Stress-Strain Diagram (Curve)

Stress-Strain Diagram (Curve)
Firstly, what is Stress and what is Strain?

Stress Force per unit area that results from an applied load, these applied loads
could be tension, compression, shear, or any combination.
Strain Physical deformation of the material as a response to the stress.
Stress-Strain Diagram
A stress-strain curve is a graph derived from measuring load (stress - ) versus
extension (strain - ) for a sample of a material. The nature of the curve varies
from material to material. The following diagrams illustrate the stress-strain
behavior of typical materials in terms of the engineering stress and engineering
strain where the stress and strain are calculated based on the original dimensions
of the sample and not the instantaneous values. In each case the samples are
loaded in tension although in many cases similar behavior is observed in
compression.
Components of a Stress-Strain Diagram

Elastic region this is where the material can receive stress without deforming
permanently.
Yield Stress Pass the proportional limit, usually where permanent deformation
starts to show.
Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) the maximum ordinate in the stress-strain
diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.
Fracture or Rapture where the material has completed failed.
Plastic region where the material starts to noticeably deform
Ductile materials
Ductile materials, which includes structural steel and many alloys of other metals,
are characterized by their ability to yield at normal temperatures.
Steel generally exhibits a very linear stress-strain relationship up to a well-defined

yield point (figure 1). The linear portion of the curve is the elastic region and the
slope is the modulus of elasticity or Young's Modulus. After the yield point the
curve typically decreases slightly due to dislocations escaping from Cottrell
atmospheres. As deformation continues the stress increases due to strain
hardening until it reaches the ultimate strength. Until this point the cross-
sectional area decreases uniformly due to Poisson contractions. However, beyond

this point a neck forms where the local cross-sectional area decreases more quickly
than the rest of the sample resulting in an increase in the true stress. On an
engineering stress-strain curve this is seen as a decrease in the stress. Conversely,
if the curve is plotted in terms of true stress and true strain the stress will
continue to rise until failure. Eventually the neck becomes unstable and the
specimen ruptures (fractures).
Most ductile metals other than steel dont have a well-defined yield point (fig 2.).
For these materials the yield strength is typically determined by the "offset yield
method", by which a line is drawn parallel to the linear elastic portion of the curve
and intersecting the abscissa at some arbitrary value (most commonly .2%). The
intersection of this line and the stress-strain curve is reported as the yield point.
Brittle Materials
Brittle materials such as concrete or ceramics do not have a yield point. For these
materials, the rupture strength and the ultimate strength are the same .
Yield (engineering)
Yield strength, or the yield point, is defined in engineering and materials science as
the stress at which a material begins to plastically deform. Prior to the yield point
the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the
applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed some fraction of the
deformation will be permanent and non-reversible. Knowledge of the yield point is
vital when designing a component since it generally represents an upper limit to the
load that can be applied. It is also important for the control of many materials
production techniques such as forging, rolling, or pressing
In structural engineering, yield is the permanent plastic deformation of a
structural member under stress. This is a soft failure mode which does not
normally cause catastrophic failure unless it accelerates buckling.
In 3D space of principal stresses (1, 2, 3), an infinite number of yield points form
together a yield surface.
Definition
It is often difficult to precisely define yield due to the wide variety of stressstrain behaviors exhibited by real materials. In addition there are several possible
ways to define the yield point in a given material:
The point at which dislocations first begin to move. Given that dislocations
begin to move at very low stresses, and the difficulty in detecting such
movement, this definition is rarely used.
Elastic Limit - The lowest stress at which permanent deformation can be

measured. This requires a complex interactive load-unload procedure and is
critically dependent on the accuracy of the equipment and the skill of the
operator.
Proportional Limit - The point at which the stress-strain curve becomes nonlinear. In most metallic materials the elastic limit and proportional limit are
essentially the same.
Offset Yield Point (proof stress) - Due to the lack of a clear border
between the elastic and plastic regions in many materials, the yield point is
often defined as the stress at some arbitrary plastic strain (typically 0.2%
[1]). This is determined by the intersection of a line offset from the linear
region by the required strain. In some materials there is essentially no linear
region and so a certain value of plastic strain is defined instead. Although
somewhat arbitrary this method does allow for a consistent comparison of
materials and is the most common.

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Stress-Strain Diagram (Curve)

Firstly, what is Stress and what is Strain?

Components of a Stress-Strain Diagram

Steel generally exhibits a very linear stress-strain relationship up to a well-defined

sectional area decreases uniformly due to Poisson contractions. However, beyond

Elastic Limit - The lowest stress at which permanent deformation can be

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