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    01 Navigating The Body PDF

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    01 Navigating The Body PDF

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    01 Navigating the Body.pdf

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    01 Navigating The Body PDF

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    of 24
    Navigating the Body The nature of this book demands that we explore specific, individval structures and regions on our journey. However, before we set out into the hills and valleys of the body, some preparation is in order. This chapter will familiarize you with important mapping and navigational terms. It will also show you the ‘big picture" of the body's systems high- lighted in the text. This way, when the trail Quide leads you in a certain direction, you will know which way to go! Regions of the Body 30 Movements of the Body 32 Systems of the Body 40 TiavAnatomical postion #8 Regions of the Body Mandibular Supraclavicular Brachial Cubital Wie TiS Antenior view TW Posteriorview 30 Trail Guide to the Body Planes of Movement When the body is in the standard anatomical posi- tion, standing erect with the palms facing forward (p. 29), it can be divided into three imaginary planes (1.4). These planes help clarify and specify movements. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves. The descriptive terms medial and lateral correlate to the sagittal plane; the actions of flexion and extension occur along this plane. The midline (or midsagittal plane) runs down the center of the body, dividing the sagittal plane in two symmetrical halves. The frontal (or coronal) plane divides the body into front and back portions. The terms anterior and posterior relate to the frontal plane; the actions of adduction and abduction happen along this plane. Dividing the body into upper and lower parts is the transverse plane. The terms superior and inferior refer to the transverse plane; rotation happens within this plane. Directions and Positions ‘Specific terms are used to help communicate location, direction and position of body structures. These terms replace more general references like "up there" or ‘north of here, which are less precise and can be confusing. Each direction is paired up with its complementary direction. Superior refers to a structure closer to the head. Inferior means closer to the feet. "The nose is superior tothe navel" “The navel is inferior to the nose’ (1.5) ‘The terms cranial (closer to the head) and caudal (closer to the buttocks) are used when referring to structures on the trunk. Posterior concerns a structure further toward the back of the body than another structure, Anterior refers to a structure further in front. “The sternum is anterior to the spine’ (1.5) These directions are also referred to as dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) Medial pertains to a structure closer to the midline (or center) of the body. Lateral refers to a structure further away from the midline. “The last (pinkie) toe is lateral to the big toe’ (1.6) Distal means a structure further away from the trunk cr the bodys midline. Proximal designates a structure Closer to the trunk. These directions are used only when referring to the arms and legs. “The foot is distal to the thigh (1.6) “The forearm is proximal to the hand Superficial describes a structure closer to the bodys surface. Deep refers to a structure deeper in the body. “The abdominal muscles are superficial to the intes- tines? "The intestines are deep to the abdominal muscles” (1.7) sagital safinal LL atthe coronal koronal —L. crownlke Transverse rans-verse—L actos tuned across Ta) Planes of te boay t Supetior Inferior 4 Posterior Anterior TS) Lateral ew oFrib cage andvertebrae Navigating the Body 31 Movements of the Body Movement of the body occurs at the joints, where. bones articulate (or connect). Although movement affects the placement of bones, the terminology of movement always refers to joints. Bending your knee is called “flexion ofthe knee” “Flexion of the leg" would require an ambu- lance. See pages 34-39 for a description of movement at f ae specific joints. Medial Extension is movement that straightens or opens a joint. In anatomical position, most joints are extended When a joint can extend beyond its normal range of naa motion itis called hyperextension. Flexion is movement \ that bends a joint or brings the bones closer together. J Ma dit —_ Ina fetal position most joints are ina flexed position 4 PN (1.8). Both flexion and extension take place along the sagittal plane. Proximal | Distal Adduction ofa joint brings a limb medially toward thie body's midline ‘adding to the body’). Abduction moves a limb laterally away from the midline ("abduct or carry away"), These actions happen along the frontal plane and pertain only to the appendages. To adduct the fingers or toes isto bring them together; to abduct is to spread them apart. Ta) Anterior view oflegs and feet Medial rotation and lateral rotation (sometimes re- ferred to as intemal and external rotation) occur at the shoulder and hip joints, When the joint medially rotates, the limb turns in toward the midline, Lateral rotation swings the limb away from the midline. Rotation pertains only to the axial skeleton (p. 40), specifically the head and vertebral column. Rotation of the head and neck occurs as a driver turns to check whether a car is coming from behind in the next lane. ‘These movements happen along the transverse plane. Circumduction is possible only at the shoulder and hip joints. It involves 2 combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction; together these actions create a cone-shaped movement (1.9). Swimming the backstroke requires circumduction at the shoulder joint. Aldominal muscles (superficial) Intestines (deep) (Prone is the position of lying on the table face [SEE \ own. Supine (on your spine’ is to lie face up. Sidelying is just that - lying on your side. So Sanaa Cee” Lateral flexion occurs only at the axial skeleton For example, when the head or vertebral column bend laterally to the side. Supination and pronation describe the pivoting action of the forearm. Supination (‘carrying a bow! of soup’) occurs when the radius and ulna lie parallel to one another. Pronation (‘prone to spill it?) takes place when the radius crosses over the ulna, turning the palm down, Supination and pronation also occur at the feet. Opposition happens only at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. It occurs when the thumbpad crosses the palm toward the last (pinkie) finger. Inversion and eversion occur as a combination of movements of several joints ofthe feet. Inversion (turn in’ elevates the foor’s medial side and brings the sole of the foot medially. Eversion (‘turn out’) elevates the foot’ lateral side and moves the sole laterally Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion only refer to movement at the ankle. Plantar flexion is performed by moving the ankle to point your foot into the earth ‘0 stepping on a car's gas pedal. Dorsilexion is the opposite movement, such as moving the ankle to let off the gas pedal Protraction and retraction pertain to the scapula, clavicle, head and jaw. Protraction (‘protrude”) Occurs when one of these structures moves anteriorly. Retraction (retreat’) is movernent posteriorly. Elevation and depression refer to the movernent of the scapula and jaw. Elevation is movement. superiorly. Depression is movement inferiorly. Deviation means to wander from the usual course. Lateral deviation accurs at the mandible during talking or chewing. TTB) in the fetal postion mostjoints are Rexed 9 Shoulder creumduction {The names of many bones, bony landmarks and \ muscles may initially look and sound foreign. They are - most anatomical terms are Latin or Greek However, the source or story behind the terms can help K shoulder. In Latin, scapula means shoulder blade" its ‘common name. Fossa translates as shallow depression’ (nfraspinous is a directional term (lke north or south- ‘west). It means inferior (infra to the spine of the scapula Spine of the scapula Infraspinous fossa (spinous). Put this al together and the infa- spinous fossa ofthe scapula’ translates as the shallow depression located below the spine of the shoulder blade” Keep an eye peeled for translations and phonetic descriptions at the bottom of pages. dorsi dorsi L of the back plantar plantar. the sole ofthe foot Navigating the Body 33 && Movements of the Body Spine and Thorax (vertebral column) Flexion Extension Neck Flexion Extension Ribs/Thorax Elevation/expansion (inhalation) Depression/collapse (exhalation) 34 Trail Guide to the Body Scapula (scapulothoracic joint) ‘Adduction fmt (retraction) Abduction (protraction) Upward rotation of eft scapula ' Downward rotation of right scapula ay J 1S AY Shoulder (lenohumeral joint) ‘Adduction 3 es ° . \ ‘Medial rotation % (internal rotation) se Lateral rotation (extemal rotation) Navigating the Body 35 Elbow and Forearm (humeroulnar and humeroradial joints - elbow, proximal and distal radioulnar joints - forearm) Flexion of the elbow Extension of the elbow | Supination of the forearm Pronation of the forearm Wrist (radiocarpal joint) Extension ‘Adduction Abduction (ulnar deviation) (adial deviation) 36 Trail Guide to the Body Thumb (first carpometacarpal and ‘metacarpophalangeal joints) & i Flexion Extension Opposition ‘Adduction ‘Abduction Fingers (metacarpophalangeal, proximal ‘and distal interphalangeal joints) Flexion Extension ‘Adduction Mandible (temporomandiular joint) Protraction Retraction Navigating the Body 37 (downward rotation) Hi (coxal joint) 38 Trail Guide to the Body Knee (tibiofemeral joint) Lateral rotation of flexed knee (right knee) Flexion Medial rotation of flexed knee (right knee) Extension Ankle, Foot and Toes (talocrural,talotarsal, midtarsal, tarsometatarsa, ‘metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints) Inversion of foot Dorsiflexion of ankle Flexion of toes, “curling the toes" Eversion of foot Plantar flexion of ankle Extension of toes “straighten the toes” Navigating the Body 39 && Systems of the Body The Skeletal System The bones are linked together to form the skeleton. The skeleton is divided into two sec- tions: the axial and the appendicular skeletons, ‘The axial skeleton is the skeleton’s center. It includes the cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum and hyoid bone. The appendicular appendages’) skeleton is composed of the arms and legs, including the pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle) and pelvic girdle (hips). Mandible. Cervical vertebra. Clavicle a Scapula Ribs Lumbar vertebra Pelvis Sacum Coccyx 1110) Anterior view oF the skeleton in anatomical position, ‘vial skeleton highlighted Pound for pound, bone is as strong as steel and three times stronger than the same quantity of reinforced concrete. ricer apendikwiar —L tohangto 40 Trail Guide to the Body Sa aes ale fleleton skeleton Gik. dried up The Skeletal System Lumbar vertebra Sacrum: Pelvis ‘TT Posterior view oF skeleton,

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