Fiber Bragg Gratings

Fiber Bragg Gratings: fundamentals and applications
Patrice Mgret
Sbatien Bette
Cathy Crunelle
Christophe Caucheteur
3rd May 2007
Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Introduction
Components . . . . . . . . .
Key elements . . . . . . . .
Periodic modulation. . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . .
Hills discovery . . . . . . .
Self-induced FBG . . . . .
Limitation of Hills FBG .
External writing . . . . . .
Holographic technique . .
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Photosensitivity in fibers
Photosensitivity. . . . . . .
Silica structure . . . . . . .
Silica defects . . . . . . . .
Ge-doping . . . . . . . . . .
GODC . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hand and Russels model
Hydrogen loading . . . . .
FBG types . . . . . . . . . .
Spectra evolution . . . . .
OH absorption . . . . . . .
Type IA gratings . . . . . .
Temperature sensitivities
UV bands. . . . . . . . . . .
240 nm band . . . . . . . .
193 nm band . . . . . . . .
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13
. 14
. 15
. 16
. 17
. 18
. 20
. 22
. 23
. 24
. 25
. 26
. 27
. 28
. 29
. 31
Properties of FBG
Grating theory . . . . .
FBG theory . . . . . . .
Tailoring of FBG . . . .
Typical index profiles .
Fourier profiles . . . . .
Coupled mode theory .
Analytical solution . . .
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32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Effect of L and n . . . .
Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . .
Group delay . . . . . . . . .
FBG, LPG and TFBG . .
FBG spectral response . .
LPG spectral response . .
TFBG spectral response .
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40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Fabrication of FBG
47
Holographic technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Phase mask technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Point to point technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Telecom applications of FBG
53
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Non-telecom applications of FBG
Strain and temperature . . . . . . . . . . .
Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OTDR principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OTDR advantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OTDR resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OTDR parameter extraction . . . . . . . .
OTDR trace analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . .
More links towards PhD students work
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55
56
57
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62
63
64
Conclusions
65
Acknowlegdement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Outline
Introduction
Properties of FBG
Fabrication of FBG
Conclusions
2 / 67
FBG course, April 2007
3 / 67
Introduction
Components for fiber optics are vital
Fiber optic telecommunication is now a well established technology
A major drawback is on the component side for controlling the light like coupling in and out,
filtering, . . . which mainly relies on bulk optics:
hight losses
stringent tolerance for alignment
huge size
it is interesting to have fiber components because:
low losses
high stability
small size (compatible with fiber sizes)
"low cost"
4 / 67
Fiber Bragg Gratings are key elements in fiber components
EDFA and fused couplers are examples of successful fiber components
Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) have revolutionnized optical fiber components:
mainly filters as building blocks for telecom and sensors
low losses
done into the fiber
easy shaping of the spectral response
stability
reduced maintenance
5 / 67

3
A fiber Bragg is a z-periodic modulation of the refractive index

P
n
neff + n
neff
Periodic modulation of n coupling between forward and backward waves

B = 2neff max = 2(neff + n)
0.5 100 m, 10-5 n 10-3 , 1 mm L 1 m
R can be as high as 100% and 0.1 nm < < 100 nm

6 / 67
Applications are multiple
filters
selective mirrors feedback in fiber lasers
compensator for dispersion and polarization
coupling from one mode to another
possibility to write non-uniform gratings and exotic gratings exponential grow of applications
temperature and strain change B sensors
10 pm/ C around 1550 nm
1 pm/
information on the wavelength and not on the power (+ OTDR)
easy fabrication by phase mask technique

7 / 67
The first fiber grating has been discovered accidentally by Hill et al at the Canadian
Research Center, Ottawa
in 1978, Hill et al studied nonlinear effects
1 m germanium-doped silica fibers
Argon visible light (488 nm)
under prolongated exposure, fiber attenuation increased
4% Fresnel reflection standing wave pattern inside the fiber
creation of a permanent modulation of n with

the same periodicity as the interference pattern
[7]
8 / 67
This first fiber grating is called self-induced grating
[7]
the light back-reflected increased with time

until almost 100%
reflection
[7]
spetral measurement showed R = 90%, <

200 MHz and n 10-6 10-5
only work at the writing wavelength !
increase of n
photosensitivity is since then a Science

9 / 67
Hill grating allows to realize fiber filters but it works only at the written laser wavelength
first demonstration of the fiber photosensitivity: increase of the fiber refractive index at high
intensity points of the interference pattern
called Hill Grating (Self-induced Grating)
this discovery allows news applications: wavelength selective fiber filters but some limitations:
Filter only works at the writing laser wavelength
The writing process has been showed only at the Argon laser wavelength (488 nm)
the work of Lam and Garside (1981) shows that the refractive index modification was related to
the square of the Argon laser intensity in the Hill experiment, the refractive index variation is a
two photons mechanism
10 / 67
External writing has been developed to overcome internal writing limitation
internal writing allows only self-induced gratings which only work at the writing wavelength
(generally 488 nm)
external writing uses phase mask technique or holograhic technique and consists to irradiate the
fiber from the side with a periodic UV light pattern absorption by colour centers and defects
periodic modulation of n with n as high as 10-3 is possible the working wavelength is not
necessarily equal to the writing wavelength
writing at 244 nm by Ar doubled laser
writing at 248 nm by KrF excimer laser
writing at 193 nm by ArF excimer laser
but induced birefringence
hydrogen loading increases n up to 10-2

11 / 67
In 1989, Meltz realized Fiber Bragg Grating at any wavelength with the holographic
technique
[15]
=
UV
2 sin
Here = 39 and neff = 1.486 B =

[15] 576.15 nm
efficiency of writing is higher at 244 nm

(cladding is transparent, core not)
periodic pattern from two beam interference

12 / 67
13 / 67
Photosensitivity is a difficult subject
The photosensitivity of a fiber is its capability to change locally its refractive index when it is
irradiated by a UV light
Photosensitivity allows to realize Fiber Bragg Grating because spatial periodic irradiation of the
fiber leads to periodic refractive index variation
Photosensitivity mechanisms are not yet completely understood
Photosensitivity depends on several factors such as:
Irradiation source (wavelength, intensity, exposition time, pulsed or continuous laser, . . . )
Fiber core composition
The past history of the fiber before the irradiation (technique and conditions of manufacturing)
In germanium doped fibers, it is linked to defects

14 / 67
The molecular structure of silica is a pseudo-crystal made from random tetrahedral

units of SiO4
Si
O
bridging oxygen O
O
Si
O
O
Si
144
O
Si
O
SiO4
tetrahedral
unit
Si
15 / 67
Defects are multiple and are responsible of attenuation bands

O
Si
O chlorine termination
Cl
O
Si
O
Si
O
O
O
peroxy linkage
O
neutral
oxygen
vacancy
O
O
Si
Si
O
O
H hydroxil termination
16 / 67
Doping with Ge consists of replacing some Si by Ge
Si
O
O
O
Ge
Si
O
Si
O
O
O
O
Ge
Si
Ge
Si
O
O
17 / 67
In Ge-doped fiber, germanium oxygen deficient center is Ge with only 3 oxygen

atoms and absorbs at 240 nm
Si
O
O
O
Ge
O
Si
O
O
O
O
Ge
Ge
O
O
O
18 / 67
Another kind of germanium oxygen deficient center is a Ge with olny 2 oxygen atoms
and absorbs at 240 nm
Si
O
O
O
Si
O
b
O
O
O
O
Ge
O
Ge
O
19 / 67
UV insolation creates new defects by breaking Ge Si and Ge Ge which lead to

photosensitivity
Mechanism of Hand and Russel in Ge-doped
fiber is a several step process
1. bond breakage of GODC by
UV
2. new defects GeE centers +
free electrons
3. capture of e and new
defects Ge(1) and Ge(2)
4. UV interaction with Ge(1)
and Ge(2)
20 / 67
10
The Kramer-Kronig relation has been used by Hand and Russel to explain the photosensitivity of Ge-doped fibers
concentration of GODC decreases and so absorption at 240 nm decreases
concentration of GeE centers increases and

so absorption at 195 nm increases
[2]
By the Kramer-Kronig relation, one can show that the attenuation modification leads to a refractive
index modification given by:
c
n( ) =
()
d
2 2
(1)
Remark: photosensitivity is strongest in multi-doped fibers (ex: co-doped boron in Ge-doped fibers)
21 / 67
Photosensitivity can be enhanced by H2 loading

Fiber hydrogenation loading before UV irradiation allows to obtain higher index variation (n 10-2 )
by creating more GODC
hydrogenation with H2 at low temperature

(< 100 C) and high pressure (> 100 atm)
deuterium can also be used to avoid the OH

absorption peak around 1380 nm
flame brushing at 1700 C in an hydrogen atmosphere allows hydrogen to diffuse into the
fiber core
[3]
22 / 67
11
There are several types of Bragg gratings produced by varying the UV irradiation
conditions
Type I Monotonic increase of n (and thus of max , red-shifted) under moderate UV irradiation and due to
electronic defects. These FBG can be erased at around 200 C. These FBGs are the most used in
telecommunication and sensing in a temperature range of -40 +80 C.
Type IIA By a prolongated UV irradiation in a photosensitive fiber, the first order grating is erased and a
second grating is created with a decrease of max (blue-shifted). The writing process is slow (30 min)
and n variation is due to densification. These FBGs are erased at around 500 C and thus very
interesting for sensing at high temperature.
Type II High fluence UV irradiation which creates damage at the interface core-cladding. These FBGs resist
up to 700 C.
Type IA FBG written into an hydrogenated fiber after a prolongated exposure to UV irradiation. neff greatly
increases and B can be shifted towards the red up to 20 nm.
23 / 67
Spectra evolution shows the grating writing dynamics with a red shift of max
Typical result for a 1 cm long FBG at 110 mW UV power
Type I grating destruction of the grating type IA grating
24 / 67
12
OH absorption band increases with time during the blank beam exposure
absorption due to vibration of Si OH bond

at 1390 nm
absorption due to vibration of Ge OH bond

at 1410 nm
high correlation between the increase of OH

and the neff variation
by deconvolution, one can show that

Si OH absorption is predominant which
causes a better thermal stability to the type
IA gratings compared to the type I gratings
25 / 67
Type IA gratings can be explained by a modification of the mean refractive index

n
neff + n (IA)
neff (IA)
neff + n (I)
neff (I)
This type of grating has a smaller temperature coefficient making them better for strain sensors.
26 / 67
13
The different grating types have different temperature sensitivities

Type
I
IA
II
IIA
Description
Standard grating written into a fiber
with or without H2 loading
Grating regenerated after an erasure
of a type I grating in an hydrogenated
fiber
Grating characterized by a damaged
core-cladding interface
Grating regenerated after an erasure
of a type I grating in a non hydrogenated Ge-doped fiber (with B codoped)
T (pm/ C)
9.5
7.0
10.5
27 / 67
A lot of UV bands can be used (acrylate is transparent to the 330 nm band)

Refractive index change
Internal writing
External writing
488 nm
band
157 nm
band
Ge : SiO2
H2 loaded
n 10-4
193 nm
band
240 nm
band
330 nm
band
H2 loaded
n 10-2
Self-induced grating
Ge co-dopants
B, Er, Ce
n 10-4
28 / 67
14
240 nm band is the most used (part 1)

240 nm band
Germanosilicates
Pure silica
Densification 1. B Ge : SiO2
Photosensitivity
better than 2-3
thermal stability
worst
2. Ge : SiO2
Photosensitivity and
thermal stability
High power
better than 1-2
density
Low power
density
H2 loaded
3. Sn Ge : SiO2
H2 unloaded
Type II
Type I enhanced Low fluence High fluence

photosensitivity
Type I
Type IIA
densification
29 / 67
240 nm band is the most used (part 2)

240 nm band
Phosphosilicates
Photosensitivity
without H2
loading but by
increasing
temperature
Ce3+ : P2 O5
Tb3+
: P2 O 5
Aluminosilicates
Fluorides
Rare earths
Eu2+ : Al2 O3
Ce3+ : ZBLAN
Er3+
Ce3+ : Al2 O3
Ce3+ : HBLAN
pulse laser only
Pr3+
Tb3+
: Al2 O3
Photosensitivity
with H2
loading in
P-doped fiber
Tb3+
30 / 67
15
193 nm is another useful band

193 nm band
Germanosilicates
Low power
density
Phosphosilicates
High power
H2 loaded
density
Fused silica Rare earths
3+
3+
n 5 10-5 Er /Yb
stress
H2 unloaded
transient
birefringence gratings
Type II
n up to 10-3
Type I
One order better
For high Ge-doped,
than at 244 nm
n power density
Enhanced
For low Ge-doped,
photosensitivity
n square of
power density
31 / 67
32 / 67
Properties of FBG
Gratings consist of periodic structures which give them wavelength dependent properties
A grating is a repetitive array of diffracting elements (apertures or obstacles) which has the effect of
producing periodic alterations in the phase, amplitude, or both of an emergent wave.
AB CD = d(sin m sin i )
m
The path difference should be a multiple of the wavelength , so:
C
d
b
sin m sin i = m
The smaller d, the fewer will be the number of diffracted orders.

For i = 0, if d < , only m = 0 is possible, and if < d < 2,
we have m = 0, 1.
Rmk: also true for reflection gratings.
33 / 67
16
Elementary theory of FBG is simply based on classical diffraction gratings

FBG case
LPG case
For a fiber grating of period , the medium is
silica with refractive index n:
n(sin 2 sin 1 ) = m
[5]
If the first-order m = 1 is dominant, there is a
coupling between the fundamental forward mode
and a backward mode:
The propagation constant of a guided mode is

= neff 2/ with neff = nco sin , so:
2 = 1 + m
= (neff,1 + neff,2 )
with + if the coupled mode 2 is forward and if

it is backward.
If the two modes are the same:

= 2neff
At B = 1550 nm, 550 nm
[5]
If the first-order m = 1 is dominant, there is a
coupling between the fundamental forward mode
and a cladding forward mode:
= (neff,1 neff,2 )
At B = 1550 nm, 100 m
17
34 / 67
Many kinds of Fiber Bragg Gratings can be built by varying the beam profile
The UV beam profile can be tailored to provide a refractive index variation of the form:

2
n(z) = n(z) 1 + (z) cos
z + (z)
(z)
where:
n(z) is the mean (over one periode grating) component of the index variation
(z) is the visibility (0 < < 1)
(z) is the spatial period which can vary with z
(z) is the phase variation along z
It is thus possible to build a lot of gratings with dedicated properties: uniform, apodized, chirped,
phase-shifted, sampled, . . .
35 / 67
Typical Fiber Bragg Gratings are numerous because one can combine all the characteristics
uniform
chirped (here linearly)

n
apodized with zero mean value

n
phase-shifted
n
apodized with non-zero mean value

n
sampled
n
z
36 / 67
18
Fourier transform of n(z) gives a pretty good idea of the reflection spectrum
n(z) = n(z) {1+

2
(z) cos
z + (z)
(z)
Apodization is realized by adjusting n(z) and

(z) and can be used to suppress side lobes.
37 / 67
Coupled mode theory leads to a differential set of equations

The grating creates a coupling between a forward R(z) and a backward S(z) waves:
dR(z)
= i
R(z) + iS(z)
dz
dS(z)
= i R(z) i
R(z)
dz
2
n(z)
= = (z)n(z)
where:
R(z) = A(z) exp(iz /2)
S(z) = B(z) exp(iz + /2)
coupling coefficient
=+
= / is the detuning
1 d
2 dt
is the general self-coupling coefficient
38 / 67
19
Analytical solution exists for a uniform grating

2
n(z) = n 1 + cos
z+
For a uniform grating,

and are z-independent and the system is linear with constant coefficients
and has an analytical solution with the initial conditions R(0) = 1 and S(L) = 0:

R(z) = R(0) cosh(z) + i sinh(z) + S(0)i sinh(z)

S(z) = R(0)i sinh(z) + S(0) cosh(z) i sinh(z)
with = 2
2
39 / 67
By adjusting L and n, spectral properties can be tailored: rmax increases with L and
n
S(0)
sinh(L)
2 sinh2 (L)
=
r= 2
R(0)
sinh(L) + i cosh(L)
cosh2 (L)
2
R(L)
i)
2
=
=
t= 2
S(0)
sinh(L) + i cosh(L)
cosh2 (L)
2
=
L = 1.07 cm,
0.5, 1 and 2 10-4
0.534 m, n
n = 10-4 , = 0.534 m, L = 0.5, 1 and 2 cm
40 / 67
20
Bandwidth decreases with L and increases with n

B = 2neff
rmax = tanh2 (L)
Bandwidth 0 is defined from the first zeros

around the maximum.
Strong gratings (rmax 1):

0
B
2
=
=
B
neff L
N
Weak gratings (rmax 1):

nL
0
=
B
neff
max = 2(neff + n)
s

0
n
B 2
=
1+
B
neff
nL
L = 1.07 cm, = 0.534 m
n = 10-4 , = 0.534 m
41 / 67
21
Group delay is an important characteristic of FBG and can be tailored for dispersion
compensation
p = phase() p =
dp
2 dp
=
d
2c d
dp =
dp
d
L = 1.07 cm, = 0.534 m, n = 10-4 , L = 2 (weak FBG)
L = 1.07 cm, = 0.534 m, n = 4 10-4 , L = 8 (strong FBG)

42 / 67
Fiber Bragg Gratings, long period gratings and tilted gratings form the basic units
for applications
Bragg gratings or reflection gratings (FBG) when the period is so that a coupling between the
forward and backward propagating fiber modes is realized:
B = 2neff
with < 1 m
Long period gratings or transmission gratings (LPG) when the period is so that a coupling
between two different forward propagating fiber modes is realized:
B = (neff,1 neff,2 )
with 10 m
Tilted gratings when the inscription mask is not in the z-axis of the fiber. These gratings can
couple light to radiation modes
43 / 67
22
FBG has a central lobe and is mainly used in reflection
44 / 67
LPG has several resonances to the cladding modes and is used in transmission
45 / 67
TFBG has many lobes and can radiate
46 / 67
23
47 / 67
Fabrication of FBG
Holographic technique is very versatile but sensitive to vibrations and the coherence
of the beam
2
[16]
UV
neff UV
B =
2 sin
sin
Not the same number of reflections
Any B by varying
[16]
48 / 67
Phase mask technique is very simple but requires one different mask for each B
mUV
d
for i = 0 m = 0, 1 if UV d < 2UV
sin m sin i =
i
e
d
m
The zeroth-order diffraction beam power can be minimized by adjusting the

mask depth e to:
m = 0 0 = 0 e =
UV
2(nUV 1)
The first order beams interfere with an angle:
1 order
+1 order
m = 1 sin 1 =
UV
d
and:
=
d
B = neff d
2
49 / 67
24
Phase mask technique is mainly used for mass production at low cost
The phase mask is designed to maximize equal powers in 1 diffraction orders (around 40%) and
minimize power in zeroth diffraction order (around 3%)
The grating period is independent of the UV wavelength, so many UV sources can be used
The grating period is independent of the exposure angle of incidence which requires less
stringent accuracy in alignment
The grating period only depends on the mask period which can also be non-uniform for chirped
and/or apodized FBG
The coherence of the UV source is less critical
This technique allows mass production
The defects in the mask are reproduced in the fiber grating
One phase mask per different gratings

50 / 67
Phase mask can also be used in the interferometric technique to separate the beam
zeroth order si blocked
1 orders interference to give the Bragg pattern
by adjusting simultaneously the angles of the two mirrors, one can tune the Bragg wavelength
51 / 67
25
Point to point technique is also used
Principle is simple
UV light is focused on one point on the fiber core
After irradiation, the fiber is moved for one grating period
Advantages
No need for optical stability
No need for coherence
Drawbacks
Need to realize very short displacement (< m)
Long time needed

52 / 67
53 / 67

see: FBG telecom applications
54 / 67
55 / 67

Strain and temperature simultaneously change the Bragg wavelength

neff
+ neff
B = 2
neff
+ 2
+ neff
T
T
where:
is the length variation
T is the temperature variation
We clearly see that srain and temperature have the same effect to shift the Bragg wavelength. There
are thus not separable in a single grating.
By using, at the same location, two gratings with different sensistivities, it is possible to simlutaneously
extract strain and temperature.
56 / 67
26
Strain changes linearly the Bragg wavelength without hysteresis

B
=
B

n2eff
1
[p12 (p11 + p12 )] z = (1 pe )z = bz
2
where:
z = /
pe is an effective strain-optic constant of silica (0.22 10-6 -1 )
p11 ( 0.113), p12 ( 0.252) and ( 0.16)

are the strain-optic tensor components and
the Poissons ratio
B / = 1.1 pm/
57 / 67
Temperature changes linearly the Bragg wavelength without hysteresis

B
=
B
1 neff
1
+
neff T
T
T = ( + )T = aT
(2)
where:
is the thermo-optic coefficient of silica (

8.6 10-6 C-1 )
is the thermal expansion coefficient of silica

( 0.55 10-6 C-1 )
Christophes work:
FBG sensing
Hydrogen sensor
B /T = 10.1 pm/ C
58 / 67
27
OTDR is a very simple and interesting tool that can be used with FBG
connector
laser
3 dB
coupler
pulse peak power P0
Rayleigh attenuation coeffient s =
absorbing
end
Pr (z) = Pi (z)s F dz
Pr (z)
P0
pulse width D (in time)
C
4
receiver
Pd (z)
fiber under
test
z=0
Pd (z)
Pi (z) z z + dz
vg s F
P0 De2z
2
5 log Pd (z) = K az
59 / 67
OTDR is one of the most useful field metrology equipment
access to one end only
Trace OTDR
35
simple set-up
laboratory and field measurements
information on spatial behavior
precision less than other techniques
1,300, 1,550 and 1,625 nm
P0 around 10 mW with repetition rate 1 kHz

(long fibers) and 20 kHz (short fibers)
15
D ns- s
10
Attnuation (dB)
30
25
20
3
4
Longueur (km)
60 / 67
28
Spatial resolution between consecutive defects is linked to pulse width

t1 = z1 /vg

2W -
t2 = t1 + d/vg
z1 d
z1
z2
Two localized defects separated by a distance d = z2 z1 are located in z1 and z2 .
rectangular pulse idealization of spatial width W with 2W = vg D
defect descrimination if:

dW
This means that D should be as small as possible but this reduces the dynamic range
61 / 67
Insertion loss, return loss, defect position, attenuation coefficient, . . . can be analyzed from OTDR trace
Pi (zd )
= Pi (zd ) Pi (zd+ )
Pi (zd+ )
Trace OTDR
35
30
Attnuation (dB)
IL(zd ) = 10 log
Pi (zd )
RL(zd ) = 10 log
= Pi (zd ) Pr (zd )
Pr (zd )
vg s F
2
20
15
If H [dB] is the peak height (no clipping!):

h H
i
RL = Bs 10 log 10 5 1 D
where Bs = 10 log
eters
25
10
0
3
4
Longueur (km)
Pr (zd ) Pi (zd+ )
and is dependent on the fiber param-
Pi (zd )
62 / 67
29
An OTDR trace gives a lot of information about the link and components
= 1,300 nm
D = 200 ns
Bs = 9.7 dB
G.652
500
3,028
0.380
G.652
2,500
5,541
0.313
Trace OTDR
35
30
Attnuation (dB)
Length (m)
Position (m)
a (dB/km)
G.653
2,500
2,527
0.367
From P. Mgret et al, Mtrologie des fibres optiques ,

chapter 3 of Physique et technologie des fibres optiques ,
pp.149-189, edited by J.-P. Meunier, Editions Hermes Science - Lavoisier, 2003
H=6.73 dB
RL=44.0 dB
IL=0.41 dB
H=11.37 dB
RL=34.6 dB
25
b
20
15
IL=2.59 dB
Cathys work: FBG with OTDR
10
0
3
4
Longueur (km)
63 / 67
More links towards PhD students work
Polarization effects in FBG
FBG in PCF
Simplex method
64 / 67
65 / 67
Conclusions
Acknowlegdement
Ir Sbastien Bette for his course on FBG and the polarization experiments
Ir Cathy Crunelle for OTDR and FBG experiments
Ir Kivilcim Yksel for experimental data
Ir Christophe Caucheteur for a lot of sensing devices based on FBG
and finally, Ms Mariline Mura for her help and careful proofreading (in rush as usual) of this
presentation
Thank you for your kind attention

66 / 67
30
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Fiber Bragg Gratings: fundamentals and applications

3rd May 2007

FBG course, April 2007

Fiber optic telecommunication is now a well established technology

stringent tolerance for alignment

it is interesting to have fiber components because:

small size (compatible with fiber sizes)

FBG course, April 2007