Chapter 6 Force and Motion II

I.

Drag forces and terminal speed.

II. Uniform circular motion.

III. Non-Uniform circular motion.

I. Drag force and terminal speed

-Fluid: anything that can flow. Example: gas, liquid.

-Drag force: D
- Appears when there is a relative velocity between a fluid and
a body.
- Opposes the relative motion of a body in a fluid.
- Points in the direction in which the fluid flows.
Assumptions:
* Fluid = air.
* Body is blunt (baseball).
* Fast relative motion
turbulent air.

1
D = CAv 2
2

(6.3)

C = drag coefficient (0.4-1).

= air density (mass/volume).
A= effective bodys cross sectional area
area perpendicular to v
-Terminal speed: vt
- Reached when the acceleration of an object that experiences a vertical
movement through the air becomes zero
Fg=D

1
D Fg = ma if a = 0 CAv 2 Fg = 0
2

vt =

2 Fg
CA

(6. 4)

II. Uniform circular motion

-Centripetal acceleration:

a=

v2
r

(6.5)

v, a = ctes, but direction changes during motion.

A centripetal force accelerates a body by changing the direction of the
bodys velocity without changing its speed.
-Centripetal force:

F =m

v2
R

(6.6)

a, F are directed toward the center of curvature

of the particles path.

III. Non-Uniform circular motion

- A particle moves with varying speed in a circular path.
- The acceleration has two components:

- Radial
ar = v2/R
- Tangential
at = dv/dt

- at causes the change in the speed of the particle.

a = ar2 + at2

d v v2
r
a = at + ar =
dt
r

F = F +F

- In uniform circular motion, v = constant
at = 0
a = ar

49. A puck of mass m slides on a frictionless table while attached to a hanging

cylinder of mass M by a cord through a hole in the table. What speed keeps
the cylinder at rest?
N

For M T = Mg ac = 0
T

For m T = m
mg

v2
v2
Mg = m v =
r
r

Mgr
m

Mg

33E. Calculate the drag force on a missile 53cm in diameter cruising with a
speed of 250m/s at low altitude, where the density of air is 1.2kg/m3.
Assume C=0.75

1
2
D = CAv2 = 0.5 0.75 (1.2kg / m3 ) (0.53m / 2)2 (250m / s) = 6.2kN
2

32. The terminal speed of a ski diver is 160 km/h in the spread eagle position and 310 km/h in the nosedive position. Assuming that the divers drag coefficient C does not change from one point to
another, find the ratio of the effective cross sectional area A in the slower position to that of the
faster position.

2Fg
2Fg

CAE
A
160km / h
A
vt =

=
= D E = 3.7
CA 310km / h
AD
2Fg
AE
CAD

11P. A worker wishes to pile a cone of sand onto a circular area in his yard. The radius of the circle is
R, and no sand is to spill into the surrounding area. If s is the static coefficient of friction between
each layer of sand along the slope and the sand beneath it (along which it might slip), show that
the greatest volume of sand that can be stored in this manner is s R3/3. (The volume of a cone
is Ah/3, where A is the base area and h is the cones height).
- To pile the most sand without extending the radius, sand is added to make the
height h as great as possible.
- Eventually, the sides become so steep that sand at the surface begins to slip.
- Goal: find the greatest height (greatest slope) for which the sand does not slide.
Cross section of sands cone

Static friction
grain does not move

N = F gy = mg cos
y
h

If grain does not slide

f = F gx = mg sin

f
Fgy

Fgx = mg sin f s ,max = s N = s mg cos s tan

Fgx

mg

The surface of the cone has the greatest slope and the height of the cone is
maximum if :
h

s = tan =

R
x

Vcone =

h = R s

A h R 2 ( R s ) s R 3
=
=
3
3
3

21. Block B weighs 711N. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the table is 0.25;
assume that the cord between B and the knot is horizontal. Find the maximum weight of block A
for which the system will be stationary.
N

System stationary f s , max = s N

Block B N = m B g

T2

Knot T1 = T 2 x = T 2 cos 30  T 2 =

177 . 75 N
= 205 . 25 N
cos 30 

T1 T3
T3

T1

T1 f s , max = 0 T1 = 0 . 25 711 N = 177 . 75 N

FgB

T 2 y = T 2 sin 30  = T3

FgA


Block A T3 = m A g = T 2 sin 30 = 0 . 5 205 . 25 N = 102 . 62 N

23P. Two blocks of weights 3.6N and 7.2N, are connected by a massless string and slide down a 30
inclined plane. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the lighter block and the plane is 0.10;
that between the heavier block and the plane is 0.20. Assuming that the lighter block leads, find
(a) the magnitude of the acceleration of the blocks and (b) the tension in the string. (c) Describe
the motion if, instead, the heavier block leads.
Block A

NA
T

FgxA

Block B

NB

fkA

FgxB
fkB

t
en
em
v
Mo

NB
fk,A

NA

FgyA
Light block A leads

FgyB

fk,B
B
FgB

FgA

Light block A leads

Block A N A = F gyA = m A g cos 30  = 3 . 12 N

f kA = kA N A = ( 0 . 1)( 3 . 12 N ) = 0 . 312 N
F gxA f kA T = m A a ( 3 . 6 N ) sin 30  0 . 312 N T = 0 . 37 a 1 . 49 T = 0 . 37 a

a = 3 . 49 m / s 2

Block B N B = F gyB = m B g cos 30  = 6 . 23 N

T = 0 .2 N

f kB = kB N B = ( 0 . 2 )( 6 . 23 N ) = 1 . 25 N
F gxB + T f kB = m B a ( 7 . 2 N ) sin 30  + T 1 . 25 N = 0 . 73 a 2 . 35 + T = 0 . 73 a

W AW B
T =
WA + WB

( kB kA ) cos = 0 . 2 N

Heavy block B leads

Reversing the blocks is equivalent to switching the labels. This would give T~(kA-kB)<0 impossible!!!
The above set of equations is not valid in this circumstance
aA aB
The blocks move independently
from each other.

74. A block weighing 22N is held against a vertical wall by a horizontal force F of magnitude 60N. The
coefficient of static friction between the wall and the block is 0.55 and the coefficient of kinetic
friction between them is 0.38. A second P acting parallel to the wall is applied to the block. For the
following magnitudes and directions of P, determine whether the block moves, the direction of
motion, and the magnitude and direction of the frictional force acting on the block: (a) 34N up
(b) 12N up, (c) 48N up, (d) 62N up, (e) 10N down, (f) 18N down.
N

(a) P=34N, up
Without P, the block is at rest

P

P mg f = ma
If we assume

22N

f s , max = s N = 0 . 55 ( 60 N ) = 33 N
f k = k N = 0 . 38 ( 60 N ) = 22 . 8 N

f = fs a = 0

F=60N
mg=22N
N=F=60N

34 N 22 N = f f = 12 N down

f < f s , max = 33 N Block does not move

(b) P=12N, up
f
22N

(c) P=48N, up

P + f mg = ma = 0
f = 22 N 12 N = 10 N up
f < f s , max = 33 N Not moving

(d) P=62N, up

P
f

22N

22N

P f mg = ma = 0
f = 48 N 22 N = 26 N down
f < f s , max = 33 N Not moving

P f mg = 0 (*) f = 62 N 22 N = 40 N up
f > f s , max = 33 N Block moves up Assumption
P f mg = ma

with

(*) wrong

f = f k = 22 . 8 N down

(e) P=10N, down

f P mg = ma = 0
f = 22 N + 12 N = 32 N up

(f) P=18N, down

f > f s , max = 33 N moves

f < f s , max = 33 N Not moving

22N

f P mg = ma = 0
f = 18 N + 22 N = 40 N up

f
22N

f = f k = 22 . 8 N up

28. Blocks A and B have weights of 44N and 22N, respectively. (a) Determine the minimum weight of
block C to keep A from sliding if s between A and the table is 0.2. (b) Block C suddenly is lifted of
A. What is the acceleration of block A if k between A and the table is 0.15?
(a)

N
f

f = f s , max = s N
Block A a = 0 T f s , max = 0 T = s N

Block B T + m B g = 0 T = 22 N

Wc
WA=44N

(1) + ( 2 ) N =

(1)

(2)

22 N
= 110 N
0 .2

Blocks A , B N = W A + W C W C = 110 N 44 N = 66 N
WB=22N

(b) C disappears N = m A g = 44 N

T k N = m Aa

T 6 .6 = 4 .5 a
22 T = 2 . 2 a

mB g T = mBa

a = 2 .3 m / s 2
T 17 N

29. The two blocks (with m=16kg and m=88kg) shown in the figure below are not attached. The coefficient
of static friction between the blocks is: s=0.38 but the surface beneath the larger block is frictionless.
What is the minimum value of the horizontal force F required to keep the smaller block from slipping
down the larger block?
Fmin required to keep m from sliding down?

f
F

Treat both blocks as a single system sliding across a frictionless floor

F = m total a a =
mg

Mg

F
m+M

F
Small block F F ' = ma = m
m+M
f s mg = 0 s F ' mg

Movement

(1) + ( 2 )

=0

(1)
(2)

mg m + M
F
= mg F =

= 488 N
s M
m+M

sM

44. An amusement park ride consists of a car moving in a vertical circle on the end of a rigid boom of
negligible mass. The combined weigh of the car and riders is 5kN, and the radius of the circle is 10m.
What are the magnitude and the direction of the force of the boom on the car at the top of the circle if
the cars speed is (a) 5m/s (b) 12m/s?
y

FB

The force of the boom on the car is capable of pointing any direction
W

v2

v2
FB = W 1
F B W = m

R
Rg

( a ) v = 5 m / s F B = 3 . 7 N up

( b ) v = 12 m / s F B = 2 . 3 down