Slope

SLOPE STABILITY
SLOPE STABILITY
An exposed ground surface that stands at an angle

with the horizontal is called an unrestrained slope.
z
The slope can be natural or man-made.
Slope failures cause damage and loss of lives

Need to check the shear stress that can develop
along the most likely rupture surface with the shear
strength of the soil.
Assistant Professor
Berrak Teymur
Slope failure
Types of Slope Failure

Rotational slips
called slope stability, most likely rupture surface is the

critical plane that has the minimum factor of safety.
Types of Slope Failure

Translational slip
(common in coarse grained soils)
Failure surface is circular arc
Adjacent stratum is at shallow depth
Homogeneous soil conditions

Failure surface parallel to slope
Compound slip
Failure surface is non-circular arc

Non-homogeneous soil conditions
Adjacent stratum is at greater depth
Modes of Failure
When
the surface of sliding intersects the

slope at or above its toe, then it is called
a slope failure. The failure circle is a toe
circle if it passes through the toe of the
slope and a slope circle if it passes above
the toe of the slope. Sometimes shallow
slope failure occurs as well.
When the surface of sliding passes at
some distance below the toe of the slope,
it is called a base failure. The failure is
called a midpoint circle.
Triggering factors (Causes of

Slope Failure)
Erosion
Rainfall
Earthquakes
Geological Factors
External Loading
Construction Activities
Excavated Slopes
Fill Slopes
Rapid Drawdown
Increment of pore water pressure
The change in topography
Factors that influence slope stability

z Soil
and rock strength (Soil type and

stratification)
z Discontinuities and planes of weakness
z Groundwater and seepage
z External loading
z Slope geometry
Methods to Improve and Protect

Slope Stability
Slopes flattened or benched
z Weight provided at toe
z Lowering of groundwater table to reduce
pore pressures in the slope
z Use of driven or cast-in place piles
z Retaining wall or sheet piling provided to
increase resistance to sliding
z Soil improvement compaction, jet
grouting
z
Types of Stability Analysis Procedures

z
Mass Procedure: The mass of the soil above the

surface of sliding is taken as a unit.
z Soil is assumed to be homogeneous.
Method of Slices: The soil above the surface of sliding

is divided into a number of vertical parallel slices.
z The stability of each slice is calculated separately.
z Nonhomogeneity of the soils and pore water pressure
can be taken into consideration.
z It also accounts for the variation of the normal stress
along the potential failure surface.
Stability of Infinite Slopes Without

Seepage (u=0)
Factor of Safety
Factor of Safety:
Fs =
f
d
Fs: Factor of safety w.r.t strength

f: Average shear strength of soil
d: Average shear stress developed along the potential
failure surface
The shear strength of soil: f=c+tan and d=cd+tand
c + tan
Therefore;
Fs =
c d + tand
When Fs=1, the slope is close to failure.
Generally Fs=1.5 is acceptable for the design of a stable
slope. Fs>1.5 is safe.
Stability of Infinite Slopes With

Seepage
W=LH
Na
W
Fs =
Ta
c
' tan
Fs =
+
sat H cos 2 tan sat tan
f
tan
c + H cos 2 tan
c
=
=
+
d cd + H cos 2 tan d H cos 2 tan tan
Culmanns Method
Failure of a slope occurs along a plane when av tending to
cause the slip is more than the shear strength of the soil.
Analysis for the case of u=0

z
In terms of total stress, fully saturated clay under

undrained conditions (i.e. during and immediately
after construction). Moment equilibrium is
O
considered.
For short term
stability of
saturated clay
slopes.
cu
La: length of arc
Analysis for the case of u=0

z
For equilibrium the shear strength which must

be mobilised along the failure surface is
expressed as: d=f/Fs=cu/Fs
Equating moments about O: Wd=(cu/Fs)Lar
Fs=(cuLar)/Wd
Fs=
M Re storing
M Disturbing
Taylors Stability Coefficient (u=0)

z
z
z
z
Taylor (1937) published stability coefficients for the

analysis of homogeneous slopes in terms of total
stress.
H= height of slope,
Ns = stability coefficient (depends on (slope
angle) and D (Depth)).
Fs = minimum factor of safety
Ns =
cu
FsH
Taylors Stability Coefficient (u=0)
Rotational Slips
O
R
x1
W1
L1
cu1
x2
W2
cu2
L2
Fs =
Rotational Slips
R[cu1l1 + cu 2l2 ]
W1 x1 +W2 x2
The Method of Slices
The soil mass above a trial failure surface is divided by vertical planes into a series of slices of
y
width b.
Pw
Fs =
1
c'l + (W cos ul ) tan '
W
sin
For total stress, cu and u used and u=0.

Swedish Solution: Assumes that the resultant of the interslice forces is zero.
cu
Bishop Routine Solution: Assumes resultant forces on the sides of the slices are horizontal.
Fs =
R[cu1l1 + cu 2l2 ]
W1 x1 +W2 x2 + Pw y
Add Pwy to disturbing

moments
Procedure for the Method of Slices
2.
3.
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Measure the width of slice (b)

Determine W (weight of a slice)
Measure j for each slice
Calculate ru.
Calculate Fs.
Method of Slices
z
(Fellenius/Swedish Solution)
Draw the slope to scale and note the positions and

magnitudes of any external loads.
Draw a trial slip surface and identify its point of
rotation.
Divide the soil mass above the slip surface into a
convenient number of slices. More than five slices
are needed for most problems.
For each slice:
1.
5.
The Method of Slices
Summary:
z
Bishops Method
Fs =
sec
{c b + (W ub) tan }1 + (tan tan
'
'
W sin
'
/ Fs )
z
z
For temporary slopes and cuts in fine-grained soils

with low permeability choose the undrained strength cu
and carry out an analysis in total stresses.
For permanent slopes, choose an effective stress
strength and calculate pore pressures separately.
Bishop (1955) assumed a circular slip plane and
considered only moment equilibrium.
z
rW
u= u
b
He neglected seepage forces and assumed that the

lateral normal forces are collinear.
In Bishops simplified method, the resultant interface
shear is assumed to be zero.

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SLOPE STABILITY

An exposed ground surface that stands at an angle

The slope can be natural or man-made.

Slope failures cause damage and loss of lives

Types of Slope Failure

called slope stability, most likely rupture surface is the

Types of Slope Failure

Failure surface is circular arc

Adjacent stratum is at shallow depth

Homogeneous soil conditions

Failure surface is non-circular arc

Adjacent stratum is at greater depth

the surface of sliding intersects the

Triggering factors (Causes of

Factors that influence slope stability

and rock strength (Soil type and

Methods to Improve and Protect

Types of Stability Analysis Procedures

Mass Procedure: The mass of the soil above the

Method of Slices: The soil above the surface of sliding

Stability of Infinite Slopes Without

Fs: Factor of safety w.r.t strength

Stability of Infinite Slopes With

Analysis for the case of u=0

In terms of total stress, fully saturated clay under

Analysis for the case of u=0

For equilibrium the shear strength which must

Taylors Stability Coefficient (u=0)

Taylor (1937) published stability coefficients for the

Taylors Stability Coefficient (u=0)

The Method of Slices

For total stress, cu and u used and u=0.

Add Pwy to disturbing

Procedure for the Method of Slices

Measure the width of slice (b)

Draw the slope to scale and note the positions and

The Method of Slices

{c b + (W ub) tan }1 + (tan tan

For temporary slopes and cuts in fine-grained soils

He neglected seepage forces and assumed that the

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