Digital Logic Design
Textbook: Digital Design, M. Morris Mano, 4th edition (3rd edition would be
ok also)
Other References:
Introduction to Logic Synthesis using Verilog HDL, Reese & Thornton,
2006.
Digital Fundamentals, T. Floyd, Prentice Hall, 2002.
Other references might be stated in some slides
Development Environment:
Quartus II + Altera Development Board (DE2-115)
CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design
Lecture 1
Page 2
Important Notice
Lectures and Tutorials Are
Complementary
Tutorials Cannot replace lectures
Lectures tend to be more theoretical
Tutorials tend to be more practical
(solving problems, experiments, etc)
Lecture 1
Page 3
Course Grading
Assignment(3) 5%
Quizzes(3)
10%
Projects
20%
Midterm
25%
Final
40%
Lecture 1
Page 4
What is a Digital System?

A system is a collection of related components work as a whole to
achieve a goal
A system consists of: inputs, behavior, and outputs
Inputs
Behavior
Outputs
A digital system is a system is which signals are digital (discrete values)
Lecture 1
Page 5
Motivation
Digital Systems has revolutionized the world:
Mobile phones, Tablets, Computers, Cameras, Automotive, Satellite,
Aircarft, Medicine, Communications, Military, etc
The semiconductor industry has grown from $21 billion in 1985 to
$305 billion in 2013
Lecture 1
Page 6
Previous Course
Current Course
ELCT201: Digital Logic

Numbering Systems
Boolean Algebra
Simple Combinational, Sequential
Networks (< 50 gates)
All designs were done by hand.
Lecture 1
CSEN605: Digital Systems Design

Complex Combinational and
Sequential networks (up to thousands
of gates)
Emphasis on combined
datapath+Finite state machine
designs for real time applications
Modern CAD tool usage (schematic
entry, simulation, technology
mapping, timing analysis, synthesis)
Logic Synthesis via Verilog-HDL
Modern implementation technologies
such Field Programmable Gate Arrays
(FPGAs)
Page 7
What is inside a Digital Device?
In this
course, you
will learn the
design
process of
ICs
IC
PCB
(Integrated Circuit)
(Printed Circuit Board)
Lecture 1
Page 8
Integrated Circuit (IC)

Integrated Circuit is a microscopic array of transistors, electronic
circuits and components that are diffused or implanted onto the
surface of a single crystal, or chip, of semiconducting material such as
silicon.
Integrated Circuits are usually called ICs and popularly known as a
silicon chip, computer chip or microchip.
Modern Digital Systems use ICs almost exclusively in their design.
An IC is constructed ("fabricated") on a small rectangle (a "die") cut
from a Silicon wafer
Pure silicon is the basis for most integrated circuits. It provides the
base, or substrate for the entire chip and is chemically doped to
provide the N and P regions that make up the integrated circuit
components
ICs are small, reliable, cheap, and consume low power
Lecture 1
Page 9
ICs Comes in Different Packages
Through hole
Surface mount
Lecture 1
Page 10
IC Package
Lecture 1
Page 11
IC Package
The chip inside an IC is usually packaged inside a piece of black plastic

with tiny pins protruding to allow connections to the circuit.
It is often a good idea to solder a cheap chip holder to a PCB and then
press the integrated circuit package into it
Lecture 1
Page 12
Uses for digital IC Technology Today

Standard Microprocessors
Used in desktop PCs, laptops, tablets, and embedded applications
Memory chips (DRAM, SRAM, etc)
Application Specific ICs (ASICs)
Custom designed to match particular application
Can be optimized for low-power, low-cost, high-performance.
High design cost.
Long time to market.
Field Programmable Logic devices (FPGAs, CPLDs)
Customized to particular application
Short time to market
Low design cost
Relatively high part cost
Lecture 1
Page 13
IC Classification
By signal type
Digital ICs
Analog ICs
Mixed Signal ICs
E.g. Microprocessors, DSP,

Multiplexers, decoders
E.g.: Sensors, Op-Amps,

voltage regulators
E.g.: ADC, DAC
By Technology
Using Bipolar
Using MOSFETs
E.g. TTL and ECL
E.g.: CMOS & NMOS
Lecture 1
Page 14
IC Classification by Integration Complexity

SSI (Small Scale Integration): up to 100 components per chip (e.g. basic
gates, flip-flops)
MSI (Medium Scale Integration): from 100 to 3,000 components per chip
(MUX, DEC, ENC)
LSI (Large Scale Integration): from 3,000 to 100,000 components per chip
(e.g. memories)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): from 100,000 to 1,000,000

components per chip (e.g. DSPs, Microprocessors)
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration): more than 1 million of electronic

components per chip (e.g. Microprocessors)
Lecture 1
Page 15
IC Examples
Lecture 1
Page 16
Implementation of Simple Digital Circuit

How to implement the function z=ab+c using standard components
(ICs)?
SN7400
SN7432
5V
c
a
b
z
Lecture 1
Page 17
Integrated Circuit (IC)

Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Cannot be modified
Cannot be repaired
Low cost
High reliability
Low power requirements
High processing speed
Less weight
Less space
Lecture 1
Page 18
Transistors
Lecture 1
Page 19
Two states: ON and OFF
ON
1
OFF
0
Lecture 1
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n-Type MOSFET (NMOS) Transistor

MOSFET = Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
n-type
when Gate has positive voltage,
short circuit between #1 (Drain or D)
and #2 (Source or S)
(switch closed)
when Gate has zero voltage,
open circuit between #1 and #2
Gate = 1
(switch open)
Gate = 0
Terminal #2 must be
connected to GND (0V).
Lecture 1
Page 21
n-Type MOSFET (NMOS) Transistor
Lecture 1
Page 22
p-type MOS (PMOS) Transistor

p-type is complementary to n-type
when Gate has positive voltage,
open circuit between #1 (S) and #2 (D)
(switch open)
when Gate has zero voltage,
short circuit between #1 and #2
(switch closed)
Gate = 1
Gate = 0
Terminal #1 must be
connected to +5V.
Lecture 1
Page 23
CMOS Circuit
Complementary MOS
Uses both n-type and p-type MOS transistors
p-type
Attached to Vdd (+) voltage
Pulls output voltage UP when input is zero
n-type
Attached to GND
Pulls output voltage DOWN when input is one
For all inputs, make sure that output is either connected to GND or to +,
but not both!
Lecture 1
Page 24
Inverter (NOT Gate)
Truth table
In
Out
0
Lecture 1
Page 25
NOR Gate
Lecture 1
Page 26
OR Gate
A
Add inverter to NOR.
Lecture 1
Page 27
NAND Gate (AND-NOT)
Lecture 1
Page 28
AND Gate
Add inverter to NAND.
Lecture 1
Page 29
CMOS Logic Levels

Logic Levels for typical CMOS circuits
Lecture 1
Page 30
IC Fabrication
Semiconductor Fabrication Plant (commonly called a Fab/Foundry)
is a factory where ICs are manufactured.
Establishing a Fab costs billions of dollars.
A Fab is 1000 times cleaner than a hospital operating room (since

even a single speck can ruin a microcircuit, which has features much
smaller than dust. )
Fabless manufacturing: is the design and sale of hardware
microchips while outsourcing the fabrication to a specialized Fab (e.g.
Nvidia and AMD).
Lecture 1
Page 31
How does a Fab look like?
Lecture 1
Page 32
How Microchips are made ?

ICs are typically created on larger
circular sheets of silicon called wafers
A wafer is typically 100-300 mm in
diameter, and about 1 mm thick
A large silicon circuit is about 1cm long
The wafer passes through several
processing steps: thermal, chemical,
cleaning, etc
Each IC is tested before and after
packaging
Lecture 1
Silicon wafers
Page 33
Robert Noyce, 1927-1990
Nicknamed Mayor of Silicon Valley
Cofounded Fairchild Semiconductor in

1957
Cofounded Intel in 1968
Co-invented the integrated circuit
Lecture 1
Page 34
Gordon Moore, 1929
Cofounded Intel in 1968 with Robert

Noyce.
Moores Law:
In 1965, Gordon Moore noted

that the number of transistors
on a computer chip doubles
every 18 to 24 months.
He made a prediction that
semiconductor technology will
double its effectiveness every
18 months.
Lecture 1
Page 35
Moores Law
The prediction has

proven to be accurate,
in part because the law
is now used in the
semiconductor industry
to guide long-term
planning and to set
targets for research and
development.
Lecture 1
Page 36
Transistor Gate Length
*Nature 479, 310316 (17 November 2011) doi:10.1038/nature10676
Lecture 1
Page 37
Past vs Present
Intel 4004, 1971
VS
Six core
Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge
2300 transistors
1.86 billion transistors
Lecture 1
Page 38
Videos
Assignment: Watch these videos:

How microchips are made:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2KcZGwntgg
Zoom into a microchip:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Knd-U-avG0c
Lecture 1
Page 39
Important
Your task for this week is to revise all the fundamentals of Logic
Design:
Combinational and sequential logic
Logic gates, registers, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, adders,
flip-flops
Basically, everything
Some revision assignments will be posted on the MET website.
Lecture 1
Page 40
References
Digital Fundamentals, 6th Edition, Thomas L. Floyd, Prentice Hall,
2002
Digital Design, M. Morris Mano, 4rd Edition
The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA),

http://www.semiconductors.org/
CSEN605:Digital Systems Design Course, Spring 2011, GUC
CSEN605:Digital Systems Design Course, Winter 2014, GUC
Lecture 1
Page 41

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CSEN605: Digital Systems Design

Dr. Mohamed Elmahdy

Lecturer: Mohamed Elmahdy, office: C7.312,

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

What is a Digital System?

A digital system is a system is which signals are digital (discrete values)

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

ELCT201: Digital Logic

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

CSEN605: Digital Systems Design

What is inside a Digital Device?

(Printed Circuit Board)

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

Integrated Circuit (IC)

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

ICs Comes in Different Packages

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

The chip inside an IC is usually packaged inside a piece of black plastic

Uses for digital IC Technology Today

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

Mixed Signal ICs

E.g. Microprocessors, DSP,

E.g.: Sensors, Op-Amps,

E.g.: ADC, DAC

E.g. TTL and ECL

E.g.: CMOS & NMOS

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

IC Classification by Integration Complexity

VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): from 100,000 to 1,000,000

ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration): more than 1 million of electronic

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

Implementation of Simple Digital Circuit

Integrated Circuit (IC)

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

Two states: ON and OFF

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

n-Type MOSFET (NMOS) Transistor

n-Type MOSFET (NMOS) Transistor

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

p-type MOS (PMOS) Transistor

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

Inverter (NOT Gate)

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

Add inverter to NOR.

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

NAND Gate (AND-NOT)

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

Add inverter to NAND.

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

CMOS Logic Levels

CSEN605 : Digital Systems Design

A Fab is 1000 times cleaner than a hospital operating room (since