SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS

FACULTY OF ARCHITECRURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING,

UITM MALAYSIA SHAH ALAM SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN
BACHELOR OF SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS (HONOURS) AP220
GLS418: PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
LAB NO/Title: Theodolites
Assigned:
Due: 12th of May 2016
PREPARED BY:
N

NAME/UiTM

o.

No.

MOHAMMAD
KHAIRULANA
M BIN
SUHIMI
(2015154863
)

MOHD SYUIB
BIN UMAR
(2015101305
)

MUHAMMAD
FAIZ BIN
MAT SABRI
(2015145903
)

SYAZWANI
HUSNA BINTI
MOHD HIJAZI
(2015165811
)

5
AINA
SYAFIQAH
BINTI JUFRI
(2015110183

Theodolites Page 1

MARKS/COMMENTS

PREPARED FOR:
ASSOC. PROF. HJ MUHAMMAD HJ JAAFAR

Theodolites Page 2

NO
.

TITLE

PAGE

1.

COVER PAGE

2.

TABLE OF CONTENT

3.

ABSTRACT

4.

INTRODUCTION

5.

EQUIPMENTS & FUNCTION

6.

METHOD

7.

RESULTS / DISCUSSIONS

8.

CONCLUSION

9.

INDIVIDUAL COMMENT

Theodolites Page 3

ABSTRACT
The practical of theodolite traverse has been done by setting up four (4) target. All of four (4) target
are measured in distance between 20 meters to 30 meters. This practical are had been done around
lecture hall building where all of four (4) stations are located. The reading of the bearing are refer on
forward bearing and back bearing.

INTRODUCTION
Theodolites are precision instrument used extensively in constructions work for measuring
angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. Two types of theodolites are use and these are either
optical theodolite which need to read manually or electronic theodolite which capable of displaying
reading automatically.
Many different theodolite are available for measuring angles and they are often classified
according to the smallest reading that can be taken with the instrument. This can vary from 1 to 0.1
and, for example, a 1 theodolite is one which can be read to 1 directly without any estimation.
At this point it is worth nothing that a full circle is 360 or 400g and a reading system capable of
resolving to 1 directly shows the degree of precision in the manufacture of theodolites. The gons
angular unit is widely used in Europe instead of degree, minutes and second for the measurements
and setting out the angles.

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EQUIPMENTS & FUNCTION

Tripod

A device used to support any one of a

number of surveying instruments, such as
theodolites, total stations, levels or transits.

Theodolite

The theodolite is a versatile instrument and is

commonly used for the following tasks.
Measurement of horizontal angles
Measurement of vertical angles
Setting out horizontal angles
Ranging
Levelling
Optical distance measurement
Controlling verticality

Plumb-bob
A plumb-bob or a plummet is a weight,
usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, that
is suspended from a string and used as a
vertical reference line, or plumb-line. It is
essentially the vertical equivalent of a "water
level

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METHOD
The technique that utilized in this practical is Theodolite measurement to measure the angle of
horizontal angle and vertical angle of four (4) assigned pointed A,B,C and D at building Block A.

Figure 1: Theodolite
The Theodolite were set up at point X nearby at the Block A Department of Surveying Science and
Geomatics. Everyone in our group member should measure the angle at 4 points Set the tripod
into the correct height, then level and centre the instruments. After the instruments was ensured
centre and level, set the instruments which is Theodolite to the tripod and make sure theodolite
bubble are centre. Next, we also have to centre the plumb bob at the point in surface area. This
step are important because if the plum bob are not centre, the angle are recorded is error and the
calculation at the end is not in 1800000

Figure 2: the bubble

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Figure 3: Centre the plumb bob

After the instrument are setup, one of the member which is Syuib have to start measure the angle at
point A to point B to point C to point D in Face Left. After syuib has already measure the Face Right.
He should turn the lens to Face left mood. After Syuib have already turn the lens to another way, he
should measure the angle between point D to point C to point B to point A . The angle of face left,
face right and vertical angle are recorded. Then, the another member should measure the angle with
this step. Lastly, by using the theodolite, all the data are recorded in Face Left, Face Right and the
direction

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RESULTS / DISCUSSION
Our result based on our angle calculation which include horizontal and vertical angle. A horizontal
angle is formed by the directions to two objects in a horizontal angle while a vertical angle is formed
by two intersecting lines in a vertical plane, one of these lines horizontal. Based on the theodolite
surveying, this is our result based on the work that have been done in angle calculation.
Horizontal circle :Every 5 of us are given four points which A (as a reference object), B, C, and D which different
quadrant for every person. Based on the horizontal face left and face right, the different of face left
and face right need +/- 180. For example:
Face right face left = +/-180
27000 00 - 900000 = +/-180
Next, our mean produced by: Face right +/-180 + Face left
2
So,

(359 59' 45" - 180) + 180 00' 00"

2

If Face right is <180, so face right need to +180 while if >180, face right need to -180.
MEAN
POINT
HORIZONTAL
FACE LEFT
FACE RIGHT
A(RO)
180 00' 00"
359 59' 45"
179 59' 53"
209 37' 07"
B
209 35' 25"
29 38' 40"

Then, Reduced direction :

(A) 00 00' 40"

(B) 29 39' 53"

X

(C)52 15' 08"

(D) 66 40' 41"

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So, based the diagram above, reduced direction can be calculate by:
Mean first reduced direction
I: (A)

00 00' 40" = 00 00' 00 = ( - )

II: (B) 29 39' 53" (00 00' 40") = 29 39' 13" ( - )

III: (C) 52 15' 08" (00 00' 40") = 52 14' 28" ( - )
IV: (D) 66 40' 41" - (00 00' 40") = 66 40' 01"

Based on the result, our final angle calculation in horizontal are shown as table below.
Point

Final angle

<AXB
<AXC
<AXD

29 34' 45"
52 10' 12"
66 36' 17"

We gain our final angle by using formula : y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5

5
For example, final angle point <AXB is 29 34' 45". By using the formula, the result produced as:29 38' 55" + 29 18' 27" + 2937' 14 + 29 39' 55" + 29 39' 13"
5

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= <AXB
29 34' 45".

So, based on the method, we produced a full calculation of horizontal as the table below show.
Horizontal circle
POINT

HORIZONTAL
FACE
FACE LEFT
RIGHT

MEAN

REDUCED
DIRECTION

FINAL ANGLE

SHUIB
A(RO)

00 00' 00"

29 39' 30"

52 13' 50"

66 40' 20"

179
55"
209
00"
232
15"
246
55"

59'
00 00' 05"

00 00' 00"

29 35' 00"

29 38' 55"

52 14' 03"

52 13' 58"

66 40' 08"

66 40' 03"

39'
14'
39'
<AXB : 29 34'
45"

FAIZ
A(RO)
B
C
D

90 00' 00"
119 38'
35"
142 14'
10"
15638'
05"

270
25"
299
15"
322
05"
336
40"

59'
90 19' 58"

00 00' 00"

119 38' 25"

29 18' 27"

142 14' 08"

51 54' 10"

56 38' 23"

66 18' 25"

38'
14'
38'
<AXC : 52 10'
12"

AINA
A(RO)
B
C
D

180
00"
209
25"
232
20"
246
05"

00'
35'
13'
43'

359 59'
45"
29 38'
40"
52 14'
10"
66 42'
25"

179 59' 53"

00 00' 00"

209 37' 07"

2937' 14"

232 13' 45"

52 13' 52"

246 42' 45"

66 42' 52"
<AXD : 66 36'
17"

ANAM
A(RO)
B
C
D
HUSN
A
A(RO)
B

270
00"
299
55"
322
30"
336
00"

00'
39'
014'
40'

00 00' 00"
29 40' 05"

Theodolites Page 10

90 00'
00"
119 39'
55"
142 14'
30"
156 404
00"
179 59'
20"
209 39'

270 00' 00"

00 00' 00"

299 39' 55"

29 39' 55"

322 14' 30"

52 14' 30"

336 40' 00"

66 40' 00"

00 00' 40"
29 39' 53"

00 00' 00"
29 39' 13"

52 15' 35"

66 40' 50"

40"
232 14'
40"
246 40'
35"

52 15' 08"

52 14' 28"

66 40' 41"

66 40' 01"

Vertical angle
In vertical calculation, the result in vertical are not similar with horizontal angle which the formula
using in both calculation actually different. However, method for calculate face left and face right is
same either in vertical or horizontal which is
Face right face left = +/-180
27000 00 - 900000 = +/-180
While, reduced direction in vertical angle can be calculate by the quadrant. For example:
360 - answer

90 - answer

270 - answer

180 - answer
Quadrant 4

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Quadrant 1

Quadrant 3

Point
A (ro)
B

Quadrant 2

VERTICAL
Face left
Face right
08 35 20
171 07 05
11 54 45
168 21 45

REDUCED DIRECTION
Face left
Face right
08 35 20 08 52 55
11 54 45 11 38 15

Based on the point A,

Face right : Quadrant 2 answer
: 180 00 00 - 171 07 05
: 08 52 55
Face left : 08 35 20
Besides, our final angle in vertical calculation measure by :=

Reduced direction (FL) + Reduced direction (FR)

2
08 35 20 + 08 52 55
2

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= 08 44 08

The table below show the result of final calculate of vertical angle.
Vertical circle
Point

VERTICAL
Face left
Face right

REDUCED DIRECTION
Face left
Face right

Final angle

A (ro)
B
C
D
Faiz

08 35 20
11 54 45
11 02 00
09 36 45

171 07 05
168 21 45
168 57 30
170 06 05

08 35 20
11 54 45
11 02 00
09 36 45

08 52 55
11 38 15
11 02 30
09 53 55

08 44 08
1146 30
11 02 15
09 45 20

A (ro)

08 35 55

171 05 55

08 35 55

08 53 05

08 44 30

11 38 55

168 03 20

11 38 55

11 56 40

11 47 48

11 03 15

168 56 35

11 03 15

11 03 25

11 03 20

09 38 10

170 05 25

09 38 10

09 54 35

09 46 23

A (ro)

08 41 20

171 07 00

08 41 20

08 53 00

08 47 10

12 08 30

167 46 15

12 08 30

12 13 45

12 11 08

11 19 10

168 39 40

11 19 10

11 20 20

11 19 45

09 57 30

170 23 20

09 57 30

09 36 40

09 47 05

A (ro)

08 35 45

171 24 00

08 35 45

08 36 00

08 35 53

11 56 05

168 03 40

11 56 05

11 56 20

11 56 13

Shuib

Aina

Anam

Theodolites Page 13

11 19 30

168 57 05

11 19 30

11 56 20

11 37 55

09 36 50

170 24 10

09 36 50

09 36 00

09 36 25

A (ro)

08 36 05

171 24 40

08 36 05

08 35 20

08 35 42

11 55 10

168 03 10

11 55 10

11 56 50

11 56 00

11 02 55

168 40 15

11 02 55

11 19 45

11 11 20

09 37 45

170 23 55

09 37 45

09 37 05

09 37 25

Husna

Theodolites Page 14

CONCLUSION
Theodolite is a telescope mounted on horizontal and vertical protractors. Its purpose is to
measure vertical and/or horizontal angles. The precision depends on the type and is usually from
0.1 seconds (good quality theodolite used for geodetic survey) to 0.1 minutes (i.e. 6 seconds
typical theodolite).Theodolite can be used to evaluate horizontal readings for leveling but usually with
lower accuracy than level instrument will do. The horizontal face left and face right to measure the
interior angle but sometimes we make an errors. The measurements must 180 between face left
reading and face right reading. We use the reading mean to make reduced direction to find the final
angle. Finally the reading on vernier A and B are noted. Vernier A results in the angle directly and
vernier B results with the reading by subtracting the initial reading (180) from final reading. Verniers
readings are noted for the two observations (face left and right). The mean angle of observation is
taken to be the correct angle of depression.

Theodolites Page 15

INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS
Muhammad Faiz Bin Mat Sabri
For my conclusion Muhammad Faiz Bin Mat Sabri, the purpose of this report is I was learn
about how to setup a Theodolite. This is because I learn more about theodolite such how to setup a
theodolite correctly, how to reading an angle from face left and face right in theodolite . Besides that, I
also learn more about measure an angle used theodolite from point A to point B and so on at the
Block A repeatedly to avoid me read the angle incorrect. Next, I also learn about how to setup a
theodolite which is how to center the tripod, how to pair a theodolite at a tripod and how to reading
from theodolite to target that I have to measure angle . Lastly, I also learn about how to be calculate
the mean in theodolite calculation to get a mean from face right and face left that I measure from point
A to point B at the building Block A . From this practical, I can get more information what is different
between theodolite and total station, how to measure and what are the correctly calculation in
theodolite after we reconnaissance at the field work.

Aina Syafiqah Binti Jufri

Based on our theodolite practical, Im Aina Syafiqah Binti Jufri, can conclude that Ive learn function
of theodolite, how to setup a theodolite which is from the orientation until the zero setting method, and
ways to read the result from the theodolite. The zero setting are set at 4 different quadrant which give
us different result. Besides that, Ive learn how to calculate the reduced direction and the mean of
angle. Furthermore, Ive learn the distinguish of face left/right and horizontal left/right. Refer object
(RO) is the first point for each point. Thankful to our lecturer and all of my teammates for the
cooperation in our theodolite practical.

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Muhammad Khairul Anam bin Suhimi

A Theodolite is a measuring instrument used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles.
Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass. Magnetic compass measures the angle up to as
accuracy of 30. Anyhow a vernier theodolite measures the angles up to and accuracy of 10, 20. It is
of either transit or non-transit type. In Transit theodolites the telescope can rotate in a complete circle
in the vertical plane while Non-transit theodolites are those in which the telescope can rotate only in a
semicircle in the vertical plane. The carried out of setting up theodolite are centering the theodolites ,
leveling the theodolites and removal of parallax. We use the theodolite to measurement of horizontal
and vertical angle.We must be careful about the sources in theodolite.

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Theodolites Page 18