Green Energy: Battery Operated Vehicle

CHARGING THE BATTERY BY PRINCIPLE OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY ROTATING MASS

THE GERM CONCEPT

A.ARUN
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, IV YEAR.
Misrimal Navajee Munoth Jain Engineering College, Chennai-600096
[email protected]
Ph:9176338616

ABSRACT:

Introduction:

Have you pulled your car up to the gas pump

lately and been shocked by the high price of gasoline?
As the pump clicked past $20, $30, $40 or even $50,
maybe you thought about trading in your car for
something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you're
worried that your car is contributing to the greenhouse
effect. The auto industry has the technology to address
these concerns. Global warming, sky rocketing crude oil
prices, depleting conventional resources, increasing
pollution and respiratory related diseases have made us
think of an exhaust free transport vehicle that is also
cost effective. Electric vehicles have long held the
promise of zero emission vehicles. However, battery
powered electric vehicles have not been accepted by the
general public, in large part, because of their very
limited range. A hydrogen-based, fuel cell could provide
the power necessary to give an electric vehicle the same
range as a modern gasoline powered vehicle. In this
case, a fuel cell is a device that converts hydrogen into
electricity by a simple oxidation reaction. The products
of the electrochemical process are electricity, heat and
water. The vehicle is powered by a chargeable battery,
which is exhaust free, and cost effective compared to
conventional fuel. The advantages of using this type of
fuel are environmental friendly, reduction in fuel cost,
easily rechargeable, noise free and more efficient than
the available type with decent mileage. The next latest
technology that we are going to add is the charging the
batteries when the vehicle moves through bumps and
speed breakers (that are typical Indian roads). This
technology is currently being used in some hybrid type
of trucks of some reputed manufactures. This would
be an ideal vehicle in the current scenario of rising fuel
cost and increasing pollution using non-conventional
energy resource. It comes at an affordable cost keeping
in mind the production, running, and maintaining cost.
The running cost is reduced tremendously since we use
cheaper fuel.

Energy plays an important role in the material,

social and cultural life of mankind. Population growth and
increase in the standard of living is directly proportional to
energy consumption. At the same time, fuel deposits soon
deplete by the end of 2020. Thereby, Fuel Demand and its
supply gap are increasing day by day. Country like India
may not have the chance to use petroleum products.
Keeping this dangerous situation in mind we tried to make
use of non-pollutant natural resource of energy. Global
warming, sky rocketing crude oil prices, depleting
conventional resources, increasing pollution and respiratory
related diseases have made us think of an exhaust free
transport vehicle that is also cost effective. The Ministry of
Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) of the
Government of India is implementing a programme on
Alternative Fuel for Surface Transportation, which focuses
on development and deployment of battery operated
vehicles (BOVs). BOVs are environmentally benign, noisefree and consume no oil.
Battery electric vehicle:
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) is an electric
vehicle that stores chemical energy in rechargeable battery
packs. Electric vehicles use electric motors instead of, or in
addition to, internal combustion engines (ICEs). Vehicles
using both electric motors and ICEs are called hybrid
vehicles, and are usually not considered pure BEVs. BEVs
are usually automobiles, light trucks, motorized bicycles,
electric scooters, golf carts, forklifts and similar vehicles,
because batteries are less appropriate for larger long-range
applications.
BEVs were among the earliest automobiles, and
are more energy-efficient than most internal combustion
vehicles. They produce no exhaust fumes, and minimal
pollution if charged from most forms of renewable energy.
Many are capable of acceleration performance exceeding
that of conventional gasoline powered vehicles. New

models can travel hundreds of miles on a charge, even after

100,000 miles of battery use.
Comparison to internal combustion vehicles:
BEVs have become much less common
than internal combustion vehicles. Therefore, it is often
helpful to consider many aspects of BEVs in comparison to
ICE vehicles.

This paper aims at solving these 2 problems and shows how

viable battery operated vehicles are.

Cost:

To increase the efficiency of the vehicle we use

intermediate charging method by the Charging
the Battery by Principle of Generating
Electricity by Rotating Mass
To use it for long distances we can use the
PEM FUEL CELLS

Electric vehicles typically cost between two and

four cents per mile to operate, while gasoline-powered ICE
vehicles currently cost about four to six times as much. The
total cost of ownership for modern BEVs depends primarily
on the cost of the batteries, the type and capacity of which
determine several factors such as travel range, top speed,
battery lifetime and recharging time; several trade-offs
exist.

Charging of Batteries:

Energy efficiency:

Charging the Battery by Principle of GENERATING

ELECTRICITY BY ROTATING MASS

Batteries in BEVs must be periodically

recharged. BEVs most commonly charge from the power
grid, which is in turn generated from a variety of domestic
resources; 54% coal, 20% hydroelectricity, 20% nuclear.
Home power such as roof top photovoltaic solar cell panels,
micro hydro or wind may also be used.

Production and conversion BEVs typically use

0.3 to 0.5 kilowatt-hours per mile (0.20.3 kWh/km).
Nearly half of this power consumption is due to
inefficiencies in charging the batteries. The US fleet
average of 23 miles per gallon of gasoline is equivalent to
1.58 kilowatt-hours per mile and the 70 MPG Honda
Insight gets 0.52 kWh/mi (assuming 36.4 kWh per US
gallon of gasoline), so battery electric vehicles are
relatively energy efficient.

The main objective of this study is to develop a

Prototype Model for Free Energy Device or Perpetual
Motion Machine (PMM). A conceptual model for this
proposed Perpetual Motion Machine model or
GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY ROTATING
MASS IN GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY FIELD
UNDER WHEEL ROTARY MOTION.

Total environmental impact:

IS
PERPETUALMOTIONMACHINE
POSSIBLE???

(PMM)

A large lifecycle input difference of BEVs

compared to ICE vehicles is that they require electricity
instead of a liquid fuel. When the electricity is provided
from renewable or nuclear energy, this is a considerable
advantage. However, if the electricity is produced from
fossil fuel sources as most electricity is the relative
advantage of the electric vehicle is substantially reduced.
So, developing additional non-CO2 emitting energy sources
is necessary for electric vehicles to further reduce net
emissions. Still, the environmental impact of electricity
production depends on the electricity production mix, and
is usually considerably lower than the direct emissions of
ICE vehicles.

Perpetual Motion? What a foolish notion! Only

cranks and crackpots think such a thing is possible; only
fools are interested in such things." That's the reaction of
many people, and most scientists. A perpetual motion
machine (PMM) is a device based on mechanical,
chemical, electrical or other physical processes which,
when started, will remain in operation forever and provide
additional work as well. Only the natural wear of the
components will eventually stop its operation.

Why Charging the Battery by Principle of Generating

Electricity by Rotating Mass (The Germ Concept)

When a heavy mass is placed on the wheel

system, energy required to move the mass is very small
when compare to the same mass is not subjected any wheel
arrangement. For example as we discussed earlier, energy
required to travel through bicycle is saved three to five
times of calorific energy when comparing a person
covering the same distance by walk. This could be possible
because of wheel effect. Also, all the objects are
subjected to the downward gravitational force. These two
factors are effectively combined to trap the gravitational

The 2 main drawbacks of the battery operated

vehicles are:

They cannot be used for long distances

There efficiency is less when it comes to
frequency of charging

COMBINED
EFFECT
OF
GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY:

WHEEL

AND

energy under the wheel system. By combining the Wheel

effect and Gravitational effect of a moving object, is the
basis for an over unity device in terms of economical
efficiency and it is believed to produce more output energy
than the supplied input energy.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTUM TURBINE:
The basic scheme of the gravitational energy
system is illustrated below with sketch and then later the
improved version of torque applicator system arrangement
is shown in Fig 1 and in Fig 2. As shown, the scheme uses
a massive spinning wheel which is suitably disposed to
receive the torque pulses from a mass as a result of
gravitational forces. These wheels, in combination with an
appropriate gear system, will then act as the prime mover
of an alternator which will produce electricity.
In a practical realization of this scheme, a number
of such spinning wheels and generator units will be placed
along a circular path of the mass, and this will then ensure
that the electricity can be generated on a more stable and
continuous basis. One may note the mass, which is moving
in a circular path, will practically be kept in motion by its
own momentum, and it will only require a small amount of
real power to overcome frictional losses. Although, in the
proposed scheme, the amount of this real power to
overcome frictional losses will be somewhat higher due to
the resistances offered by the mechanism used to apply the
gravitational torque pulses to each wheel, IT IS
BELIEVED THAT THE TOTAL POWER PRODUCED
BY
THE
MECHANISM
BY
CONVERTING
GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY WILL FAR EXCEED
THIS EXTRA POWER (OR TORQUE) DEMAND ON
THE MOTOR OR ENGINE WHICH DRIVES THE
VEHICLE / MASS.

The complete mechanism works as follows: when

the stepping board is lowered by the weight of the passing
vehicle, it initially positions the shoe, gently pressing it
against the wall of the wheel rim. Immediately following
this initial positioning of the shoe, the protruding end of the
vertical rod is pushed down momentarily to apply the
required torque to the wheel. One may further note that the
angular momentum of the massive wheel and the linear
momentum of the passing vehicle also play vital roles in
achieving this improved efficiency in the proposed energy
scheme.
The above mentioned gravitational energy
systems are being suggested in the various university
student projects across India over the past two decades.
This mechanism was suggested to be used in the speed
breakers because of the following drawbacks; this novel
idea was not able to go for actual implementation.

Load Variation: Various Transport Vehicles

(Two wheeler, Four wheeler) being operated in
the Public road systems, and also in different
loading conditions of the vehicle are used. So, it
is difficult to suggest a unique mechanisms (like
spring mechanisms, rack pinion method), for this
all type of vehicles and different loading
conditions.
Intermittent System: The power generated will be
discontinuous owing to the fact that, in public
roads, the vehicles will not come at the specified
time. Also the frequency of vehicles coming on
that road will not be constant. Sometimes no
vehicle will run on that road. Hence it is difficult
to produce continuous power with this
mechanism.

APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMIC
PRINCIPLE:
In any new energy conversion process
envisioned, it is customary to apply the two laws of
thermodynamics in order to examine if the conversion
process under consideration will work in practice or not

work at all. The approach was found useful because in most

cases of energy conversions considered in the past, heat
flow was involved, and any such heat flow would always
be associated with entropy production in the system. The
second law of thermodynamics states that for energy
conversion to take place the entropy of the universe should
increase. The second law of thermodynamics is not applied
to the proposed concept of momentum turbine because, in
this idealistic case, energy conversions take place only due
to flow of work, and not heat and entropy, by definition,
does not flow with work.
.

The first law of thermodynamics, on the other

hand, is clearly applicable to the proposed concept of
momentum turbine. Here one can see that the practically
unlimited source of gravitational energy (limited only by
the available mass) is balanced by frictional and other
losses associated with the motion of the mass, the stored
energy in resetting springs, losses in the gear trains and
transmission linkages, and the available mechanical energy
developed at the underground wheel shaft.
COMPONENTS OF THE FOOT STEP POWER
GENERATOR:
DESIGN OF THE STEPPING BOARD:
The block diagram of the foot step power
generation is shown in figure. The main components of this
project are,
Stepping
board
arrangement
Chain sprocket
D.C generator
Inverter Circuit and

Rack and pinion arrangement

Fly wheel
Battery
Light Arrangement

Only for a specific position of the stepping board

we get the maximum efficiency for the torque transmission.
For each position of the stepping board we have a specific
value K which is the Transmission Coefficient of the
wheel

FORCES ACTING ON A STEP BOARD:

Hence it is very clear that we have to have minimum slope

for a valve of K. The most optimum results have come with
K=2 and the slope is at 10. Hence we design the stepping
board for this position
HOW THIS CONCEPT IS USED IN BATTERY
CHARGING?
The gravitational energy systems cannot be used
for running the vehicle because of the various limitations.
But these limitations can be overcome by using the
principle only for charging of the batteries while running in
Indian roads.

accessories, a DC/DC converter, battery pack, motors and

motor controllers. A PEM fuel cell stack is itself, a
complex electrochemical system.

The fuel cell system is a combination of six sub

stacks providing a total peak electrical output of 80 Kw.
Each of the six stacks contains 105 cells. The electrical
arrangement of the six fuel cell stacks can vary. For this
application the arrangement is 2 parallel groups of 3 sub
stacks in series. The corresponding output voltage under
load is approximately 220 V. These systems are then wired,
via a DC-to-DC converter, in parallel with the battery box
to charge the batteries.

The basic layouts of the Battery operated vehicle:

When a vehicle passes over a speed breaker it
acts as a pushing force for the stepping board. The Rack
and pinion arrangement, Chain sprocket, Fly wheel are
placed inside the vehicle itself and generates electricity
with the help of D.C generator. The generated electricity
can be stored with the help of batteries.

Electrical layout:

As generation of electricity is only intermittent in

cannot be used for running of the vehicle. So this can be
stored and used as supplement for the other devices that
requires electricity. Hence the efficiency of the main
battery increases and thus making the batteries run vehicles
a more viable option.
PEM FUEL CELLS:
PEM fuel cells Electric vehicles have long held
the promise of zero emission vehicles. However, battery
powered electric vehicles have not been accepted by the
general public, in large part, because of their very limited
range. A hydrogen-based, fuel cell could provide the power
necessary to give an electric vehicle the same range as a
modern gasoline powered vehicle. In this case, a fuel cell is
a device that converts hydrogen into electricity by a simple
oxidation reaction. The products of the electrochemical
process are electricity, heat and water. In a fuel cell
powered vehicle, an equivalent series hybrid power train
provides the driving power to the wheels.
Both the battery pack and the PEM fuel
cell system supply power to the motor and motor controller.
Since the output electrical power of the fuel cell stack is
designed to exceed the average power demands of the
vehicle, the batteries can be charged while driving. The
range of the vehicle is then tied to the amount of hydrogen
or fuel that is on board. A fuel cell powered vehicle
consists of the integration of many complex nonlinear
systems. The power train, generally, contains a proton
exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack with its

The inside view of a car:

Air Compressor:
The air compressor can be used to keep the
hydrogen from rupturing the membranes of the cells; the
pressure of hydrogen on one side of the cell has to be
precisely matched with the pressure of oxygen on the other
side of the cell. This is done using a dome-loaded regulator
that matches the pressure of the hydrogen to the pressure of
the oxygen created by the air compressor. Thus, when there
is no air pressure, there is no hydrogen sent to the cell, and
therefore no electricity produced. Consequently, the

pressure that the air compressor creates is analogous to the

pressure a person puts on the accelerator of a normal
vehicle.

Gentle acceleration and cruising:

POWER TRANSMISSION:

.
Stopped:

CONCLUSION:

Startup and acceleration:

This would be an ideal vehicle in the current

scenario of rising fuel cost and increasing pollution using
non-conventional energy resource. It comes at an
affordable cost keeping in mind the production, running,
and maintaining cost. The running cost is reduced
tremendously since we use cheaper fuel. Since most of the
auto owners own them for their living it is for sure that they
will be impressed and interested is such a model.

Reference:

Deceleration:

Perpetual Motion in Machines and their Design

in Ancient India, Physics.
Rivista Internationale di Storia della Scienca, vol.
XXIX (1992) fasc. 3 p.665-676.
Project report of GENERATING
ELECTRICITY BY ROTATING MASS
Fast battery charging enhances electric transit
vehicle operation, Battery Conference on
Applications and Advances, 1998., The
Thirteenth Annual , 13-16 Jan 1998
v. The impact of Electric Vehicle battery
charging on distribution transformers,Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
(APEC), 2011
The impact of Electric Vehicle battery charging
on distribution transformers,Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC),
2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE,6-11 March
2011