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    Compare and Contrast Direct and Contrived Observation

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    Mashal E Noor
    Direct observation involves watching a subject in their natural environment without altering it. It is used when other data collection methods are not effective or when evaluating an ongoing behavior. Direct observation can be overt or covert. Contrived observation creates a specific situation to study. It offers greater control over data collection but may not reflect real life. Behavioral recording provides a precise picture of a behavior's regularity or severity. Examples include frequency recording, which counts how often a behavior occurs, and duration recording, which monitors the percent of time a behavior is displayed. Interval recording periodically observes and records if a behavior is occurring.

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    Compare and Contrast Direct and Contrived Observation

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    Mashal E Noor
    3K views3 pages
    Direct observation involves watching a subject in their natural environment without altering it. It is used when other data collection methods are not effective or when evaluating an ongoing behavior. Direct observation can be overt or covert. Contrived observation creates a specific situation to study. It offers greater control over data collection but may not reflect real life. Behavioral recording provides a precise picture of a behavior's regularity or severity. Examples include frequency recording, which counts how often a behavior occurs, and duration recording, which monitors the percent of time a behavior is displayed. Interval recording periodically observes and records if a behavior is occurring.

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    Direct observation involves watching a subject in their natural environment without altering it. It is used when other data collection methods are not effective or when evaluating an ongoing behavior. Direct observation can be overt or covert. Contrived observation creates a specific situation to study. It offers greater control over data collection but may not reflect real life. Behavioral recording provides a precise picture of a behavior's regularity or severity. Examples include frequency recording, which counts how often a behavior occurs, and duration recording, which monitors the percent of time a behavior is displayed. Interval recording periodically observes and records if a behavior is occurring.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    3K views3 pages

    Compare and Contrast Direct and Contrived Observation

    Uploaded by

    Mashal E Noor
    Direct observation involves watching a subject in their natural environment without altering it. It is used when other data collection methods are not effective or when evaluating an ongoing behavior. Direct observation can be overt or covert. Contrived observation creates a specific situation to study. It offers greater control over data collection but may not reflect real life. Behavioral recording provides a precise picture of a behavior's regularity or severity. Examples include frequency recording, which counts how often a behavior occurs, and duration recording, which monitors the percent of time a behavior is displayed. Interval recording periodically observes and records if a behavior is occurring.

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    COMPARE AND CONTRAST DIRECT AND CONTRIVED

    OBSERVATION ?
    EXPLAIN BEHAVIOUR RECORDING DEVICES ?
    DIRECT OBSERVATION :
    Direct observation, also known as observational study, is a method of collecting
    evaluative information in which the evaluator watches the subject in his or her
    usual environment without altering that environment. Direct observation is used
    when other data collection procedures, such as surveys, questionnaires, etc., are not
    effective; when the goal is to evaluate an ongoing behavior process, event, or
    situation; or when there are physical outcomes that can be readily seen.
    Direct observation can be overt, when the subject and individuals in the
    environment know the purpose of the observation, or covert, when the subject and
    individuals in the environment are unaware of the purpose of the observation.

    CONTRIVED OBSERVATION:
    A contrived setting is one where the specific situation being studied is created by
    the observer. The contrived setting offers you, the observer, greater control over the
    gathering of data and specifically will enable you to gather the information more
    quickly and efficiently. However, it may be questionable as to whether or not the
    data collected does truly reflect a "real life" situation.

    BEHAVIOURAL RECORDING :
    A method of evaluating a student's behavior that provides you with a very precise
    picture of its regularity or severity is "behavioral recording".
    Example:
    The teacher or aide observes the student directly and collects data on how long or
    how often a certain behavior occurs. Using this method, you can compare the

    degree of occurrence of the behavior with the degree to which it is exhibited by


    other students. This comparison can be used as support for enrolling the student
    into a certain educational placement.
    Frequency recording is a simple counting of how many times a behavior occurs
    during a designated period of time. Those designated periods might be a minute, an
    hour, a day, or a week. It is most useful with behaviors that are discrete and short
    in duration or are things that the student has created (e.g., There is a second type
    of frequency recording in which you count the number of items that a student has
    produced. It is known as "permanent product recording"

    Duration recording monitors the percent of time that a behavior occurs during
    the observation period, or it can be used to calculate the average time of display for
    the number of times that the student showed the behavior. To calculate the
    percentage, the sum of the times (duration) that the behavior occurred is divided by
    the total observation time (For example, if the behavior was displayed for a total of
    10 minutes during your 30 minute observation of the student, the behavior was
    happening 33% of the time). This type of recording is used for behaviors that last
    for more than a few seconds and/or for varying lengths of time (e.g., paying
    attention, tapping a pencil, in-seat behavior).
    Interval recording is a shortcut procedure for estimating the duration of a
    behavior. In this method, the teacher periodically looks at the student
    at predetermined(NOT spontaneously selected) intervals and records whether the
    behavior is occurring.
    There are three types of interval recording.
    In whole interval time sampling, you observe the student for a few seconds at
    designated intervals and notice whether the behavior occurs for the whole interval
    that you are looking for it (mark "yes" or "no" as to whether this behavior occurred
    for the whole time that you were watching).
    In partial interval recording, you mark whether the behavior occurred at least
    once during the short observation interval.

    In momentary time sampling, you look up immediately at pre-designated points


    and notice whether the behavior is occurring at that precise moment.

    How to Use Behavioral Recording


    1. Define the behavior that you wish to observe. Be very specific. Be sure that
    your definition is so narrow in scope that others would observe only what you had
    in mind.
    2. Decide which type of behavioral recording is best suited to monitor the
    behavior.
    3. Decide when you will observe the behavior. Do you want to observe the
    behavior in a number of situations or just one (e.g., math class, story time)?
    4. Decide how long each of your observations will last. Ten to twenty minutes is
    usually adequate, but the more time you spend observing, the more accurate will be
    your results. Repeat your observations at least three more times to give a more
    representative picture.
    5. Observe and record the student's behavior.
    6. If you used frequency recording, figure the average number of occurrences per
    minute, hour, period, or day (whichever makes the most sense in talking about it
    with others).
    7. Repeat steps 5 and 6.

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