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Indonesia - Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Coordinates: 5S 120E
Indonesia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Indonesia ( i /ndni/ -d-zh or /ndonizi/ -doh-zee-; Indonesian: [ndonesia]), officially the Republic of
Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia [rpublik ndonesia]), is a
sovereign transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia
with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and
Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than
thirteen thousand islands.[8][9] It has an estimated population of over
260 million people (September 2016) and is the world's fourth most
populous country, the most populous Austronesian nation, as well as
the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most
populous island of Java contains more than half of the country's
population.
Indonesia's republican form of government includes an elected
legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five
have Special Administrative status. Its capital and most populous city
is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea,
East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia. Other neighbouring
countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the
Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a
founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major
economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 16th largest by
nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade
since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit
traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign
cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE,
and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has
been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources.
Muslim traders and Sufi scholars brought the now-dominant Islam,
[10][11] while European powers brought Christianity and fought one
another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the
Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch
colonialism starting from Amboina and Batavia, and eventually all of
the archipelago including Timor and West Papua, at times interrupted
by Portuguese, French and British rule, Indonesia secured its
independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been
turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, mass slaughter,
corruption, separatism, a democratisation process, and periods of rapid
economic change.
Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic
groups. The largest and politically dominant ethnic group are the
Javanese. A shared identity has developed, defined by a national
language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslimmajority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against
it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in
Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that
shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated
regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's
second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural
resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper and gold. Agriculture
Republic of Indonesia
Republik Indonesia
Flag
Coat of Arms
Motto: "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (Old Javanese)

"Unity in Diversity"
National ideology: Pancasila[1][2]

Anthem: "Indonesia Raya" (Indonesian)
"Great Indonesia"
MENU
0:00
Jakarta
Capital
and largest city
610.5S 10649.7E
Official languages
Indonesian
Religion
Recognized:[a]
Islam
Protestantism
Roman Catholicism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Demonym
Indonesian
Government
Unitary presidential
constitutional republic
President
Vice-President
Joko Widodo
Jusuf Kalla
Legislature
People's Consultative
Assembly
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mainly produces rice, tea, coffee, spices and rubber. Indonesia's major
trading partners are Japan, the United States and the surrounding
countries of Singapore, Malaysia and Australia.
Upper house
Lower house
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Early history
2.2 Colonial era
2.3 Modern era
3 Government and politics
3.1 Politics
3.2 Foreign relations
3.3 Military
3.4 Administrative divisions
4 Geography
4.1 Biodiversity
4.2 Environment
5 Economy
5.1 Transportation
5.2 Science and technology
6 Demographics
6.1 Ethnic groups
6.2 Languages
6.3 Urban centres
6.4 Religion
6.5 Education
7 Tourism
8 Culture
8.1 Architecture
8.2 Music
8.3 Dance
8.4 Sports
8.5 Media
8.6 Cinema
8.7 Literature
8.8 Cuisine
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Formation
Dutch East India
Company
Dutch East Indies
Japanese occupation
Independence
declared from the
Netherlands
United States of
Indonesia (USI)
USI dissolved
Area
Land
The name Indonesia derives from the Greek translation of the Indus
River and the word nsos, meaning "Indian island".[12] The name dates
to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent
Indonesia.[13] In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist,
proposed the terms Indunesiansand, his preference,
Malayunesiansfor the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or
Malayan Archipelago".[14] In the same publication, a student of Earl's,
James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian
Archipelago.[15][16] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies
20 March 1602
1 January 1800
9 March 1942
17 August 1945
27 December 1949
17 August 1950
Water (%)
1,904,569 km2 (15th)

735,358 sq mi
4.85
Population
2015 estimate
255,461,700[3]
2010 census
237,424,363[4] (4th)
Density
124.66/km2 (84th)
322.87/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
Total
2016 estimate
Per capita
$11,633[4] (102nd)
GDP (nominal)
Total
2016 estimate
Per capita
$3,620[4] (117th)
Gini (2010)
35.6[5]
medium
HDI (2014)
0.684[6]
medium 110th
Currency
Time zone
Summer (DST)
Etymology
Regional
Representative
Council
People's
Representative
Council
$3.010 trillion[4] (8th)
$936.955 billion[4]
(16th)
Indonesian rupiah
(Rp) (IDR)
various
(UTC+7 to +9)
various (UTC+7 to
+9)
Date format
DD/MM/YYYY
Drives on the
left
Calling code
+62
ISO 3166 code
ID
Internet TLD
.id
a.
^a The government officially recognises only six

religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism,
Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.[7]
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publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the
Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indi), popularly Indi; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde.[17]
After 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian
nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.[17] Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularised the name
through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 18841894. The first Indonesian scholar to use
the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with
the name Indonesisch Pers-bureau in 1913.[13]
History
Early history
Fossils and the remains of tools show that the Indonesian archipelago was
inhabited by Homo erectus, popularly known as "Java Man", between 1.5 million
years ago and 35,000 years ago.[19][20][21] Homo sapiens reached the region by
around 45,000 years ago.[22] Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the
modern population, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in
Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and as they spread through the archipelago, confined
the indigenous Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions.[23]
A Borobudur ship carved on
Borobudur Mahayana Buddhist
temple, c. 800 CE. Indonesian
outrigger boats may have made trade
voyages to the east coast of Africa as
early as the 1st century CE.[18]
Ideal agricultural conditions and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as

early as the 8th century BCE,[24] allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to
flourish by the 1st century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered
inter-island and international trade, including links with Indian kingdoms and
China, which were established several centuries BCE.[25] Trade has since
fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.[26][27]
From the 7th century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a
result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it.[28] Between the eighth and 10th
centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java,
leaving grand religious monuments such as Borobudur, Sewu and Prambanan. This period marked a renaissance of
Hindu-Buddhist art in ancient Java.[29]
Around the first quarter of the 10th century, the centre of the kingdom was shifted from Mataram area in Central Java to
Brantas River valley in East Java by Mpu Sindok, who established the Isyana Dynasty.[30]:128 Subsequently, series of
Javanese Hindu-Buddhist polities rise and fall, from Kahuripan kingdom ruled by Airlangga to Kadiri and Singhasari. In
West Java, Sunda Kingdom was re-established circa 1030 according to Sanghyang Tapak inscription. In Bali, the
Warmadewas established their rule on the Kingdom of Bali in the 10th century. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was
founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of
Indonesia.[31]
Colonial era
Although Muslim traders first travelled through Southeast Asia early in the
Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamised populations in Indonesia dates to
the 13th century in northern Sumatra.[32] Other Indonesian areas gradually
adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of
the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing
cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in
Indonesia, particularly in Java.[33]
The first regular contact between Europeans and the peoples of Indonesia began in
1512, when Portuguese traders led by Francisco Serro, sought to monopolise the
sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku.[34] Dutch and British
traders followed. In 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company
(VOC), and in following decades, the Dutch has gained foothold in Batavia and
The submission of Prince Diponegoro

to General De Kock at the end of the
Java War in 1830.
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Amboina. Throughout 17th and 18th centuries, the company became the dominant European power in the archipelago.[35]
Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the
Dutch East Indies as a nationalised colony.[36] For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over the archipelago was
tenuous outside of coastal strongholds; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become
Indonesia's current boundaries.[37] Despite major internal political, social and sectarian divisions during the National
Revolution, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence. Japanese occupation during World
War II ended Dutch rule,[38] and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement.[39]
Modern era
A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine
and forced labor during the Japanese occupation.[40] Two days after the surrender of Japan
in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was
appointed president.[41] The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and an armed and
diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure,
the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence[42] (with the exception of the
Dutch territory of West New Guinea, which was incorporated into Indonesia following the
1962 New York Agreement, and the UN-mandated Act of Free Choice of 1969).[43]
Sukarno, the founding father

and first President of
Indonesia.
Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his
power base by balancing the opposing forces of the military and the Communist Party of
Indonesia (Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI).[44] An attempted coup on 30 September 1965
was countered by the army, who led a violent anti-communist purge, during which the
PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.[45][46][47] Large-scale killings
took place which targeted communists, ethnic Chinese and alleged leftists. The most
widely accepted estimates are that between 500,000 and one million people were killed,
with some estimates as high as two to three million.[48][49][50]
The head of the military, General Suharto, outmaneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno and was formally appointed
president in March 1968. His New Order administration[51] was supported by the US government,[52][53][54] and
encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of
substantial economic growth. However, the authoritarian "New Order" was widely accused of corruption and suppression
of political opposition.[55][56][57]
Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the late 1990s Asian financial crisis.[58] This increased popular discontent with
the New Order and led to popular protest across the country. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998.[59] In 1999, East Timor
voted to secede from Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation that was marked by international
condemnation of repression of the East Timorese.[60]
Since Suharto's resignation, a strengthening of democratic processes has included a regional autonomy program, and the
first direct presidential election in 2004, which was won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who went on to win a second
term in 2009. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism slowed progress; however, in the
last five years the economy has performed strongly. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are
largely harmonious, sectarian discontent and violence have persisted.[61] A political settlement to an armed separatist
conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.[62]
Government and politics

Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the central government.
Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone
major reforms. Four amendments to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia[63] have revamped the executive, judicial, and
legislative branches.[64]
The president of Indonesia is the head of state and head of government, commander-in-chief of Tentara Nasional
Indonesia (Indonesian National Armed Forces), and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign
affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The
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2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the
president and vice-president.[65] The president may serve a maximum of two
consecutive five-year terms.[66]
The highest representative body at national level is Majelis Permusyawaratan
Rakyat (People's Consultative Assembly) or MPR. Its main functions are
supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and
formalising broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the
president.[67] The MPR comprises two houses; Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
An inauguration of Indonesian
(People's Representative Council) or DPR, with 560 members, and Dewan
President by People's Consultative
Perwakilan Daerah (Regional Representative Council) or DPD, with 132
Assembly in Parliament Complex
members.[68] The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch;
Jakarta, 2014.
party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by proportional
representation.[64] Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in
national governance.[69] The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.[70]
Most civil disputes appear before Pengadilan Negeri (State Court); appeals are heard before Pengadilan Tinggi (High
Court). Mahkamah Agung is the country's highest court, and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews.
Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; Pengadilan Tata Negara (State
Administrative Court) to hear administrative law cases against the government; Mahkamah Konstitusi (Constitutional
Court) to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of
authority of state institutions; and Pengadilan Agama (Religious Court) to deal with codified Sharia Law cases.[71]
Politics
Since 1999 Indonesia has had a multi-party system. In the two legislative elections since the fall of the New Order
regime, no political party has managed to win an overall majority of seats, resulting in coalition governments.
The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan) is the party of Joko Widodo, the
Indonesian President.[72] The Great Indonesia Movement Party (Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya) is the third largest
political party.[73]
Foreign relations
In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to Western powers and
tensions with Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations since the New Order era
have been based on economic and political co-operation with the Western
world.[74] Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbours in Asia, and
is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit.[68] The country
restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze
in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.[71]
Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950,[75] and was a
founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of the
Islamic Conference (OIC).[68] Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade
Area agreement, the Cairns Group, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), and
a member of OPEC. Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid
since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and
Japan.[68]
Former President of Indonesia Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono with US
President Barack Obama, in
ceremony at the Merdeka Palace
2010.
The Indonesian government has worked with other countries to apprehend and
prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism and
Al-Qaeda.[76] The deadliest bombing killed 202 people (including 164
international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.[77] The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by
other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.[78]
Military
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Indonesia's Armed Forces (TNI) include the Army (TNIAD), Navy (TNIAL,
which includes Marine Corps), and Air Force (TNIAU).[79] The army has about
400,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 4%
of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military
commercial interests and foundations.[80] One of the reforms following the 1998
resignation of Suharto was the removal of formal TNI representation in
parliament; nevertheless, its political influence remains extensive.[81]
Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed
conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all
sides.[82][83] Following a sporadic thirty-year guerrilla war between the Gerakan
Aceh Merdeka (GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.[84] In Papua, there has
been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of
violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[85]
Indonesian Naval vessels.
Administrative divisions
Administratively, Indonesia consists of 34 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own
legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), which are further
subdivided into districts (kecamatan or distrik in Papua and West Papua), and again into administrative villages (either
desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari in West Sumatra, or gampong in Aceh).
The village is the lowest level of government administration in Indonesia. Furthermore, a village is divided into several
community groups (rukun warga (RW)) which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (rukun tetangga (RT)). In
Java the desa (village) is divided further into smaller units called dusun or dukuh (hamlets), these units are the same as
rukun warga. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have
become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration
level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles matters of a village or neighbourhood through an elected
lurah or kepala desa (village chief).
The provinces of Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua have greater legislative privileges and a higher
degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has
the right to create certain elements of an independent legal system. In 2003, it instituted a form of sharia (Islamic
law).[86]
Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian
Republicans during the Indonesian Revolution and its willingness to join Indonesia as a republic.[87] Papua, formerly
known as Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy status in 2001 and was split into Papua and West Papua in February
2003.[88][89] Jakarta is the country's special capital region.
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Indonesian provinces and their capitals, listed by region

Indonesian name is in parentheses if different from English.
* indicates provinces with special status
Sumatra
Kalimantan
Aceh (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam) * Banda Aceh

North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) Medan
West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) Padang
Riau Pekanbaru
Riau Islands (Kepulauan Riau) Tanjung Pinang
Jambi Jambi City
South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) Palembang
Bangka-Belitung Islands (Kepulauan Bangka-Belitung)
Pangkal Pinang
Bengkulu Bengkulu City
Lampung Bandar Lampung
Java
Jakarta*
Special Capital Region of

(Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota
Jakarta) Jakarta
Banten Serang
West Java (Jawa Barat) Bandung
Central Java (Jawa Tengah) Semarang
Yogyakarta Special Region* (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta)
Yogyakarta (city)
East Java (Jawa Timur) Surabaya
Lesser Sunda Islands
Bali Denpasar
West Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Barat) Mataram
East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Timur) Kupang
West Kalimantan (Kalimantan Barat)

Pontianak
Central Kalimantan (Kalimantan Tengah)
Palangkaraya
South Kalimantan (Kalimantan Selatan)
Banjarmasin
East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur)
Samarinda
North Kalimantan (Kalimantan Utara)
Tanjung Selor
Sulawesi
North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara) Manado
Gorontalo Gorontalo City
Central Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tengah) Palu
West Sulawesi (Sulawesi Barat) Mamuju
South Sulawesi (Sulawesi Selatan)
Makassar
Southeast Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tenggara)
Kendari
Maluku Islands
Maluku Ambon
North Maluku (Maluku Utara) Sofifi
Western New Guinea
West Papua* (Papua Barat) Manokwari
Papua* Jayapura
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Geography
Indonesia lies between latitudes 11S and 6N, and longitudes 95E and 141E. It
is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres
(3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to
south.[91] According to a geospatial survey conducted between 2007 and 2010 by
National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping (Bakosurtanal), Indonesia
has 13,466 islands,[8] about 6,000 of which are inhabited.[92] These are scattered
over both sides of the equator. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with
Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in
Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and
East Java. Indonesia contains the
Sulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New
most volcanoes in the world.[90]
Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor.
Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straits with Singapore, Malaysia,
the Philippines, and Palau to the north, and with Australia to the south. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's
largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.[93]
At 1,919,440 square kilometres (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 15th-largest country in terms of land area and
world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area.[94] Its average population density is 134 people per
square kilometre (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world,[95] although Java, the world's most populous island,[96] has a
population density of 940 people per square kilometre (2,435 per sq mi).
At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and
Lake Toba in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometres
(442 sq mi). Indonesia's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the
Mahakam and Barito; such rivers are communication and transport links between
the island's river settlements.[97]
Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian tectonic
plates makes it the site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.
Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes,[98] including Krakatoa and Tambora,
both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of
Puncak Jaya in Papua, the highest
the Toba supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest
summit in Indonesia and Oceania.
eruptions ever, and a global catastrophe. Recent disasters due to seismic activity
include the 2004 tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra,[99]
and the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006. However, volcanic ash is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that
has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.[100]
Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinct monsoonal wet and dry seasons. Average
annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from 1,7803,175 millimetres (70.1125.0 inches), and up to 6,100 millimetres (240
inches) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan,
Sulawesi, and Papua receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures vary
little throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakarta is 2630 C (7986 F).[101]
Biodiversity
Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity
after Brazil.[102] Its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.[103] The islands of the Sunda Shelf
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large
species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but
numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country.[104] In Sumatra and
Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated
Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku having
been long separated from the continental landmasseshave developed their own unique flora and fauna.[105] Papua was
part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including
over 600 bird species.[106]
Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of
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its 515 species of mammal being

endemic.[107] Indonesia's 80,000
kilometres (50,000 miles) of coastline are
surrounded by tropical seas that
contribute to the country's high level of
biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea
and coastal ecosystems, including
beaches, sand dunes, estuaries,
mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds,
coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds,
and small island ecosystems.[12]
Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle
countries with the world's greatest
diversity of coral reef fish with more than
1,650 species in eastern Indonesia
only.[108]
The British naturalist Alfred Russel
Wallace described a dividing line
between the distribution of Indonesia's
Species endemic to Indonesia. Clockwise from top: Rafflesia arnoldii, orangutan,
Asian and Australasian species.[109]
greater bird-of-paradise, and Komodo dragon.
Known as the Wallace Line, it runs
roughly northsouth along the edge of the
Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of
the line the flora and fauna are more Asian moving east from Lombok they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869
book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area.[110] The region of islands between
his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[109]
Environment
Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialisation present serious environmental issues, which are often given a
lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.[111] Issues include large-scale
deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and
Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanisation and
economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste
water services.[111]
Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases.[112]
Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals
identified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically
endangered, including the Bali starling,[113] Sumatran orangutan,[114] and Javan rhinoceros.[115]
Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil industry, which has cleared 18 million
hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and
natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities, but it can also degrade ecosystems
and cause social problems.[116]
Economy
Indonesia has a mixed economy in which both the private sector and government play significant roles.[117] The country
is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G-20 major economies.[118] Indonesia's estimated gross
domestic product (nominal), as of 2016, is US$936.955 billion while GDP in PPP terms is US$$3.010 trillion. It is the
sixteenth largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and is the eighth largest in terms of GDP (PPP). As of 2016, per
capita GDP in PPP is US$11,633 (international dollars) while Nominal per capita GDP is US$3,620.[4]
The debt ratio to GDP is 26%.[119][120][121] The services is the economy's largest and accounts for 43.3% of GDP (2016),
this is followed by manufacturing sector (42.9%) and agriculture (13.7%).[122] Since 2012, the service sector has
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employed more people than other sectors. In 2014 accounting

for 44.8% of the total labour force was employed on service
sector, this has been followed by agriculture (34.3%) and
industry (20.9%).[123] Agriculture, however, had been the
country's largest employer for centuries.[124][125]
Indonesia was the 25th biggest exporting country in the world
in 2014, moving up fifth places from the previous five
years.[126] In the 2009-2014 period, the exports of Indonesia
have increased at an annualized rate of 7.3%, from US$138
billion in 2009 to US$197 billion in 2014. The most recent
exports are led by coal briquettes which represent 10.1% of
the total exports, followed by palm oil (8.85%), petroleum gas
(8.63%), crude petroleum (4.92%) and rubber (2.75%).
Indonesia's main export markets (2014) are Japan (12.64%),
A proportional representation of Indonesia's exports.
China (10.56%), the United States (9.54%), Singapore
(9.49%) and India (6.9%). The major suppliers of imports to
Indonesia are China (18.26%), Singapore (14.38%), Japan
(8.65%), South Korea (6.52%) and Malaysia (5.96%). In 2014, Indonesia ran a trade surplus with export revenues of
US$197 billion and import expenditure of US$178 billion.[126]
Jakarta, the capital city and the

nation's commercial center.
Indonesia has extensive natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin,
copper, and gold. Indonesia's major imports include machinery and equipment,
chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs, and the country's major export commodities
include oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, rubber, and textiles.[92] In an
attempt to boost the domestic mineral processing industry and encourage exports
of higher value-added mineral products, the Indonesian government implemented
a ban on exports of unprocessed mineral ores in 2014.[127]
Palm oil production is important to the economy of Indonesia as the country is the
world's biggest producer and consumer of the commodity, providing about half
the world supply.[128] Oil palm plantations stretch across 6 million hectares (roughly twice the size of Belgium).
Indonesia plans by 2015 to add 4 million additional hectares towards oil palm biofuel production.[129] As of 2012,
Indonesia produces 35 percent of the world's certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO).[130]
The tourism sector contributes to around US$10.1 billion of foreign exchange in 2013, and ranked as the 4th largest
among goods and services export sectors.[131] Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, China and Japan are the top five source of
visitors to Indonesia.
Corruption has been a persistent problem. Transparency International, for
example, has since ranked Indonesia below 100 in its Corruption Perceptions
Index.[132][133] Since 2007, however, with the improvement in banking sector and
domestic consumption, national economic growth has accelerated to over 6%
annually[134][135][136] and this helped Indonesia weather the 20082009 Great
Recession.[137] The Indonesian economy performed strongly during the financial
crisis of 200708 and in 2012, its GDP grew by over 6%.[138] Indonesia regained
its investment grade rating in late 2011 after losing it in 1997.[139] As of 2014,
11% of the population lived below the poverty line and the official open
unemployment rate was 5.9%.[140]
Vast palm oil plantation in Indonesia.

Currently Indonesia is the world's
largest producer of palm oil.
Indonesia has a sizeable automotive industry, which produced almost 1.3 million
motor vehicles in 2014, ranking as the 15th largest producer in the world.[141]
Nowadays, Indonesian automotive companies are able to produce cars with high ratio of local content (80% 90%).[142]
With production peaking at 14.5 billion packs in 2011, Indonesia is the second largest producer of instant noodle after
China which produces 42.5 billion packs a year.[143] Indofood is the largest instant noodle producer in the world. Indomie
brand by Indofood is one of the Indonesia's best known global brand.[144]
Of the world's 500 largest companies measured by revenue in 2014, the Fortune Global 500, two are headquartered in
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Indonesia i.e. Pertamina and Perusahaan Listrik Negara.[145]
Transportation
Traditional wooden pinisi ship still

used in inter-Indonesian islands
freight service.
Road transport is predominant, with a total system length of 437,759 km in 2008.

Many cities and towns have some form of transportation for hire available as well
such as taxis. There are usually also bus services of various kinds such as the
Kopaja buses and the more sophisticated TransJakarta bus rapid transit system in
Jakarta. The TransJakarta is the largest bus rapid transit system in the world,
boasts some 194 km and carriers more than 300,000 passengers daily.[146] In
addition, BRT systems exist in Yogyakarta, Palembang, Bandung, Denpasar,
Pekanbaru, Semarang, Makassar, and Padang without segregated lane. Many
cities also have motorised auto rickshaws (bajaj) of various kinds. Cycle
rickshaws, called becak in Indonesia, are a regular sight on city roads and provide
inexpensive transportation.
The rail transport system has four unconnected networks in Java and Sumatra
primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance passenger traffic. The inter-city rail network on Java
is complemented by local commuter rail services in the Jakarta metropolitan area (KA Commuter Jabodetabek),
Surabaya, Medan, and Bandung. In Jakarta, suburban rail services carry 700,000 passengers a day.[147] In addition, mass
rapid transit and light rail transit systems are under construction in Jakarta and Palembang.
Sea transport is extremely important for economic integration and for domestic and foreign trade. It is well developed,
with each of the major islands having at least one significant port city. Because Indonesia encompasses a sprawling
archipelago, maritime shipping provides essential links between different parts of the country. Boats in common use
include large container ships, a variety of ferries, passenger ships, sailing ships, and smaller motorised vessels.
Traditional wooden vessel pinisi still widely used as the inter-island freight service within Indonesian archipelago. Port of
Tanjung Priok is Indonesia's busiest port, and the 21st busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 6.59 million
TEUs.[148] To boost the port capacity, two-phase "New Tanjung Priok" extension project is currently ongoing. When fully
operational in 2023, it will triple existing annual capacity. In 2015 ground breaking of North Sumatra's Kuala Tanjung
Port has been done. The port is an extremely strategic development that can accommodate 400.000 TEUs (twenty-foot
equivalent units) per year,[149] overtaking Johor's Tanjung Pelepas Port and could even compete with Singapore's
port.[150]
Frequent ferry services cross the straits between nearby islands, especially in the
chain of islands stretching from Sumatra through Java to the Lesser Sunda
Islands. On the busy crossings between Sumatra, Java, and Bali, multiple car
ferries run frequently twenty-four hours per day. There are also international ferry
services between across the Strait of Malacca between Sumatra and Malaysia, and
between Singapore and nearby Indonesian islands, such as Batam. A network of
passenger ships makes longer connections to more remote islands, especially in
the eastern part of the archipelago. The national shipping line, Pelni, provides
passenger service to ports throughout the country on a two to four week schedule.
These ships generally provide the least expensive way to cover long distances
between islands. Still smaller privately run boats provide service between islands.
Garuda Indonesia is ranked one of the

world's Top Ten Best Airlines.
[151][152]
As of 2014, there were 237 airports in Indonesia,[153] including 17 international

airports. SoekarnoHatta International Airport is the 18th busiest airport in the world, serving 54,053,905 passengers,
according to Airports Council International.[154] Today the airport is running over capacity. After T3 Soekarno-Hatta
Airport expansion was finished in August 2016, the total capacity of three terminals become 43 million passengers a year.
T1 and T2 also will be revitalised, so all the three terminals finally will accommodate 67 million passengers a year.[155]
When finished, Soekarno-Hatta airport will be an aerotropolis.[156] Juanda Airport in Surabaya and Ngurah Rai in Bali
are the country's 2nd and 3rd busiest airport.[157]
Garuda Indonesia, flag carrier of Indonesia since 1949, was selected by Skytrax as "The World's Best Economy Class" in
2013. In December 2014, Garuda Indonesia was awarded as a "5-Star Airline" by Skytrax and the eight best airlines in
the world.[151][152][158] As well as in June 2015, it also was awarded with "The World's Best Cabin Crew".[159]
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Science and technology

Living in an agrarian and maritime culture the people in Indonesian's archipelago
have been famous in some traditional technologies, particularly in agriculture and
marine. In agriculture, for instance, the people in Indonesia, and also in many
other Southeast Asian countries, are famous in paddy cultivation technique
namely terasering. Bugis and Makassar people in Indonesia are also well-known
with their technology in making wooden sailing vessel called pinisi boat.[160]
In aerospace technology, Indonesia has a long history in developing military and
small commuter aircraft as the only country in Southeast Asia to produce and
develop its own aircraft, also producing aircraft components for Boeing and
Airbus, with its state-owned aircraft company (founded in 1976), the Indonesian
Aerospace (Indonesian: PT. Dirgantara Indonesia), which, with EADS CASA of
Spain developed the CN-235 aircraft, which has been exported to many countries.
B. J. Habibie, a former Indonesian president played an important role in this
achievement. While active as a professor in Germany, Habibie conducted many
research assignments, producing theories on thermodynamics, construction, and
aerodynamics, known as the Habibie Factor, Habibie Theorem, and Habibie
Method respectively.[161] Indonesia also hopes to manufacture the South Korean
KAI KF-X fighter.[162]
Palapa satellite was first launched in

July 1976, making Indonesia the first
developing country to operate its own
satellite system.
Indonesia has a well established railway industry, with its state-owned train manufacturer company, the Indonesian
Railway Industry (Indonesian: PT. Industri Kereta Api), located in Madiun, East Java. Since 1982 the company has been
producing passenger train wagons, freight wagons and other railway technologies and exported to many countries, such
as Malaysia and Bangladesh.[163] In the 1980s an Indonesian engineer, Tjokorda Raka Sukawati invented a road
construction technique named Sosrobahu which becomes famous afterwards and widely used by many countries. The
technology has been exported to the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore and in 1995, a patent was granted to
Indonesia.[164]
Demographics
According to the 2010 national census, the population of Indonesia is 237.6 million, with high population growth at
1.9%.[165] 58% of the population lives in Java,[166] the world's most populous island.[96] In 1961, the first post-colonial
census gave a total population of 97 million.[167]
Indonesia currently possess a relatively young population, with a median age of 28.2 years (2011 estimate).[168]
The population is expected to grow to around 269 million by 2020 and 321 million by 2050.[169] An additional 8 million
Indonesian live overseas, comprising one of the world's largest diasporas. Most of them settled in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia,
United Arab Emirates, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Netherlands, United States, and Australia.[170]
Ethnic groups
Indonesia is a very ethnically and linguistically diverse
country, with around 300 distinct native ethnic groups, and
742 different languages and dialects.[171][172] Most
Indonesians are descended from Austronesian-speaking
peoples whose languages can be traced to ProtoAustronesian, which possibly originated in Taiwan. Another
major grouping are the Melanesians, who inhabit eastern
Indonesia.[23][93][173]
A map of major ethnic groups in Indonesia.
The largest ethnic group are the Javanese, who comprise
42% of the population, and are politically and culturally
dominant.[174] The Sundanese, ethnic Malays, and Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups.[175] A sense of
Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.[176]
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Social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered communal violence.[177][178][179] Chinese Indonesians are an
influential ethnic minority comprising 34% of the population.[180] Much of the country's privately owned commerce and
wealth is Chinese-Indonesian-controlled.[181][182] Chinese businesses in Indonesia are part of the larger bamboo network,
a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and
cultural ties.[183] This has contributed to considerable resentment, and even anti-Chinese violence.[184][185][186]
Languages
More than 700 regional languages are spoken in Indonesia's numerous
islands.[187] Most belong to the Austronesian language family, with a few Papuan
languages also spoken. The official language is Indonesian (also known as Bahasa
Indonesia) a variant of Malay,[188] which was used in the archipelago. It borrows
heavily from local languages such as Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, etc.
Indonesian is primarily used in commerce, administration, education and the
media, but most Indonesians speak other languages, such as Javanese, as their first
language.[187]
Indonesian is based on the prestige dialect of Malay, that of the Johor-Riau
Sultanate, which for centuries had been the lingua franca of the archipelago. It is
the official language of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. Indonesian is universally
taught in schools and consequently is spoken by nearly every Indonesian. It is the
language of business, politics, national media, education, and academia.
A manuscript from the early 1800s

from central Sumatra, in Batak Toba
language, one of many languages
from Indonesia.
Indonesian was promoted by Indonesian nationalists in the 1920s, and declared the official language under the name
Bahasa Indonesia in the proclamation of independence in 1945. Most Indonesians speak at least one of several hundred
local languages and dialects, often as their first language. In comparison, Papua has over 270 indigenous Papuan and
Austronesian languages,[189] in a region of about 2.7 million people. Javanese is the most widely spoken local language,
as it is the language of the largest ethnic group.[92]
Urban centres
Largest cities or towns in Indonesia
Statistics Indonesia (2010)[190]
Rank
Name
Province
Jakarta
Pop.
Rank
9,588,198 11
Name
South
Tangerang
Jakarta
Surabaya East Java 2,765,487 12 Bogor
Bandung
West
Java
Bekasi
West
Java
Medan
North
Bandar
2,097,610 15
Sumatra
Lampung
Tangerang Banten
Depok
Surabaya
8
9
Palembang
10 Makassar
Banten
Pop.
1,290,322
West Java
950,334
2,394,873 13 Batam
Riau
Islands
944,285
2,334,871 14 Pekanbaru
Riau
897,767
Lampung
881,801
1,798,601 16 Padang
West
Sumatra
833,562
1,738,570 17 Malang
East Java
820,243
1,555,984 18 Denpasar
Bali
788,589
East
Kalimantan
727,500
Jakarta
West
Java
Central
Semarang
Java
Province
Bandung
Bekasi
South
1,455,284 19 Samarinda
Sumatra
South
1,338,663 20 Tasikmalaya West Java
Sulawesi
635,464
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Religion
While religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian
constitution,[192] the government officially recognises only six
religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism,
Buddhism, and Confucianism.[7] Indonesia is the world's most
populous Muslim majority country, at 87.2% in 2010, with the
majority being Sunni Muslims (99%).[193][194][195] The Shias and
Ahmadis respectively constitute 0.5% and 0.2% of the Muslim
population.[196]
Religion in Indonesia[191]
Religion
Percent(%)
Islam
Protestantism
Roman Catholicism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Other
87.2%
7%
2.9%
1.6%
0.72%
0.05%
0.5%
In 2010, Christians made up almost 10% of the population (7% of the

total population was Protestant, 2.9% Roman Catholic), 1.7% were Hindu, and 0.9% were Buddhist or other. Most
Indonesian Hindus are Balinese,[197] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are ethnic Chinese.[198]
Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining
influences in Indonesian culture. Islam was first adopted by Indonesians in
northern Sumatra in the 13th century, through the influence of traders, and became
the country's dominant religion by the 16th century.[199]
Roman Catholicism was brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and
missionaries,[200][201] and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of
Dutch Reformed and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial
period.[202][203][204] A large proportion of Indonesianssuch as the Javanese
abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christianspractice a less orthodox,
syncretic form of their religion, which draws on local customs and beliefs.[205]
A Hindu shrine dedicated to King

Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan
Agung Jagatkartta, Bogor, West Java.
Most of indigenous native Indonesian beliefs could be categorised as animism,

shamanism as well ancestral worship. Examples of Indonesian native belief
systems are Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan, Dayak's Kaharingan and Batak's Parmalim faith, and to some extent Javanese
Kejawen belief. There are also a number of indigenous deities and ancestral worship in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and
Papua.[206]
Education
Education in Indonesia is compulsory for twelve years.[209][210] Parents can
choose between state-run, non sectarian public schools supervised by Depdiknas
(Department of National Education) or private or semi-private religious (usually
Islamic) schools supervised and financed by the Department of Religious
Affairs.[211] The enrolment rate is 94% for primary education (2011), 75% for
secondary education, and 27% for tertiary education. The literacy rate is 93%
(2011).[212]
Bandung Institute of Technology is
considered as one of the most
prestigious universities in Indonesia,
together with University of Indonesia,
and Gadjah Mada University.[207][208]
By 2014, there were 118 state universities in Indonesia. Entry to higher education
depends on the nationwide entrance examination (SNMPTN and SBMPTN).
According to the 2015 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the
top university in Indonesia is University of Indonesia (rank 310, dropped from
201 in 2009), followed by Bandung Institute of Technology (in the 431460 rank
range) and Gadjah Mada University (in the 551600 rank range). Five other
Indonesian universities, including Airlangga University, Bogor Institute of
Agriculture, Diponegoro University, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology and Brawijaya University all huddled in
the 701+ range.[213] All of educational institutions located in Java. Andalas University is pioneering the establishment of
a leading university outside of Java.[214]
Tourism
Both nature and culture are major components of Indonesian tourism. The natural heritage can boast a unique
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combination of a tropical climate, vast archipelago and long

stretch of beaches. These natural attractions are
complemented by a rich cultural heritage that reflects
Indonesia's dynamic history and ethnic diversity. The
ancient Prambanan and Borobudur temples, Toraja and Bali,
with its Hindu festivities, are some of the popular
destinations for cultural tourism.
Indonesia has a well-preserved natural ecosystem with
Borobudur is the single most visited tourist attraction in
rainforests that stretch over about 57% of Indonesia's land
Indonesia.[215]
(225 million acres). Forests on Sumatra and Kalimantan are
examples of popular tourist destinations, such as Orang
Utan wildlife reserve. Moreover, Indonesia has one of longest coastlines in the world, measuring 54,716 kilometres
(33,999 mi).
With 20% of the world's coral reefs, over 3,000 different species of fish and 600 coral species, deep water trenches,
volcanic sea mounts, World War II wrecks, and an endless variety of macro life, scuba diving in Indonesia is both
excellent and inexpensive.[216] Bunaken National Marine Park, at the northern tip of Sulawesi has more than 70% of all
the known fish species of the Indo-Western Pacific Ocean.[217] According to Conservation International, marine surveys
suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat Islands is the highest recorded on Earth.[218] Moreover, there are
over 3,500 species living in Indonesian waters, including sharks, dolphins, manta rays, turtles, morays, cuttlefish, octopus
and scorpaenidae, compared to 1,500 on the Great Barrier Reef.
Indonesia has 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the Komodo National
Park, Cultural Landscape of Bali, Ujung Kulon National Park, Lorentz National
Park, Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, comprises three national parks on
the island of Sumatra: Gunung Leuser National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park
and the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park;[219] and 18 World Heritage Sites in
tentative list, such as the historic urban centres of Jakarta Old Town, Sawahlunto
Old Coal Mining Town, Semarang Old Town, as well as Muara Takus Compound
Site.
The heritage tourism is focussed on specific interest on Indonesian history, such
as colonial architectural heritage of Dutch East Indies era. The activities among
others are visiting museums, churches, forts and historical colonial buildings, as
well as spend some nights in colonial heritage hotels. The popular heritage
tourism attractions are Jakarta Old Town and the royal Javanese courts of Yogyakarta, Surakarta and the Mangkunegaran.
Raja Ampat Islands, one of the
world's richest marine biodiversity.
Bali island received the Best Island award from Travel and Leisure in 2010.[220]
The island of Bali won because of its attractive surroundings (both mountain and
coastal areas), diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local
restaurants, and the friendliness of the local people. According to BBC Travel
released in 2011, Bali is one of the World's Best Islands, ranking second after
Santorini, Greece.[221] Bali is a major world surfing destination, with popular
breaks dotted across the southern coastline and around the offshore island of Nusa
Lembongan.[222] As part of the Coral Triangle, Bali, including Nusa Penida,
offers a wide range of dive sites with varying types of reefs.
Surfer in Padang Padang beach, Bali.
Urban tourism activities includes shopping, sightseeing in big cities, or enjoying

modern amusement parks, resorts, spas, nightlife and entertainment. Beautiful Indonesia Miniature Park as well as Ancol
Dreamland with Dunia Fantasi (Fantasy World) theme park and Atlantis Water Adventure are Jakarta's answer to
Disneyland-style amusement park and water park. The capital city, Jakarta, is a shopping hub in Southeast Asia. The city
has numerous shopping malls and traditional markets. With a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta has the world's largest
shopping mall floor area within a single city.[223] The annual "Jakarta Great Sale" is held every year in June and July to
celebrate Jakarta's anniversary.[224] Bandung is a popular shopping destination for fashion products among Malaysians
and Singaporeans.[225]
Since January 2011, Wonderful Indonesia has been the slogan of an international marketing campaign directed by the
Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism to promote tourism.[226] In year 2015, 10.4 million international visitors
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entered Indonesia, staying in hotels for an average of 8.5 nights and spending an average of US$1,190 per person during
their visit, or US$140 per person per day.[227]
Culture
Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over
centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources. Traditional
Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and
mythology, as do wayang kulit (shadow puppet) performances.
Textiles such as batik, ikat, ulos and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that
vary by region. In October 2009, Indonesian batik has been recognised by UNESCO as a
Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity,[228] and has become the
national costume. Currently, Indonesia holds 6 items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural
Heritage, which include wayang puppet theatre, Indonesian kris, batik and angklung.
Wood carving traditions exist in many parts of the country, with exceptional examples are
in Jepara in Central Java, Bali, and Asmat. Traditional carpentry, masonry, stone and
An Asmat woodcarver.
woodwork techniques and decorations are also thrived in Indonesian vernacular
architecture, with numbers of traditional houses' styles has been developed. The
traditional houses and settlements of the several hundreds ethnic groups of Indonesia are
extremely varied and all have their own specific history.[229]:5
The Indonesian film industry's popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia,[230] although it
declined significantly in the early 1990s.[231] Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year
has steadily increased.[230]
Architecture
Architecture reflects the diversity of cultural that have shaped Indonesia as a
whole. Invaders, colonisers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural
changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques. The most
dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian;
however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been
significant.
The Indonesia traditional houses are at the centre of a web of customs, social
relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and religions that bind the villagers
together. The house provides the main focus for the family and its community, and
is the point of departure for many activities of its residents. Traditional houses
hold a prominent position in the society, relates to its social significance.[229]:4
The Pagaruyung Palace.
Example of Indonesian vernacular architecture including Toraja's Tongkonan, Minangkabau's Rumah Gadang and
Rangkiang, Javanese style Pendopo pavilion with Joglo style roof, Dayak's longhouses, various Malay houses, Balinese
houses and temples, and also various styles of lumbung (rice barns).
Music
The music of Indonesia predates historical records. Various native Indonesian tribes incorporate chants and songs
accompanied with musical instruments in their rituals. Traditional Indonesian instruments include angklung, kacapi
suling, siteran, gong, gamelan, degung, gong kebyar, bumbung, talempong, kulintang and sasando.
The diverse world of Indonesian music genres was the result of the musical creativity of its people, and subsequent
cultural encounters with foreign musical influences into the archipelago. Next to distinctive native form of musics,
several genres can trace their origins to foreign influences, such as gambus and qasidah from Middle Eastern Islamic
music,[232] keroncong from Portuguese influences,[233] and dangdutone of the most popular music genres in
Indonesiawith notable Hindi music influence as well as Malay orchestras.[234]
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Today, Indonesian music industry enjoys nationwide popularity. Thanks to

common culture and intelligible languages between Indonesian and Malay,
Indonesian music enjoyed regional popularity in neighbouring countries such as
Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. However, the overwhelming popularity of
Indonesian music in Malaysia had alarmed the Malaysian music industry. In 2008,
Malaysian music industry demanded the restriction of Indonesian songs on
Malaysian radio broadcasts.[235]
Dance
Gamelan, one of the most elaborate
metallophone orchestra of Indonesia.
Traditional dance of Indonesia reflect the

rich diversity of Indonesian people. The
dance traditions in Indonesia; such as
Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Balinese, Malays, Acehnese and many other
dances traditions are age old traditions, yet also a living and dynamic traditions.
Several royal houses; the istanas and keratons still survived in some parts of
Indonesia and become the haven of cultural conservation. The obvious difference
between courtly dance and common folk dance traditions is the most evident in
Javanese dance. The palace court traditions also evident in Balinese and Malay
court which usually imposed refinement and prestige. Java and Bali are more
deeply rooted in their Hindu-Buddhist heritage, while Sumatran courtly culture
such as the remnant of Aceh Sultanate and Palembang Sultanate, are more
influenced by Islamic culture.
Oleg Balinese dance performed by a

pair of dancers.
Dances in Indonesia are believed by many scholars to have had their beginning in rituals and religious worship.[236] Such
dances are usually based on rituals, like the war dances, the dance of witch doctors, and dance to call for rain or any
agricultural related rituals such as Hudoq dance ritual of Dayak people. In Bali, dances has become the integral part of
Hindu Balinese rituals. Sacred ritual dances performed only in Balinese temples such as sacred Sanghyang dedari and
Barong dance.
The commoners folk dance is more concerned with social function and entertainment value than rituals. The Javanese
Ronggeng and Sundanese Jaipongan is the fine example of this common folk dance traditions. Both are social dances that
are more for entertainment purpose than rituals. Randai is a folk theatre tradition of the Minangkabau people which
incorporates dance, music, singing, drama and the martial art of silat.[237] Certain traditional folk dances has been
developed into mass dance with simple but structurised steps and movements, such as Poco-poco dance from Minahasa
and Sajojo dance from Papua.
Sports
Sports in Indonesia are generally male-oriented and spectator sports are often associated
with illegal gambling.[238] The most popular sports are badminton and football.
Indonesian players have won the Thomas Cup (the world team championship of men's
badminton) thirteen of the twenty-six times that it has been held since 1949, as well as
numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992. Indonesian
women have won the Uber Cup, the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup, 3 times, in
1975, 1994 and 1996. Liga Super Indonesia is the country's premier football club league.
Pencak Silat, an indigenous

Indonesian martial art.
On the international stage, Indonesia experienced limited success despite being the first
Asian team to qualify for the FIFA World Cup in 1938 as Dutch East Indies.[239] In 1956,
the football team played in the Olympics and played a hard-fought draw against the
Soviet Union. On the continent level, Indonesia won the bronze medal once in football in
the 1958 Asian Games. Indonesia's first appearance in Asian Cup was back in 1996. The
Indonesian national team qualified for the Asian Cup in 2000, 2004 and 2007 AFC Asian
Cup, however unable to move through next stage.
Basketball has a long history in Indonesia and was part of the first Indonesian National Games in 1948.[240] Boxing is a
popular combative sport spectacle in Indonesia. Some of famous Indonesian boxers are Ellyas Pical, three times IBF
Super flyweight champion; Nico Thomas, Muhammad Rachman, and Chris John.[241] For racing sport, Indonesia has Rio
Haryanto who become the first Indonesian to compete in Formula One.[242]
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Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas of Indonesia with a history of tribal warfare,
mock fighting contests are held, such as caci in Flores and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art and
in 1987, became one of the sporting events in Southeast Asian Games, with Indonesia appearing as one of the leading
forces in this sport. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is one of the major sport powerhouses by winning the Southeast Asian
Games 10 times since 1977.
Media
Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President
Suharto's rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored
and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media.[243] The TV market
includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete
with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and
foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 25 million users in 2008,[244]
Internet usage was estimated at 12.5% in September 2009.[245] More than 30
million cell phones are sold in Indonesia each year, and 27% of them are local
brands.[246]
An Indonesian TV channel in Jakarta

Stadium, reporting a football match.
Cinema
The first domestically produced film in the Indies was in 1926: Loetoeng Kasaroeng, a
silent film by Dutch director L. Heuveldorp. This adaptation of the Sundanese legend was
made with local actors by the NV Java Film Company in Bandung.
After independence, the film industry expanded rapidly, with six films made in 1949
rising to 58 in 1955. Djamaluddin Malik's Persari often emulating American genre films
and the working practices of the Hollywood studio system, as well as remaking popular
Indian films.[247] The Sukarno government used cinema for nationalistic, anti-Western
purposes. Foreign film imports were banned. After the overthrow of Sukarno by Suharto's
New Order regime, films were regulated through a censorship code that aimed to maintain
the social order.[248] Usmar Ismail, a director from West Sumatra made a major imprint in
Indonesian film in the 1950s and 1960s.[249]
Advertisement for Loetoeng
Kasaroeng (1926), the first
fiction film produced in
Dutch East Indies
(modern-day Indonesia).
The industry reached its peak in the 1980s, with such successful films as Nagabonar
(1987) and Catatan Si Boy (1989). Warkop's comedy films, directed by Arizal also proved
to be successful. The industry has also found appeal among teens with such fare as Pintarpintar Bodoh (1982), and Maju Kena Mundur Kena (1984). Actors during this era
included Deddy Mizwar, Eva Arnaz, Meriam Bellina, and Rano Karno.[250]
Under the Reformasi movement, independent filmmaking was a rebirth of the filming industry in Indonesia, where film's
started addressing topics which were previously banned such as; religion, race, love and other topics.[248] Riri Riza and
Mira Lesmana were the new generation of Indonesian film figures who co-directed of Kuldesak (1999), Petualangan
Sherina (2000), Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (2002), Gie (2005), and Laskar Pelangi (2008).[251] Locally made film quality
has gone up in 2012, this is attested by the international release of films such as The Raid: Redemption, Modus Anomali,
Dilema, Lovely Man, and Java Heat.
Literature
The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Many of
Indonesia's peoples have strongly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities.[252] In
written poetry and prose, a number of traditional forms dominate, mainly syair, pantun, gurindam, hikayat and babad.
Some of these works are Syair Raja Siak, Syair Abdul Muluk, Hikayat Abdullah, Hikayat Bayan Budiman, Hikayat Hang
Tuah, Sulalatus Salatin, and Babad Tanah Jawi.[253]
Early modern Indonesian literature originates in Sumatran tradition.[254] Balai Pustaka, the government bureau for
popular literature, was instituted around 1920 to promote the development of indigenous literature, it adopted Malay as
the preferred common medium for Indonesia. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author
Multatuli, who criticised treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Mohammad Yamin and
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Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians;[255]

and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist.[256][257]
Pramoedya earned several accolades, and was frequently discussed as Indonesia's and
Southeast Asia's best candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature.[258]
Indonesian literature and poetry flourished even more in the first half of the 20th century.
Chairil Anwar was considered as the greatest literary figure of Indonesia by American
poet and translator, Burton Raffel.[259] He was among those youngsters who pioneered in
changing the traditional Indonesian literature and modifying it on the lines of the newly
independent country. Some of his popular poems include Krawang-Bekasi, Diponegoro
and Aku. Other major authors include Marah Roesli (Sitti Nurbaya), Merari Siregar (Azab
dan Sengsara), Abdul Muis (Salah Asuhan), Djamaluddin Adinegoro (Darah Muda),
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana (Layar Terkembang), and Amir Hamzah (Nyanyi Sunyi) whose
works are among the most well known in Maritime Southeast Asia.[260]
Cuisine
Chairil Anwar, one of the

greatest literary figures of
Indonesia.
Indonesian cuisine is one of the most vibrant and colourful cuisines in the world,
full of intense flavour.[261] It is diverse, in part because Indonesia is composed of
approximately 6,000 populated islands of the total 18,000 in the world's largest
archipelago,[262] with more than 300 ethnic groups calling Indonesia their
home.[263] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and
foreign influences such as Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian
precedents.[264] Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat
and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are
fundamental ingredients.[265]
Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai and
Some popular Indonesian dishes such as nasi goreng,[266] gado-gado,[267][268]

vegetables.
sate,[269] and soto[270] are ubiquitous in the country and considered as national
dishes. The official national dish of Indonesia however, is tumpeng, chosen in
2014 by Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy as the dish that binds the diversity of Indonesia's various
culinary traditions.[263] Another popular Indonesian dishes like rendang which is one of many Minangkabau cuisine,
beside of dendeng and gulai. In 2011, rendang was chosen as the "Worlds Most Delicious Food" that has been announced
by CNN. Rendang can be made from beef that is slowly simmered with coconut milk and a mixture of lemongrass,
galangal, garlic, turmeric, ginger and chilies, then left to stew for a few hours to make it tender, flavorful bovine
goodness. Another fermented food such as oncom, similar in some ways to tempeh but using a variety of bases (not only
soy), created by different fungi, and particularly popular in West Java.
See also
List of Indonesia-related topics
Index of Indonesia-related articles
Outline of Indonesia
Indonesia Wikipedia book
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sociologists regard this as a serious underestimate: they believe that somewhere between six million and seven million people of
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and Other Religion." Muslim 207176162 (87.18%), Christian 16528513 (6.96), Catholic 6907873 (2.91), Hindu 4012116 (1.69),
Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Confucianism 117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118
(0.32), Total 237641326
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Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Khong Hu Chu 117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118
(0.32), Total 237641326
196. There are approximately 1 million Shia Muslims and 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in the country which approximates to 0.5% and
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doi:10.1162/105420498760308706.
238. Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 103. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
239. Alex Monnig, World Cup, 2013
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246. "Phoning from home". Globeasia.com. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
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250. Kompas (http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/02/Bentara/1857854.htm)
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252. Czermak, Karen; Philippe DeLanghe; Wei Weng. "Preserving Intangible Cultural Heritage in Indonesia" (PDF). SIL
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253. Nursisto, Ikhtisar Kesusastraan Indonesia: dari pantun, bidal, gurindam hingga puisi kontemporer : dari dongeng, hikayat, roman
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254. Seong Chee Tham, Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia: Political and Sociological Perspectives, 1981
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258. "Author Pramoedya Ananta Toer dies". BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
259. "Chairil Anwar Biography". Famous People.com. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
260. Joy Freidus, Alberta (1977). Sumatran Contributions to the Development of Indonesian Literature, 19201942. Asian Studies
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261. "About Indonesian food". SBS Australia. 6 September 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
262. "Indonesian Cuisine." (http://www.epicurina.com) Epicurina.com (http://www.epicurina.com). Accessed July 2011.
263. Nadya Natahadibrata (10 February 2014). "Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved
9 July 2014.
264. Witton, Patrick (2002). World Food: Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-009-0.
265. Compared to the infused flavors of Vietnamese and Thai food, flavors in Indonesia are kept relatively separate, simple and
substantial. Brissendon, Rosemary (2003). South East Asian Food. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books. ISBN 1-74066-013-7.
266. "Nasi Goreng: Indonesia's mouthwatering national dish". Retrieved 5 July 2010.
267. "Gado-Gado Surabaya - Indonesia Eats - Authentic Online Indonesian Food Recipes".
268. "National Dish of Indonesia Gado Gado". Retrieved 5 July 2010.
269. "Indonesian food recipes: Satay". Retrieved 5 July 2010.
270. "A Soto Crawl". Eating Asia. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
Further reading
Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition. MacMillan.
ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
External links
Government
Government of Indonesia (http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/)
Wikimedia Commons has

media related to
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Minister of The State Secretary (http://www.setneg.go.id/) (Indonesian)

Category:Indonesia.
Statistics Center (http://www.bps.go.id/)
Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ID.html)
General information
"Indonesia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Indonesia (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/indonesia.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Indonesia (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Indonesia) at DMOZ
Indonesia profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14921238) from the BBC News
Indonesia (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286480/Indonesia) at Encyclopdia Britannica
Wikimedia Atlas of Indonesia
Geographic data related to Indonesia (http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/304751) at OpenStreetMap
Official Site of Indonesian Tourism (http://www.indonesia.travel/)
Key Development Forecasts for Indonesia (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ID) from
International Futures
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&oldid=745612838"
Categories: Indonesia 1949 establishments in Indonesia Countries in Asia Countries in Melanesia
Countries in Oceania Developing 8 Countries member states E7 nations G15 nations G20 nations
Island countries Malay-speaking countries and territories Member states of OPEC
Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the United Nations
Muslim-majority countries Republics Southeast Asian countries States and territories established in 1949
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What is the capital and largest city of Indonesia?

What is the capital and largest city of Indonesia?

What is Indonesia's national motto?

What is Indonesia's national motto?

Indonesia - Wikipedia

Motto: "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (Old Javanese)

National ideology: Pancasila[1][2]

1,904,569 km2 (15th)

$3.010 trillion[4] (8th)

ISO 3166 code

^a The government officially recognises only six

Ideal agricultural conditions and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as

The submission of Prince Diponegoro

Sukarno, the founding father

Government and politics

Former President of Indonesia Susilo

Indonesian provinces and their capitals, listed by region

Aceh (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam) * Banda Aceh

Special Capital Region of

West Kalimantan (Kalimantan Barat)

its 515 species of mammal being

employed more people than other sectors. In 2014 accounting

Jakarta, the capital city and the

Vast palm oil plantation in Indonesia.

Indonesia i.e. Pertamina and Perusahaan Listrik Negara.[145]

Traditional wooden pinisi ship still

Road transport is predominant, with a total system length of 437,759 km in 2008.

Garuda Indonesia is ranked one of the

As of 2014, there were 237 airports in Indonesia,[153] including 17 international

Science and technology

Palapa satellite was first launched in

A manuscript from the early 1800s

Surabaya East Java 2,765,487 12 Bogor

In 2010, Christians made up almost 10% of the population (7% of the

A Hindu shrine dedicated to King

Most of indigenous native Indonesian beliefs could be categorised as animism,

combination of a tropical climate, vast archipelago and long

Surfer in Padang Padang beach, Bali.

Urban tourism activities includes shopping, sightseeing in big cities, or enjoying

The Pagaruyung Palace.

Today, Indonesian music industry enjoys nationwide popularity. Thanks to

Traditional dance of Indonesia reflect the

Oleg Balinese dance performed by a

Pencak Silat, an indigenous

An Indonesian TV channel in Jakarta

Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians;[255]

Chairil Anwar, one of the

Some popular Indonesian dishes such as nasi goreng,[266] gado-gado,[267][268]

Marburg Journal of Religion. 10 (1): 8. Retrieved 2 October 2006.

45. Friend, pp. 107109

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