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ORELT
Open Resources for English Language Teaching
Module 5 Language Through Literature
The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth

Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning and distance education
knowledge, resources and technologies.
Commonwealth of Learning, 2012
CC BY-SA
2012 by the Commonwealth of Learning. Open Resources for English Language Teaching: Module 5
Language Through Literature is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0
Licence (international): http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-sa/3.0
For the avoidance of doubt, by applying this licence the Commonwealth of Learning does not waive any
privileges or immunities from claims that it may be entitled to assert, nor does the Commonwealth of
Learning submit itself to the jurisdiction, courts, legal processes or laws of any jurisdiction.
All of this document may be reproduced without permission but with attribution to the Commonwealth of
Learning and the author.
Open Resources for English Language Teaching: Module 5 Language Through Literature
ISBN: 978-1-894975-48-3
Published by:
Commonwealth of Learning
1055 West Hastings, Suite 1200
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada V6E 2E9
Telephone: +1 604 775 8200
Fax: +1 604 775 8210
Web: www.col.org
E-mail: [email protected]
Acknowledgements
The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) acknowledges the contributions of the following in the
development of the Open Resources for English Language Teaching (ORELT) at Junior Secondary
School Level (JSS) modules:
Professor Thomas K. Adeyanju, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria (Module 1); Dr Musa Maisamari,
University of Abuja, Nigeria (Module 2); Dr Speranza M. Ndege, Institute of Open, Distance & eLearning, Kenyatta University, Kenya (Module 3); Dr Mukti Sanyal, Bharati College, University of
Delhi, India (Module 3); Dr Cornelia Muganda, Institute of Continuing Education, The Open
University of Tanzania (Module 4); Professor Isaac Olaofe, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello
University, Nigeria (Module 5) and Dr Padmini Boruah, Department of English Language Teaching ,
Gauhati University, India (Module 6).
We also wish to acknowledge the following people for reviewing/critiquing the modules:
Dr Padmini Boruah, Department of ELT, Gauhati University; Dr Mukti Sanyal, Bharati College,
University of Delhi; Dr Ravinarayan Chakrakodi, Regional Institute of English, South India; Dr
Kishor G. Bhide, Department of English, SNDT Arts and Commerce College for Women, India; Dr V.
Rajagopalan, SSKV College of Arts and Science for Women, India; Mr Rajesh Nimesh, Video
Production Division, Central Institute of Educational Technology, National Council of Educational
Research & Training, India; and Professor Vasudha Kamat, Central Institute of Educational
Technology, National Council of Educational Research & Training, India.
Dr Padmini Boruah, Department of ELT, Gauhati University edited and substantially revised all six
modules. Messrs Nicholas Kimolo and Maurice Mulinge of Futuristic Ltd. developed the multimedia
content materials and Dr Abdurrahman Umar, Education Specialist, Teacher Education,
Commonwealth of Learning, conceptualised, designed and co-ordinated the ORELT project.
Module 5
Contents
About this module manual
How this module manual is structured.............................................................................. 1

The module overview .............................................................................................. 1
The module content ................................................................................................. 1
Resources................................................................................................................. 2
Your comments ....................................................................................................... 2
Module overview
Welcome to Module 5 Language through Literature ................................................... 3

Is this module for you? ..................................................................................................... 3
Module objectives ............................................................................................................. 3
Module outcomes .............................................................................................................. 4
Time frame ........................................................................................................................ 4
Study skills ........................................................................................................................ 4
Need help? ........................................................................................................................ 5
Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 5
Getting around this module manual
Margin icons ..................................................................................................................... 6

Unit 1: Analysing Literature: Introduction to the Language of Literary Texts
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 7
Unit outcomes ................................................................................................................... 7
Terminology...................................................................................................................... 7
Teacher support information ............................................................................................. 8
Case study ......................................................................................................................... 8
Activities ........................................................................................................................... 9
Activity 1: Using poetry to develop vocabulary in context..................................... 9
Activity 2: Developing creativity in language use: Converting a prose text to a
play .................................................................................................................... 10
Activity 3: Creativity in collaboration: Using students language resources for
story development .............................................................................................. 11
Unit summary.................................................................................................................. 12
Reflections ...................................................................................................................... 12
Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 13
Resources ........................................................................................................................ 13
Resource 1: Using a poem for vocabulary enhancement ...................................... 13
Resource 2: Guide to editing ................................................................................. 16
Resource 3: How to organise circular storytelling ................................................ 17
Resource 4: Guide to summarising a prose text .................................................... 18
Teacher question and answer .......................................................................................... 19
ii
Contents
Unit 2: Using Literature to Develop Sensitivity to Lifes Values
21
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 21
Unit outcomes ................................................................................................................. 21
Terminology.................................................................................................................... 21
Teacher support information ........................................................................................... 22
Case study ....................................................................................................................... 22
Activities ......................................................................................................................... 23
Activity 1: Using symbols to represent values in literary texts ............................. 23
Activity 2: Exploring values expressed in familiar tales and folklore .................. 24
Activity 3: Personalising values expressed in literature ........................................ 25
Unit summary.................................................................................................................. 26
Reflections ...................................................................................................................... 26
Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 26
Resources ........................................................................................................................ 27
Resource 1a: Poster representing values and virtues ............................................. 27
Resource 1b: List of values to match poster.......................................................... 27
Resource 1c: Classification of characters and events in terms of values .............. 27
Resource 1d: Example of literary texts ................................................................. 28
Resource 2: Exploring lifes values through folktales .......................................... 29
Resource 3: Folksong translated from Yoruba to English .................................... 31
Resource 4: Assessment grid for literary texts ...................................................... 32
Unit 3: Language and Style in Literary Texts
35
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 35
Unit outcomes ................................................................................................................. 35
Case study ....................................................................................................................... 36
Activities ......................................................................................................................... 36
Activity 1: Exploring language patterns in poetry ................................................ 36
Activity 2: Exploring language patterns in plays .................................................. 38
Activity 3: Writing a review of a literary text ....................................................... 39
Unit summary.................................................................................................................. 40
Reflections ...................................................................................................................... 40
Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 40
Resources ........................................................................................................................ 41
Resource 1: Sample poem: The Solitary Reaper ............................................... 41
Resource 2a: The language of drama .................................................................... 42
Resource 2b: Extract from a play .......................................................................... 44
Resource 3: Sample book review .......................................................................... 45
Unit 4: Sustaining the Habit of Reading Literature for Language Development
47
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 47
Unit outcomes ................................................................................................................. 47
Terminology.................................................................................................................... 47
Module 5
Case study ....................................................................................................................... 48

Activities ......................................................................................................................... 49
Activity 1: Fostering the reading habit through a logbook ................................... 49
Activity 2: Exchanging literary reviews on the Internet: Writing a blog .............. 49
Activity 3: Literacy development across curricula: Recording information from
other subject areas .............................................................................................. 51
Unit summary.................................................................................................................. 52
Reflections ...................................................................................................................... 52
Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 53
Resources ........................................................................................................................ 53
Resource 1: JSS literature reading log .................................................................. 53
Resource 2a: Internet-based learning resource: Blog entries ................................ 55
Resource 2b: Sample letter to a pen friend............................................................ 57
Resource 3: Transferring information from text to visuals: Information chart on
sample topic from Environmental Science ........................................................ 57
Resource 4: Environmental Science passage: Global Warming ........................... 58
Unit 5: Facilitating Critical Thinking through Literature
61
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 61
Unit outcomes ................................................................................................................. 61
Terminology.................................................................................................................... 61
Case study ....................................................................................................................... 62
Activities ......................................................................................................................... 63
Activity 1: Using literature to develop critical thinking: Drawing inferences from
a text................................................................................................................... 63
Activity 2: Evaluating a literary text ..................................................................... 64
Activity 3: From critical to creative skills: Participating in creative writing
workshops .......................................................................................................... 64
Activity 4: Collaborative creative writing: Creating a big book ........................... 66
Unit summary.................................................................................................................. 66
Reflections ...................................................................................................................... 67
Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 67
Resources ........................................................................................................................ 67
Resource 1: Inferring information from a literary text: A sample text.................. 67
Resource 2a: Critically reflecting on and responding to literary texts: Asking
evaluative questions ........................................................................................... 68
Resource 2b: How to write a journal entry (worksheet) ....................................... 69
Module 5

Module 5 Language through Literature has been produced by the
Commonwealth of Learning (COL). All module manuals produced by
COL are structured in the same way, as outlined below.
How this module manual is

structured
The module overview
The module overview gives you a general introduction to the module. It
will help you determine:
if the module is suitable for you,
what you need to know,
what you can expect from the module, and
how much time you will need to invest to complete the module.
The overview also provides guidance on:
study skills,
where to get help,
module assignments and assessments,
activities and units.
We strongly recommend that you read the overview carefully before
starting your study.
The module content

The module is broken down into units. Each unit comprises:
an introduction to the unit content,

unit objectives,
unit outcomes,
new terminology,
core content of the unit with a variety of learning activities,

a unit summary,
assignments and/or assessments, as applicable, and
answers to assignments and/or assessments, as applicable.
Resources
For those interested in learning more on this subject, please see the list of
additional resources at the end of each unit of this module. These may be
books, articles, websites or audio/video files that can assist in the
teaching of the unit, and so on.
Your comments
After you have completed Module 5 Language through Literature , we
would appreciate your taking a few moments to give us your feedback on
any aspect of this module. Your feedback might include comments on:
Module content and structure.
Module reading materials and resources.
Module assignments.
Module assessments.
Module duration.
Module support (assigned tutors, technical help, etc.)
Your constructive feedback will help us to improve and enhance this
module.
Module 5
Module overview
Welcome to Module 5
Language through Literature
Childrens literature is an important means of creating opportunities for
communication and language development through listening, speaking,
reading and writing activities. It exposes students to real-life values and
stimulates sustained interest in literature. This module presents
collaborative and interactive activities to promote literature appreciation
and language proficiency at the JSS level. Perhaps the most challenging
part of teaching literature is developing the critical and creative potential
of the students. The activities in this module will give you strategies to
connect literature to students lives and the world at large.
Is this module for you?

This module is intended for teachers of English as a Second Language
(ESL) at the JSS level, and especially for teachers who teach English
language and literature courses.
Module objectives
The objectives of this module are to:
create opportunities for your students to communicate effectively in
English through exposure to childrens literature,
enable you to help your students absorb the values expressed in
literature,
Objectives
help you identify and use effective strategies to stimulate students

interest in the extensive reading of literature,
help you organise collaborative and interactive tasks around
childrens literature, and
use literature to develop a critical and creative use of language.
Module overview
Module outcomes
Upon completion of Module 5 Language through Literature you will be
able to:
teach language through literature using diverse strategies,
stimulate interest in the extensive reading of literature,
Outcomes
organise collaborative and interactive tasks that facilitate language

learning through literature, and
develop critical thinking and creative writing skills in students
through exposure to a variety of literary texts.
Time frame
You will need approximately 15 weeks to finish this module eight
weeks for formal study and seven weeks for self-directed study to
complete all the activities recommended.
How long?
This is a distance learning programme, thus the time frame is flexible and
largely self-directed.
Study skills
Study skills
As an adult learner your approach to learning will be different from that

of your school days: you will choose what you want to study, you will
have professional and/or personal motivation for doing so and you will
most likely be fitting your study activities around other professional or
domestic responsibilities.
Essentially you will be taking control of your learning environment. As a
consequence, you will need to consider performance issues related to
time management, goal setting, stress management, etc. Perhaps you will
also need to reacquaint yourself with such things as essay planning,
coping with exams and using the Web as a learning resource.
Your most significant considerations will be time and space ; that is, the
time you dedicate to your learning and the environment in which you
engage in that learning.
We recommend that you take time now before starting your selfdirected study to familiarise yourself with these issues. There are a
number of excellent resources on the Web. For example:
Module 5
http://www.how-to-study.com/
The How to study website is dedicated to study skills resources.
You will find links for tips on study preparation (a list of nine
essentials for a good study place), taking notes, strategies for reading
text books, using reference sources and coping with test anxiety.
http://www.ucc.vt.edu/stdysk/stdyhlp.html
This is the website of Virginia Techs Division of Student Affairs.
You will find links to tips on time scheduling (including one called
Where Does Time Go?), a study skill checklist, basic concentration
techniques, how to take control of your study environment, note
taking, how to read essays for analysis and tips on developing memory
skills (Remembering).
http://www.howtostudy.org/resources.php
Another How to Study website with useful links to learning about
time management, efficient reading, questioning/ listening/observing
skills, getting the most out of putting your knowledge into practice,
memory building, staying motivated and developing a learning plan.
The above links are our suggestions to start you on your way. At the time
of writing these Web links were active. If you want to look for more go to
www.google.com and type self-study basics, self-study tips, selfstudy skills or a similar combination.
Need help?
Contact your Google Group support email, SMS number or your tutor.
Group email: [email protected]
Help
Assessment
Assessment
Each unit of this module consists of a self-assessment activity. The

assessments are for self-development purposes and need not be
submitted to anybody. The goal of the module is to develop your
teaching-learning skills, not to test you.
Assessment is also meant to encourage you to think about and devise
some innovative teaching practices that could make your teaching
more exciting and relevant to your students.
All assessments are to be completed at the end of every unit. You may
cross-check your answers with your colleagues.

Margin icons
While working through this module manual you will notice the frequent
use of icons in the margin. These icons serve to signpost a particular
piece of text, a new task or change in activity; they have been included to
help you to find your way around this module manual.
A complete icon set is shown below. We suggest that you familiarise
yourself with the icons and their meanings before starting your study.
Activity
Assessment
Assignment
Case study
Outcomes
Summary
Objectives
Feedback
Terminology
Reading
Reflection
Study skills
Help
Time
Audio
Video
Module 5
Unit 1: Analysing Literature: Introduction to the

Language of Literary Texts
Introduction
This unit focuses primarily on how to create diverse opportunities for
students at the JSS level to develop their English language skills through
exposure to the language of literature. This will involve engaging
students with various genres of literature such as poetry, fiction and
drama to develop their vocabulary and mastery of grammatical structures.
The unit also aims to help you introduce to your students the different
stylistic forms of literary texts. The objective of this unit is to enhance
language use through familiarity with a range of vocabulary and
structures as used in literary texts. This approach to the study of literary
texts, leading to language-literature integration, sees literature classes as
laboratories or practical workshops for the development of students
language and communicative competence.
Unit outcomes
Upon completion of this unit you will be able to:
enable your students to enhance their vocabulary with interactive tasks
using poetry,
Outcomes
familiarise students with the special uses of language in drama by

converting a prose text into a short play, and
analyse childrens literature using students language resources.
Terminology
Discourse patterns:
Text arrangements beyond the sentence level,

including paragraphs, connectors, etc.
Genres:
Types of literature such as poetry, drama and

prose.
Language
competence:
Language proficiency that includes the ability to

communicate effectively in a language.
Terminology
Communication
skills:
The ability to use the language skills of listening,

speaking, reading and writing to effectively
perform various language functions such as
greeting, agreeing, requesting, exchanging social
niceties and so on.
Communicative
competence:
The ability of speakers of a language to know what

to say to whom, and when. In other words,
communicative
competence
includes
the
knowledge of the vocabulary and structures of the
language as well as the social norms of speaking.
Integrated approach:
This suggests using literature to teach language

skills and the resources of language (words,
collocations, sentence structures, paragraph
connectors, metaphorical expressions, etc.) to
teach literature.
Literacy skills:
These include the ability to read and write in a

language.
Critical thinking:
This involves the ability to reflect on a piece of

spoken or written discourse (of at least one
paragraph) and to evaluate its strengths and
weaknesses in terms of both conceptual and
language clarity.
Teacher support information

The aim of this unit is to use strategies and resources to enhance the
language competence of your students through literature. In this unit, you
will be able to use your familiarity with the literary devices used in prose,
poetry and drama to help your students to communicate more effectively
and eloquently. You will also find ideas to encourage your students to
explore the interesting uses of words, phrases and sounds in literary texts.
This should increase students awareness of literary language and help
them understand literature better.
Case study
Case study
In Mr David Ilemedes English class at Demonstration Secondary,

students worked on a play called The Wives Revolt by J.P. Clark. As part
of the project, the students were asked to focus on different aspects of
language demonstrated in the play.
The students began by reading and acting out excerpts from the play with
their teacher. For the performance, they were encouraged to choose the
sections that they found most interesting. Mr Ilemede followed up on this
Module 5
enjoyable experience by encouraging the students to look more carefully

at the sections they had chosen, to see how the grammatical structures of
the sentences and word groups made the play more interesting. Working
in groups, the students selected sentences, nouns, verbs, adjectives and
adverbs and their combinations in phrases and clauses. With Mr
Ilemedes help, they began to identify the special meanings that these
combinations of literary expressions brought to the play.
After this activity, Mr Ilemede prompted the groups to use the interesting
structures in their own stories. They were encouraged to illustrate their
stories with pictures, charts, diagrams and drawings.
The students greatly enjoyed this experience as it gave them an
opportunity to use grammar in interesting and creative ways. They were
also happy to see how the same language resources (sentences, clauses,
phrases and word combinations) could be used in interesting ways in
different literary genres such as plays and stories.
Points to ponder
1 Do you agree that we can teach grammar fruitfully through literature?

Why or why not?
2 Do you feel literary texts should be explained to students in the class
so that they understand the real meaning? Or should students be
allowed to work together and discover the meaning of a text by
themselves? Which of the above procedures do you follow in class,
and why?
Activities
Activity 1: Using poetry to develop vocabulary in context
In this activity students work collaboratively to familiarise themselves
with expressions specific to poetry, and to see how these create
interesting meanings in English.
Activity 1
Divide the students into five or more groups and give them a variety of
short poems to read. Ask each group to identify at least one expression (a
word or a group of words) in the poem that they think is used in an
interesting or unusual manner. Let them come up with their own
explanation of why they think the expression(s) is (are) special. If you
can, put the expressions you collect from each group on the board and
have a class discussion about them. You can use this as an opportunity to
highlight the literary use of language in poetry, such as rhyme schemes,
figures of speech, alliteration, personification, similes, metaphors, etc.
During the discussion, ask the students in their groups to try to rewrite
the poetic expressions in simple or normal English. For example, in
this line from Longfellows poem Rainy Day:
My thoughts still cling to the mouldering Past
there are at least three unusual uses of language: thoughts cling

mouldering Past, and the word mouldering itself. If we try to make these
expressions normal or everyday, we will realise that thoughts cannot
cling ; they can come/go/focus on . We can use adjectives like remote/long
forgotten to refer to the past, but the expression mouldering is unlikely to
be used. In fact, mouldering is not listed in the dictionary (although to
moulder is). It is an unusual coinage, perhaps stemming from the word
moulding which suggests something becoming bad from misuse.
With the students working in groups, ask them to identify the unusual
words and expressions in their poem, and to write the possible
meanings. Using this vocabulary guide, ask each group to read aloud
their short poem to the class and interpret its meaning.
To give the students further practice, you can have them play a game
like the one in Resource 1 . To play the game, the students, working in
groups, have to first read the given poem and discuss its theme in the
group. The game is a guessing game, where some of the interesting
expressions of the words, and their possible meanings in the poem, are
given on flashcards. The flashcards are distributed around the class,
and the students have to match the expressions to their meanings.
To make the game a little more interesting and meaningful, you could
add pictures to the matching exercise. To play this version of the
game, students would have to listen to a reading of the poem, and
then, working in groups again, arrange a set of pictures to tell the story
of the poem. You can then tell them the correct sequence or display
the pictures on a screen. To round off the activity, you could
summarise the poem and its theme. This would ensure that the
students have understood the gist of the poem.
The function of these two games is to teach students the value of
interpreting the special meaning(s) of a poem by focusing on its
vocabulary. Students will also realise that a group reading of poetry can
be a very enjoyable experience, and that one can interpret the same poem
in different ways by guessing at different meanings of the vocabulary in
the poem.
After the exercises are done, you could read the poem aloud or play the
audio and have the class give a choral reading of the poem after listening
to it. This would not only improve their recitation skills, it would also
personalise the poetry reading and help them understand it better.
Activity 2: Developing creativity in language use: Converting a prose

text to a play
In this activity, students work in groups of five to convert a short piece of
prose (preferably a story of one or two pages) into a play after they have
read and discussed the story.
Activity 2
10
Distribute a short story (maybe an adapted version of a popular short

story, preferably not more than two pages) and ask your students to
fill in the grid given in Resource 2 with information from the story
Module 5
after they have read it. Announce that they have to write a play based
on the story. The grid should help the students include the necessary
information, such as the characters in the story, the setting, the plot
and the major actions and dialogue of the characters as an initial step
in converting the story to a play.
The next step should be a whole class activity, where you could use
the board to write a comparative list of the characteristics of a prose
text and a play as suggested by the students. For example, A prose text
has descriptions of places, characters, events and actions, but a play does
not have descriptions; it has stage directions . This should ensure that the
students have a clear idea of the content and structure of a play, in
preparation for the task ahead.
Once the students have a fairly clear idea of the elements of a play,
their next task is to plan, in their groups, the structure of the two
scenes of the play they have to write. The two scenes should be no
more than two pages each, with dialogue and stage directions.
The two scenes of the play should then be discussed and edited by
each group. If necessary, show the groups a sample of a short play so
that they can familiarise themselves with the structure of dialogues
and stage directions.
You can also help the groups write simple stage directions for their
play by giving them a few samples of stage directions that not only
mark the characters places on the stage, but also their mental state,
such as: (suddenly turning around )/(with a start )/(looking slyly at her )
When they are ready, each group presents their play to the class for
critical comments and modifications, where necessary.
The groups should incorporate all their changes and then rehearse
until they are satisfied that their play has achieved the necessary
balance between simplicity and suspense through interesting
dialogues, plot and an effective climax.
Each groups play should be performed and videotaped, if possible.
This activity offers students strategies and opportunities to read, plan,
outline and rewrite stories, and listen to play rehearsals and videotape
their plays. As they carry out these tasks, they have the opportunity to
listen to, speak, read, write and proofread language used in at least two
different contexts.
Activity 3: Creativity in collaboration: Using students language

resources for story development
Activity3
At the JSS level, students are usually asked to compose short stories from
a given outline. While such classroom activities help them practise the
skills of composition by recreating a storyline, they do not encourage
them to exercise their creative abilities. Creative composition skills
involve the ability to develop a storyline by weaving ideas together in an
interesting and logical sequence.
11
The activity given here is meant to encourage students to express

themselves creatively through a fun-filled group task. It is also meant to
give them training in thinking logically and connecting ideas to develop a
composition in an interesting way.
To prepare them for this story-development task, give them a homework
assignment a day before. Give them two versions of a short story to read.
The first version should contain the original story and should have a
clearly developed storyline, with well-developed characters and a
narrative that progresses logically with a beginning, middle and end. The
second version should have some distortions in style, such as an unclear
storyline, no clear progression from beginning to end and hazily sketched
characters. The students task is to individually mark which story is
better and more interesting to read, and why (i.e., what differences are
there in the two versions). The objective of this homework task is to help
them find out for themselves the important ingredients of a good story so
that they can use this knowledge for their group storytelling exercise.
For the actual exercise, have the students give a report on their homework
assignment. You could list the points they give on a board. The
preliminary discussion should cover the features of a good story, like the
ones listed in Resource 2 for Activity 2 above.
Organise the students for the storytelling task in the manner suggested in
Resource 3 . If possible, videotape the storytelling task, and play it back to
give the students a chance to refine their own lines and make them more
interesting, crisp and creative.
Unit summary
Summary
In this unit, you learned how to help students develop their language
competence through exposure to various samples of literature. You
learned about the need to listen to and orally practise story and poetic
presentations, and about the need to expose children to creative writing
for a variety of purposes and in a variety of settings.
Reflections
Having gone through this unit, which of the activities did you find
easy to use in your classroom? Which ones were difficult to
accomplish?
Reflection
12
You are not expected to undertake each of the activities in a 40minute class. The activities can be spread over other lesson periods.
Which ones did you undertake in class and which parts did you use as
homework assignments?
Module 5
Assessment
Use the questions above to assess your understanding of the unit.
Cross-check your answer with a colleague who is also working on this
unit.
Assessment
Write down some strategies that you learned in this unit and that
could be used to enhance the teaching of language through literature
at the JSS level.
Resources
Resource 1: Using a poem for vocabulary enhancement
To play this game, divide the class into two groups. The first group will
have words and phrases related to the poem The Improbable, and the
second will have the matching meanings.
Resource 1
Begin the game by asking a member of Group 1 to raise a flashcard with

a word or phrase on it. Group 2 now has to raise the flashcard with the
matching meaning. For example:
Student A (in Group 1 raising the flashcard):
Which expression in the poem means unlikely ?
Student B (in Group 2 raising the flashcard):

Improbable
Note: If you think your students will find this task difficult, you can
modify the question by mentioning the stanza number.
This game continues until all the questions in column 1 have been asked
by Group 1 and answered by Group 2.
Column 1
Column 2
Written on the flashcards of

students in group 1
Written on the flashcards of

students in group 2
1 Which expression in the poem

means unlikely?
1 Possible
2 Which word in the poem

means likely?
3 What does the word nubile
suggest?
2 Scary scourge
3 Noose
4 Adjective
5 In vain
13
4 Which emotion is called a

scary scourge?
5 An example of alliteration is:
6 Which word refers to the act of
hanging?
6 Improbable
7 Young, innocent and attractive
8 The new disease
9 Love
7 Which expression suggests

without success?
8 An example of a metaphor for
hanging is:
9 What part of speech is the
word fruiting?
The Improbable
The improbable happens in unexpected placesA young woman of twenty three hangs herself
After leaving a note: Nobody loves me, I have no man
What a pity, what a pity, what a pity.
None would have thought it possible
That a nubile woman would die for lack of love
When too many were dying for making loveAnd many sell love in public places all over the world
The new disease afflicts so many who love in haste
The disease is not written on the face and knows no bound
They have searched in vain to cure themselves of love
Love thats a scary scourge in the eyes of the wary.
And yet whos spared from debility and death
That love proffers to lovers tied her a noose
Her favorite wrapper to a fruiting tree outside
Love that is not in haste is not in waste.
Resource file
See in the enclosed DVD an audio recording of the activity:

Audio
14
Scripts\Module5\Unit1\Activity1\Resource1\Audio\The_Improbable.mp3
Module 5
15
Resource 2: Guide to editing

The following checklist can be used to evaluate a piece of prose fiction
(i.e., a story):
Resource 2
Characteristic feature
(Tick [] as appropriate)
Is the title of the story intere ting?

Does it il ustrate the plot of the
story well?
Is the plot of the story interesting?
Do the events in the story have a
clear beginning, middle and end?
Are the characters clearly
developed?
16
Yes
No
Examples from
the story
Module 5
Do the settings reflect the theme of

the story and its plot?
Do the words and structures reflect
a natural use of language? Do the
dialogues resemble real-life
conversation?
Are appropriate punctuation marks
(commas, full stops, etc.) and
spellings used?
Is the climax of the story
interesting?
(See the sample short passage developed in Resource 4 below)
Resource 3: How to organise circular storytelling

Circular storytelling is a good way to unlock the imagination and
develop listening and reasoning skills in a creative and entertaining way.
To organise the circular storytelling:
Resource 3
Have the students sit closely in a quiet classroom atmosphere,

preferably in a circle facing one another.
Announce that they are going to compose a story together. Since this
is going to be a group task, there will be some rules. (i) Each student
will be allowed to say only one sentence in turn, (ii) their sentence
will have to follow from the one said by the previous student and (iii)
they must not interrupt when someone else is speaking.
If the class is large, give each student only one turn to speak. In a
smaller class, students can have two turns to speak.
To start the students off, ask them to choose one sentence from the
following story beginnings.
x
It was a bitterly cold day in December, and Angela had just got
home from school.
Reeta looked at her mother in shock: she just couldnt believe

what her mother was telling her!
Abdul and William woke up to find themselves in a dark room,

their hands and feet bound tightly with nylon ropes.
To help them, you can choose one of the beginnings, say it aloud and
add a sentence of your own. The students, in turns, add to your
beginning. Alternatively, the first student can say the chosen sentence
aloud, and add another to it to continue the story. The next student
will add the next line, and the exercise will continue until all the
students have contributed to the story.
17
As this is an oral exercise, you can make arrangements to record the

story, either by audiotaping it, or by writing down the sentences as
they are said. This will make the exercise more exciting for the
students, and also generate laughter, as the storyline may move from
one direction to another as the narration continues. You could also
play the story back or read it out to discuss grammatical mistakes,
differences in style, choice of words and so on, providing correct or
more appropriate alternatives, so that students learn as they listen.
Remember to enforce the rules of the game: if the storyline breaks, the
group has to start from the beginning, either with the same opening
sentence or a different one. Also, there should be no interruptions
during the storytelling. Instruct students to say their sentence slowly
and loudly, so that everyone can hear it clearly.
The next student continues the story by adding the next sentence,
another student adds another sentence and so on until the story comes
to an end.
This activity takes a bit of practice before it will start to flow well. No
interruptions of any kind are allowed once the story is in progress.
If the story breaks down, the teacher should try to encourage further
attempts with prompts.
The circular storytelling can be changed to circular story writing by
the teacher writing an opening sentence and having the students
contribute more sentences in writing, one at a time, until the story is
completed.
Resource 4: Guide to summarising a prose text

The prose text below is used to illustrate how you can summarise a prose
passage.
Resource 4
Step 1: Read the prose text below carefully.
There were mosquitoes everywhere when the rain came. John found
some in his shoe. Emily saw three on the cooking pot and their father
found several in his car. The whole village was infested with
mosquitoes. This situation made the whole village call a meeting.
They had a debate. How would they get rid of the mosquitoes? Every
person got a chance to speak, and everyone listened carefully. The
people discussed each of the suggestions made by both the wise and
the foolish. However, none of the ideas was good enough. Then, an
old woman who was sitting at the edge of the group, put up her hand.
She told the villagers that in a small bush far away near Benue River,
there was a plant with anti-mosquito odour. It was a magic herb.
When it was burnt, the smell attracted all mosquitoes to the fire. The
people decided that this was an excellent idea so they sent three
people to get the plant.
Step 2 : Gather the most important points in the passage:
Mosquitoes everywhere/whole village infested/issue worrisome/
18
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discussion of the issue/old womans suggestion/plant in a bush near

Benue River/attracts mosquitoes/three people sent to get the plant.
Step 3: Change the notes into two sentences:
During the rainy season, mosquitoes infested the village, creating a

worrisome situation that needed to be solved. The villagers accepted
the suggestion of an old woman to use a plant near Benue River that
could attract all mosquitoes and destroy them.
Teacher question and answer
Feedback
Question:
What happens in a class where about half of the

students cannot read or write English well?
Answer:
In such a situation, do not ask a student who is not

confident about using English to perform all the
activities in this unit. Give the students comics
written in good English to begin with. They can then
start reading stories meant for younger children,
moving up gradually to literature appropriate to their
level.
19
Module 5
Unit 2: Using Literature to Develop Sensitivity to

Lifes Values
Introduction
This units focus is on the use of childrens literature to expose students
to real-life values such as honesty, fair play, patriotism, love and bravery
as presented through storylines, plots, settings, themes and characters. It
does this through classification and co-operative exploration of core
values in literary texts. This unit should also help students share their
notions of the values, virtues and personality traits, both positive and
negative, that are found in literary texts as well as in real life. The unit
therefore aims to help you expose your students to diverse ways of
exploring the language and elements of literature to promote core values
amongst them.
Unit outcomes
introduce literature to JSS students as representations of the values we
prize in real-life experiences and that they can identify with,
Outcomes
enable students to read literature critically to assess how real-life

values are expressed in literary texts, and
help JSS students enjoy discovering the real-life values brought out
through the language of literature as expressed through storylines,
plots, settings and so on.
Terminology
Terminology
Cooperative learning:
Learning based on students working together and

assisting one another to complete a task or learning
item.
Exploration:
Learning by discovery and investigation.
Value system:
The system of moral, traditional and cultural

activities valued by a community or society.
21
Literary texts:
These are samples of fiction and non-fiction books

that are used for educational purposes. Literary
texts are meant to be read for enjoyment as well as
learning and language development.
Theme:
The central or main idea that is discussed in a

novel, play or poem. It is what the work is about;
that is, the major message(s) it portrays.
Setting:
The totality of the environment of a story. It refers

to the period, place, atmosphere and background
of the story.
Characterisation:
The particular qualities of characters as brought

out by narration, description, dialogues and
speeches in the literary text.
Plot:
The organisation of the events in a literary work.

Very often teachers, in their anxiety to complete the syllabus, treat
literary texts as comprehension passages and focus on dealing with
textual questions and answers. A sad consequence of this is that students
miss an opportunity to read literature for pleasure or to develop their
language competence by exposure to the special uses of vocabulary and
grammar found in these texts. Although as teachers we should encourage
students to read literary texts in detail, the objective of this exercise
should be to make the students discover for themselves the unique and
beautiful ways in which emotions and values are represented in literature.
This can be done by engaging students in collaborative classroom
activities that make them read such texts not just to collect a list of factual
details, but to understand and appreciate the themes and messages behind
the text. This unit will try to give you some strategies for engaging
students in meaningful literary appreciation tasks.
Case study
Case study
22
Teacher Mohammed Kudu of a Government Secondary School in an

African nation noticed a caption in a senior masters office that read,
Poetry begins in delight and ends in wisdom. He determined that in his
next poetry lesson, he was going to help his students enjoy the
experience of reading poems before he made them look for the wisdom
in them. He quickly translated this idea into classroom reality. He chose
poems from their school collections with underlying experiences that
were familiar to the students; some of these were folksongs, dance poems
and stories. The students enjoyed the new experience thoroughly; they
especially liked turning some of the poems into songs, singing and
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dancing to the poems and modelling characters in the poems. The

opportunity to personalise the poems also made them aware of the values
expressed in the poems honesty, courage, love of fellow men and so
on. Mr Kudu discovered that just using a simple strategy such as this
gave students the motivation to read poetry and discover for themselves
the feelings, values and wisdom expressed in the poems they liked in the
lesson. After this experience, the students asked Mr Kudu to give them
more poems to read at home to prepare for more enjoyable activities in
the next class.
Points to ponder
1 Do you encourage your students to dramatise the poems in their

course through song and dance? What class management problems do
you anticipate when using such a strategy?
2 The experience of reading poetry in English is enhanced if students
are encouraged to read or recite poems from their home language. Do
you agree? What reasons would you give to support your opinion?
Activities
Activity 1: Using symbols to represent values in literary texts
Activity 1
The objective of this activity is to encourage students to explore moral

and social values expressed in literary texts. As you will no doubt agree,
one reason we tell bedtime stories to children is to illustrate the
consequences of good and bad actions performed by good and bad
characters. In JSS classes, encouraging students to discover values in
literary texts can be a challenging experience as students of this age
group are usually impatient with adult sermonising.
To get students interested in discovering core values, you will probably
need to personalise their experience of reading literature. One good way
of doing this is to challenge your students to portray values through
symbols (e.g., well-known personalities from your country/society/the
world) and to support their choice of symbol with sound reasons.
To begin the activity, have the students suggest a set of abstract nouns
that represent values (e.g., honesty, cowardice, bravery ). Then ask them to
think of any person they know who represents one of these, say, honesty .
Collect their responses and put them on the board. Then put up a poster
(or project a picture of the one given in Resource 1a) showing popular
personalities and objects and ask the students, working in pairs, to select
from the list of values (positive and negative) in Resource 1b the ones
they think would fit the personalities. Each pair must also give reasons
why they think a particular person adequately represents that value. Have
a class discussion on their responses to explore what the term values
means to us, and how well-known personalities with those values inspire
us to live our lives.
Now put the students in small groups and have them read a popular story
from your culture (written in English) or an abridged version of a classic
23
English story (some examples of popular tales from African contexts are
given in Resource 1d ).
As the students read, tell them to classify the characters and events in the
texts of their choice in terms of the values that they represent, using
Resource 1c: Classification of characters and events in terms of values as
a guide.
Ask the groups to share their classifications with the other groups and to
note areas of agreement and disagreement and the reasons for these
judgements. Some core values, virtues or character traits that should
emerge from the discussion are loyalty, self-control, compassion, tolerance,
firmness, respect, responsibility and so on. You could even let them talk
about negative traits such as selfishness, cruelty, lying, cheating , etc., as
examples of character traits one should avoid. Ask each group to choose
one character who represents a core value and prepare a short skit to
demonstrate how the character displayed that value. They can modify the
story they have read, or even base their skit on an imaginary event. Give
them a day or two to prepare their skits, and then have class
presentations. To make the students feel more rewarded for their efforts,
you could invite other teachers and/or the principal to watch the skits and
ask them to guess the core value being portrayed.
Activity 2: Exploring values expressed in familiar tales and folklore
Activity 2
This activity is based on three conceptual frameworks. The first concept

is that of linking home, school and community to promote the teaching of
core values in literature. The second is to engage students in co-operative
learning activities such as class projects that bring out from literature
texts the values needed for life goals. The third is to expose students to
the experience of critically assessing literary texts, both oral and written.
This guides the students in critically assessing the productions of the
group projects.
You can begin this activity with a class discussion on favourite folktales
from your students culture(s). This will be an opportunity for you to
introduce your students to folktales and the concepts of setting, plot and
characters , and how themes can be used to explore life values. The
discussion should also focus on how our traditional tales all have certain
morals and values that we are meant to absorb and adhere to in our own
lives.
For the main activity, ask the students to read the passage and complete
the tasks in Resource 2: Exploring lifes values through folktales .
If possible, invite a traditional storyteller from your community to present
to the class traditional stories, songs and poems with specific values. You
can then help the students to translate these traditional folksongs and
folklore into English on either a chalkboard or cardboard. See Resource 3
for an example of a folksong translated from Yoruba to English.
Ask the students to identify the traditional values brought out in the
folklore, poems and folksongs (see samples in Resource 3 ).
24
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The students should work in groups to dramatise the traditional values

brought out in the presentations and enact the scene in class.
Then ask the students to collect traditional folklore and poems from
their family members and community elders and present them to the
class in their own language and, if possible, translated into English.
They should also highlight the core values represented in the folktales
and poems.
Each groups project should be displayed on the bulletin board. The
groups assess each others work using the assessment grid in
Resource 4 .
Activity 3: Personalising values expressed in literature

For this activity, students will learn to evaluate a literary text in terms of
its characters, and to do a project on a particular value represented by a
character in the text. For the activity they can read a storybook from their
school collection or any other book recommended in their syllabus.
Activity 3
Put the students in pairs and have each pair read a literary text. The text
could be a work of fiction, a play or even a poem. The students task is to
follow the development of a particular character and decide what value or
values he or she represents. Encourage the students to provide reasons for
their decision and to note them down. They should also decide whether
they would like to emulate the life of that character, and say why or why
not.
To make the feedback session a little more interesting, have the
students, working in pairs, share their responses by playing the Who
Are You? game to reflect the different real-life values they would like
to emulate from the story book. For example:
Student A: Who are you?
Student B: Im the honest man in (state the novel: e.g., The
Incorruptible Judge ).
Student A: What makes you say youre honest?
Student B: I refused to take a bribe and did not steal government
property.
The value need not necessarily be a positive one. It may be a negative
value like Im a dishonest man , which students should not emulate. The
value should be examined in terms of the reasons for being dishonest
and the consequences of dishonesty.
Students who can list the most points about the character chosen in the
story are awarded the maximum score.
When the presentations are over, give the students a project on expressing
values in literary texts. Each pair should make a poster on the character
they have chosen to analyse or emulate. The students posters should be
embellished with illustrations of the character, some quotes from the text
25
that illustrate the particular characteristic, the students own comments

and so on.
Unit summary
Summary
In this unit you learned how to help your students realise how core values
are reflected in literary texts. Students can be encouraged to adopt
positive value systems found in the literary texts. Books that present
value conflicts clearly lend themselves to discussions, and students can
assess their own beliefs and decide which ones to accept or reject. The
unit also aimed to help students evaluate and analyse literary texts in
terms of characters, setting and plot. A third objective of this unit has
been to help students personalise the experience of reading literature by
also referring to texts from their own cultures.
Reflections
You can determine the success or otherwise of this unit using the
following questions:
Reflection
How well were the students able to identify with some positive value
systems at the end of this unit?
How successful were the planning, organisation and execution of the
various group activities and projects?
What could have been done better and how?
Assessment
Assessment
Which of the following positive life values were your students able to
bring out as they worked through the activities in this unit? Mention
the literary text, characters and events that brought out the following
values:
x Honesty
x Hard work
x Truthfulness
x Purity
26
Module 5
Resources
Resource 1a: Poster representing values and virtues
Resource 1a
Resource 1b: List of values to match poster

Positive traits: Honesty, loyalty, self-control, compassion, tolerance, firmness,
respect, responsibility, bravery, kindness, sacrifice.
Resource 1b
Negative traits: Treachery, cowardice, greed, lust, disobedience, pride,

dishonesty, intolerance, cunning.
Resource 1c: Classification of characters and events in terms of values

Literature, in its exploration of actions, events and characters, presents a
variety of value systems. Children can judge their own beliefs against the
values expressed in the literature books.
Resource 1c
Ask your students to classify characters and events as presented in the

box below. The students should then write a paragraph or two on the
value systems they have classified.
Characters with positive value systems: (characters who display the
following qualities or are):
Honest brave leadership qualities respect adventurous

bold persistent
27
Events with positive value systems displayed in literature:
Adventure morally acceptable love affair selfless service heroic

deeds restoration to life rescue success happy ending
Characters with negative value systems (characters who display the
following qualities or are):
Wicked oppressive exploitative cowardly disobedient

rude corrupt stupid hot tempered selfish
Events with negative value systems displayed in literature:
Disappointment social stigma blackmail death failure

punishment destruction illegal deed infidelity tragic or sad
ending
Resource 1d: Example of literary texts
Resource 1d
Below are some value systems that can be identified in some literary
texts used at the JSS level in Nigeria. You can use these to get your
students started on writing a page or two about the characters in the
books. You can develop similar lists of value systems for the childrens
literature of your own country.
Author
Title of the
text
Onyewadume Echoes of
Hard Times
Major
character in
the text
Value system brought

out in the life of the
character
Jide Ojo
Wisdom and
perseverance
Olagoke
The
Incorruptible
Judge
Ajala Oni
Brilliance, honesty,
obedience, diligence
and discipline
Zaynab
Alikali
The Virtuous
Woman
Nana Ai
Brilliance, strong
work ethic, chastity,
cool-headedness,
maturity, honesty and
obedience.
Agbo Areo
Mothers
Choice
Ade Ogidi
Junior
Intelligence, talent,
sportsmanship, and
evils of lack of selfcontrol, alcoholism
and drug addiction.
These value systems can also form a basis for further reading, role
modelling, dramatisation, critical analysis, discussions, oral presentations
or debates, depending on the language focus.
28
Module 5
Resource 2: Exploring lifes values through folktales
Resource 2
You probably know several folktales. Folktales are stories that are passed
on by tradition; and many legends are passed from one generation to the
next primarily by oral storytelling. Perhaps you have heard some tales
from your country from your own family. Sometimes you can find
several versions of the same story, like The Lucky Ones , below. Read the
folktale and study the analysis that follows it.
The lucky ones
Many years ago, there were thousands of donkeys. They lived on plains
and grasslands all over the world. Men caught large numbers of them and
made them carry heavy loads. The donkeys did not get enough to eat,
although they worked very hard. Many of them died, but the men did not
worry. They could easily go out and catch more of the poor animals.
After a time, the donkeys that were still free got very worried.
The hunters will catch all of us, they said, we must go to see the hare.
He is a wise animal. Hell help us.
The hare felt very sorry for the donkeys. When their leader came to see
him, he said, I will try to help you. Bring all your friends to my house in
the forest. Ive thought of a plan to make you look different. If you do
what I say, the hunters wont know you. Theyll think that all donkeys
have gone forever.
The donkeys were very pleased to hear this. Tell us more about your
plan, they said. But the hare answered, Bring all your friends to the
forest tomorrow. Ill tell you then.
As the donkeys went away, he shouted, Make sure that all your friends
come.
Early the next morning they went back to the hares house with all their
friends. He was waiting for them. He had a big brush and a bucket full of
white paint. The donkeys didnt like the smell of the paint. One of them
said, I hope you are not going to paint us. I dont want paint all over
me. It will help to save you, the hare replied. Im going to paint white
stripes all over you. When I finish, the men wont know what you are.
He dipped his brush into the paint and shouted, Come on! Wholl be
first? But no one wanted to be first.
Soon he got angry. Ill give you one more chance, he said. Do what I
say or Ill never help you again.
Then one donkey walked forward and said, I dont want the hunters to
catch me. I dont want to carry heavy loads. I want to be free. Paint me,
Mr Hare.
Very carefully, the hare painted white stripes all over the donkeys body.
When he finished, the donkey looked very different. The other donkeys
were very surprised.
29
He doesnt look like a donkey now. Hes much more beautiful, they
cried. Soon they were all pushing forward, saying, Paint me, Mr Hare!
Paint me, too!
The hare told them to come to him one at a time. He worked very hard
and soon only half the paint was left. One donkey who was still waiting
shouted Youll use all the paint before its my turn, Mr Hare. Please
paint me next. He tried to push to the front. The hare said, Dont push.
Theres enough paint for everyone. But he didnt speak quite soon
enough.
All the donkeys began to push. One of them knocked the bucket over. In
a moment, all the paint had poured out on the ground. Not one drop was
left.
The donkeys knew that he would never forgive them. They began to walk
away slowly. But they didnt all go together.
The hare was very, very angry. He threw down his brush. You foolish
donkeys! he cried. Im not going to help you any more. Get away from
my house!
Those who had new coats with white stripes went one way. They were
laughing and talking happily. Those who hadnt been painted went the
other way, crying sadly. They knew that they would soon be caught by
the hunters. You can still hear the sad cries of the few donkeys that are
left. Often they stand tied to a post, waiting to carry a heavy load.
The others rode the plains and grassland, still wearing their beautiful
striped coats. They are now called zebras , which some people say means
lucky ones .
This folktale can be used to explore life values. Compare the life values
that you drew from The Lucky Ones with the ones presented below. The
life values are drawn from the setting, plot, themes and various characters
in the story.
30
Components of the folktale
Real-life values brought out
Setting: grasslands all over the

world
The grasslands provide no hiding

place for the donkeys, thus giving
room for the hunters to dominate
Plot: the storyline presents the

problem faced by the donkeys and
their concern over it, the solution
offered by the hare (painting their
bodies with white stripes) and the
origin of the zebra
Wisdom of the hare

Concern of the donkeys
The hare as a problem solver
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Theme: the main messages in the

story:
Oppression
Problem and solution
Luck versus ill-luck
Anger of the hare

Rowdiness of some donkeys
Hard-working hare
Impatience of some donkeys
Sadness and joy

Characters:
Major character is Mr Hare
Other characters are the
donkeys
Minor character is the donkey
that poured out the paint
Determination of the hare to

assist the donkeys
Foolishness of some donkeys
The donkey that pours out the
paint is the spoiler
Resource 3: Folksong translated from Yoruba to English

Omo to mo ya re loju o, osi yo tamo naa pa 2x
The child that looks down on his mother, poverty will overwhelm him 2x
Resource 3
Iya to jiya po lori re, baba to jiya po lori re

The mother that suffers so much for you, the father that suffers so much for
you
Omo to mo ya re loju, osi yo tomo naa pa.

The child that looks down on his mother, poverty will overwhelm him.
Description of the traditional values represented in the folksong
The traditional values portrayed in the above song (translated into

English) are primarily those of respect for ones mother and father, and
the perseverance of the parents as they raise their child. The message is
that any child who does not recognise his or her parents contribution and
sacrifice is welcoming poverty into his or her life. It is a song normally
sung in Yoruba-land to motivate children to love and take care of their
parents.
31
Resource 4: Assessment grid for literary texts

The following is a grid for assessing any literary text. It contains certain
guidelines that should help students to analyse and evaluate a literary
text.
Resource 4
Feature
Description
Guideline for analysis
Plot
The storyline: what

happens in the story or
novel
Sequential, logical,
clearly defined, well
linked
Setting
Where and when the

story takes place
Clearly described,
relevant, appropriate,
real/imaginary
Theme
The main message or

underlying idea of the
literary text
Well presented and

clearly brought out in the
text
Characterisation The people, real or

imaginary, whose lives
are described
Well portrayed, well

rounded (i.e., given
recognisable human
attributes), distinctions
between major and minor
characters
Style of writing
Use of words and

sentence structures
Words well chosen, ideas

well arranged, language
easy to comprehend and
reflects real-life use, use
of metaphors
Real-life values
represented in
the text
Human virtues and

personality traits
expressed through the
characters
Positive and negative

traits, reflected in the
themes, setting, plot, etc.
Feedback
32
Question:
Can the procedures used in this unit for analysing

the sample texts be used to analyse all literary texts
and other genres?
Answer:
Almost all literary texts written for children or

young adults lend themselves well to this kind of
analysis. When choosing literary texts, you should
therefore remember that the texts must be
appropriate to the language, age and ability of the
students. Most of the literary texts to be used at this
level should be abridged copies and supplementary
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readers. So, for example, when we ask students to

read texts like Great Expectations, Macbeth, The
Merchant of Venice or Robinson Crusoe, we are not
asking them to read the unabridged copies of the
texts, but rather the simplified versions that are not
more than 100 pages long. This is because most
children do not have the same understanding as
adults do of the more subtle language functions of
literature irony, sarcasm, innuendo, etc. and
how these contribute to the theme.
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Module 5

Introduction
Students at the JSS level are more likely to develop a sustained interest in
reading and writing if they enjoy the content and different activities of
literature classes. In many literature classes today, teachers merely tell the
stories in their own words or explain each sentence as they read. As a
result, students do not get enough practice in reading and understanding
for themselves. Also, they miss out on an opportunity to enhance their
vocabulary and language skills. This is probably why our students do not
want to read or write literary texts on their own. In this unit you will learn
to help your students notice the special ways in which language is used in
literary texts.
Unit outcomes
help your students notice the special and unique style of literary texts,
enhance your students vocabulary through literary texts,
Outcomes
develop activities to help your students notice the patterns of sounds,

words and structures that are found in literary texts, and
devise ways to promote a sustained interest in literature.

The types of childrens literature that students at the JSS level enjoy are
likely to vary. Therefore, you need to know how to select literature
appropriate to their age, language level and areas of interest. You want
them to identify with the characters, understand the viewpoints expressed
and find the events and themes interesting and this will not happen if
the books you choose are beyond their level of interest, or have to be
explained to them word by word. When students read for themselves,
they become more familiar with new words, and gain confidence in
sustained reading and writing.
35
Case study
Case study
Points to ponder
Mrs Laitu Guga teaches English in JSS II of a Government girls

secondary school. She observed the indifference of the girls to reading
and writing stories in English. She remembered how in the good old days
her teacher used to give them one book to read per week. She also
remembered how she used to enjoy the stories in the books. She would
never forget some of the drama nights organised by her colleges drama
club and the stimulating debates organised by the debating society. She
had even enjoyed participating in some of these activities, especially in
choral readings of poems, turning some of them into songs, and
analysing poems with her friends. She decided to experiment with some
of these activities in her JSS II literature class. She noticed some change
in the interest level of her students. They now wanted to read extensively.
They also gained more confidence in reading and writing. They also read
and wrote better.
1 What strategies were used by your own secondary school English
teacher?
2 How many or which of those do you use with your own students? Do
they still help?
Activities
Activity 1: Exploring language patterns in poetry
Activity 1
In Activity 1 of Unit 1 , you saw how we can make students notice,

understand and analyse the ways in which words are used in poetry. We
also discussed the special ways in which poets make up new words, or
change familiar words to mean something special. Looking carefully at
the words used in poetry is one way in which students vocabulary can
improve.
In this activity, we will explore other ways in which poets play with
language to bring out unique meanings or present a theme in a unique
manner. Poets often use patterns, the repetition of sounds, words,
structures or themes. Sometimes they twist accepted grammatical rules to
say something in a new and interesting manner. This activity will try to
build students critical awareness of poetic language so that their own
language skills are enhanced.
For the activity, choose a poem (preferably a well-known poem that deals
with themes familiar to your students). A sample poem is given in
Resource 1 . Put the students in groups and give each group a stanza from
the poem to analyse as shown in Resource 1 . You can move around the
groups and help them discover the patterns. The groups should then
present to the class a few words about the main idea of their stanza, along
with some quotations from the poem to prove their point.
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Module 5
Before the activity, however, you will have to familiarise students with
some poetic devices such as use of lexical sets, parallelism, inversions
and run-on lines . Here are some suggestions on how to introduce these
concepts to students with familiar examples.
Lexical sets: Put the following words on the chalkboard/whiteboard.
Ask the students, working in pairs, to put the words in as many groups
as they can. For example, words like table, sofa, cupboard can be
grouped as furniture .
x
clouds, anger, pink, jumping, river, grey, excitement, grief, birds,

waterfall, chasing, jogging, envy, blue, riding, white
They should come up with the groups nature, colour, movement and
emotions/feelings . Explain to the students that words belonging to a
similar category make a lexical set, and when we can identify lexical
sets in a passage, it usually helps us to understand the passage better.
Parallelism: Give the students the following lines from the famous
poem The Charge of the Light Brigade and ask them what is special
about the lines:
Into the valley of Death rode the Light Brigade
and
Into the mouth of Hell rode the Light Brigade
What we notice in these lines is that the same lines are repeated
throughout, but some of the words in the middle are changed ( the
valley of Death/the mouth of Hell ). Ask the students why they think the
poet has used this kind of repetition and what special idea the poet
wanted to convey. Expected answers would be: The poet repeats the
lines because he wants us to notice that the Light Brigade kept riding and
did not stop doing their duty even when they knew they would die. He
replaces the phrase the valley of Death by the mouth of Hell to make us
focus on the seriousness of the situation, and to highlight the heroic
decision of the soldiers. Explain to the students that this kind of
repeated structure, with a significant change in one of the lines, is
called parallelism , which is a special poetic device. Parallelism
functions to highlight an important idea in the poem.
Inversion: This usually refers to inversion of the word order in a
sentence. Sometimes the change is grammatical and sometimes not,
but this device is used by poets to highlight a certain word or phrase in
the poem. Give the students the following sentences and ask them the
difference in meaning between them.
She left the room without a sound.
Without a sound, she left the room.
The room she left, without a sound.
The students should notice that the first sentence simply describes the
action, without highlighting any aspect of it. In the second one, the
focus changes to the fact that there was no noise when she left (or no
one noticed that she had left). The third sentence focuses on what she
37
left, rather than the act of leaving. By changing the groups of words in
the initial position of a sentence we can find new meanings in
sentences. This kind of inversion, very often used in poetry, may
sometimes even be a little ungrammatical (The room she left, without a
sound ) but acceptable in the context.
Run-on lines: These are poetic sentences that do not end at the end of
the line with a punctuation mark, but continue into the next line. The
purpose of using this kind of line is sometimes to show long
movement, or that the idea the poet wants to express did not end in the
previous line.
After the preparatory discussion, have your students look at the poem
The Solitary Reaper, by William Wordsworth (Resource 1 ) in groups
and work through each stanza. The groups should look for all the
interesting categories listed above and explain what special meaning is
expressed through the patterns they notice, and how they contribute to the
theme of the poem.
Activity 2: Exploring language patterns in plays
Activity 2
As the activities across the units in this module show, there are several
ways in which we can help students explore the special language features
in plays. In Unit 1 , we had an activity for students to convert a prose text
into a play, and this is one way of helping students notice the features of
drama. In this activity, however, we will focus on the dialogue ; that is,
the characters conversations, because conversations tell us more about
the characters relationships and help us understand the theme better.
Before students do the activity, they need to be aware of how our feelings
are expressed in our conversations. Play the audio/video clip in
Resource 2a or read out the transcript in a way that sounds like natural
conversation. The students should watch/listen to the conversation clips
in the audio/video carefully and then answer the following questions.
1 In each conversation, what is the relationship between the people?
2 Who is the more powerful person?
3 How do the characters feel about the matter they are discussing?
4 How do you know this? Watch or listen to the conversations again and
note down which words helped you decide who is more powerful.
Also notice the tone of voice, and the facial expressions of the people
to answer Question 3.
After collecting the answers and having a short discussion, alert the
students to how peoples words, gestures and behaviour all help us learn
more about their personalities and their state of mind (whether they are
happy or sad, angry or anxious, and so on). In conversations, people who
are more powerful tend to speak more , and take more turns in speaking
(i.e., they speak at the same time as other people, interrupt other speakers,
or just talk more often). People also do this when they are agitated
(anxious, worried, angry , etc). When people are agitated, they also
stammer, repeat words, start, stop halfway and start again. Another thing
that students should notice about conversations is how people use
38
Module 5
indirectness: sometimes people give half information, or avoid giving

direct answers or even tell a lie. All these things give us more insights
into peoples personalities, feelings and relationships. In drama,
playwrights use such strategies to tell us more about their characters and
also to prepare us for the climax.
Once you have made the students aware of some such conversation
features, give them an extract from a play from their curriculum. Divide
them into groups and ask them to find out the theme of the scene by
looking closely at the dialogue . They should also look at the stage
directions to find more information about the characters and how they
behave and think. A sample excerpt from a play is given in Resource 2b .
The students can do this same activity to analyse a prose text. Simply
change the categories from stage directions to plot, setting and
description. The dialogue can still form the basis of the analysis.
Activity 3: Writing a review of a literary text

Now that your students have had some practice in reading and analysing
the language of literary texts, you can help them consolidate their
experience by teaching them how to review a literary text.
Activity 3
Have the students imagine they have been asked by a reputable

newspaper to review a new book. They will be given an excerpt from the
book, and their task will be to evaluate it so that people can decide
whether the book is worth buying. Tell them this is a task of great
responsibility, as the writers popularity depends on their review.
Before the students begin writing, they need to understand what is
required in a review. For a discussion on the language of reviews, bring
in some sample reviews from English newspapers and magazines and
distribute them amongst the groups. Draw the students attention to the
writing style in a book review. In particular, they should note the factual
details (name of the book, author, publisher, price, number of chapters,
whether it has an introduction or preface, etc.), the summary of the theme,
(including the characterisation, the feelings expressed), the language used
(easy conversational style or more difficult to understand, use of words or
humour, etc.) and finally, the reviewers own comments. (See Resource 3
for sample reviews.)
For the activity, divide the students into four or five groups and give each
group a page from a literary text included in their English textbook or
supplementary reader, or any book from the school library. Tell them to
prepare a review in one paragraph, keeping in mind the guidelines they
have already noticed in the sample reviews. The students should then
read out their reviews, and vote for the best. The winning review could be
displayed on the wall or included in the school magazine.
39
Unit summary
Summary
In this unit you learned how to engage students in tasks that help them
notice and appreciate the special ways in which language is treated in
literary texts. These activities, if executed with humour, can trigger a
sustained interest in literature in the students. This habit will, in turn, not
only help them become better readers, it will also make them more
articulate users of English.
Reflections
Did you have easy access to literary texts? Were there enough copies
for the students?
Reflection
Did anything students performance, curiosity or presentation

skills, for example surprise you?
Would you like to modify some of the activities when you do them
the next time?
Did the students enjoy taking part in the activities?
Did you notice any improvement in their use of language after the
activities?
Assessment
Which of the three activities presented in this unit did you find most
feasible, interesting and useful for developing the language skills of
the students?
Assessment
40
Which of the activities enhanced the teaching of reading, writing,

speaking and listening? Support your answer with evidence from the
unit.
Module 5
Resources
Resource 1: Sample poem: The Solitary Reaper
Resource 1
Behold her, single in the field,

Yon solitary Highland lass!
Reaping and singing by herself;
Stop here, or gently pass!
Alone she cuts and binds the grain,
And sings a melancholy strain;
O listen! for the vale profound
Is overflowing with the sound.
No nightingale did ever chaunt
More welcome notes to weary bands
Of travellers in some shady haunt,
Among Arabian sands;
A voice so thrilling ne'er heard
In springtime from the cuckoo-bird,
Breaking the silence of the seas
Among the farthest Hebrides.
Will no one tell me what she sings?
Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow
For old, unhappy, far-off things,
And battles long ago;
Or is it some more humble lay,
Familiar matter of today?
Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,
That has been, and may be again?
Whateer the theme, the maiden sang
As if her song could have no ending;
I saw her singing at her work,
And o'er the sickle bending;
I listened, motionless and still;
And, as I mounted up the hill,
The music in my heart I bore,
Long after it was heard no more.
41
Resource 2a: The language of drama

Transcripts
Conversation 1
Resource 2a
Mother (angrily): Kathy, how many times have I told you not to use your
cell phone when guests come to visit? Its SUCH bad manners! I
was so embarrassed when your Aunt Marcia was asking you
something and you didnt even notice!
Kathy (carelessly): Oh, I couldnt care less! Aunt Marcia is so boring.
Who wants to talk to her?
Mother (annoyed): DO you HAVE to be so rude? I just dont understand
this generation you actually seem to take pride in being nasty!
Whatever happened to good manners? And people will say I
didnt bring you up the right way!
Kathy (angrily): Why cant you just leave me ALONE??!! God knows
why people just dont understand me
Mother (cutting her off): Get out of the room, you nasty girl! You dont
help around the house, you live like a pig in that filthy room, and
you have the guts to be rude! All right, Ive had enough! Youll
get no pocket money, young lady, until you have called up your
Aunt Marcia and said hello to her. And while youre at it, clean
up your room by tonight or else Ill rent it out! God knows how
much I need the money, you ungrateful creature!
Conversation 2
Richard: Hey, guys, guess what Ive been selected for the squad! Got a
call from none other than coach himself! Hes asked me to show
for practice on Monday! I still cant believe Ive made the team!!
Zaffar: Wow, lucky guy! Imagine Well watch you on television up
with the greats! You better start behaving like a star right from
now How about making me your manager?
Richard: Okay, okay Rib me all you like but when Im really there
on the field scoring goals, youll have to line up for my
autograph!
Celia: Youre right, Rick! Im going to be your manager, and Zaff will be
your valet After all, youll need someone to press your clothes
and polish your shoes. Ha ha!
Zaffar: Whoever heard of a woman manager for a football star?? Youll
be his secretary when I negotiate his price with Manchester
United!
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Module 5
Richard: Okay, okay, guys, cut it out Youre embarrassing me! Let me
first prove my worth, and then watch where I land up! Right next
to Beckham, Messi, Drogba, Etoo.
Conversation 3
Teacher Musa: Good morning, children! Are you all ready?

Students (in unison): We are, Sir!
Teacher: Is anyone scared?
Rabia (in a small voice, worried): I dont think Ill pass, Sir I just dont
remember a word of what I read!
Ahmed: Me too, Sir! My mind has gone blank! My mum will skin me
alive if I fail this time too! Shes threatened to take me out of
school, marry me to a girl from her village and make me work in
the fields!
All: Ha ha! Thatll be lovely, Ahmed! Well all come and visit you some
time!
Teacher: Thats enough, everyone! Put your bags away Its almost
time!
Teacher: Okay, ready? Lets say a prayer first: Dear Lord, we are all
gathered here today to begin our final exam. Please guide us on
the path of success! Amen.
All: Amen.
Robin: Sir, can I go out for a minute? Ive forgotten my pencil box!
Teacher: Its not allowed. Which ones your bag? Ill get it.
Principal (walking in): Everything under control, Musa?
Teacher (caught by surprise, stammering): Yeyes, Sir! I I was just
going to begin distributing the papers
Principal (cutting him off): You better do that, or there wont be time
later. You know we have a meeting at five. Be there!
Teacher: Yes, Sir! Sure, Sir!
Resource files
See in the enclosed DVD a video recording of the activities:

Video
Scripts\Module5\Unit3\Activity2\Resource2a\Video\Conversation1.mp4
Scripts\Module5\Unit3\Activity2\Resource2a\Video\Conversation2.mp4
Scripts\Module5\Unit3\Activity2\Resource2a\Video\Conversations3.mp4
43
Resource 2b: Extract from a play

Adapted from The Bishops Candlesticks
Resource 2b
Bishop:
Now I think you may let your prisoner go.
Sergeant:
But he wont show me his papers he wont tell me

who he is
Bishop:
Ive told you hes my friend.
Sergeant:
Yes, thats all very well, but
Bishop:
Hes your bishops friend. Surely thats enough?
Sergeant:
Well, but
Bishop:
Surely?!
Sergeant:
I I Humph! (To his men) Loosen the prisoner. (They

do so.) Right about turn, quick march!
(Exit Sergeant and Gendarmes. A long pause.)
Convict:
(Very slowly, as if in a dream) You told them you had

given me the candlesticks given me them. By God!
Mrs Persome: Oh, you scoundrel, you pitiful scoundrel! You come
here, you are fed, and warmed, and and you thief, you
steal from your host! Oh, you blackguard!
Bishop:
Persome, you are tired. Go to your room.
Mrs Persome: What?! And leave you with him to be cheated again,
perhaps murdered?
Bishop:
Leave, Persome, and place those candlesticks on the

table on your way out.
Mrs Persome: I wont I will not!

Bishop:
I, your bishop, command you!
(Mrs Persome leaves with great reluctance.)
44
Convict:
I I didnt believe there was any good in this world;

one doesnt know when one has been in Hell; but
somehow I I know youre good, an and its a
queer thing to ask, but could you, would you bless me
before I go? I I think it would help me. I
Bishop:
Stay, my son Sleep here tonight
Convict:
Uh?
Module 5
Bishop:
and leave very early tom
Convict:
Fa What are you saying , Holy Father!!
Bishop:
Theres a path through the back A very lonely path.
Convict:
I I dont know what to say, Father Tha Thank

you!
Bishop:
Always remember, my son, that this poor body is the

Temple of the Living God.
Convict:
I Ill remember, Father! Bless you, Father!
Resource 3: Sample book review

Question:
In one academic year, there is barely time to allow

my students to read books at their leisure and then
discuss them. Also, not all my students understand
literary language, so they complain if I dont explain
or translate the story.
Answer:
This is a valid problem faced by most teachers, but it

can be partly solved by a little careful planning and
time management. You could set aside one period
every week for literature-based classroom activities,
and have students read the text at home before
Feedback
45
coming to class. This will save time, and help

sustain your efforts to keep them reading. As for
students with poor reading skills who like to have
you explain the text, you should wean them off such
dependency by grading the books they have to read.
You can start by giving them books in simpler
language than the one other students are reading, and
over a period of six months or so they will learn to
read and understand on their own. Then they can
join the rest, and read and analyse the same texts.
46
Module 5
Unit 4: Sustaining the Habit of Reading

Literature for Language Development
Introduction
Students develop language skills through collaborative and interactive
tasks around literary texts. These help them develop a lifelong habit of
reading. Managing their reading habit and building a reading profile is a
lifelong activity that will train their minds to think logically and also
teach them to have an open mind. Getting students to work together
makes tasks more meaningful and enjoyable. It also provides abundant
opportunities to use language in meaningful and real-life contexts. Also,
when students take charge of their reading habit, they become more
motivated to read. In this unit, you will learn strategies to sustain your
students interest in reading literary texts. This unit will also help you to
help your students transfer their study skills to other subject areas.
Unit outcomes
create extensive reading opportunities for your students through
interactive activities around childrens literature,
Outcomes
use reading and writing tasks to help the students review literary and
non-literary texts, and
use collaborative and interactive activities to link together school
subjects and literacy development through literature.
Terminology
Terminology
Interactive tasks:
Classroom exercises that allow students to listen

and speak to one another using English and to
share ideas.
Blog:
(From weblog.) A regular record of our thoughts,

opinions and experiences that we put on the
Internet for other people to read.
Discussion web:
Classroom discussion points put in the form of

bubbles as the discussion evolves.
47
Literary exchange:
A process of sharing summaries of the literature

books with members of other classes, institutions
or nations.
International Internet
exchange:
A process whereby literature books read by

students of one country are shared with friends in
another country via the Internet.

The activities in this unit should help your students to work as
individuals, in pairs or in small groups, and to interact at various levels to
accomplish tasks in and outside the classroom. As you work through the
unit, you might like to keep notes on the tasks and types of literary texts
that the students choose, and the difficulties that prevent them from
making the required progress (if applicable).
Case study
Case study
Ms Shikha Pandit is a JSS I English teacher in a remote school in India.

She was concerned about her students general indifference to reading
literature, especially poetry. She worried about the fact that they were
missing out on the valuable exposure to lifes experiences that literature
offers.
They were also being deprived of access to the vast collection of
literature written for their age group. This lack of exposure to interesting
literary texts written in good English was also preventing them from
developing their own language skills. Ms Pandit decided to initiate
collaborative and interactive tasks around childrens literature to
stimulate interest in extensive listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Some of her techniques included classroom discussions, read-aloud
picture books, maintaining a log of books read and encouraging healthy
competition between the students to read and review the most books.
As a result of her efforts, her students became more interested in the
lessons, demonstrating improved reading comprehension skills and
developing an overwhelming interest in reading. Two additional benefits
of this were enhanced literacy development and content area learning. In
fact, Ms Pandits efforts also helped to promote literacy across the
curriculum, improving students comprehension of other subjects
textbooks.
Points to ponder
1 Do you agree that a sustained interest in literature can improve

students performance in other subjects in your own situations?
2 Have you tried to have students maintain a log of what they read, and
share it in class one period every week? Do you think your students
will take up the challenge and begin to read?
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Module 5
Activities
Activity 1: Fostering the reading habit through a logbook
Activity 1
One of the challenges facing English teachers is finding time within

the tight academic schedule to encourage students to read and discuss
literature in class. One way of ensuring that students are reading
regularly is to have them create and maintain a logbook. The entries
in the logbook can be made by the students themselves and reviewed
in one class period per week. This will ensure a proper record of the
kinds of books the students read, and motivate them to read faster and
with more comprehension.
For this activity you will need a number of literary texts and
supplementary readers on different topics and at various levels of
reading difficulty and age. This is to ensure that students with less
proficiency will find something worthwhile to read and understand,
and students whose language skills are well developed will find
something interesting and challenging to read. If few books are
available in the school library, students can be encouraged to make a
contribution of at least one book for the class from their pocket
money. In addition, they can visit the local library and read books
there they will not be required to read them in the class.
The students take home and read any one storybook plus one play and
one collection of poems of interest from the available collection.
After they have read the text, they record the details of the text in the
logbook. (See Resource 1 on how to organise a logbook.)
The logbook entries are made by individual students in the pages
allotted to them.
At the end of the week, five students (choose five different students
every week) will present their experience of reading the text. The
name of the text that was enjoyed most will then be entered into a
chart displayed in the class. By the end of the year, the class will have
a list of books they can recommend to their Junior class.
In the case of poems, you can encourage the students to recite the
poems with proper intonation.
Activity 2: Exchanging literary reviews on the Internet: Writing a blog
Activity 2
This activity is meant to give students meaningful exposure to Internetbased resources such as a blog . Other resources that are based on
collaborative and interactive Web-based activities are wikis and social
networking sites or online communities (e.g., Facebook, Twitter,
Myspace, LinkedIn, Picasa, Flickr). If your school does not have
computers with Internet access for students, allow them to work at home
49
or anywhere they have Internet access. The Internet is a wonderful source

of useful information, and we should make the best possible use of it for
learning purposes.
Before the students begin this activity, you can give them a preparatory
homework assignment to find out about blogging on the Internet, its
advantages, its problems and so on. They can then share their knowledge
with the class so that everyone becomes familiar with the concept and
understands what steps will be involved in writing a blog. If you have the
facilities, you can log on to the Internet and show your students a blog
page. A quick Google search can take you to a blog if you are not
familiar with the concept yourself. (Several popular blogs are maintained
by English teachers; for example, Daves ESL Caf and Nik Peacheys
blog.) (See Resource 2a for a sample blog page.)
For the activity, give your students one week to read a literary text and
prepare a review of it in one paragraph. The review should contain details
similar to the ones given for the logbook in Activity 1 above, including an
evaluation of the book.
When they are ready, show a group of them (you can select students who
are already familiar with using a computer and the Internet) how to post
their entries on a blog. You can help them create a personal blog (there
are sites that help you to do it in a set of easy-to-follow steps if you are
not confident about this) or post their entries on any existing blog that is
based on such reviews. This group in turn can become group leaders and
teach the others how to submit their entries to the same blog.
Once the students are familiar with the process, encourage them to give
and collect feedback on the blog entries. Show them how fascinating it is
to have people from all over the world people we have never met and
probably will never meet commenting on our entries. They can then
continue the chain of comments, add more entries, read reviews written
by other people and so on.
This exercise will help them in several ways: (i) they will learn to
navigate meaningfully through Internet-based learning resources and
discover more ways of enhancing their knowledge and information base;
(ii) their language skills will improve, as they will learn to read quickly
and react appropriately, and to write in a lucid and comfortable style; (iii)
they will have an opportunity to network with people of all ages and to
learn more about different cultures and life experiences; and (iv) most
important, they will have a motivation for reading and reviewing more
literary texts.
If you and your students do not have access to computer-based learning
resources, your students can do this activity by writing to pen friends.
You can help them by collecting (maybe from the Internet) addresses of
people in their age group and helping them write letters in English. A
sample letter to a pen friend on a book review is given in Resource 2b .
If even that is not a viable option, you can have intra- and inter-class
exchanges of critical comments on the texts. Encourage your students to
50
Module 5
select friends in their class or from other classes in the school as partners
with whom they can exchange summarised critical comments. Their
comments should include the information as shown in Resource 1: JSS
literature reading log .
As a follow-up exercise, you could display the materials and information
gathered through these literature exchange activities on the class
noticeboards and bulletin boards. They can then be used for further
classroom discussions, social interactions and reading and writing
activities.
Activity 3: Literacy development across curricula: Recording

information from other subject areas
Activity 3
Now that your students have had a fairly good amount of practice
analysing the language of literary texts, you can help them apply their
skills to other subjects, such as Science, Social Studies, Geography,
Economics, Environmental Studies and so on. In this activity, you will
learn a technique to help your students use their language skills
meaningfully when studying texts for other subjects: recording
information about important topics.
For this activity, collect sample texts (a short topic should do) from your
students other subject textbooks or have them all read the same texts
from their own textbooks. Choose texts that are short (two or three
paragraphs) and can be read and discussed in class. The students task
(explained below in more detail) will be to present the information
gleaned from the text to the rest of the class. To do that, they must first
learn to record the information correctly.
Students also need to learn how to extract information from a passage
and present it orally or in written form. The task on Environmental
Science (below) will take them through the recording process. Then,
using the same procedures, record the information from the passage from
another subject that you have given them and present it to the class.
The preparatory activity for this task involves students listening to an
audio/video recording of a person reading out information about an
environmental issue. If you cannot play the audio/video clip, you can
read the transcript given in Resource 4 instead. As the students listen,
they should note down the information in the grid below. (A completed
form of the grid is given in Resource 3 .) Do not tell the students
beforehand what subject area the recording/reading deals with. Let them
work it out as they listen. The objective of the task is to make them
understand first-hand how to record information precisely and easily.
Let the students listen to the clip twice, so that they can get the
information correct, and so record the information correctly.
51
No.
Item
Description
Subject area
___________________________________
Topic
___________________________________
Important
points
discussed
i. ________________________________
ii. ________________________________
iii. ________________________________
iv. ________________________________
v. ________________________________
Presentation
___________________________________
Assessment
___________________________________
Now have a class discussion about what goes into a good report/review of
a topic read. The students should come up with points like clear
presentation of facts (e.g., subject and topic), listing of main points ,
commenting on the language style and the need to give a good
assessment .
For the main activity, divide the class into groups of five or six, and give
each group a topic from a different subject area to read. As they read,
they should note down the information in the grid, and then write a
paragraph on their topic. When all the groups are ready, ask them to
present their reviews to the class. The class should listen actively and
comment on the presentation, suggesting modifications, if necessary. The
two or three best presentations can then be displayed (along with
illustrations or diagrams) on the display board.
Unit summary
Summary
In this unit you learned how to organise collaborative and interactive

tasks around literature by reviewing literary texts. You also learned to
use literature to facilitate the learning of other subjects, and to develop
the literacy skills of your students in the process.
Reflections
Reflection
52
How feasible are intra- and inter-school literary exchange

programmes? Do the students gain new information through the
national and international exchanges? What are the constraints and
how are they dealt with?
Module 5
Did you enjoy working through this unit? To what extent could you
organise the collaborative and the interactive tasks? Perhaps some of
the students were not very comfortable with completing the tasks.
How did you handle this problem?
Assessment
What are the benefits of the literary exchange programme suggested
in this unit?
Assessment
How can you encourage other subject teachers to collaborate with you
to develop students literacy skills across different subjects?
What other Internet-based resources can you use to develop students
writing skills?
Resources
Resource 1: JSS literature reading log
Resource 1
To encourage your students to read, and make them responsible for

actually reading literary texts, you can keep a logbook on a stand in a
corner of the classroom, and have the class monitor update it every week.
The logbook should be thick enough to accommodate multiple entries.
Each student could be assigned two pages and encouraged to log the
books they read every week. There could be a review at the end of the
week, with the teacher or a volunteer student reading out each students
record of the details of the book and its brief summary. At the end of the
year, the logbook could be shared with other teachers and the students
parents or guardians, so that the students efforts are acknowledged. One
or two students can also be asked to talk about their experience of log
keeping and what they have gained from it.
53
Here are a few snapshots of logbooks:
54
Module 5
A sample page from a logbook

Student: Roshan Seth
Logbook page numbers: 34-35
Sl.
No.
Type
of text
Name
of the
text
Author
Start
date
End
date
Assessment of the
book
1.
Novel
The
Jungle
Book
Rudyard
Kilping
20
April
2010
26
April
2010
Very interesting.
The writer has a
good knowledge
of jungle life.
2.
Play
A Dolls
House
Henrik
Ibsen
28
April
2010
3
May
2010
Good, but a little

difficult to
understand as it
talks about adult
relationship.
Resource 2a: Internet-based learning resource: Blog entries
From: http://peachybooks.blogspot.com/
55
From: http://blog.mawbooks.com/
From: http://africanliteraturenews.blogspot.com/
56
Module 5
Resource 2b: Sample letter to a pen friend

Hi Jim,
Resource 2b
My name is Mary Mbeki and Im a student in Grade 9 at Holy Heart

Secondary School. I got your address from a friend and Id like to be
your pen friend. Would you like it too?
What are your interests? Mine are singing and reading, and at the
moment Im reading a book called Lion and the Jewel by Wole Soyinka.
Have you read it? Its a lovely book, and Im sure youll enjoy reading it
as much as I have.
Let me tell you a little more about it_____________________
What are your interests? Have you read any books lately? Please tell me
about them. It would be lovely to exchange and discuss our comments on
the books we read.
More for the next letter DO reply fast! Ill be waiting eagerly to hear
from you.
Best wishes,
Mary
Resource 3: Transferring information from text to visuals: Information

chart on sample topic from Environmental Science
No.
Resource 3
Item
Description
Subject area
Environmental Science
Topic
Global Warming
Important
points
discussed
i. Burning of fossil fuels

ii. Melting of ice glaciers in polar regions
iii. Changes in weather conditions
iv. CO2 in the atmosphere
v. Government views
vi. Prevention measures: two solutions
Presentation
Clear, easy to understand, all important

points covered
Assessment
Good presentation
57
Resource 4: Environmental Science passage: Global Warming

Definition
Resource 4
Global warming is a slow but steady rise in the Earths surface

temperature. Some people think that the warming is because of people
burning fossil fuels like coal and oil. Some also think that human beings
are cutting down too many trees. Most scientists believe that the sun
actually became colder and is not to blame. If this is so, the Earth should
be slightly colder. Many scientists say that the temperature will rise about
3.7 C (6.7 F) more in 100 years. Most major governments and science
groups agree with these ideas.
Effects of the Earths temperature rise
If the Earths temperature becomes hotter, the sea level will also become
higher because the temperature rise will make ice glaciers melt. The sea
level rise may cause coastal areas to flood. Weather patterns, including
where and how much precipitation there is, will change. Deserts will
increase in size in some areas and decrease in others. Colder areas will
become warmer faster than warm areas. Strong storms may become more
likely and farming may not make as much food. These effects will not be
the same over the entire Earth.
People in government have talked about global warming. They do not
agree on what to do about it. Humans can burn less fossil fuels, adapt to
any temperature changes, or try to change the Earth to reduce warming.
The Kyoto Protocol tries to reduce pollution from the burning of fossil
fuels. Most governments have agreed to it. Some people in government
think nothing should change.
Some causes of increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2)
Coal-burning power plants, car exhausts, factory smokestacks and other

man-made waste gas vents give off about 23 billion tons of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the Earths atmosphere each
year. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by
31% above pre-industrial levels since 1750. About three-quarters of the
human-made emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during the
past 20 years are due to fossil fuel burning. The rest is mostly because of
changes in how land is used, especially deforestation. People also make a
lot of dust and dirt. Some of this dirt could stay in the air for years, and
can cause changes in the temperature of the Earth.
Possible responses
There are two main ways that people think global warming can be
stopped. The first is to stop putting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Many people have tried to get countries to stop emitting greenhouse
gases. The Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997. It was supposed to reduce
the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to below their levels in
1990. As of 2010, the Kyoto Protocol has not worked in reducing
58
Module 5
greenhouse gas levels. Carbon dioxide levels today are the highest they
have been since the start of the Industrial Revolution.
The second is for people to change how they live because of any changes
that global warming will bring. The amount of money a country has will
affect how easily it adapts. Rich countries like the United States will be
able to change more easily, while poor countries such as Bangladesh may
not be able to change.
Resource files
See in the enclosed DVD a video recording of the activity:

Video
Scripts\Module5\Unit4\Activity3\Resource4\Video\Global_Warming.mp4

Scripts\Module5\Unit4\Activity3\Resource4\Audio\Global_Warming.mp3
Audio
Feedback
Question:
How can I teach my students to work with other

language texts when I need to finish my own
syllabus in time?
Answer:
A possible solution would be to team up with other

subject teachers and do the activities in one of their
classes. It would certainly mean extra effort for you,
so you could ask the principal and other colleagues
for some help. If one colleague can share your
teaching assignments, or at least some of them, you
could devote the extra time for students language
development in other subject areas.
59
Module 5
Unit 5: Facilitating Critical Thinking through

Literature
Introduction
Literature is an effective tool for engaging students in critical thinking.
By teaching children to analyse and evaluate literary texts appropriate to
their age and interests, we can help them develop critical thinking skills.
This involves seeing relationships between events, drawing inferences,
analysing events, synthesising evidence and evaluating both the content
of a text and the language used to the express ideas contained within it.
Unit outcomes
develop students critical thinking abilities;
Outcomes
engage students in activities that activate their higher-order thinking

skills such as logical reasoning, evaluative comprehension, drawing
inferences, etc.; and
develop students ability to express an opinion, argue their case,
initiate and sum up ideas, and illustrate opinions with examples.
Terminology
Terminology
Critical thinking:
This involves analysing, drawing inferences,

synthesising, and evaluating concepts and
information in literary texts.
Creative writing:
Writing that is original and imaginative.
Debriefing:
Explaining to students the principles or theories

behind any practical activity that has just taken
place during a workshop.
Drawing inferences:
The skill of forming opinions, or developing ideas,

about something from information supplied in a
text.
61
Cause-and-effect
relationship:
The unity between what makes something happen

and the result of it happening.

The literature class gives a teacher the opportunity to engage students in
discussions about the ideas expressed in literary texts. This exercise
benefits students in two ways: firstly, it gives them an opportunity to
express their own ideas about life and relationships, values and beliefs,
and interests and dislikes; secondly, it forces them to use a more complex
set of structures and a more advanced range of vocabulary. As a
language teacher in a literature class, you can exploit this situation by
engaging students in group and pair activities to read sections of texts and
then give their opinions about characters in the text, for example, or the
style of writing whether it is interesting, humorous, tragic, and so on.
This will let students practise expressing opinions, drawing inferences,
explaining cause-and-effect relationships, comparing facts and applying
ideas they have gleaned from literature to new situations. In addition,
they will learn how to analyse texts based on logical reasoning and to
synthesise and evaluate the information in the texts.
Case study
Case study
Mallam Abdullahi Musas Grade 9 students were an enthusiastic group

of children who especially loved reading literature. They regularly
visited the school library, and delighted in reading storybooks from both
their own culture and other cultures. Teacher Musa often found them
having hearty discussions of the texts they had read. He realised this was
an opportunity to develop their world-view, and to sharpen their skills of
observation, analysis and critical thinking. Teacher Musa decided to
offer two sessions per week for what he called Literary Appreciation
classes. He announced this as an optional class, to be held after school
hours twice a week, and was surprised when all his Grade 9 students
signed up for it.
In these classes, Teacher Musa put his students in groups of five and
gave each group a chapter or excerpt from a literary book to read. He
made sure that each time the groups had a sample from a variety of
reading texts, such as novels, biographies, travelogues, short stories, film
reviews and so on. The groups task was to read the text, say why they
liked/disliked it, which characters they liked/disliked, and why and so on.
He instructed them to discuss these points in their groups, come to a
consensus and then have a group member present their opinions to the
class. The class then decided whether their arguments were sound and
convincing. The group that presented their arguments best would then be
asked to write a review for the weekly wall magazine. This gave the
students an opportunity to read different genres of literary/non-literary
texts, and they also learned to analyse them critically. This improved
62
Module 5
their language skills tremendously and subsequently also helped them

score better in their examinations.
Points to ponder
1 How do you create opportunities for your own students to read

literature?
2 Do you encourage your students to discuss books that they have read,
plays and movies that they have watched, poetry readings that they
might have attended, in the class? Do they look forward to such class
discussions?
Activities
Activity 1: Using literature to develop critical thinking: Drawing
inferences from a text
Activity 1
The term critical thinking suggests the idea of not readily accepting any
given viewpoint . In terms of school students reading a literary text, critical
thinking would involve asking why or how questions about the text: why
has the writer used this character as the hero?/why is the story narrated in the
first person?/how does the climax resolve the conflict? Engaging critically
with a text implies not taking anything at face value; it means inferring
the different meanings underlying a text.
In this activity, students will practise their inferential skills by reading
excerpts of literary texts critically to try to discover the underlying
meanings and themes in the text. To prepare them for this activity, you
need to give them some practice in inferring information not directly said
or given. Play the extract, or read the transcript, given in Resource 1 , and
ask the accompanying questions. The students should explain their
answers. Then have a discussion on the answers to the questions, bringing
to the students notice the strategies they had to use to come up with the
answers. Tell them that such questions are called inferring questions and
that they help us understand the underlying meanings of a text.
After some practice, give the students the main activity, which gives them
practice in drawing inferences from a literary text. Put the students in
pairs and distribute copies of a short literary text (you can use a prose text
from their English course book or any passage from an actual piece of
literature meant for adolescents). Each partner must think of three
inferential questions to ask the other. Then each pair should select their
best question, and ask the rest of the class for the answer. The pairs will
take turns to ask a question until the whole class has had a chance to
present. The students will have to support their answers by quoting
related sections from the text. You could note down three of the best
questions, and have a discussion on how these questions best bring out
the theme(s) of the text and any underlying meanings. Ask your students
to use the language expressions used for inferring , such as I feel the
underlying meaning of the novel is/In my opinion the focus of this piece/In
the climax of the novel, the actual message is , etc. This exercise will
63
expose them to the underlying meanings of a text and will prepare them
to read and enjoy original and more challenging pieces of literature.
To make this activity more interesting, put the students in small groups
and ask them to think of opposite arguments to the events described in
the extracts: If the author had written this in the first person/The main
character in this play dies in the end Then ask them to think of an
opposite viewpoint to the one expressed in the text they have just read.
They should then write a short paragraph, changing the story by changing
the main character/climax/storyline/beginning, etc., to make the story
more interesting. Give them about 30 minutes to write and present their
story from this new perspective.
Activity 2: Evaluating a literary text
Activity 2
One way to develop higher-order thinking skills is to have students

evaluate a text. This involves judging the merit of a text; that is, saying
whether one liked/disliked the storyline and why, or what, in the readers
opinion, are the special merits/demerits of the text. This activity benefits
students in many ways: they learn to be self-confident and value their
own opinions, they are forced to think and present their views in a more
logical and creative manner, and they become motivated to read more.
This activity is divided into three stages; the students work individually at
first, then in pairs with a partner and finally in groups. For this activity,
give the students a selected extract from a literary text. If you used a
prose text for Activity 1 , you could use a play or a poem this time. The
students should read the text, and answer evaluative questions like the
ones given in Resource 2a .
The students, working in pairs now, should then share their opinions with
their partners and decide on the reasons behind their opinion (whether
they liked it, for example). Then each pair should present their point of
view to the class. In the third step, pairs who share the same point of view
(like/dislike, happy/sad ending, etc.) should be put in groups of six. In
their groups, the students should pool their arguments and prepare a
paragraph on their views, giving reasons for their decisions. At the end of
the activity, group leaders should read out the reviews for the class to
comment. The best two viewpoints, arguing two opposite positions, can
then be selected and, if possible, included in the school magazine.
Students should also keep a record of what they read, with evaluative
comments, by making a journal entry , as shown in Resource 2b .
Activity 3: From critical to creative skills: Participating in creative writing

workshops
Now that the students have had some practice in critical reading, they can
build on their skills for more creative purposes. In this activity, they will
learn to extend the ideas they read in the literary texts in their own
creative ways.
Activity 3
64
Module 5
At a creative writing workshop, divide the students into groups of five

or six and let them choose a short text from a selection you have
provided (samples of a short story, a short extract from a play, a
chapter from a novel or a good abridged version, and a poem, for
example). Then ask them, in their groups, to imagine what will happen
after the events described in the story/play/poem/novel .
In their groups, the students will discuss and finalise an alternative
ending to the story, poem or play. That is, if the story ends on a sad
note, they should change it to a happy ending or vice versa.
The students should make a draft of their alternative endings, adding,
removing or modifying characters or situations. Working
collaboratively, they should take ideas from each group member and
include these in the new version, so that everyone contributes. Then
the groups can take a day or two to finalise their drafts, with feedback
from each other and the teacher.
In a weekly creative response class, the groups should read their drafts
to the class. The other students should comment on the drafts,
evaluating them and suggesting modifications. These sessions are
meant to be learning experiences, so you need not select the best
pieces. Instead, you should focus on extracting constructive comments
from the listeners to boost the students confidence in their creative
skills and motivate them to improve.
The second session of the workshop should start with the students
writing down one or two life experiences and sharing them with their
peer group for critical comments and feedback. They should then turn
the life experiences into a short story with a captivating title, storyline
and setting, and one major as well as two minor characters.
The writing process should include making a first draft, re-drafting,
editing and making a final draft.
Working in pairs, the students should read their stories to their partner.
After both partners have read their stories, the stories can be modified
if necessary and then read to the whole class.
The workshop ends with a whole class assignment that requires the
students to choose a topic then write a short play. The theme of the
play can be based on childhood experiences relating to regrets,
surprise, happiness or sorrow, as well as recent challenges. The
students decide on the number of acts or scenes, the characters, setting
and plot. Then they assign actors to perform the play to the school.
The performance can be videotaped and played back to the class so
that they can review it and improve upon it if necessary. The
recording can then form the discussion of the next creative writing
workshop.
65
Activity 4: Collaborative creative writing: Creating a big book

The concept of a big book is an exciting model for collaborative writing
exercises. A big book is, as the name suggests, a large book containing
an interesting and varied collection of literary and non-literary texts on a
theme, with illustrations.
Activity 4
Divide your students into five groups to work on a big book. Each
group chooses the theme and genre such as poetry, short story,
science fiction, short play, myth, folklore of their book.
Then they decide on the contents of the big book. They can include
about ten pieces on their chosen theme; try to encourage a variety of
texts, including illustrations and pictures, fictional texts such as a story
or an anecdote, and non-fictional texts such as a poster or a descriptive
passage.
The students discuss and share their topics with their group members
under your guidance.
To prepare the drafts of the contents of the big book, the students
should read diverse literary and non-literary texts on the topics and
gather materials that can be used during the creative writing process.
Each group collates all the literary texts produced by each member
and binds them into a large book. They jointly produce the captions, a
table of contents, notes on contributors, a preface and
acknowledgements.
After drafting, editing and proofreading the contents, and finalising
the illustrative designs, the final drafts of the literary texts can be
produced.
Unit summary
Summary
66
In this unit you learned strategies for developing your students critical
and creative thinking abilities by analysing literary texts. Some of the
skills that the unit aimed to develop were the ability to draw inferences
from a text and to synthesise information to evaluate a text, and to then
apply this knowledge to produce their own texts. The activities described
in the unit should help you make your students more aware of the
interesting ways in which writers use language to convey their thoughts
and ideas. Using this knowledge, students should be able to use their
imagination and language skills to express themselves creatively.
Module 5
Reflections
Reflection
Did the activities in this unit motivate your students to draw

inferences from their own lives? Did you encourage them to read and
appreciate the literary texts as reflections of events in real life? Did
you manage to make them aware of the ways in which literature
connects us to our life experiences?
Is reading literature simply an emotional experience or does literature
appreciation include logical reasoning? Did the activities help you
show your students that we react to literature both emotionally and
logically?
Assessment
Assessment
Think of two or three short literary texts that you enjoyed reading.
Would your students enjoy reading them as well? What kinds of skills
(e.g., language skills) and knowledge (e.g., about the background)
would your students need to appreciate these texts? Devise one
activity to help your students notice the literary features of the text.
Resources
Resource 1: Inferring information from a literary text: A sample text
Resource 1
Study! Study! STUDY! Trudy was tired of hearing the same old line
every day. Couldnt her parents think of anything else to say?? After all,
her grandparents were such fun she couldnt believe these were their
children, for Gods sake! Dont swear, Trudy! shot her mother,
catching the last part of Trudys parting shot. Trudy didnt bother to
respond. She strode into her room and slammed the door shut. Her school
books were lying all around in her room, and somewhere under the pile
her weekend project was also waiting patiently for her. Damn the
project, and damn studies! she muttered under her breath as her right
foot bumped into the chair which had overturned with the weight of her
clothes on it.
Trudy had no idea what shed do now that shed come out of the TV
room, so she started opening the drawers of the old study table her
grandfather had recently given her. Slipping her hand into the first
drawer, she pulled out something. It seemed to be a very old book it
was a diary. Excited now, she turned it over. It was her grandfathers diary !
She flipped through the pages. It was written in a very neat hand, with
each page dated meticulously. Curious to know more about her
grandfather as a young man, she opened a page. It was dated February 12,
1945. She calculated his age he was probably 18 then. She read about
67
some girl called Betty, and how she had looked at him and smiled when
they crossed at the corner of his street every morning. He wrote about his
plans to give her a single red rose on Valentines Day, which was just two
days away.
Trudy flipped two more pages. There it was 14 February! This was a
very long entry, but the page was just filled with the words Betty, I love
you! scrawled over and over in every inch of available space! There was
even a dried out petal it must have been from a rose. Sure enough, on
the next page was the entry it seems Betty had shyly accepted his rose,
and had quickly handed him a rose herself and run away. And so the
romance blossomed. Trudy read about their first date, the war and their
painful separation for two months! Who was this Betty, Trudy wondered.
Her grandmothers name was Caroline, not Betty. Trudy decided to visit
her grandparents on Sunday to find out more about the story. Her anger
forgotten, she settled down with the diary and spent the rest of the
evening quietly finishing it. Her parents, noticing her silence, were happy
that she was finally paying attention to her studies.
Resource file

Audio
Scripts\Module5\Unit5\Activity1\Resource1\Audio\Inferring_Information_fr
om_a_Literary_Text.mp3
Inferential questions:
1 Why do you think Trudys mother was shouting at her?
2 Does Trudy understand her responsibilities?
3 Is Trudy a tidy person?
4 Look up the meaning of the word curious in your dictionary. Is
Trudy a curious person?
5 Did Trudys grandfather finally get to spend his life with Betty?
6 Do you think it was normal for girls and boys to meet freely during
Trudys grandfathers time?
Resource 2a: Critically reflecting on and responding to literary texts:

Asking evaluative questions
You can use the following questions as prompts to sensitise your students
to the special nuances of the text.
Resource 2a
What traits/qualities do you notice in the main and minor characters in

the text?
Which characters do you like or dislike, and why?
68
Module 5
What parts of the text did you like, and why? Which parts did you not
like? How would you have told the story differently, if given the
opportunity?
What different interpretations could you give to the text? Is it a story
about personal relationships, a romantic story, a story about sacrifice
or patriotism or bravery?
Is the language of the text easy to understand? Did you notice any
unusual words, phrases or grammatical patterns? Do the characters
speak like normal people? Do the descriptions of people, places and
events resemble real life?
Resource 2b: How to write a journal entry (worksheet)
Resource 2b
Ask your students to read their books silently in class, if they are short
story or poetry books, or read them at home, if they are longer ones. Ask
them to keep a reading record of the parts they liked best, quotable
quotes or beautiful expressions they want to remember, characters they
like best, characters they dislike most. And ask them to write down why
they want to record these things.
A journal entry is similar to a book report. It is also a way of keeping a
record of books read. Students journal entries can be kept in a portfolio
and assessed periodically.
You may follow the format given below or devise your own format.
Name of book:
Author:
Date started:
Date finished:
Type of text and period written:
Brief summary of the plot/structure and its effectiveness:
The areas enjoyed in the text:
69
Areas not enjoyed:
The aspects of the story that were interesting:
Aspects of the literary text not found interesting:
Language structures, words and expressions learned:
Feedback
70
Question:
Is it not too early to start to teach critical thinking

and creativity at the JSS level, especially where
English is a second language and students are
generally not proficient in it?
Answer:
Critical thinking and creativity are skills that should

be developed as early as possible However, we
cannot expect the critical thinking and creative
writing of students at this level to be at a very high
level. The critical thinking and creative potential
expected of the students should be appropriate to
their level and scope of interest.

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ORELT Ltr covers.

Module 5 Language Through Literature

The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth

How this module manual is structured.............................................................................. 1

Welcome to Module 5 Language through Literature ................................................... 3

Margin icons ..................................................................................................................... 6

Unit 2: Using Literature to Develop Sensitivity to Lifes Values

Case study ....................................................................................................................... 48

About this module manual

How this module manual is

The module content

an introduction to the unit content,

About this module manual

core content of the unit with a variety of learning activities,

Is this module for you?

help you identify and use effective strategies to stimulate students

organise collaborative and interactive tasks that facilitate language

As an adult learner your approach to learning will be different from that

Each unit of this module consists of a self-assessment activity. The

Getting around this module manual

Getting around this module manual

Unit 1: Analysing Literature: Introduction to the

familiarise students with the special uses of language in drama by

Text arrangements beyond the sentence level,

Types of literature such as poetry, drama and

Language proficiency that includes the ability to

Unit 1: Analysing Literature: Introduction to the Language of Literary Texts

The ability to use the language skills of listening,

The ability of speakers of a language to know what

This suggests using literature to teach language

These include the ability to read and write in a

This involves the ability to reflect on a piece of

Teacher support information

In Mr David Ilemedes English class at Demonstration Secondary,

enjoyable experience by encouraging the students to look more carefully

1 Do you agree that we can teach grammar fruitfully through literature?

Unit 1: Analysing Literature: Introduction to the Language of Literary Texts

there are at least three unusual uses of language: thoughts cling

Activity 2: Developing creativity in language use: Converting a prose

Distribute a short story (maybe an adapted version of a popular short

Activity 3: Creativity in collaboration: Using students language

Unit 1: Analysing Literature: Introduction to the Language of Literary Texts

The activity given here is meant to encourage students to express

Begin the game by asking a member of Group 1 to raise a flashcard with

Student B (in Group 2 raising the flashcard):

Written on the flashcards of

Written on the flashcards of

1 Which expression in the poem

2 Which word in the poem

Unit 1: Analysing Literature: Introduction to the Language of Literary Texts

4 Which emotion is called a

7 Which expression suggests

See in the enclosed DVD an audio recording of the activity:

Unit 1: Analysing Literature: Introduction to the Language of Literary Texts

Resource 2: Guide to editing

Is the title of the story intere ting?

Do the settings reflect the theme of

Resource 3: How to organise circular storytelling

Have the students sit closely in a quiet classroom atmosphere,